Aluminum Electrical Conductor Handbook THIRD EDITION 1989 (2) he Aluminum Association @® a, 900 19th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006table of contents Section! Aluminum — the Metal Chopter one Chapter two Section Il Bare Aluminum Wire and Cabl Chapter three Eorly and Present-Day Processing Aluminum metal-working processes sequence of fabricating operations Aluminum and aluminum alloys for olectrical conductors... . treatment for improvement of physicel properties temper designations Anodizing (Other processes . Aluminum Conductor Properties and Advantages ‘he eect of aoying- Conductivity ..... Light weight. . Strength. . Workability . 2 Corrosion resistance .. Creep - Compatibility with insulation . Thermal properties . Engineering Design Mechanical design of conductors . aluminum wire gage stranded conductors cconcentric-lay stranding difference between stranded and solid conductors special conductor construction ‘Composite conductors . aluminum conductor stel reinforced (ASCR) and modifications aluminum conductor alloy'reinforced (ACAR) intemational annealed copper standard Calculation of de resistance change of de resistance with temperature temperature-resistance coefficients for vorious temperatures Calculation of ac resistance. skin effec in stel-reinforeed stranded conductors (ACSR, etc) proximity effect hysteresis and eddy current effects radiation loss Inductive and capacitive reactance . . induetive reactance X, geometric mean radius (GM) inductive reactonce of bundled conductors -ero-sequence resistance ond inductive reactance shunt copocitve reactance X, zero-sequence capacitive reactance copacitive reactance af bundled conductors Ampecity of bare conductors MW 7 7 2 2 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 an 33 a7 312 319table of contents (continued) Chapter four heat balance ‘ompacity of 1350-H19 oll-aluminum conductor and standard-strength ‘ACSR conductors ‘ompacity of single-layer high-strength ACSR conductors ‘ampacity 6201-181, and ACAR conductors Product Identification and Data Chapter five Chapter six Product classification of bare aluminum conductors Product identification for 1350 oluminum and temper AAC for ACSR, AAAC ond ACAR site relationships technical dete and catalog information List of tables in chapter 4 Installation Practices Line design factors . initio! and final sag-tension charts for variable-length spans Initial stringing chart. The ruling span... . completion of stringing graph by use of parabele formula +09 correction for long spans. Use of stringing charts The sag-span parabola and template... sag when supports are at different elevations The uplift condition (negative span) . unbalanced forces at support points Preparation of sag-tonsion charts ........ The catenary curve and preliminary sag-tension "oreph Method of drawing the parabola The stress-strain graph ........... Initial and final sag and tension of a designated conductor, span ond NESC loading ot various temperatures Sag-tension graphs for composite conductors ....... Overhead conductor accessories and fittings... . [oints and connectors bolted clamp connectors welded connections dead-ends ond dead-ends clamps suspension clamps ‘armor rods Aluminum-to-coppor connections Operating Performance and Problems Short-circuit performance . . aye ‘jsiments for 6201-18) ond ACAR condcior. ‘adjustment for upper temperature limit Areing Arcing effects. 2 Loss of strength... : Fault-current electro-magnetic forces between part wires and cables... i bare 43 5A 4 54 57 57 58 S10 540 su 512 518 521 5.25 61 62 62 62 69table of contents (continued) Emergency loading ....... ¢ aiaaa Bt Vibration and fatigue of overhead conductors 2.2.2.0...) 11 ‘eolion vibration of conductors fatigue of conductor strands vibration dampers spacers and dampers for bundled conductors Section Ill Covered and Insulated Aluminum Wire and Cable Chapter seven __Review of Types and Applications Conductors for use with covered or insulated wires or cables. 7-1 The distinction between covered and Insulated conductors .. 7-1 Covered aluminum line wires and cables . 74 covered line wires spacer cable Insulated conductors and cables (0-600 volts) . ... ‘aluminum power and lighting insulated 600-volt cables Single conductors (0 te 600 volts) Aerial cable assemblies (0 to 600 volts) .. parallel aerial cables (PAC) reverse twist secondary cobles (RTS) service drop cables Multiple conductor power cables (0 to 600 volts). . aluminum interlocked or seamless armored cables aluminum service-entrance cables (600-volt) aluminum sheathed cables (600-volt) ‘Aluminum cables for underground instalation (600-volt}... 74 Insulated conductors (above 600 volts) ait Fat power cables (above 600 volts) primary URD cables for underground residenticl distribution (5 kV to 35 kV) _medium-voltage shialded single-conductor power cables (5 kV 10 35 kV) interlocked-ormor cables preassembled aerial cables (to 95 kV) Aluminum insulated conductors for special conditions ...... 7-5 ‘oluminum pole-and:bracket cables for series street lighting cluminum mine power cables ‘oluminum portable cables ‘aluminum submarine cables special applications cables 7 72 72 73 Chapter eight __ Insulation and Related Coble Components Typical 3-conductor cable assomblios ..... a Conductors for insulated cables... . 82 Coverings for uninsulated conductors... . 82 Insulating materials and performance ......... 82 ‘Thermosetting Insulating material i 4 styrene-butadiene synthetic rubber (SBR) butyl synthetic rubber crosslinked polyethylene insulation (XLPE,XHHW)table of contents (continued) Appendix 84 cthylene:propylene rubber (EPR) fluorinated ethylene propylene rubber (FEP) neoprene synthetic rubber osbestos insulations (SA, AVA, AVL) ‘Thermoplastic insulating materials thermoplastic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) thermoplastic polyethylene (PE) Jacket materials . . polyviny! chloride jackets polyethylene jockete neoprene jackets rnylon jackets ile-butodi “unipass’ jackets no jacket requirements ‘Tapes and shielding matorials Insulating topes shielding moterials and shielding methods the effect of corona on insulation and shielding sheaths, filers ond binders ICEA performance specifications insulation resistance /polyvinyl-chloride jackets ‘woter absorption temperature NECdesignations . El nts of Dielectric Theory Chapter nine ‘charging current and leakage conduction current charging and leakage-conduction currents under direct and alternating potential total dielectric current and power factor under a-¢ conditions dielectric constant (¢,) under o-¢ conditions copacitance éf insulated conductors with graunded sheath or directly buried ‘example of dielectric computation Engineering Design as Related to Cable Applications Cable diameter ............ Duct, conduit and raceway inst spocing between cables Cable-conductor resistance ‘c/de rates for aluminum cables general conditions applying to table 9-4 Cables in aluminum conduit... Sories inductive reactance... .. series-inductive-reactonce calculation supplementary table for series inductive reactance reactance of conductors on rigid cable supports Shunt capacitive reactance .. Voltage-drop Ampacity of insulated conductors ‘empacity ratings emergency overload ratings short-circuits a 39 810 ana saz ea a 0 9a 96 98 99 92 93table of contents (continued) Chapter. 9A, Explonation of ICEAIEEE tables of ampacity of insulated 9.21 on tables for installation in oir or in conduit exposed to oir construction of cables used as basis for ampacity table supplementary constants ICEA ampacity grouping foctors cable spacing maintained cable spocing not maintained Chapter ten Product Classification and Technical Data Service and secondary cables... 10.1 class 10-1 10 10-11 Cables for primary distribution voltages. ..... cesses WOO tabuler voltoges for determining insulation thickness jocket thickness primary unshielded cables (9 kV ond 5 kV) primary cables with insulation shielding (to 35 kV) primary interlocked-ormor cables primary cables for underground residential distribution—URD high voltage primary cables ‘ampacity of high voltage aluminum cables Chapter eleven _Installation Practices ‘Aluminum conductor connections Building wire connectors Building wire terminations Basic installation techniques 1. shipping insulation 2. making connections 3. pulling conductors in conduit 4. installation of cables in rays 5. minimum taining radi 6. conductors in vertical raceways Installing cable in conduit or duct 5 10 allowable puling tension Installing directly buried power cables m2 Splicing and terminating in u/g systems ies 44 600 vol secondary circuits primary voltage circuits Installing aerial insulated cables Hi 1128 primary oerial cables neutralsupported secondary and service drop cables Initial sag-tension values for aerial cable Into stinging tensions for overhead triplex Chopter twelve Operation and Operating Problems Emergency overloads jest Aarttable of contents (continued) Short cireuit loading short circuits in shields and sheaths Causes of Insulation fallure ‘external causes of cable failure Installation and maintenance proof-tosting ... Fault location Identify and isolate faul Location of fault . redor bridge copacitance impulse generator (thumper) earth gradient detection ‘ecoustic detection ‘lectromagnatic detection ceudio tone burndown Rocommens Section IV Bus Conductors Chapter thirteen Bus Conductor Design and Applications Alloys and tempers mechanical properties etfects of heating stress-strain and creep factors Bending and forming .... bend properties of bus bar bending tubular conductors lubrication Resistance to corrosion Bus conductor shapes and shape selection . rectangular bar tubular conductors square tubulor bus Integral web channel conductor (IWCB) chennels — structural shape and uniform thickness angles round rod special shopes Factors atfectiog bus deelan Temperature rise ..... ‘effect of conductivity coffects of dimensions temperature rise — ampacity tables Energy loss....... Alternating current (ac) applications skin effect proximity effect interfoced and poired phase arrangements transposition ‘mutual heating heating due to magnetic materials near the buses Induced circulating currents 14 125 126 126 126 ler 11 137 138 138 1311 13 13.4 13.12table of contents (continued) calculation of a resistance temperature rise — ompaciy tables consolidation of multiple bars — reactance Corona and radio-influence voltage (RIV) . Ampacity of aluminum bus conductors heatbalance equation of electric conductors (general) ompacity (vertical bors) sulliple bor arrangements cempacity (WWCB) cempacity (cound tubular bor) cmpaciy for outdoor bus conductors emissivity and absorpthvty effect of pointing ampocity tables current vs, temperature rise enclosed bus conductors isolated phose bus Short-circuit conditions . direct current alternating current ‘pplication of formulas direct current buses low-voltage altemating current buses high-voltage substations longitudinal forces torsional forces 13.19 13.19 13-24 stresses caused by short-circuit currants heating coused by short-circuit currents Mechanical design . .. Vibration .........5 clectro-magnetic (resonance) ceolion vibration expansion joints for bus conductors rectongular bars structural shope tubuler Positioning expansion joints — continuous spans ‘expansion joint types bus supports clearances and phase spacings Jointing and connecting. nature of contact interface constriction resistonce file resistance design factors of bolted and clamped joints contact surface area (overlap) contact resistance — clamping force contact surtace preparation choracteristics of dissimilar metal intertaces Bolted joints and jointing hardware .. .. bolts — size ond number bolts — torque vs. clamping pressure ‘aluminum alloy bolts < 13:28 + 1328 13.6 13.41table of contents (continued) stee! bolts and belleville spring washers steel bolts and pressure plates steel bolts and stondard flat washers, quality stee! bolts special clamps Aluminum-to-copper connections . Welded aluminum-to-aluminum connections welding processes strength of aluminum in wald:heot zone Businstallations ...... generator and station bus switchyard bus ‘908 insulated bus buswoys switehgeor Buses for the chlor-alkall Industry . . Buses for the aluminum industry . Buses for the magnesium industry . . Buses for electric furnaces , 23 Appendix 13A, notes to tables 13-25 through -32 Appendix 138, Chapter 13 bibliography . Section V__ Electromagnetic and Other Electrical Applications of Aluminum Chapter fourteen Chapter fifteen Aluminum Magnet Conductor Aluminum magnet wire (round, squat light weight windability Thormal thickness ... economic factors Colldesign .- 2... eee eee Collconnections...... 6.2... sca Aluminum strip magnet conductor ‘strip magnet conductor insulation Coil design with aluminum strip magnet conductor . winding design techniques Determination of foil size and coil charactoristics .... dielectric and thermal advantoges joining Strip magnet conductor types ‘Some basic considerations relating to aluminum magnet wire Foil Cap Chapter sixteen Capacitor design considerations .......... equivalent network of @ capacitor effective resistance of foil electrades Electrolytic capacitors Capacitor foll avai ity Cast Aluminum Rotors and Switchgear The cast rotor 3 Ratios Comparative performance of cast aluminum rotors... 1345 13.46 iar 13.52 1352 1352 1352 13.63, 13.68, 42 142 144 44 146 147 Mas 154 15.4 164 16atable of contents (continued) alloy selection ‘Manufacture of cast aluminum rotors ler ‘melting and metal preparation equipment casting methods employed for aluminum rotors casting problems Aluminum in power switchgear . .. 165 Section VI Related Structural Applications of Aluminum Chapter seventeen Rigid Aluminum Conduit Elements of conduit design . wt Rigid aluminum conduit . 2 advantages of oluminum conduit Electrical characteristics te arnnasraan Id Corrosion characteristics aie 14 Installation of aluminum conduit... . 76 Chapter eighteen _Street-Lighting Poles, Transmission Towers and Station ‘Structures Aluminum light standards : Aluminum transmission towers . ‘luminum transmission tower designs Aluminum station structuresSection | Aluminum—the Metal Chapter | Early and Present-Day Processing ‘Aluminum is the most abundant of all metals and, next to oxygen and silicon, is the most abundant of some 90 ‘lements found in the earth’s crust. Aluminum is a ductile metal, silver-white in color, which can be readily worked by rolling, drawing, spinning, extruding, and forging. Its specific gravity is 2.70. Pure aluminum melts at 660°C (12209F).. ‘Aluminum has relatively high thermal and electrical conductivities. The metal, in the presence of oxygen. is ‘always covered with a thin, invisible film of oxide which js impermeable and protective in character. Aluminum, therefore, shows stability and long life under ordinary atmospheric exposure. Because of its chemical activity and affinity for oxygen, ‘aluminum does not occur in nature in its metallic state; it is always in combination with other elements. Many gems are crystalline forms of aluminum compounds. Rubies and sapphires, for example, are combin: of aluminum and oxygen; garnets are aluminum and silica; and jade is aluminum with sodium, oxygen, and silicon. ‘Alums are aluminum compounds which have been in widespread use since ancient times. Alums were employed by Egyptians and Babylonians to compound medicines and vegetable dyes. In 1782, the French chemist, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier. stated his belief that alumine (alum) was an oxide of ametal having an affinity for oxygen so strong that it could not be isolated by then known means. In 1807, Sir Humphrey Davy attempted to isolate aluminum electrolytically, ‘but was unsuccessful. However, he named the unisolated element aluminum, and in 1809 produced an iron- aluminum alloy by means of an electric arc. In the year 1812, a body of aluminum ore was dis- covered at Les Baux, France. Named after the town of its discovery, bauxite is the most important commercial fore containing hydrated aluminum oxide. In 1825, H. C. Oerstedt succeeded in producing small bits of metallic aluminum by heating an amalgam of aluminum chloride and potassium, Twenty years later, Friedrich Wohler ‘managed to produce aluminum particles as large as pin heads. He enthusiastically noted, ‘The metal is light, ductile, stable in air, and can be melted with a blow pipe.” In. 1854, Henri Sainte-Claire Deville announced the production of aluminum “lumps the size of marbles.”” Limited production started, and the price of aluminum dropped from $545 per pound in 1852 to $17 per pound jn 1859. In 1888, a German chemist, Karl Joseph Meyer, was issued a patent for a process of making alu- minum oxide (alumina) from low silicon-content bauxite, Further research that made possible the present-day processes was conducted in France by Paul Louis Herault, and in America by Charles Martin Hall. Unknown to each other, they independently found that electrolytic eduction of alumina could readily be achieved if alumina ‘Was dissolved in molten cryolite. Owing to the widespread distribution of accessible fields of bauxite, many of w! tan be mined by surface-strip methods, bauxite is readily Obtained. Research and development for the benefit of Both producers and users are economically practical ‘The present-day process for primary production of aluminum ingot, subject to variation depending on alloy ‘and properties required, is schematically shown by Figure 1-1. ‘The Bayer process is used to convert bauxite into ‘aluminum oxide, called alumina (upper part of Figure 1-1). The alumina is then reduced to metallic aluminum by the Hall process (lower part of Figure 1-1). The subsequent conversion of the aluminum ingots into rods for cold drawing of conductor wire or for making extruded bus bars is performed in fabricating plants as shown by Figure 1-2, subject to process variation by individual fabricators. ‘Aluminum MetalWorking Processes ‘As an aid to understanding the function of the equip- ment shown on the flow sheet of Figure 1-2, a brief out- Tine of the processes used for production of aluminum conductors either as stranded cable or as bus shapes and tubes is as follows (detailed consideration of many of these processes is discussed in subsequent chapters) Extruding. ‘The aluminum is forced under pressure through one or more die openings. To accomplish this, the aluminum billets are heated and placed in a cylindrical container fitted at one end with a die having an opening shaped to produce the desired section. A ram activated by a hydraulic piston forces the metal of the billet through the die opening onto a run-out table so it appears 1aluminum—the metal eee coat rust on Sopa ume: METALLURGICAL tag PETROLEUM RAW CRYOUTE FLUORSPAR + SULPHUR [BAKED CARBON eRvOUTE ALUMINUM FLUORIDE Og ‘ALUMINUM SMELTER. = A, Fig. I-1. What it takes to make aluminum: From bauxite to ingotpamoyigof sy wanuruenyo MoH 2-0 BE — wormnawca] re Loans au]aluminum—the metal in the required shape. Extrusions are used for many bus- conductor shapes and also for preliminary stages of Production of rods that later are to be rolled and drawn to small diameter as wires. Rolling, Mills fitted with suitable rolls are employed to reduce the diameter and increase the length of aluminum billets. A series of such rolling stands is required before the diameter is reduced to 3/8 inch. This is the usual size Of rolled rod employed as stock for the wire-drawing machines which reduce the aluminum to the required final wire diameter. Wire-drawing. In this operation the 3/8 inch diameter redraw rod is drawn through a series of successively smaller dies in a coarse-wire machine, and then through @ fine-wire drawing machine. Intermediate annealing, coiling, and heat-treating may be done between the various operations. Stranding. In production of most bare cable, stranding is the final operation. Aluminum conduetor of 7, 19, 37, or 61 strands is produced on stranding machines. When these strandings surround an inner core of a single wire, or a core of 7 or 19 wires, the various strandings described in Chapter 3 are produced. Tubular of rigid- frame stranding machines are used, the latter for applying the last layers of wire. The various wires received from coils are spun around a central core and brought out in the shape of a cone. The apex of the cone is the core around which the wires are spirally wrapped. Auxiliary devices relating to coiling, cutting, safety cut- outs, friction brakes, and the like are associated with much of the described equipment Casting. The production of single aluminum castings for conductor fittings is accomplished by pouring the desired molten alloy into sand or permanent molds, or into a die-casting machine. The castings may be heat treated, quenched, and aged as required. Large, thick aluminum bus bars for station circuits in electrolytic plants and those of other large-current users Often are made by a continuous casting process: the melted metal is run out through an orifice slightly larger than the section desired. Water cooling is applied at the orifice, and after shrinkage from cooling the required finished size is obtained, as a solid bar of the desired length. A modification of this continuous casting process is, also used for production of rod that is then finish-rolled to redraw size (3/8 inch diameter) for subsequent wire drawing. Sequence of Fabricating Operations The aluminum ingots from the reduction plant (smelt- €1) shown in Figure 1-1, plus alloying materials, are remelted as the first operation in the fabrication plant, Figure 1-2. Subsequent operations vary according to the end-product desired. The flow sheet shows a typical arrangement for the production of electrical conductors in the form of stranded conductors, and extruded bus 1-4 bars and tubes. Fabricators may not have fully integrated plants. For example, some cable fabricators start with 3/8-inch diameter round redraw rod of specified properties (ASTM B 233), The redraw rods are the result of rolling to that diameter by another fabricator. The finished stranded conductor, including drawing from 3/8-inch rod to the final wire diameter, is the work of the final fabricator, Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys for Electrical Conductors Aluminum and aluminum alloys are listed according to, the major alloying element, and are designated by four- digit numbers. The first digit of the number designates the major alloying element, and the remaining three-digits represent modifications of the basic alloy, according to its registration with The Aluminum Association, The alloy listing based upon this method is as follows: Principal Alloying Heat Element 4-digit Number ——‘Treatable (99.0% pure IXXX no, aluminum minimum) Copper 2XxXx yes Manganese 3XXX no Silicon 4aXxx no. Magnesium IER no. ‘Magnesium and Silicon 6XXX yes Zine 7XXX yes Other Elements 8 X XX some Aluminum 1350, the form of aluminum most widely Used for electrical conductors, has a minimum aluminum content of 99.50 percent, and because of this high purity it is not considered to be an alloy. It has a conductivity of approximately 61.0 percent [ACS minimum. It is also available with 62.0 percent IACS conductivity. Greater strength, however, is obtained if certain alloying ingre- dients are added, and though the resulting aluminum alloy conductors have less conductivity than aluminum 1350, considerations in which strength is a factor justify their use. Practice has substantially limited wire for stranded electrical conductors to the alloys shown in Table 1 which also may be stranded in combination with steel wires or with other alloys of aluminum wire. Treatment for Improvement of Physical Properties Improvement of strength, ductility, bending quality, and corrosion resistance often may be achieved by the addition of alloying elements, cold working (strain harden- ing), and heat treatment.’ The means of increasing strength classify the alloys roughly into two categories, non-heat-treatable and heat-treatable, The initial strength of non-heat-treatable aluminum (1350, 5005, and the 8XXX series alloys) depends partlyearly and present-day processing TABLE 1-1 Mechanical and Physical Properties of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy for Use in Electrical Conductors(1) (2) Tensile Strength(®) | Yield Strength | Minimum | Minimum ksi (1000 tbvin?2) ksi(3)_| Elongation | Conductivity | ASTM Designation Max min | (Typical(4) | % in t0in.| %tacsi®) | Spec | Temper 1950-419 29.0 245 240 18 610 B 230 Hard 1350-H16 or -H26 220 170 160 61.0 B 609 | 3! Hard 1350-H14 or Hee 200 150 140 610 B69 | 1/2Hard 1350-H12 or -H22 170 120 120 610 B69 | 1/4 Hard 1360-0 149 85 40 zoo) | 618 B 609 Fully | Annealed 6201-781 460 | 30 525 B 398 Hard B017-H212 150 210 1007) | 61.0 B 800 | Intermeciate 8090-H221 150 220 100 610 B 800._| Intermediate a176-H24 150 200 10.0 610 B 800 | Intermeciate ar77-He2t 160 220 10.0 610 B 800 | Intermediate (1) For reduction in strength at joints, see applicable ASTM Specification, (@) For strength and conductivity of bus-conductor and bolt alloys, see Tables 13-1 and 13-2, Chapter 13 (@) There is a slight variation, depending on diameter. The listed strengths apply to wire between 0.1001 inch and 0.1100 inch diameter (#) There is no yield in the generally accepted sense of the term. The listed values are typical of stress when permanent c’longation is 0002 in. per in. (5) Conductivity is measured in terms of that of annealed copper as established by the International Electro-Technical ‘Commission as an international Annealed Copper Standard (IACS). See Chapter 3. Commercial hard-drawn copper wire has 2 conductivity of 96.16% IACS. (©) Approximate, not minimum. (7) Shall not be less than 10% on the hardening effect of elements such as manganese, silicon, iron, and magnesium, singly or in combinations. Additional strengthening is obtained by various degrees of cold-working, including that of the wire-drawing pro- cess. Heat treatment during processing does not increase strength, except that alloys containing appreciable amounts of magnesium when supplied in strain-hardened temp are usually given a final elevated-temperature treatment called stabilizing to insure stability of properties. This heat treatment sometimes also produces a certain amount of annealing. The strength of heat-treatable alloy 6201 is increased by subjecting it to thermal treatment. The complete process of obtaining the T8I temper involves a combina- tion of solution heat treatment, quenching, wire drawing, ‘and artificial aging. Strain hardening during wire-drawing also is a strengthening factor. Temper Designations The Aluminum Association issues a compilation (also ANSI HBS. [-1988) of designations for alloys and tempers. The alloy-number designations are those shown on page 1-4 hereof. The principal femper designations are the H-numbers for non-heat-treatable alloys (1350 and 5008) and T-numbers for heat-treatable alloy (6201) and alloys used for bus conductors. Abstracts of designations applying to wrought electrical conductor aluminum or aluminum alloys are as follows: “Aluminum Sanderds & Dota; latest ition avail ‘Aluminum Association, or member companicsaluminum—the metal TABLE 1-2 Chemical Composition Limits (Maximum) for Wrought Aluminum Alloys for Electrical Conductors in Percent(1) ‘Aluminum-Alloy Numbers rite Wire 7 Bus Conductor Bolts Alloy Element | 1350 6201___8017__—soso—ai76——at76 | 6101_—«606s—=«—«wost | zoel) Copper 005 010 © 10020 orsoa | — oot | 010 010 0.15040] a049 tron 040 050 055-008 02008 0.4010 025045 | 0.50 0.35 o7 050 Silicon 010 05009 0.10 010 008015 010 | 03007 02006 o4008 | 050 Manganese | 001 0.03 = = = = 0.03 010 0.15 | os009 Magnesium | — 0609 901-005 0.05 — 004012 | 03508 o4s09 0812 | 1218 Zine 005 0.10 05 0.05 oot 005 | oto 010 025 025 (Chromium oor 0.03 - = - L 0.03 010 0.06035 | 0.10 Boron 005 0.08 00s ooroos 004 | 006 - = - Tiarium 6 3) — @ = = 010 ons a Otter, ean | 003 093 0.08 003 005 00s. | oa 005 005 | 005 Other, ota | 010 010 ©1010 015 10 | 010 ots ots | ons Aluminum | 99.50-— Remainder — Remainder ————}——— (1) Compositon in weight percent unless shown as a range. (2) 0.02 Vanadium plus Titanium (9) 0.003 Liriam (4) 0.09 Galium, (6) Botts of 2024-74 aloy shouldbe anodized with adequate thickness and seal to impart adequate corrosion resistance forthe application. 4s fabricated. Applies to the shaping processes in Hi: which no special control over thermal conditions or strain-hardening is employed. For wrought Products, there are no mechanical property limits. ©: annealed. Applies to wrought products which are strain-hardened only, without supplementary ther- ‘mal treatment. Ha: strain-hardened and then partially annealed. The second digit following Hi or H2 indicates the final degree of strain hardening. They range from 0 10 H: 1-6 annealed to obtain the lowest strength temper, and to cast products which are annealed to im- rove ductility and dimensional stability. The O may be followed by a digit other than zero, ‘train-hardened (wrought products only). Applies to products which have their strength increased by strain-hardening, with or without supplementary thermal treatments to produce some reduction in strength. The H is always followed by two or more digits. The first digit following the H indicates the specific combination of basic opera- tions, thus: 9. 9" designates fully hard tempers whose min: imum ultimate tensile strength exceeds that of the 8 temper by 2.0 ksi or more. The other ‘numbers represent ultimate strength as related to “0" fully annealed and “8” representing hard. ‘Thus, “4” designates half-hard, “2” quarter hard, and “6 three quarters hard, ‘The third digit when used indicates a variation of two-digit H temper, thus’ HIM: strain hardened tess than the amount required for controlled HII temper.H112; some temper acquired from the shaping process ‘but no special control over the amount of strain- hardening or thermal treatment, but there are ‘mechanical property limits. thermally treated (0 produce stable tempers other than F, O, or H, with or without supplemen- tary strain-hardening to produce stable tempers, The T is always followed by one or more digits. ‘The numerals 1 through 10 following the T in- dicate specific sequences of basic treatments as follows, applying to bus conductors or to 6201 alloy: T6: solution heat-treated and then artificially aged. Applies to products which are not cold worked after solution heat treatment, or in which the effect of cold work in flattening or straightening may not be recognized in applicable specifications. T8: solution heat-treated, cold worked, and then arti- ‘ficially aged. Applies to heat-treated products ‘which are cold-worked to improve strength, or in which the effect of cold work is recognized in ble specifications. early and present-day processing Additional digits, the first_of which shall not be zero, may be added to T6 or T8 to indicate a variation of treatment which significantly alters the characteristics of the product. Anodizing Aluminum bolts for bus-conductor assemblies, if likely to be used under moisture conditions, should be anodized. ‘Anodizing is an electrolytic process which increases oxide layer thickness, first producing a porous layer which is then sealed. The result is a surface that is smooth, hard, and corrosion resistant. All aluminum bolts and nuts, require suitable lubrication to reduce friction, prevent seizing, and improve corrosion resistance. Other Processes The chapters in this book describe other processes re- lated to the fabrication of electrical conductor components and systems, Among these are welding, plating, forming, application of protective armor, and insulation, and the many that are related to installation and connection of the conductors. 1-7Section | Aluminum—the Metal Chapter 2 Aluminum Conductor Properties and Advantages ‘The mechanical and electrical properties of bare alu- ‘minum wire and stranded conductor are tabulated in Chapter 4 and of bus conductor in Chapter 13, Certain general properties related to the use of aluminum, as istinet from other metals, in their application as electrical conductors are discussed in this chapter. Principally, these are: 1, Conductivity: More than twice that of copper, Per pound. 2. Light weight: Ease of handling, low installation ‘Costs, longer spans, and more distance between pull-ins, 3. Strength: A range of strengths from dead soft to that of mild steel, depending on alloy. The high- fst strength alloys are employed in structural, rather than electrical conductor, applications. 4, Workability: Permitting a wide range of processing from wire drawing to extrusion or rolling. Excel- lent bend quality. 5, Corrosion resitance: A tough, protective oxide coat- ‘ing quickly forms on freshly exposed aluminum ‘and it does not thicken significantly from con- tinued exposure to air. Most industrial, marine, ‘and chemical atmospheres do not cause corrosion, providing the proper alloy is selected. The cor~ stance of all alloys can be improved by 6. Creep: Like all metals under sustained stress, there is 2 gradual deformation over a term of years. With aluminum, design factors take it imo account. 7. Compatibility with insulation: Does not adhere to ‘or combine with usual insulating materials. No tin-coating required; clean stripping. Other qualities of aluminum, such as thermal con- ductivity and fatigue resistance, have a bearing on con ductor section, The high-reflectivity and non-magnet characteristics, as well as the properties under extremes of temperature, are rarely associated with any commercial use of electrical conductors: hence are not considered herein, The Effect of Alloying ‘A detailed study of aluminum applications usually involves aluminum alloys that have properties markedly different from those of the basic metal. Thus, less than 2.0 percent addition of other metals supplemented by {pecified heat treatment converts nearly pure aluminum to 6101-T6 electrical bus conductor with an increase in minimum yield strength from 3.5 ksi to 25.0 ksi, The reduction of conductivity associated with this major Change of strength is only from 61.0 percent IACS to 55.0 percent IACS. Merely adding the alloying elements to the mixture is not sufficient to produce the desired results. The strength of the non-heat-treatable alloys is brought to the value specified by the -H temper of the alloy by cold working and/or partial annealing, and the strength of the heat-treatable-alloys is brought to that of the specified “T temper by heat treatment as explained in greater detail in Chapter 1 In the manufacture of heat-treatable aluminum alloy conductor wire, the supplemental treatment (cold working ‘and heat treatment) usually is divided into two parts— ‘often at different locations: (1) that performed during the production of redraw rod (0.375 inch diameter) and (2) that performed during or after reduction of diameter Of the redraw rod to the finished wire size. Bus-conductor Shapes have most of the necessary heat treatment per- formed during extrusion. Aging may be performed subsequently. Conductivity The conductivity of pure aluminum is about percent IACS. However, the conductivity of alur 1350 is 61.0 percent [ACS minimum due to low level impurities inherent to commerical processing (up to 62.4% LACS is available in 1350 on a special order basis) The conductivity for bus conductor alloys is shown it Table 13-2. The conductivities of 6201 and the SXXX series alloys in the tempers, which are used in the pro- duction of wires for cables, are also shown in Table 1-1 ‘A comparison of conductivities of metals sometimes used for electrical conductors is shown in Table 2-1, The 24aluminum—the metal TABLE 2-1 Relative Conductivities of Pure Metals(1) Conductivity | Conductivity Percent ACS | Specific | Percent ACS Metal 2) | Gravity(3) | wat. Basis(4) Siver 10.49 19 Copper 293 1026 ‘Aluminum 649 270 2137 Thanian 44 451 at Magnesium 98.7 474 197.7 Sodium 41.0 os7 3762 (1) Concucivties and densities taken fom tho ASM Metals Handbook Volume 2, Ninth Eton, (2) Conductivity on a volume basis compares conductivities of metals forthe same cross-sectional area and lena, (9) Specie gravty is density of @ material compared to that of pure water which has @ dersity of one gmiem (4) Conductivity ona weight basis compares the conductivities of mots. forthe same weght ‘metals listed are those in almost pure form. As com- ‘mercially supplied, the conductivity values are slightly less. ‘The reduction of conductivity caused by individual alloying agents in aluminum has been studied extensively. Iron, zine, and nickel cause but small reductions in con ductivity of aluminum, Copper, silicon, magnesium, and vanadium produce greater reductions. Chromium, titan- ium, and manganese are alloying elements that cause the greatest reduction of conductivity. Copper as an alloying agent adds much to strength, but it is not used as a major alloying element in electrical conductors because of a re- duction in corrosion resistance. Aluminum alloy 2024-74 bolts contain copper as an important alloying element, but it is customary to anodize such bolts for corrosion Protection and to lubricate them to reduce friction and The variation of conductivity (and its reciprocal, re- sistivity) for usual applications is described in Chapter 3 where tables and formulas show the variation of co- efficient of de resistance with temperature and with alloy for the usual range of conductor temperatures, to 120°C. ‘Temperature coefficients for bus-conductor alloys are listed in Table 13-3. Direct current (de) resistivity values for the usual aluminum alloys used for conductors are shown in Table 3-5. The resistance under alternating current (ac) cond tions involves the concept of skin effect and R,./Ry, ratio. as explained in Chapter 3 2-2 Light Weight The relative conductor weights required for equal con- ductivity using various metals are listed in Table 2-2. These were developed from Table 2-1 (percent IACS mass conductivity and density values) applying conversion methods described in ASTM Specification B 193 ‘The lighter weight aluminum provides obvious handling cost reductions over heavier metals, Reduced capital and installation costs are an added advantage of aluminum conductors by reason of the long-span capability of ACSR and ACAR, and the greater distance between pull-in points in duct and conduit install Strength ‘The tables of mechanical properties in Chapter 4 show rated fracture strengths of aluminum and aluminum-alloy conductors as single wires or as stranded cables, or in ‘combination with steel reinforcing wires for ACSR (alumi- num-conductor stecl-reinforced) or high-strength aluminum-alloy reinforcement for ACAR (aluminum- cable alloy-reinforced). Cables of other types similarly are strength rated. Chapter 13 contains similar tables of sizes and structural roperties of usual bus-conductor shapes so that the Strength of a bus installation under normal or short-circuit conditions may be readily computed, using the unit ksi values of tensile strength for the various alloys as listed in Table 13-1 ‘The reasons why alloying and associated cold-working, and/or heat-treatment increase the strength of the basic ‘metal are explained in texts on aluminum metallurgy. Workability This term has to do with the ability of the electrical con- ductor to withstand single or repeated bending (the latter TABLE 2.2 Relative Weights of Bare Conductor to Provide Equal Direct Current Conductance (20°C) (as Related to the Weight of a Conductor of Aluminum 1350-61.0% IACS) Percent IACS| Percent IACS Mass | Relative Metal _| Volume Conductivity | Conductivity | Weight ‘Aluminum | 1950 61.0% IACS 201 100 6201-181 52.5% |ACS 174 116 16101-T65 56.5% IACS. 187 108 /8017-H212 61.0% IACS. 201 100 18030-1221 61.0% IACS. 201 100 18176-H24 61.0% |ACS 201 100 [8177-H221 61.0% IACS 201 Copper Comm’. HD 96.0% IACS. 96 Sodium [41.0% ACS 376for portable cables), and for bus bars to be bent to 8 specified radius either flatwise or edgewise. Aluminum compares favorably with other conductor metals in this regard. ‘The bend radii for flatwise and edgewise bending of aluminum bus bars depends on alloy and temper. They are listed in Tables 13-5 and -6 as a design guide to what can be expected during fabrication of a bus-bar assembly. The excellent workability of aluminum is also apparent from noting the facility with which it may be extruded, rolled, formed, and drawn, That bus conductors also can be readily welded with only partial loss of rated Strength, compared with that of the unwelded alloy, is further evidence of the workability of aluminum. Corrosion Resistance The inherent corrosion resistance of aluminum is due to the thin, tough, oxide coating that forms directly after a fresh surface of metallic aluminum is exposed to ‘Another reason for the excellent corrosion resistance of aluminum conductors in ordinary atmospheres is that the alloy components are selected so as to minimize Corrosion. Thus, suitable alloys of the 6000-series. though not listed as “"marine™ alloys, are well suited for foceanshore applications, as well as for usual industrial fand chemical atmospheres. as are the aluminum 1350 Conductors. Instances where corrosion has appeared fre usually traceable to connections between dissimilar metals subjected to moisture conditions. Protective means should be employed to prevent this Present-day compression connectors act to break the oxide layer on the wires of stranded cable connections. Where unplated flat surfaces are joined, as with bus conductors or terminal pads, scratch brushing and the ‘Addition of oxide-inhibiting joint compound remove the Oxide and prevent its further formation because the ‘compound excludes oxygen. Creep Creep is plastic deformation that occurs in metal at stresses below its yield strength. Normally, metal stressed below yield for a short time returns to its original shape and size by virtue of its elasticity. However, when the time period is sufficiently long, plastic deformation, called creep, occurs. This deformation is in addition to the expected elastic deformation. ‘The extent of creep is determined by the properties of the metal involved, applied stress, temperature and time under load. For example, hard-drawn 1350-H19 aluminum wire in stranded cables under a steadily applied load of 14 ksi at 20°C (70 percent of minimum yield strength) will creep approximately 0.4 to 0.6 percent of initial length in 10 years. ‘oluminum conductor properties and advantages Creep can be considerably reduced by proper choice of metal, metal fabrication, shape and load, and the Unwanted effects of creep may be nullified by proper design, Creep data have been incorporated in stress-strain curves for ovethead conductors. Cable manufacturers supply sag and tension data that include the effect of creep. From Fig. 5-11, the 10-year ‘eep for a 1350-H19 cable at 10 ksi is estimated to be (0.23 percent: the horizontal distance between curves 2 and 4 at 10 ksi. Similarly, by comparing Fig. 5-2 and 3, a 1000-foot span of ACSR cable is estimated to ‘crease its sag from 22 feet to 26 feet in 10 years at 60°F, and its tension drops from 5700 pounds to 5100 pounds. From the catenary Table $-4, the ratio of arc Tength increase for this change of sag is about 0.17 percent; that is, the long time creep is about 1.7 feet OF are length for the 1000-foot span. Charts such as Fig, 5-11 also are available for many ACSR sizes (0 pro- vide better accuracy. ‘Bus bars creep in compression, and because the metal is not hard drawn, a 10-year creep of 1.0 percent generally is considered allowable. Design stresses to limit Creep to this amount in various alloys are in Table 13-4 Compatibility with Insulation ‘Aluminum does not have the sulphur-combining prop- erties of copper; hence it has no effect on rubber or rub- der-like compounds containing sulphur. Aluminum re- ‘quires no tinning of the conductor metal before insulation $ applied, Also, it does not produce stedrates or soaps by combining with oil content of an insulation. Usual insulating materials do not adhere to the aluminum; hence removal is easily performed by simple stripping, Thermal Properties ‘The variation of electrical de resistance with tempera~ ture was covered in the preceding discussion of conduc- tivity. Other thermal properties that require consideration in applications are the expansion or contraction with ‘changes in temperature and the thermal conductivity (the rate at which heat is conducted). ‘The usual design coefficients of linear expansion for the principal conductor metals as well as those to which the Conductor might be joined are as follows: Aluminum (0,0000230 in./in./0C Copper 0.0000169 in. /in./0C Steel (0.000011 in.in./°C Slight differences occur for various alloys and tempera ture ranges, but they are not significant in usual engineer- ing design. The coefficient for the bronze alloys commonly tused for bolts is about the same as that listed for copper. ‘Allowance must be made for differing rates of thermal expansion when aluminum is joined by steel or bronze bolts, or when aluminum pads are bolted to copper pads, For overhead cables, changes in sag due to temperature ‘changes are discussed in Chapter 5. Actual movement of 2-3cluminum—the metal insulated conductors in duct, conduit, tray, or when buried, is not proportional to increase in’ conductor length with temperature, Tests show that lateral displace- ‘ment (snaking) of the cables will absorb 3 to 5 times the increase in length. The thermal conductivity of aluminum depends on alloy and temper. For 1350-H19, it is about 0.56 cal/cm2/cm/ C/sec. whereas for alloys of lower electrical conductivity, it is less. For 6063-T6, it is about 0.48. For copper, it is about 0.98, hence heat is not conducted away from a hot spot in aluminum as rapidly as with some other metals, a factor taken into account when planning Welding procedures. This subject is discussed in Chapter 13, Heat dissipation from bare suspended cable is about the same for aluminum and copper conductors of the same ampacity rating, 2-4 The rate at which heat is conducted from a hot spot (the thermal-conductivity rate) affects the “burn-off”” characteristic of a conductor, i.e., the amperage at which the conductor will melt and separate at a ground point. This factor is important when locating underground faults (see Chapter 12), and to some extent it is related to short-circuit ampacity rating, ‘The preceding discussions of general properties of aluminum conductors provide background for the design considerations described in the following chapters. They serve to explain why aluminum is such a satisfactory metal for electrical conductors, as proved by its excellent long-time operating-experience recordSection || Bare Aluminum Wire and Cable Chapter 3 Engineering Design ‘This chapter describes the principal design features of bare uninsulated conductors; however much that applies to bare conductors also pertains to the metallic part of in- Sulated or covered conductors which are considered in Section III. Many types of bare conductors are in use depending on application requirements. They may differ in electrical and physical properties, configuration, method of assembly, ‘nd corrosion resistance, Certain general physical prop- erties have been described in previous chapters. Detailed physical and electrical properties of the various com- mercial sizes of bare conductors are listed in Chapter 4. For many years it has been the practice to employ code ‘words to identify and precisely define specific conductor constructions and designs (conductor size, stranding, insulation type, voltage rating, neutral configuration and size, number of phase conductors, type of assembly, aic.). In our text, code words are often used, as in the example under Table 3-6 wherein the code word ““Blue- bell” identifies a specific cable, in this case a 1,033,500 mil, 37 strand, bare aluminum 1380 conductor. These code words are tabulated in Aluminum Association publications “Code Words for Underground Distribution Cables” and “Code Words for Overhead Aluminum Electrical Cables. "” Symbols for types of aluminum conductors: A&C— all-aluminum conductors (of 1350 aluminum); AAAC— all-aluminum alloy-conductors (of 6201-T81); ACSR— ‘aluminum-conductor steel-reinforced (steel wire rein- forcement); ACAR—aluminum conductor aluminum al- loy-reinforced (high strength 6201-T81 wire reinforce: ment). Except as otherwise referenced, graphs and data in tables are taken from Alcoa Aluminum Overhead Con- ductor Engineering Series handbooks. Mechanical Design of Conductors ‘American Wire Gage (AWG) ‘This wire system, formerly known as Brown & Sharpe (B&S) gage, was introduced by J. R. Brown in 1857, and is now standard for wire in the United States. Successive AWG numbered sizes represent the approximate reduction in diameter associated with each successive step of wire drawing. Fig. 3-1 shows typical full-size cross-sections, and approximate relationships between the sizes. For wire sizes larger than 4/0 AWG, the size is desig- nated in circular mils. Wire sizes of 4/0 AWG and smaller also are often designated in cir mils. One cir mil is the area of a circle | mil (0.001 in.) diameter; that is, the area in cit mils equals diameter-in-mils squared Asone cmil = +/4sq mils (Eq3-1) ‘Area in cir mils = 1.2732 10° X area in sq. in Expressing diameter of wire D, in inches D = 10 emil or emil = 10°" (Eg.3-2) ‘Thus a solid round conductor of 1,000,000 cir mils has an area of n/4 sq. in., and a diameter of 1.00 in. Stranded Conductors Flexibility requirements for conductors vary widely. The conductors accordingly may be either lengths of single wires or a stranded group of smaller wires arranged in @ Nominal SS WE We Diameter, mis 10 1019 324.9 460.0 ‘Area, emils 100 10,380 105,600 211,600 Approximate Relationships (1) An increase of three gage numbers doubles area and ‘weight, and halves de resistance. (2) An increase of six gage numbers doubles diameter. (3) An inerease of ten gage numbers multiplies area and weight by 10 and divides de resistance by 10. Fig. 3-1. Typical cross-sections of solid-round AWG-sic wires and approximate relationships. (Actual size.) 3-1bare aluminum wire and cable some regular manner. In either case, the total cross- Sectional area of all component conducting wires deter. ‘mines the AWG or cmil size of the assembled conductor. Concentric-Lay Stranding Most bare power conductors are in concentric-lay stranded form; that is, a single straight core wire is sur. rounded by one or more helically curved wires. The direc- tion of twist of lay is usually reversed in adjacent layers. All wites of a given layer generally are of same diameter. The direction of lay is either right- or left-hand depending con whether the top wire of the helix extends to right or left as the conductor is viewed axially in the direction away from the observer. The length of lay is the axial length parallel to the center line of the assembled conduc- tor of one turn of the helix of a single wire. Bare alu. minum conductors conventionally have a right-hand lay on outside layer, American practice (ASTM) recognizes two classes of bare concentric-lay stranded conductors, AA and A, the former usually for bare-wire overhead applications and the latter for covered overhead lines. Still greater flexibility of stranded conductors, mostly used for insulated conductors, are those with Class B, C, D, or even finer strandings. These have more wires for a given size of conductor than used for Class AA or A stranding. Wires of softer temper than the usual hard drawn wires can be used. Added flexibility also may be obtained by using small braided wires or those in “bunched” arrangement. The stranding arrangement of each class is also specified in ASTM Conductor Standards. Fig. 3-2 shows typical examples of concentric-lay stranded bare conductors for various degrees of flexibility. AACITW is a new design of all aluminum conductor composed of shaped wires (Trapezoidal) in a compact concentric-lay-stranded configuration. The design is de- scribed in ASTM B 778, and the properties are listed in Tables 4-10 and 4-11 Single layer 0.586 in, OD Fh 7/1953, (Class AA) Two layer, 0.593 in. OD 19/.1185, (Class A) 1910 Three layer, 0.594 in. OD 37/.0849, (Class B) 370 Fig. 3-2. Typical Examples of Concenirie Lay Conduc- tors. All 266.8 kemil.(Ilustrations are approximately to scale.) 3-2 TABLE 3. Strand Lengths vs Solid Conductor Lengths for ASTM B 231 Incremental increase for WeightanddcResistance of Stranded Over that Of Solid Conductors Sizes 4,000,000 to 3,000,001 emit a Sizes 3,000,000 to 2,000,001 cmit 3% Sizes 2,000,000 emi or under 2% Differences Between Stranded and Solid Conductors Because of the helical path of the strand layers there is more length of metal in a given length of stranded con ductor than in a solid round conductor of the same AWG. size, hence both the weight and de resistance per unit length are increased. The amount of increase for all-alumi- ‘hum conductors may be computed according to a method described in ASTM B 231, or the standard increments of increase listed in Table 3-1 (also from ASTM B 231) may be used. The tensile load on a conductor is not always equally divided among the strands. This effect can reduce the total load at which the first strand breaks as compared with that of a solid conductor of equal cross section. How- ever, this effect is more than offset by the fact that the unit tensile strength of commercially cold-drawn wire generally increases as its diameter is reduced, as is evident by the comparison for HI9 stranded conductor in Table 3-2. According to ASTM Standards, aluminum conductors that are concentric-lay stranded of 1350 or 6201 alloys in the various tempers have their rated tensile strength (or minimum rated strength) taken as the following Percentages of the sum of the minimum average tensile strengths of the component wires, multiplied by rating factors, as below: 7 wires per conductor One layer 96% 19 wires per conductor Two layers 93% 37 wires per conductor Three layers 91% 61 wires per conductor Four layers 90% 91 wires per conductor Five layers 89% (and over) (and over) Similarly, the rated strength of ACSR is obtained by ap- plying rating factors of 96, 93, 91, and 90 percent, re spectively, to the strengths of the aluminum wires of con. ductors having one, two, three, or four layers of aluminum wires, and adding 96 peccent of the minimum stress in the steel wires at 1.0 percent elongation for cables having one central wire or a single layer of steel wires, and adding 93 Percent of the minimum stress at 1,0 percent elongation if there are two layers of steel wires. Alll strengths are listed in pounds to three significant figures, and these strengths also apply to compact-round conductors.Special Conductor Constructions Large conductors requiring exceptional flexibility may be of rope-lay construction. Rope-lay stranded cables are concentric-lay stranded, utilizing component members Which are themselves either concentric stranded of bunched, Bunched members are cabled with the individual components bearing no fixed geometric relationship be- tween strands. Rope-lay stranded conductors may be Stranded with subsequent layers reversing in direction, ‘Or may be unidirectional with all layers stranded in the same direction but with different lay lengths. ‘Some cables are designed to produce a smooth outer surface and reduced overall diameter for reducing ice Toads, and under some conditions wind loading. The stranded cables are smoothed in a compacting operation $0 that the outer strands loose their circularity; each strand Keys against its neighbor and many interstrand voids dis- appear. (Fig. 3-3) A similar result is commonly obtained by five of trapezoidal strands that intertie with adjacent Strands to create a smooth, interlocking surface. (Fig. 3-7) ‘Another cable design, expanded core concentric-lay conductor, uses fibrous or other material to increase the Giameter and increase the ratio of surface area to metal Cross-section or weight. (Fig. 3-3) Designed to minimize corona at voltages above 300 KV, they provide a more fconomical balance between cable diameter and current carrying capacity, 'A “bundled” conductor arrangement with two or more conductors in parallel, spaced a short distance apart, is Siso frequently used for HV or EHY lines, Although the ‘ratio of radiating area to volume increases as the individual Conductor size decreases, the design advantages of bun- dling are not wholly dependent upon ampacity. Normal radio interference, etc., and the usual controlling design Characteristics are discussed elsewhere, but the current carrying capacity relationship is similar. Thus, two 795 kemil ACSR Drake under typical conditions of spacing and temperature provide 24 percent more ampacity per mil than a single 1780 kemil ACSR Chukar. Composite Conductors Composite conductors, conductors made up of strands of different alloys or different materials, are used TABLE 3-2 Strength of 1350-H19 Aluminum Conductors Strand AWG |Stranding |Diam, In. 2 | solid | 0.2576 1225 2 0.0974 1360 2 0.0591 1410 Galeulated from ASTM B 230 and B 231, engineering design Rope lay Concentrie Stranded Conductor Compact Concentric Stranded Conductor Expanded Core Concentric Stranded Conductor Fig, 3-3. Typical cross-sections of some special conductor shapes. where the required strength is greater than the strength obtainable with 1350-HI9 grade aluminum strands. The principal kinds of composite conductors are (1) 1350 Stranded conductors reinforced by a core of steel wires {ACSR), 2) 1350 stranded conductors reinforced by alu- minum-clad steel wires which may be in the core or dis: tributed throughout the cable (ACSR/AW), or (3) 1350 Stranded conductors reinforced by wires of high-strength aluminum alloy (ACAR), ‘Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR) and Modifications 'ACSR has been in common use for more than half a century, It consists of a solid or stranded steel core sur- rounded by strands of aluminum 1350, Table 3-3 compares breaking strengths of several all-aluminum stranded con- ductors with ACSR and one of hard-drawn copper, all of approximately equal d-c resistance. The principal cco- nomic factors involved are weight, strength, and cost Historically, the amount of steel used to obtain higher strength soon increased to become a substantial portion of ‘ACSR, but more recently as conductors became larger, the trend has been toward use of a smaller proportion fof steel, To meet varying requirements, ACSR is available 3-3bare aluminum wire and cable TABLE 3.3 Comparison of Properties of Typical ACSR Conductor With Those of Similar All-Aluminum and Hard-Drawn Copper Stranded Conductors* ] | dere. sistance | Weight | Rated Ohms per | Ib per | Breaking Size Strand- | Diam. | 1000 ft 1000 | Strength | Strength | conduc ‘omit Type ing In. at 20°C ft tb % tance 336,400 | 1350-419 19 sss | oosta | ai56 6,150 35.6 102.4 394,500 | 6201-781 19 | o721 | cost 3703 | 19,300 768 101.8 336,400 | acsR 307 | 0741 | 00502 | 5071 | 17,300 100.0 100.0 211,600 | HD Copper 7 | 0522 | o0s16 653.3 9.154 529 1028 “Abstract from ASTM Standards and industry sources. Fito among ead on LACS % condutite of 81.2% or 1350410; 8% for slo 52 5% for 6201-16; end 97.0% for HD Copper. 5008. in a wide range of steel content—from 7% by weight for the 36/1 stranding to 40% for the 30/7. Today, for the larger-than-AWG sizes, the most used strandings are 18/1, 45/7, 72/7, and 84/19, comprising a range of steel content from 11% to 188, and for the moderately higher strength ACSR 34/19, $4/7, and 26/7 strandings are much Used. having steel content of 26%, 26% and 31%, respectively, Typical stranding arrangements for ACSR and high. strength ACSR are depicted in Fig, 3-4. The high-strength ACSR, 8/1, 12/7 and 16/19 strandings, are used mostly for overhead ground wires, extra long spans, river cross ings, etc. Expanded ACSR, Fig. 3-6, is a conductor the diameter of which has been increased or expanded by aluminum skeletal wires between the steel core and the ‘outer aluminum layers. This type of cable is used for lines above 300 kV, The inner-core wires of ACSR may be of zinc-coated (galvanized) steel, available in standard weight Class A coating or heavier coatings of Class B or Class C thick. nesses. Class B coatings are about twice the thickness of Class A and Class C coatings about three times as thick as Class A. The inner cores may also be of aluminum coated (aluminized) steel or aluminum-clad stecl. The latter produces a conductor designated as ACSR/AW in which the aluminum cladding comprises 25 percent of the area of the wire, with a minimum coating thickness of 10 percent of overall radius. The reinforcing wires may be in a central core or distributed throughout the cable Galvanized or aluminized coats are thin, and ate ap. Plied to reduce corrosion of the steel wires. The conduc tivity of these thin-coated core wires is about 8 percent (ACS), The apparent conductivity of ACSR/AW tein, forcement wire is 20.3% (IACS). The incremental increase for de resistance over that of solid round conductors, because of stranding of ACSR_ 3-4 differs from that stated in Table 3-1, and depends on type Of stranding. The amount of increase also may be com. uted according to a method described in ASTM B23. ‘Table V of B232is reproduced on next page as Table 3-4, A description of the method of computing rated break. ing strength of ACSR found in ASTM B 232 is abstracted in right-hand column of page 3-2. ACSR/TW is a new design of ACSR composed of shaped aluminum wires (Trapezoidal) stranded around a standard steel core. It is fully described in ASTM B 779. and Tables 4-19 to 4-22, Aluminum Conductor Alioy Reinforced (ACAR) Another form of stranded composite conductor consists of 1350-H19 strands reinforced by a core or by otherwise distributed wires of higher-strength 6201-T81 alloy, ‘The ASTM approved method for determining ACAR uted strength is described in ASTM B 524 as follows: (The mentioned Table 4 is that of ASTM B 524.) ‘The tated strenath of completed conductors shall be taken as the agaregate siength of the’ 1330 aluminum and aluminum aloe {components calculated as follows. The strength contribution ofthe tiep ‘aluminum wires shall be taken ay that percentage according to see humber of layers of 1380 aluminum wites indica Sum of the strengths of the 138-119 wi specified nominal wire diameter andthe approprite specified wuninteg ‘average tensile strength given in ASTM Specifeation B20. Te Strength contribution of the alumisum alloy wires shall be ther gs seg Pereentage, according 10 the number of layers of aluminum aller Wites. indicated in Table 4 of the sum ofthe strength ofthe slominne, ites calculated from their specified nominal wite diameter and ie minimum stesso 1 percent extension. This shall Be considered to heTANTS. Eg 12a Ss. BAITS. BANS. 36 AU S. 24 AV7S. 30 Al19 8, 16 AV'I9 S. 4517S. 21 AUST S. Fig. Typical stranding arrangements of aluminum cable steebreinjorced (ACSR). The conductor size and ‘ampacity for any arrangement depends on the size of the individual wires, ‘engineering design 95 percent of the minimum average tensile strength specified forthe wie diameter in Table 2 of ASTM Specification B 398. Rated strength tnd Breaking sirengih values shall Be rounded-off to three sgoicant figures inthe final value only Because the 6201-T81 reinforcement wires in ACAR may be used in the core and/or for replacement of some of the 1350-HI9 wires in the strands, almost any desired tatio of reinforcement 13$0-H19 wires is achieved, thereby obtaining a range of strength-conductance properties be- TABLE 3-40 Increase, Percent, of Electrical Resistance of Aluminum Wires in ACSR of Various Strandings (Table 5, ASTM B 232) ] % de % de Sanding | Resistance | Swanding | Resistance eA 1s | an 35 a is | aa 35 an 2000 ae 38 wh 20 Be 28 35 20 nn 30 ia 25 tere | 25 27 23 sors | 235 ie 33 | gana | 30 30 zs | eno | 30 tins | 30 The above resistance factors al90 are usually taken ino account in tables of de resistance for ACSR, TABLE 3—4B Strength Rating Factors Extract from ASTM Specification $24 for Concentric-Lay-Stranded Aluminum Conductors, ‘Aluminum Alloy Reinforced (ACAR) ‘Referenced in ASTM B 524 as Table 4) Stranding Sat —__| Ring Factor Number of Wires | Nusiber of Layers er cent iret | 80 rr | 580 re 1 1 96 2 1 9% t 1 % 3 ' on 2 1 o 2 2 os t 2 96 3 1 3 3 2 8 2 3 3 ” 8 2 1 8 3 3 1 Mt TFor purposes of dejermining strength rating, factors, mised ayers are considered to be full ayers for eseh materia 3-5bare aluminum wire and cable key O 1280119 wie D veorr0 wire 4.1360 3.6201 30.1350 7.6201 344350 46201 24-1350 13.6201 15.1360 4.6201 12.1380 76201 13.6201 19.6201 Strength/ Strength/ Strength/ Stranding Wr ratio Stranding Wi ratio Stranding We ratio 43 26,000 30/7 21,800 48/13 21,600 1/4 22,100 24/13 24,100 4a2/19 23,500 17 25,100 18/19 26,800 54/7 20,200 eb ag teal stranding arrangements of aluminum cable alloy-reinforced (ACAR). Assuming the reinforcement is 6201-T81 alle alloy, and that individual wires are larger than 0.150 in. diameter the sirength-weight ratios are as shows (the strengths are slightly higher if smaller wires are and conductor weight in Ibift. 3-6 re used), The strengthiwt. ratios compare rated strength per ASTM B S24tween constructions of all 1350-H19 wires or those of all 6201-TS1 wires. Fig, 3-3 depicts several stranding ar- rangements of ACAR cables of 1350-HI9 and 6201-T81 ‘The rating factors for various strandings of ACAR using 6201-T81 reinforcing wires are shown herewith as extracted from ASTM B 524, They are used as the basis for calculating the properties of ACAR listed in Chap- ter 4. International Annealed Copper Standard In 1913 the International Electro-Technical Commis sion established an annealed copper standard (IACS) Which in terms of weight resistivity specifies the resistance Of a copper wire 1 meter long that weighs one gram, Commercial hard drawn copper conductor is considered as having conductivity of 97% IACS, Calculation of de Resistance USA practice is to express conductor conductivity in 19 0.0977" STEEL WIRES 40,168" ALUMINUM WES LAUAY 2 4 0.168" ALUMINUM WRES RH. LAY ALUMINUM RES LAY 0 « 0.1591" ALUMINUM WIRES RH.UAY Fig. 3-6. Air-Expanded ACSR. The size shown is 1595 Kemil, OD is 1.75 in. The diameter of equivalent regular ACSR is 1.54 in engineering design Fig, 3-7. Composite conductors similar to ACSR also may be manufactured by using trapezoidally shaped strands tas shown above for self damping conductor. terms of percent International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS) instead of in mhos (the unit of conductance). Resistivity is expressed as follows: A Volume Resistivity = p, = — Rin which (Eq. 33) L 'ross-sectional area R = Resistance ‘Weight Resistivity W = Weight ‘These resistivity constants may be stated in whatever form is required by the units used for area, length, weight, ‘and resistance, and if these units are used consistently R may be obtained for any A, L, or W, by inverting the pb pal equation; thus, from Eq. 3-3, R the case may be. used (Ts 1. Ohm-cmil/ft, representing the resistance in ohms of a round conductor 0.001 in. diameter 1 ft long. 2. Ohmesq in.ft, representing the resistance in ohms of a conductor of I'sq in. in cross-sectional area and 1 ft Tong. This constant is sometimes multiplied by 1000 which provides ohms per 1000 f1 Tie resistivity constants are based on ohms when conductor is at ASTM Standard temperature of APC (G8 F). Some tables are hased Satemperatrcof25°C. Hso. new resistivity constrantscan be computed ii comiderable work ft be done (see Table 27). o¢ of Rao for 25 2 Temperature coefficient can be applied 10 the 20°C val ‘obtain thal for 26°C, as below. Multiply the 20° value by L3seH19 620EFLACS 1.0 BSOHI9— GLOIACS C0 (20K S2SFIACS (ITM 3-7bare aluminum wire and cable TABLE 3-5 Equivalent Direct Current (dc) Resistivity Values for Aluminum Wire Alloys at 20°C* Volume Weight ‘aioe Conductivity volume Resistivity Resistivity percent Ohm-emit Ohm-mm2 ‘Ohms-in2 ‘Ohms-lb> tacs per ft perm per 1000 ft er mile2 1950-H19, 612 16.946 0.02817 0.013310 435.13 6201-781 525 19.754 0.03284 0.018515, 507.24 Alumoweld 20.33 51.01 0.08481 0.04007 31912 Stee! | 80 129.64 o2tss2 o.10182 95740 HD Copper 97.0 10.692 9.0177 0.083974 902.27 “Abstracted and calculated from ASTM Standards. For stranded conductors, resistance values obtained ratio, per Table 3-1 for all aluminum conductors, by use of these factors are to be increased by the stranding-increment (oF per Table 3-4 for ACSR, Grample: Find de resistance at 20°C of one mile of Bluebell cable of 1,033,500 «mil area of 1350 of 61.2% IACS con- ductivity, allowing 236 stranding increment. Applying resistivity factor from Table 35, A = 5280 16.946 x 1.02 _ 9 op 99 ohms 1,033,500 It is customary to compute the conductor resistance from known resistance at 20°C (68°F). Some tables, however. specify resistance at 25°C which are related 10 20°C values by the factors in footnote on page 3-7, or may be read directly from Table 3-7. Temperature coefficients for 20°C resistance values are in Table 3-6, Change of de Resistance with Temperature Over a moderate temperature range (0°C to 120°C) the resistance of a conductor increases lincatly with i crease of temperature, thus R= Ri «3 (T:—7)) (Ea. 3-5) in whieh Ry = Resistance at temperature T; Rz = Resistance at temperature Ts Temp. coefficient of resistance at T, Temperature-Resistance Coefiicients for Various Temperatures From Eq. 3-5 it is apparent that the temperature co- efficient for 20°C cannot be used when the Known re- sistance is at some other temperature, For this condition 1 (Eq3-6) 1 =., + T—20) in which «, = Temp. coefficient at T, deg C. 2» = Temperature coefficient at 20°C 3-8 Example: The 200C temperature coetficient am for 1350 (61.2% TACS) alloy is 0.00804, What i it for 80°C? Applying Eq. 3.6 1 = 0.360 1 o.00008 For coetcients for other temperatures see Table 37. =s0 + (50—20) Calculation of ac Resistance* ‘Skin effect is by convention regarded as inherent in the conductor itself; hence when the ac resistance of a con- ductor is stated, what is meant is the de resistance usually in ohms, plus an increment that reflects the increased ap- Parent resistance in the conductor caused solely by the skin-eflect inequality of current density. Skin effect results in a decrease of current density to- ward the center of a cylindrical conductor (the current tends to crowd to the surface) ‘A longitudinal clement of the conductor near center is Surrounded by more magnetic lines of force than is an element near the rim, hence the induced counter-emf is greater in the center element. The net driving emf at the ‘Reports of resistance and Kvar reactive requirements for latgesize {tansmisson-line conductors (single, win, and expanded core) are aa AIEE paper 59-897 Power Apparatus and Systems, December 1983 by Earl Hazan and AIEE paper 58-41 Current Carrying Capacity of ACSR, February 1958, by H. E. Howse and P. D. Tuite, Thee Dapers also refer extensively tothe effet on ampaciy of wind velocty and temperature rise. For a complete listing of the formulan covesing ‘these resistivity relationships see ASTM B 193, Table 3TABLE 3-6 ‘Temperature Coefficients of de Resistance of Wire Materials =, 20°C (68° F) (Abstracted from ASTM Standards) ‘Conductivity | Temperature Coefficient “= Material | Percent ACS | at 20°C per degree C Aluminum 4350-H19 e2 0.00404 6201-181 525 0.00347 Copper (hd) | 97.0 0.00381 ‘Aumoweld 20.33 0.00360 Steel 90 0.00320 Example: The resistence of one mile of Bluebell stranded Conductor of 61.2% (IACS) 1350-H19 at 20°C is 0.0883 ‘ohms, What is Ye at 50°C? Applying coefficient from Table 3.6 gp = 0.9683 [1 + 0.00408 (50-2011 = 0.0990 ohms center element is thus redhiced with consequent reduction of current density. ‘The ratio of ae resistance to de resistance (RicIRy) is almost unity for small all-aluminum conductors at power frequencies, regardless of load current, It increases to about 1.04 for the 1113.5 kemil size and to about 1.09 in the 1590 kemil size. ‘The basic calculations of Ry./Rue ratio have been made for round wires and tubes of solid material, and these values can be obtained from curves based on such caleu- ations or tests. Fig. 3-8 shows Ryc/Ree ratios for solid round or tubular conductors, and they also may be ap- plied for stranded conductors by treating the stranded cross section as if it were splid. For use'of the curves of Fig. 3-8, Ry. is first obtained and corrected for temperature. Ry: is then obtained from the Ryc/Rge ratio read from the chart Example: Allaluminum Bluebell stranded conductor of 1350-H19 GL TACS) has de resistance of O.O188 ohms per 1090 ft at °C. What i its approximate R./Ra. ratio for 60 Hz? ‘Substituting in equation at bottom of Fig. 58 on basis of ohms permile, and rity = 0.0, ‘Abiciusa parameer = (60/(0,0188 x 5.28)" = 24.8 and RR, 1.G31, which compares with a value from published tables of 520 ‘Skin Effect in Steel-Reinforced ‘Stranded Conductors (ACSR, etc.) ‘The R,,/Ry, ratio of ACSR conductors that have an engineering design ‘even number of layers of aluminum wires (2,4 ete.) may be estimated from the curves of Fig. 3-8, provided r, is the radius of the core and r, is the external radius.* By this method, no account is taken of the current in the steel Core, Some tables include the effect of core conductance, hence show a slight variation of ratio. If the number of aluminum layers is odd (1.3, ete.), the R,./Ra. ratio for ACSR conductors is affected by the magnetic flux in the core, which occurs because there is ‘an unbalance of mmf due to opposite spiraling of adjacent Tayers. In such conductors the core flux varies with load current, hence the Ru./Rae ratio will vary with current. The effect is considerable in one-layer conductors, mod- erate in 3-layer conductors, and it may be disregarded for Sclayer conductors and more. This effect is further de- scribed and illustrated by Fig. 3-9and Table 3-8A. ‘The comparison at 75% loading, shown in Table 3-84 illustrates the effecy of core permeability in the one-layer 'ACSR whereas it has no effect in 2-layer ACSR. The one-layer ACSR may be less desirable clectrically and it is ‘sed mostly where high strength is required at the sacrifice fof conductance and for small sizes, 4/0 and under. ‘The Ry/Ree Tatios for one-layer ACSR are obtained from tables or curves that show test results at various load currents ‘Three-layer ACSR, as stated, similarly has the Ru/Rse ratio affected by load current, However, the effect may be allowed for by applying values from Fig. 3-9 which shows the correction factor to be applied to the ratio with varying load. Example: A 54/7 ACSR conductor, Curlew of 1033.5 Ksmil has an Rao Rec raio of 102S at 259C, 60 Hz, without renard 10 core Magnetic eect, What are the ratios for load cureens Of 200, 400. Aro, aad, 1000 amp.* respecively? See abo footnote under Table 3 From the upper curve of Fig. 39, values are tabulated. in col 3), and multiplying these values by the basic ratio provides the desired ratio in col. (S) of Table 36 Calculation of skin-effect ratios for composite designs in which the steel reinforcement is located wholly or partly away from the central core, or in which the steel is sur- founded by a thick alumioum coating is almost impos- sible except for the simplest configurations. Consequently Such values are taken from tables that represent test re~ Sults, Accepted catalog data for most commercial designs are available. Proximity Effect When two conductors are spaced relatively close to one another and carry alternating current, their mutual induc~ tance affects the current distribution in each conductor. However, if the distance apart of the conductors exceeds ten times the diameter of a conductor the extra FR loss TAs tilts equals ratio of diameters, it usually is more con venient 10 use diameters. which ordinarily can be read from Conductor tables, see footnote, Table 3-8 3-9bare aluminum wire and cable TABLE 3-7 Temperature Coefficients of de Resistance of Wire Materials at Various Temperatures Alloy 1350-19 6201-781 Conductivity 61.2% Iacs, 52.5% IACS Tempco 100440 00373 10 00421 (00359 20 (00404 0047 25 (00396 0341 30 00389 00335 40 00374 00324 50 00361 00314 60 00348 100305 70 00336 00296 a0 00325 (00287 90 00315 00279 100 00306 0272 alculated per NBS Handbook 109, Were ar acecstanee of one mile of Bluebell sanded conductor of 13504419 alloy at 50°C is measured st 0,0900 ohms. What is it at 200c? /Appiving the 60° coefficient from Table 3:7 in Ea. 35: Ra = 0.0900 [1 + 0.00361 (20 ~ 50)] = 0.0889 ohms ee TABLE 3-8 Comparison of Basic and Corrected Rac/Rdc Curlew Conductor @) a a @ | (1) Amps | Resistance | Basie | Corrected toad | per | multiplier | Rac/Rdc | Ratio amp _lcmil x 108] Fig. 3-7 | Ratio | (3) x (4) 200 | 194 1.007 1.026 1.032 400 | 388 1.013 1.025 | 1.038 600 | 581 1018 1.025 | 1.044 800 | 775 1.022 1025 | 1.048 1000 | 960 1.025 1025 | 1.051 “If these current variations occur in 3 conductor when ambient temperature is constant, the operating temperature will increase with load, hence the basic Rye/Rae tatio must bbe adjusted to reflect the variation of Rye with temperature. Constants are available from the Aluminum Association that facilitate this adjustment of Rae/Rge ratio. 3-10 caused by this crowding is less than 1 percent, hence ordi- narily can be neglected. Hysteresis and Eddy Current Effects Hysteresis and cddy current losses in conductors and adjacent metallic parts add to the effective a-c resistance. To supply these losses, more power is required from the line. They are only important in large ampacity conductors when magnetic material is used in suspension and dead. end clamps, or similar items which are closely adjacent to the conductor. Usual tests that determine R,,/Ry. ratios for conductors as reported in tables of properties take into account any hysteresis or eddy-current loss that is in the conductor itself, so no separate estimate of them is ordinarily re- quired ‘The calculation of eddy-current and hysteresis 1oss in adjacent metallic materials, (structures, housings, ete.) or its estimate by tests is beyond the scope of this book. Radiation Loss This component of power loss in a conductor is negligi-Rac Rae RATIO OF AC TO DC RESISTANCE engineering design CONDUCTOR CROSS. SECTION ‘e088 507 Rae Rac in ohms per mile Fig. 3-8 Skin-effect factor for solid-round or tubular conductor at 60 Hz. HB. wah Stn fc Tabla Ft Conte 1) 3-11bare aluminum wire and cable TABLE 3-80, Comparison of R,./Rss Ratios for All-Aluminum and ASCR, 266.8 kemil, Single-Layer Conductors, and Equivalent 2-Layer Conductor Resistance value In ohms per mile | le: Light Load at 25°¢ 75% Load at 506 " Resistance Resistance os Conductor | stranding de 60 Hz Ru/Pec de | 60H | Ratio 1950-19, 61.2%] 7 ase | tam 1+ 0.84 0386 | 1.005 1acs ACSA (1 layer) 67 0349 0.350 ti 0284 osis | 142 sesnietwer | 297 | oa | asa ; ose | cate | 100 = ble at usual power frequencies; it becomes important only at radio and higher frequencies. Accordingly no method of estimating such loss is considered herein. Corona* Corona occurs when the potemtial of the conductor is such that the dielectric strength of the surrounding air is exceeded. The air becomes ionized and bluish ilu. minated gaseous tufts or streamers appear around the conductor, being more pronounced where there are irregularities of the conductor surface. The discharge is accompanied by the odor of ozone, and there may bea hissing sound. Corona discharge from a bare conductor power line ‘may interfere with radio and TV reception, ot adjacent carrier and signal circuits. Bundled conductors are frequently used to obtain lower voltage stress on the air insulation for voltages above 350kV, Inductive and Capacitive Reactance Variable current flow in an electrical conductor, either as alternating current or as a transient of any kind, gives rise to the parameters of inductance (usually expressed in rmillihenrys) and capacitance (usually expressed in micro. farads) and their related properties of inductive and capacitive reactance, usually expressed as ohms per mile and megohm-miles, respectively. No energy loss is ss0- ciated directly with these parameters, but the 90° out-of. Phase voltage and current must be supplied to sustain the magnetic and electric fields created, so a slight increase or further information regarding corona, sce Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, McGraw-Hill Company, Ser. 19 which cee, contains references io the various research papers, An excelent se gn, corona and EHY line design is the EPRI Transmssion Line Reference Book, 345 KV and above 3-12 Of FR loss in the conductors occurs because of them. Inductance and capacitance, however, influence system stability in high-voltage lines to a greater extent than re- sistance. Only the reactances that are related to the conductors, either as parts of a single-phase or a three-phase circuit, are considered herein, The total system reactance also in. cludes many factors not related to the conductors; among them leakage reactance of apparatus, and the extent that automatic tap-changing and power-factor control are used, These system conditions are taken into account as a part Of circuit analysis for which a high degree of electrical ‘engineering skill is required, and their consideration is beyond the scope of this book. Inductive Reactance The inductance £ of a circuit is a measure of the number of interlinkages of unit electric current with lines of magnetic flux produced by the current, both expressed in absolute units. L also is defined by (difdt) in which difdt indicates the rate of change of current with time. L is the coefficient of proportionality, and e is the momentary induced voltage. ‘The quantity X=2rf L, in which fis frequency in Hz, the inductive reactance, expressed in ohms, but in phasor notation the induetive-reactance drop is perpendicular to the resistiince drop; that is, the current f in a conductor having both resistance and inductive reactance, but negli- tilble Capacitance, and at unity power factor is 1 E/ (R + jX) in which j = Vector operator (-1) (Ea. 3-7) E= Emit, volts, to neutral 1 = Current in conductor, amp X = Inductive reactance, ohms‘engineering design 104 vs odio Zs L—| 2210] 23 a= v9 CURRENT DENSITY 705 300 600 a0 ‘60 HZ AMPERES PER MILLION CMIL OF ALUMINUM AREA ooo 1200 703 a0 Fig. 3:9. Resistance multiplying factors for threelayer ACSR for aluminum conductivity of 62%. Without significant er, these factors also may be used for aluminum of 61.2% IACS conductivity. due to magnetizing effects of the core. ‘These data are used 0 reflect the increase n resistance Numerically (R + JX) = (R? + X*) and is desi nated impedance, also expressed in ohms. Normally, computations of R and X for transmission lines are made, for convenience, on the basis of unit lengths, usually one mile, Tables are set up in this manner. ‘The inductive reactances discussed herein and listed in tables of conductor properties are suitable for calculations Of cither positive- or negative-sequence reactance, as em- ployed for usual transmission and distribution circuits. Zero-sequence values, as required for unbalanced condi- tions or fault-currents, may be obtained by methods later described. Inasmuch as 2ero-sequence inductive reactance is the principal factor that limits phase-to-ground fault currents, its value is important in conductor selection. ‘Simplifying of reactance calculations is effected if the reactance is considered to be split into two terms *(1) that due to flux within a radius of 1 ft (X,) including the internal reactance within the conductor, and (2) that due to the flux between I ft radius and the center of the equivalent return conductor—(X,). A further simplifying ‘convention is that the tabulation of the latter distance is the distance between centers of the two conductors instead of the distance from one-foot radius of one conductor to Tint proposed by W. A. Lewis. See also W. A. Lewis and B.D, Tule, The Resistance end Reactance of Aluminum Con Guciors, Steel Reinforced. Trans. AMEE, Vol. 77, Part Hl, 1958. the surface of the adjacent one; thus, there will be minus 1X, values tabulated for distance between conductors that are less than 1 ft apart Conductor spacing D for 3-phase circuits is the ge0- metric mean distance (GMD) as later defined. ‘The sum of the two terms (X, + Xq) is the required inductive reactance of the conductor X’under usual load conditions. The values also are useful as a basis for calcu- lating impedance under fault conditions (zero-sequence) Itis to be noted that X, is an inherent conductor electrical property, taking into account the reactance due to the flux Gut to a distance of | ft from center of the conductor, and js 30 tabulated for round, stranded, and composite con- ductors, usually as ohms per mile. The values of Xo, how- fever, depend on spacing of the conductors, and are un- related to size of an individual conductor. Table 3-9 lists Values of X, at 60 Hz based on separation distance between centers of the conductors, in ohms per mile. The value for ‘any other frequency is directly proportional; thus, for 25 Hz it is 25/60 of the 60-Hz value, ‘The conduetor spacing for other than a simple two-con- ductor eircuit is its geometric mean distance (GMD) in ft. A few of the usual arrangements and their GMD's are shown in Table 3-10, If the spacing is unequal, the GMD is a geometric average value which, however, usually is satisfactory for preliminary calculations. Thus, in a flat 3.13bare aluminum wire and cable TABLE 3.9 Separation Component (X,) of Inductive Reactance at 60 Hz (1) Ohms per Conductor per Mile Separation of Conductors tak oye [ea oe ae face [haf °| = | 9.3018) -0.2174/ 0.1682] —0.1333/ -0.1062| -0.0841| —0.0854] ~0.0492] -0.0340] ~0.0221 0.0106 | 4) adyy | 20087 a1) vari] oses| area] Siena] Goel pane] —Q02ea|~20z|~Dar05 2] aoe | vest] o.oae| Sanaa! Oioas| sori] gersa| Go5s3) 99020| 99872] arse) coveo 3] 91993 | ase| orsio] G'so] acer) ovaoy| Gieao| cieae| 91200] 21227) 91264) a0e 4) ateea | 1707] o7a2| Otree| Gtr) aiaos| gress] teks] 91377) tape] o1es1| 01057 5| axa | sors] ges] G2ora| zest) o2oso| sens] Steer] 27909 01881) 0.912) asa 8] 02174 | o2ioi| 0.2207] daze] oansa| o2ose| aaens| Sotey| 2t0s] 02123] o.2r40| o2t67 7] ozaei | azare| 02500] asne| acts) O248i| aus] Care| C202) Q2212| gama) 02007 a eaess 8] ase : 18) GuOe2 | ciate ctl Patan lke Foes ey Rasa aoe eee Ha aa, tee Ha 93112 I slong 15| 0.3286 x 2794 logia d tana | eames le neaapeil ef adagies Ab: tak @ tab 13) oes STebwoneen A and Bef beses al Onayg h ul eae between'A and Cth venctee lege ag 10) aera conductor 1 metal dos notary oe i aay 25 aaees thevoliage based on avenge Dike | ooaee | oavet and Geomerie Mean Radius (GM) 3| asees The cluato of induce seactonce to a radius of zs] osese Lm Ch Walled by he aces Oe Tee ea he the dias of an ek Is ae a ee 3e| acess Wich ser Be anos citar Day nal ee ie 27| 0.3999 conductor. For non-magnetic materials, 3a | aaers naeete 23] oases 29] oaaae x.=02794/ top (€,38) 31| 0.4167 6 GMR | eases 3 oazes Todi pace mde, hake 5s| caste Propane te 56 | occa Cli = Gentle ia tai s fare The GMR of a single solid round conductor is 0.77881, 39 oaeas, in which r is radius of conductor in ft. Fig. 3-10 is a 2] eens cart ahwing GM for as | ease The GMR ofa stranded conductor tout steel ein 4 aseee forcement or center voile obanes by eaten | cases of conccnine rings of solid round eee ener ‘| aaces pected Oa 45 | oasto The GMR of ascended multnyer ACSR or an ex 4s] oeas panded allakminum cond ae ae eae ‘| oaset 49 | 0.4722 *For methods of calculation se ref, at bottom of page 3:13,ons: a0 0.7788 07 Faz nario OF INSIDE #ADIUs TO OUTSIOE RADIUS Fig, 3-10. GMR of annular rings. LLP andl Eke Powe Troms sian 88 similarly based on the assumption of a hollow tube of ‘aluminum wires. "The GMR values (in ft) for the various kinds of con- ductors are listed as an electrical property of the conductor in the conductor tables herein, ‘The GMR values for single-layer ACSR are not con- stant because the X, is affected by the cyclic magnetic flux which in turn is dependent on current and tempera ture. The X, values for these conductors are experimentally determined ‘and made available in tables or curves for various currents and temperatures. ‘The X, values for I-layer ACSR is s0 little affected by the variable core magnetization that it is customary 10 ignore it, hence the GMR values for 3-layer ACSR are jneluded in tables of conductor properties in the same manner as ate those of other multi-layer conductors, ‘The following examples show the application of some of the previous equations and the comparative magnitude ‘of some of the relationships. ‘Bluebell 1033.5 kertil stranded aluminum cable (overall diam. 1,170 in.) is listed with GMR as 0.0373 ft and 5X, as 0.399 ohms per mile at 60 Hz. Check the X, valuc, land how much it differs from that of a solid round con- ductor of the same diameter. ‘engineering design TABLE 3-10 Values of Geometric Mean Distance, GMD CONDUCTOR GEOMETRY we ‘ a c GMD Symmetrical Triangle Aor Bore 8 Al c Right Triongle A= © 1.1228 ire Unequal Triongle 3/RRBKE ova ec Be ee Symmetrical Flat 1.26.4 enc 8 © ee Unsymmetrical Flot SRK BKC Example: A.115-kv 3-phase flat-arranged circuit has 6 ALA to B, 8 ft B to C, and 14 ft A to C, hence Avg GMDis (6 * 8 x 14) = B76 ft Interpolating in Table 3-9 X, = 0.263 ohms per mile ‘and from conductor table (@ssuming Bluebell) Total inductive reactance X X, = 0.399 ohms per mile 0,662 ohms per mile of any conductor 315bare aluminum wire and cable Check of Xa X, = 0.2794 logis = 0.399 which checks table. 0.0373, Comparison with solid round 1.170 7788 x = 0.0380 ft 2x12 MR 0.2794 logis = 0.397 0.0380 A corresponding size of ACSR, Curlew, diam. 1.246 in. is listed with X, of 0.385 and GMR of 0.0420 f, thereby showing the reduction of X, because of the hollow-tube effect and increased diameter, as per Eq, 3-8. The variation of X, for different cable constructions of the same size, according to standard tables of electrical Properties, is shown below for 266.8 kemil conductors: Xe Kind of Overall Ohms per Cable Code —Stranding diameser ate Allaluminum — Daisy 7 O86 in, 0.489 ‘AAC ACSRone- Ow! 6/7 0.633. 0.58 @400amps layer 0.50 @ 200 amps 0.48 @ amps ACSRiwo- Partridge 26/7 gaat layer The increased diameter of Partridge as compared with that of Daisy shows that X, is reduced 5%, but the one- layer Ow! has 18% greater X, when fully loaded, Inductive Reactance of Bundled Conductors For increasing load stability and power capability in high-voltage lines, each of the individual phase lines is sometimes subdivided into 2, 3, or 4 subconductors but the distance between the conductors of a phase group is small compared with the distance between centers, of the groups. The design of such a bundled-conductor ireuit is beyond the scope of this book, However, for any such arrangement, the inductive reactances may be found as per the following example, provided the it dividual conductors are the same size, the same group arrangement is used for all phases, and skin and proximity effects are negligible.* Example: Consider the arangement below in which each conductor is ACSR 795 kemil, Code Drake, 26/7 stranding, 60H os aS eo . 2 3-16 X. of Drake is 0.399 ohms per mile The average X, of a phase is 1/3 (0.0492 + 0,0492 +. 0.0492) = 0.0492 ohms per mile, in which X, for 1.5 ft is 0.0492 ohms per mile (see Table 3-9). The reactance to I ft radius X? for any group of 2 or 3 subconductors is {(/m) (X, — (n-1) X)] where m is the number of sub- conductors in each group. For4 subconductors, xis (0m (X,—(m-1) X)] + X,— 0.0105, Hence, for 3 subconductors XZ = [A0.399 — (290.0492)] = 0.1002 ohms per mile. As the between groups is compara. tively large, an approximation for X% for a single group is made by considering the inter-conductor distances d a8 20 ft, 20 ft, and 40 fi, respectively, whence from Table 39, x distance 1 = (0.3635 + 0.3635 4. 0.4476) = 0.3915 ohms 3 er mile. The total inductive reactance of a single group is thus X° = X? 4 Xf = 0.1002 + 0.3915 = 0.4917 ‘ohms per mile. Ifa more accurate value of 4 is desired (usually when distances within a group are not small as compared with phase distances), an average of all Xq values for all dis- tances between individual conductors is obtained. Thus, in the example there are 27 such distances. An X, value from Table 3-9 is obtained for each of these distances. then totaled, and divided by 27 to obtain an average X°. Zero-Sequence Resistance and Inductive Reactance Zero-sequence currents (J,) that occur under fault con- ditions are all equal and in ‘phase. Hence they move out simultaneously through the phase conductors and return either through the earth or a combination of earth and ground-wire return paths. Zero-sequence currents are the three components of unbalanced phase currents that are equal in magnitude and common in phase. Note that /, flows in each phase conductor, and 3 /, flows to ground: The influence of the earth return can be given by two. additional terms, an earth resistance and reactance, as follows: f Re = 0.2858 (8) in ohms per mile and X= 04191 (£) tog 77.760 (2) n= ‘approx 2.888 ohms pet mile at 60 Hz, if py is taken at 100 (see Table 3-11) (Eg. 3-10) * See also AIEE papers $8.41 and 59-897, ibid. p. 3-8 footnote (Eq. 3-9)TABLE 3-11 Zero-Sequence Resistance and Inductive Reactance Factors (Rand X,)© Frequency (f) 60 Hz Frequency (f) 60H Resistivity (94) ‘ohms per conductor Ohm-meter per mile All values Fe 0.2858° 1 2,050 5 2343 10 2.469 50 2762 100" x, £2888 500 3.181 1,000 3.307 5,000 3,600 10,000 3.726 © From formulas; R, ~ 02858 £5 x, =0.4101 —E 109 77,760 60 where f = frequency Be = resistivity (ohm-meter) * This is an average value which may be used in the absence of definite information. in which p, = ac resistivity of the earth return path in ohm-meters (the resistance between the faces of a one-meter cube of earth). This value depends on quality of the earth, and is in the range shown in Table 3-11, but fan average Value of 100 may be used in the absence of definite information. f= Frequency, Hz In addition, the zero-sequence reactance and impedance is also affected by a mutual reactance term because of nearby ground wires ar circuits. The zero-sequence impe- dance of one mile of a 3-phase transmission line without ‘ground wires, but with ground return, not including ca- pacitance effects, is. Zo= Rut Roti (Xe+%e— 2X) (Eq. 3-1) in which R,, = ac resistance in ohms per phase per mile Ryand X, are given by Eqs. 3-9 and 3-10 above X, and Xq are inductive reactances in ohms per mile engineering design of a single conductor, as previously noted, or as taken from table. ‘Example: Consider the arrangement below in which conductor is |ACSR 795 kml, Drake, 60 Hz, From Eq, 39 Ry = 02888, and X, = 2.888, ohms per mile From tables, Re = 0.1370 ohms per mite at 75°C 2X, 0.399 obs per mile i Xa = (03286 + 03286 + 0.4127) = 03566 3 ‘ohms per mile in which Xe at 15 fis (3286 and at 30 1 1504127 Substituting in Eq. 3-L1 for impedance 2. Zs 01370 + O28S8 + j(2.888 + 0.399 —2(0.3566)) obms/ ‘ile = 04228 + j 2.5738 ohms/mile (608 ange 80.67 Shunt Capacitive Reactance In long high-voltage transmission lines the distributed. capacitance caused by the electric field between and sur- rounding the conductors can attain high valucs which markedly affect circuit properties; among them voltage distribution, regulation, system stability, corona, lightning performance, and transients set up by faulting or Tine switehing, ‘The shunt capacitive reactance of a conductor system 1 ohms 2 IC In whieh if C is in farads; fis frequency Hz, It is customary in engineering work to express shunt capacitance in microfarads per mile and X’, the corre- sponding reactance in megohm-miles, usually for 60 Hz. The prime (’) is affixed to the X” to prevent confusion with X-values that represent inductive reactance, ‘To obtain the megohms of shunt capacitive reactance that controls charging current of a line longer than one mile, the listed megohm-miles value is to be divided by length of line in miles; that is, for 100 miles of a line using 795 kemil $4/7 ACSR at a phase spacing of 20 ft, the megohms of shunt capacitive reactanice which determines the charging current will be the listed 0.1805 megohm- miles divided by 100 or 0.001805 megohms (1805 ohms). Similar to the use of X, to represent inductive reactance to radius of 1 ft and X, to represent inductive reactance in the remaining space up to an adjacent conductor, the total capacitive reactance similarly may be divided into components as follows (Eq. 3-12) 3417bare aluminum wire and cable TABLE 3.12 Separation Component (X’s) of Capacitive Reactance at 60 Hz(1) Megohm-Miles Per Conductor Separation of Conductors 5 inches feet] 0 1 2 aa SL ee oe 2 | wf[u 8] 5 | 72.9737| -9.0832] -0.0811 | 0.0326] -0.0260| -0.0208 | -0.0160] ~0.0120| ~0.0086] ~0.0088| wo,o0268 1) peace | 29024) 2.0086] 0.0066] 0.0085] o.0103| o.0120/ a0136| o.is2| ooree| ooiee) ooo 3} 0.0206) 02t8/ 0.0228] o0261/ 0.0281) 0.0262] 0.0272| o.0282| 0.0201| o.0300| oos9| Goss 3) 90326) 0334) 0.0342) 0.0350] 0,0357| 0.0365) 0.0372| 0.0370| 0.0385| ooss2| ooase| Sore $) Go412) 20417) 0.0423) 10429] 0.0495/ oo4at| o.0446| o.o4sz| coss7| Ooses| Ooser| Oe 8| 2.0878) O.0482) 0.0487] 0.0492] 0.0497/ 0.0501] 0.0506| c0s10/ o.0515| Ooste| Ooses| ocee $) 0.9832) 0.0836) 0.0540] o.ose4| 0.0548] 0.0552] 0.0555] 0.0560 o.0s63| O0Ee7| oosel ooo 2| 20877} 0.0581| 0.0584] aosss| o.0501| 0.0596] o.osa8| o.0601| o.060s| o.0s0s| costs] oor 8| 00617 9] 0.0652 me 19] 2.0883) From: Electrical Transmission and Distrbu 12] 0071"! tion Reference Book, Westinghouse Electee 12| 00737 13) 99237 | Comporation, 1968 i ae a i 1 ores flit eemniomtuite. oa Te it 0683 — og 7 + 0.0683, Pages 15] 0.0803 ‘ i (4.3 fel oe Yq 0.06851 oor in which : 17| 0.0841 ‘Seperation ieee X’. = Capacitive reactance in megohm-miles per con- 18] cose ductor 19/ 0.0874 1. = Overall radius of conductor, ft 20| 0.0889 4, = Separation distance to return conductor, ft 2u4,0beta 1 = Frequency, Hz 22| 0.0917 : 23) 0.0920 The lefichand term of the above two-term equation 24) 0094s fepresents X',, the capacitive reactance for 1 ft spacing 25) 0.0955 (to 1-ft radius); the right-hand term represents X’y, the 20) 0.0987 separation component; both are in terms of megohm-miles. 27) 0.0978 ‘These two values have been tabulated for 60 Hz. Those 28) 0.0869 for X’, are listed in the tables of electrical properties of 23| 0.0909 conductors and those for X are in Table 3-12. 30) 0.1009 31] o.1019 Example: For 795 hemil Droke, Radius of conductor 0.0461 ft, 32| 0.1028 cot Bn spucing 33) 0.1037 Subsisutingnhe terms of Eg 3-13 See = 0068 ops = = 00688 13365 = 0.0913 36] 0.1063, smcpohm-miles 37| o.071 2 ao 3400885 ope 20 = 0068 13010 = 00889 39) 0.1087 : ies Bye ier 09913 + 0.0889 = 6.1802 megoh it 41] o.1t02 42| 0.1109 Zero-Sequence Capacitive Reactance 43) 0.1116 An added term £’, that affects zero-sequence capacitive 44) o.1n23 reactance depends on distance above ground. It i repre- 45) 01129 sented by 46] 0.1736 a a7) ove 2X, = 0.0205 © tops, 24 in which ‘nis height of con- 48| 0149 7 ductor above ground, f 49] 0.1155 (Eq. 3-14) 3-18‘The zero-sequence capacitive reactance of one 3-phase circuit without ground wires in terms of megohm-miles per conductor is Xa Xa t Xa We (Bq. 3-15) in which the terms have previously been defined, Capacitive Reactance of Bundled Conductors ‘The shunt capacitive reactance of bundled conductors can be found from equations identical with those used in the numerical cxample relating to inductive reactance of bundled conductors (page 3-17), except a prime is added to each X. Thus (X',)? and (X%)° may then be used in place of X’, and X%, in the corresponsling equations for positive- or zero-sequence inductive reactance. Ampaciy of Bare Conductors* “The major considerations involving the current-carrying capacity (ampacity) of overhead transmission conductors see the effect of conductor heating by the current and the Consequent reduction of tensile strength, Most alurisum transmission conductors are hard-drawn and operate over predetermined ranges of maximum. sags and tensions Heating to. relatively high temperatures. for appreciable time periods anneals the metal, thus reducing the yield Strength and. increasing elongation. Hence the ampucity Of such conductors is generally stated to be the current ‘which under the assumed conditions of operation will not produce sufficient heating to affect significantly the tensile properties of the conductor, Basie to the calculation is the establishment of an ambi- cent temperature level, Obviously the ampacity is related fo temperature rise, and the amount of the latter depends fon temperature of the outside air. Usual practice is to assume an ambient temperature of 40°C for overhead conductors. and the tables and charts herein are on that basis, However. lower ambients will be found in some applications. and the temperature rise for @ given operating temperature must be altered accordingly. ‘The usual maximum operating temperature for ten- sioned bare conductors is 70° to 85°C, with 100°C and ‘over permissible only in limited emerzencies. Heat Balance: “Temperature rise in a conductor depends on the bak ance between heat input (ER loss plus heat received from Sunshine) and heat oluspur (due to radiation from the con- uctor surface, and transfer because of convection of air currents). The heat loss arising from metallic conduction to supports is negligible, so is ignored. When the tempera- ture of the conductor rises to the point where heat output T Conductor ampacity has been reported extensively by Sehurig and Frick, W. Hy McAdams, House and Tuttle and others, and their resulis ehecked by test programs. The brief treatment herein Mibstrasted from mary sources, principally the Alcoa Alueinum ‘Overhead Conductor Engineering Data book: Section 6. engineering design ‘equals heat input the temperature remains steady. and the ‘current for such condition is the ampacity for that tempera- ture under the stated conditions. ‘The factors of importance that affect ampacity for @ given temperature are wind velocity. conductor surface temissivity, atmospheric pressure (which affects ampacity at high altitudes). and of course the ambient temperature. Neglecting sunshine heat input, the heat balance may be expressed as ER. = (1, + W,) A, both terms in watts/Linear ft (Eq. 3-16) and in which W, = Convection loss, watts/sq_ in. of conductor surface W, = Radiation loss, watts/sq in. of conductor surface |A = Surface area of conductor per ft of length, sq in. Roy — Total effective resistance per ft of conductor. ohms, including the resistance-equivalent of pertinent components of loss under ac con- Uitions, (skin and proximity effects. reactance ‘components, ete.) which reduces to \[ 377xaqw.+ W) gat (Eq. 3-162) Ror in which d — Outside diameter of conductor, in. 1 = Current for bakinced condition (the ampacity), amp ‘The convection heat loss W. depends on wind velocity, temperature rise, and atmospheric pressure (altitude). The radiation heat loss W’, is considered to depend on tempera ture rise and an emissivity constant « that expresses the ability of the conductor to radiate internal heat. A perfect non-radiative surface would have « = 0, and ‘a body that radiates all heat would have «= 1. The emis Sivity factor» for aluminum conductor surfaces depends fon the degree of oxidation and discoloration of surface, its roughness. and the stranding. Newly installed conduc tors may have ¢ as low as 0.23. and may be 0.90 after being well-blackened after years of service. A value of ¢ 0,5 provides a safety factor for the majority of ex- posed conductors which have been installed for several Years, This value (« = 0.5) is used for the tables and Curves hesein, which also show values based on a cross- wind of 2 ft per see (1.36 miles per hr) as well as for still but unconfined air (Figs. 3-11 et seq. ‘The effect of sunlight and altitude as well as of varia- tions of emissivity constants are shown by small auxiliary curves of Fig, 3-15. ‘The various factors entering the heat balance equations have been summarized by one conductor engineering group into the following: 1. Convection Heat Loss (W,) for 2 fi/see wind, at ‘sea [evel for 60°C rise above 40°C ambient. 319bare aluminum wire and cable TABLE 3-13, Current Ratings for Strength ACSR with Single Layer of Aluminum Strands 40 C ambient ¢ = 0.5 emissivity; no sun. Curent in Amperes tie | ats Temp Rise | Tomp Rie | Temp Rise Name | cmils ‘Stranding Wind Condition 0c 30c | 60c = | = een Grovse | 80,000 BAl- 1 2 porsec 106 15 296 0,000 Ba 15t ll Air 62 113 168 ert | 101,800 12A\- 78 2 persee 125 204 269 101.800 Taal 78 stil Ar 75 183 190 Minores| 110,800 Waal 7s 2 per see 132 m a | 110,800 12Al— 7 St. ‘Still Air. 79 142 201 Leghorn | 194,600 2A 7 2 persec 149 229 314 | 136600 WAI 7 sil Air 92 162 a Guines | 159,000 75 2 persec 166 266 352 159,000 781 stil Ar 108 192 262 Dorteret| 176,800 2A 751 2 per see 18 285 a 176.300 Y2A\- 7 5t Si ir m 196 220 Dorking| 190,800 WAI 75 21 por see 187 300 204 190,200 TAI 75 stil ir 17 208 296 cochin | 211,300 12AI- 7, 199 319 422 211300 12A\- 75 126 223 aig Brahms | 203.200 6Al-10 st 2h per see 188 201 380 203,200 6Al—19 St ii Ai 120 210 296 ee ees W, = 0.5388 (1.01 + 43.22 d 2) watts per ft of length for d up to 1.6 in, diameter (Eq. 3-17) 22.15 d' watts per ft of length for d 1.6 in, diameter and over (Eq. 3-18) 2. Convection Heat Loss (W.) for still air, at sea level We (still) = 0.072 d7 A 1,19 watts per ft of length in which A t, is temperature rise above ambient (Eq. 3-19) 3. Radiation Heat Loss (W,) for 60°C rise above 40°C ambient w, = 6.73 d watts per ft of length for « = 0.5 (an average emissivity for weathered conductors) (Eq. 3-20) 4. Sun Heat Gain (W,)—to be subtracted from (We + W,) in the above equations. W, = 3.0 d watts per fe of length for mid latitudes (Eq. 3-21) 3-20 Jf the ambient temperature is less than 40°C, a small change in ampacity for a given temperature rise may be ‘obtained because the resistance of the conductor is less (because of its reduced temperature). However, at the lower ambient and the same temperature rise, the radiated hheat loss is less. The net result is that the current for a given temperature is little changed over a considerable range of ambient temperature, Ampacity of 1359-H19 All-Aluminum Conductor ‘and Standard-Strength ACSR Conductors Ampacity graphs for 1350 all-aluminum conductors, and Standard-Strength ACSR are shown in Figs. 3-11, 12, 13, and 14 for still air and for 2fps wind at 400C ambient for < =0.50 and 62% IACS aluminum without sunlight effect. For 61.2% IACS multiply by 0.994, ‘Small graphs of multiplying factors for sunlight, altitude, and emissivity corrections are shown in Fig. 3-15. The W. and W, values for 600C rise are from Eqs. 3-17, -18, and -20. The slope of the lines from the 600C values is based on experimental data,Ampacity of Single-Layer High-Strength ACSR Conductors ‘Table 3-13. can be used for ampacity values for high- strength ACSR in larger-than-AWG sizes for 10°, 30°, and 60°C rise, Values for intermediate temperatures may be obtained by plotting these values on log-log paper simi- lar to that used for Figs. 3-13 and 3-14 Ampacity of 6201-781 and ACAR Conductors Inasmuch as heat loss for a given temperature rise is proportional to conductor surface (or diameter) and heat input is proportional to I'R, the ampacity of any conductor of conductivity other than 62% IACS is found closely per the following example: Find ampacity in still air for 30°C rise of 394.5 kemil (0.684 in, diam.) cable of 6201-T8I of 52.5 9% IACS con- ductivity By interpolating in Fig. 3-11, the ampacity of 62% IACS. 1350 conductor of same diameter (if it could be ob- tained) would be 320 amp. Hence, the ampacity at 52.5% LACS is 320 x (52.5/62.0)'% or 294 amp.” For ACAR which has wires of «wo conductivities, the equavaient conductivity value is used; thus, for 42/19 ‘ACAR (1350 and 6201-T81) of 1.165 in. outside diameter, the Me TACS conductivity of the ACAR conductor, if the 1350 wires are 61.2% LACS, is (42 X 61,2 + 19 X 52.5) /61 = $8.5% LACS Examples of Ampacity Values Obtained from Figs. 3-11 to 15 Incl. ‘The following typical examples illustrate the use of the various graphs: 1, Cable size 795 kemil ACSR 26/7 stranding, € = 0.50, diam, 1.1 in. approx., wind of 2 ft per sec. What is ampacity for 35°C rise, or 75°C operating temperature? [At top of Graph Fig. 3-14 note the diagonal line that 7 The method described is based solely on comparative FR toss, land the values obtaited are conservative. If correction is made for the slight change of Rex/Rue ratio caused by change of in- fductance, a slight inerease of ampacity, of the order of 1% or 2% In this instance ws obtained extends downward from the designated size. It intersects the 35°C rise horizontal at 835 amp, which is the am- pacity for the stated conditions. 2. For the cable of Example 1, what is ampacity if altitude is 10,000 ft with sun, and with emissivity factor reduced to 0.23? Note: The multiplying factors of Fig. 3-18 are to be used. These Strictly are. applicable only for 100°C operating temperature, but inasmuch as the ampacity diagonals on Fig. 3-13 are almost Straight lines, it satisfactory to apply the mutipying factors directly 0 the 35°C rise ampacity of $35 amp, ‘The altitude factor with sun is taken from the left-hand. diagram of Fig, 3-15D as being 0.83 (approx) for 1.1 in, diam., and the emissivity factor taken from the right-hand diagram with sun for « = 0.23 is 0.90. The desired am- pacity is 835 x 0.83 x 0.90 = 630 amp. Note: If the multiplying factors are applied to the 60° Rise ‘ampacity, for conditions stated in Example 1, the unadjusted ‘Ampacit) is 1050 amperes, After applying the multiplying fac- tors, this reduces to 1080 0.83 x 0.90 — 785 amp. Entering Fig. 314 at intersection of 60°C rise and 785 amp, and follow- ‘down an imaginary diagonal that is parallel 1 an adjaceat Giagonal, itis noted that shis intersects the 35°C line at 630 lamp, the same value as previously obtained Emissivity Limitations for Figs. 3-11 to 3-14 ‘An emissivity of « = 0.5 is the maximum assumed for ‘weathering conditions at high altitudes (10,000 ft). The ‘maximum assumed emissivity for a fully weathered con ductor in normal altitude is 0.91 Conductor Economies ‘The high cost of energy and generation facilities has made it very important that power losses be evaluated when selecting the correct conductor size to be used in a given project. Construction and energy costs have increased dramatically during the past decade, and this trend seems likely to continue. The Aluminum Asso ion, “The Evaluation of Losses in Condue- ls on how such an economic analysis could be done. 3-21bare aluminum wire and cable V MOY ‘GI-E “Shy 225 ‘sapminpD Y8%y 4of pun ‘sanjaisstua pun uns snows sof s10190f Suspdaynue 404 12897 BaS-UNS ON “p66°0 q Sanjoa KiduypmuU "SVT %e19 40.4 “SO (2) KHISSHUT J.P imavsaduiay 1aiquy “ary [NMS SIVI 279 61H-OSEL PapUDsis 290) umupumyy 240g fo Sy.rOduiy 10} ydose) I8IQ2uMDIIcMID| DLN “| PE Sh saugewy ZH 09 LNZWND 002 __ oot 0004 006 008 00% 009 00s oor oot oot ost 00106 08 ozo os or __ot ot or E Hh Fos ge8 2 S8825s8 2823 38 $ $s § FB 8 8 S SaMONI-WBLaWvI0 Sel § seee2ee sss ss so YN NV N x ‘ONIGNWaS 883 5 Se8see es sey es ¢ $$$ s- s . TWWOn OMY aZIs 9 s33¥530 asiy aynuvezwad 3-22engineering design @ UY. *S1-E “Big 298 “sapmpo 4214 40f pun 2 2407] D2S-UNS ON *466°0 9 SanqDa SdiHIUL ‘SVE Ye’ 19 40-4 “50 (2) ttaISsIUL] D.pp asmsDIedui2y puaiqury ‘sdf z pug, 9S SOVE %E9 6IH-OSEL PaPUPUS 2990) MUMMY 240g fo SHoDduY 40} YdDID es1y-24mDIDdwo]-iNDUND “CI-E “SIT ISSNUD Pub UNS snoLUMA 40f s4OIIMf Sursjdupmu 40.4 ear Aor nat coe oor 00s (0001.006008 00¢ 009005 dor oz ost Col 06 08 of 09 Of TY 2 s33yog0 asta 3unuvaaawaL ov ee ] L / HL 4 900 KK] 4 secon | a) ee g PN SH RY es SS gee 2 8 aH SS 9 R eedeses Gas 85 vv XN N ONIaNYaLs Se Se Sussse PES SSS SS Ses fees sino» omy azis 3-23bare aluminum wire and cable voee ce/a0l sé PTT osiz oset ogst tert zzt stat seeor 756 S62 soz 9c9 S09 sess “ar svoe roec Pore Booz Bo9c or ofe ofe SIZE AWG KCMIL 3-24 eure uve “sr “sv “sr ase divs “is zise 4/9 e/g Z9e 9 se est 4/9e tat aioe “9 ve v9 v9 9 v9 ue i STRANDING Tq 8 1 w9e 8 zo9't 2 2051 art aS wort 2 ore 8 sett 3 soit 5 is0"t 8 os6-0 $885 8 280 g asso 3 eevoh 2 Wo 8 rio woh TS 8 e190 c98'0 3 zos'0 aro seco B ss¢0 seco 8 SES es SS Se 8588 8 evo at g : Bbw bei bie de TSS | 60 50 30 3 g zi 2 8334930 asiy aanuvaaewaL 10 CURRENT 60 HZ AMPERES values by 0.994. No Sun-Sea Level. Big. 3-13, Current-Temperature-Rise Graph for Ampacity of Bare ASCR 62% IACS Still Air, Ambient Temperature 40°C Emissivity (e) ly ve 0.5. For 61.2% IACS, multpl For multiplying factors for various sun and emissivities, and for high altitudes, see Fig. 3-15, Chart C.voce ££ BOL S6z°e osiz ope 96st tert zee seatt Seo. ¥5e. $62 sz 59 S09 oss “ar suse ree OEE B997 8997 oy ove ole on t z SIZE AWG KCMIL eure aura ase ase aise ase aes avs us us us ue uo We STRANDING. asco ssc sic0 ose-o| engineering design Tt / i Tr iy] Wit Wy i DIAMETER-INCHES moitiiis att is ee st 10) samoga asny aunivuzawat 3000 7000 500400 700 800 9001000 1500 400 300 307680 90 100 150-200 CURRENT 60 HZ AMPERES 50 “9 Wind 2 fps, Ambient Temperat Temperature-Rise Graph for Ampacity of Bare ACSR 62% 1ACS ity (€) 0.5, For 61.2% IACS, multiply values hy 0.994, udes, see Fi = 3-25bare aluminum wire and cable Chart A Chart B © Auta fect b. gpiivyiest—cEmisiny fer oat act Eniity Effet efit fect 10.008 ree" wri a 10008 feat Asie aay 254 - foro 050] MN a 2s 20 q 1 3 INeHEs th 2a aso | feo] _oza) \ fost oss i _°23] ‘CONDUCTOR DIAMETER INCHES £3 I CONDUCTOR DIAMETER 20-36 90-100 0 120 “45-95 OT 3s Ps 10s TIS 901 75 Bs 95 85 95 103 US 80" 90 10 090" 100 90 100 108s 5 CURRENT CURRENT A—For stranded 1350 in still air. Fig. 3-11. B—For stranded 1350-wind 2 fps. Fig. 3-12. Chart ¢ Chart D e-Aliude Effect b, Eqisivity Elect CEninivity fect a. Allitude fect Eminnity Effect Emisivity Beet & Boise {01068 "te Bari {boc smite one 25) ai 2 Or oad a | Sen INenEs a ‘CONDUCTOR DIAMETER INCHES ‘CONDUCTOR DIAMETER 4h o _obsh | Jom t ss 30, 90, 30100. 0 120 ass Oa 35 Tos 15 “96° 750s 95 a5 98 os us” 8090 10.80" 90) 90190 M10 8595 cURRENT CURRENT C—For stranded ACSR in still air. Fig. 3-13, D—For stranded ACSR-wind 2 fps. Fig. 3-14 Fig. 315 (A, B, C, and D/-Multiplying factor for various conditions of emissivity (x), sun, and altitude, ‘Multiply the ampacity value obtained from Figs. 3-11 to 3-14 for 60°C rise inclusive by the applicable factor at bottom of diagram corresponding to the associated ampacity curve. 3-26Section I] Bare Aluminum Wire and Cable Chapter 4 Product Identification and Data This chapter supplements Chapter 3 with tables of ‘mechanical sind electrical properties of specified sizes of commercially available bare conductors, Some of the bare- conductor data is also applicable to conductors that are covered with weather-resistant- materials. which provi ‘moderate protection against cortosion and abrasion. but have no Noltage rating. Further information rexarding weather-resistant coverings is. in Chapters 7 and Service Application of Bare Conductors ‘The typical electric power system has many applications for bare stranded conductors, from the strain bus at the gencration plant substation through the transmission con- ductors and overhead ground wires to the distribution sys tem andl the neutrals for service drops. Product Classification of Bare Aluminum Conductors The alloy and conductor aluminum conductors are described in Chapter ‘are summarized below 10 aid reference to the tables herein e designations used for bare They J. Homogeneous designs of aluminum conductor consists of AAC (sce Aluminum Conductor): 1330-H19 (Standard Round of Compact Round) AACITW (Shaped Wire) 1380-HI9 (Trapezoidal wire) AAAC (see Aluminum Alloy Conductor): 6201-T81 2. Composite designs of aluminum conductor consist of ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced) 1350-H19 Aluminum strands with: Class A (Standard Weight) Coated Galvanized Steel Core ACSR (Compact Round): 1350-H19 Strand. Outside diameter reduced. after stranding (acs) ACSRITW (Shaped Wire): 1350-HI9 Trapezoidal wire ACAR (Aluminum Conductor Alloy Reinforced) 1350-H19 and Strands of 6201-18} Aluminum-Clad Steel Wire and Strand 3. Expanded core designs for EHV generally use 1350- H19 strands for conductance along with stee! rei forcement. Expansion is by open helices of aluminum wires, flexible concentric tubes or combinations of aluminum wires and fibrous ropes. No tables of properties of EHV cables are included herein because each project requires special analysis, and design practice is not as yet standardized. typical exam- ple of an expanded-core cable is shown in Fig. 3-6, Notes The shove ist comprises condvctors that ordinarily. ate installed in hare condition: that i. without covering or ims tion. As a convenience. tabk aha are inched in this chapter that Ist medications of the husie hire conductors which ord. narily are to be covered of insulated before use. Thus, alalumni hum conductors fisted as with B.C. and 1 stranding are isually covered oF insulated when in use, though may Be Bare for stort Jengtis in apparatus, terminal lead, et ‘Tables 4-26 and 4-27 covering Aluminum Unilay 19 wire ‘conductors and the 8000 series Aluminum Alloy conduc- tors are included in this chapter in order to list the details of the various strandings for the bare condition. For information on their eventual applications reference should be made to the chapters in Section 3 on “Covered and Insulated Wire and Cable.” Product Identification For ease of reference, many of the various conductors are identified not only by size and description, but also by an industry code word, as registéred with The Alumi- ‘tum Association. The word may be that of a bird, flower, fish, ete. to which a suffix may be added to denote product Variations. Other designations associated with the cone ductor such as AAC. AAAC. ACSR, ACAR, and the 44bare aluminum wire and cable alloy temper designations, such as 1350-H19 and 6201- ‘TSI, have been explained in previous chapters. Use of the code word system and possible variations is described in the Aluminum Association publication “Code Words for Aluminum Electrical Conductors.” Common practice in conductor designation utilizes as- sumptions and abbreviations. A. For 1350 aluminum, the H19 temper is assumed, For 6201 alloy, the T81 temper is assumed. For ACSR, the core is assumed to have standard: weight galvanized class A steel core and 1350-H19 aluminum wires. B. Suffix notations that designate other than what is implied in A (above) : For 1350-aluminum and Temper (for physical properties, see Table I-1) 1350-0 designates fully annealed wire. 1350-H12 and -H22 designate Yi-hard wire. 1350-H114 and -H24 designate ¥4-hard wire. 1350-H16 and -H26 designate %-hard wire, For ACSR GB designates Class B galvanized steel core GC designates Class € galvanized steel core wire. AZ designates aluminized steel core wire, AW designates alu “Comp” designates compact stranding. um-clad steel core wire. Size Relationships ‘The tables of properties of aluminum conductors herein show a larger number of sizes within a given range and type of conductor than ordinarily would be expected. This ‘comes about because replacement of one typeof conductor by another is facilitated if they have equal de resistance, ori their outside diameters are equal. Thus, the odd-size 477.0 kemil 1350-H19 aluminum conductor has approxi mately the same de resistance as 300.0 kemil copper, and the 795.0 kemil conductor corresponds to 500.0 kemil copper. Similarly, some AAAC and ACAR conductors are sized for diameter equivalence with certain sizes of ACSR, ‘The wide range of breaking strengths of a given size of ACSR becauise of variations of steel-to-aluminum ratios also adds to the conductors available for transmission line design ‘The trend in recent years, however, is toward reducing the number of generally available sizes that are based on equivalence with other conductors, and some larger-than- AWG all-aluminum conducto:s are now sized on the basis of 50,000 emil increments. Hence each is not exactly the equivalent of any other type of conductor as to conduc tance or diameter. Technical Data and Catalog Information ‘The construction and properties of many kinds of bare aluminum conductors are covered by individual ASTM specifications and unless otherwise noted, data in this chapter are based on these specifications. Specification numbers and descriptions at time of this publication are shown in Table 4-1, Individual ASTM Specifications anda book, ASTM volume 02.03 Electrical Conductors, which includes all specifications pertaining to Metallic Electrical Conductors, are available at moderate cost from ASTM.* 71916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa, 19103,41 42 44 45 47 48 49 4-0 4n 413 41a 415 416 417 418 419 4.20 product identification and data LIST OF TABLES IN CHAPTER 4 Titles and Numbers of ASTM Specifications for Bare Aluminum Conductors Conductor Metals. Physical and Electrical Constants Aluminum Wire Data. Tensile Strength and Elongation Solid Round 1350 Aluminum Wires. Physical, Mechanical, and Electrical Properties. AAC All-Aluminum 1350-H19 Stranded Conductors. Physical and Mechanical Properties AAC Electrical Properties of Conductors listed in Table 4-5 AAC All-Aluminum 1350-H19 Stranded Conductors. Physical and Electrical Properties for Even kemil Sizes AAC All-Aluminum 1350 of Various Hardnesses in Class B, C, and D Strandings. Physical and Mechanical Properties AAC All-Aluminum 1350-H19 Compact Round Conductors. Physical and Blectrical Properties AACITW Shaped Wire Compact Conductors in Fixed Diameter Increments. Physical and Electrical Properties AACITW Shaped Wire Compact Conductors. Areas Equal to Standard AAC Sizes, Physical and Electrical Properties AAAC All-Aluminum Alloy Conductors 6201-T81 to ACSR Diameters, Physical and Electri Properties AAAC All-Aluminum Alloy Conductors 6201-T81 for Even AWG and kemil Sizes. Physical and Electrical Properties ACSR Aluminum Conductors, Stee! Reinforced. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Galvanized A, B, and C and Aluminized (AZ) Core Sizes ACSR Conductors Single-Layer sizes. Electrical Properties ACSR Conductors Multi-Layer sizes. Electrical Properties ACSR/AW Aluminum Conductors, Aluminum-Clad Steel Reinforced, Physical and Electrical Properties, ACSR Compact Round Conductors. Physical and Electrical Properties ACSRITW Shaped Wire Compact Conductors. Steel Reinforced, Sized to Standard ACSR Areas. Physical Properties ACSRITW Shaped Wire Compact Conductors. Steel Reinforced, Sized to Standard ACSR Areas. Electrical Properties ACSR/TW Shaped Wire Compact Conductors. Steel Reinforced, Sized to Have Diameters Equal to Standard ACSR. Physical Properties ACSRITW Shaped Wire Compact Conductors. Steel Reinforced, Sized to Have Diameters Equal to Standard ACSR. Electrical Properties ACAR Aluminum Conductor Alloy Reinforced. Physical and Electrical Properties AW Aluminum-Clad Wire and Strand. Physical and Electrical Properties AWAC Aluminum Conductors with Aluminum Clad Steel Wires as Reinforcement, Physical and Electrical Properties AAC All-Aluminum 1350 Combination Unitay 19 Wire Stranded Conductors, Physical and Electrical Properties AAAC All-Aluminum Alloy Conductors 8XXX Series. Physical and Electrical Propertiesbare aluminum wire and cable TABLE 4-1 ASTM Standard Specifications for Bare Aluminum Conductors Standard No, B 230 Aluminum 1350-H19 Wire for Electrical Purposes B231 Aluminum 1350 Conductors, Concentric-Lay-Stranded (AAC) 232 Concentric-Lay-Stranded Aluminum Conductors, Coated, Steel-Reinforced (ACSR) B 258 Standard Nominal Diameters and Cross-sectional Areas of Solid Round Wires B34! Aluminum-Coated (Aluminized) Steel Core Wire for Aluminum Conductors, Steel Reinforced (ACSR/AZ) B39 Aluminum-Alloy 005-HI9 Wire for Electrical Purposes 1B 397 Concentric-Lay-Stranded Aluminum-Alloy $00S-H19 Conductors B 398 Aluminum-Alloy 6201-T81 Wire for Electrical Purposes B 399 Concentric-Lay-Stranded Aluminum-Alloy 6201-T81 Conductors B 400 Compact Round Concentric-Lay-Stranded 1350 Aluminum Conductors B40 Compact Round Concentric-Lay-Stranded Aluminum Conductors, Steel Reinforced (ACSR/COMP) B 415. Hard-Drawn Aluminum-Clad Steel Wire B 416 Concentric-Lay-Stranded Aluminum-Clad Steel Conductors B 498 Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Core Wire for Aluminum Conductors, Stee! Reinforced (ACSR) B 500 Stranded Steel Core for Aluminum Conductor, Zine-Coated (Galvanized), Stecl-Reinforced (ACSR) B 502 Aluminum-Clad Steel Core Wire for Aluminum Conductors, Aluminum-Clad Stecl-Reinforced 524 Concentric-Lay-Stranded Aluminum Conductors, Aluminum Alloy Reinforced (ACAR and 1350/6201) B 549 Concentric-Lay-Stranded Aluminum Conductors, Aluminum Clad Steel-Reinforced, (ACSR/AW) B 606 High-Strength Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Core Wire for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Conductors Steel Reinforced B 4 Aluminum 1350 Round Wire, Annealed and Intermediate Tempers for Electrical Purposes B 682 Standard Metric Sizes of Electrical Conductors B 701 Stranded Self-Damping Aluminum Conductors, Steel Reinforced (ACSRISD) B7I1_ Concentr Stranded Aluminum-Alloy Conductors, Steel Reinforced (AACSR) (6201) B778 Shaped Wire Compact Concentric-Lay-Stranded Aluminum Conductors (AAC/TW) B79. Shaped Wire Compact Concentric-Lay-Stranded Aluminum Conductors, Steel Reinforced (ACSRTW) B 786 19 Wire Combination Unilay-Stranded Aluminum 1350 Conductors B80 SXXX Series Aluminum Alloy Wire for Electrical Purposes B80! Aluminum Alloy 8XXX Concentric-Lay-Stranded Conductors for Subsequent Covering or Insulation 4-4TABLE 4.2 Conductor Metals* Physical and Electrical Constants product identification and data | eovo.n12 ] 25% 1350-419 Haz | 6201-161 HO | Galvanized | Aluminum-Ced Aluminum | Aluminum | Alumimum | Copper Steel Stee! AW" Min, average conductivity, percent IACS at 20°C ez 610 525 96.16 80 203 Max. average resistance at 20°C Ohm-cmiltt 16946 ¥7.008 19.755 | 10.785 129.64 51.01 Temp. coeticient of resistance per degree C at 20°C 0.00404 | 0013 | 0.00347 | 0.00378 | o.ocze0 0.0036 Density at 20°0"** Grams per cubic centimeter | 2.705 2710 2.690 | 889 778 6.59 Lb, per cubic inch 0.0975 0.098 0.097 oat 0.281 0.2381 Coetticient of Linoar ©rpansion perdesree F | a.onoer2s | ocooo126 | o.0c00126 | o.ocen0e4 | a.codoces | o.ooocare Modulus of Elasticity, Solid Wire ‘Approximate, Lb. per sain. | 1,000,000 | 10,000,000 | 10,000,000 | 17,000,000 | 29,000,000 23,500,000 ! “Drawn or trished wie “Nolo: Aluminumciad steel wie is being produced ty ‘Sectional area of the wire and a guaranteed minim “For the purpose of calculating weights icaly in a grade wih the concer Wm thickness of 10%» of the wire radiusbore aluminum wire and cable ‘Aluminum Wire Data TABLE 4-3 Tensile Strength and Elongation {ASTM Specifications) 41950-H19 Aluminum 6201-781 (8 230) (8 398) Tenale Sonat Schee Tensile Sena maaalen in 10" for In 10° for Wire Diameter ‘Average | Individual Indiv. ‘Average | Individual Indiv. (inches) for Lot Test Tests-Min. % for Lot Test Tests-Min. % (0.2600 to 0.2101 235 225 22 — = pe (0.2100 to 0.1801 240 230 20 — — — 0.1878 to 0.1801 — — — 460 440 30 (0.1800 10 0.1501 240 230 19 46.0 440 30 (0.1500 t0 0.1401, 245, 235 18 460 44.0 30 0.1400 to 0.1328 — — 460 440 30 (0.1400 to 0.1201, 250 235 7 — — — 0.1927 t0 0.1201 — 480 46.0 30 (0.1200 10 0.1101 285 235 17 48.0 480 30 0.1100 to 0.1001 260 245 15 430 460 30 (0.1000 10 0.0901 270 255 18 48.0 460 30 (0.0800 to 0.0701, 280 265 14 48.0 480 30 0.0700 to 0.0612 — — — 48.0 460 30 (0.0700 10 0.0601 285 27.0 13 — — — 10,0600 to 0.0501 290 270 42 = — — (0.0500 to 0.0105 25.0 230 — = — — 4-6product identification and data TABLE 4-4 Solid Round 1350 Aluminum Wires Sizes, Weights, de Resistance, and Nominal Breaking Strength Area 1380 Aluminum Wire ‘Nominal Breaking Strength dc ib | Resist- ance Three- | One- | Geometric Wire Weight | per quarter | halt ‘Mean Wire | Diam- Per Mite Full Hard Hard | Radius size | ter | Circular | Square | 100% | at 2c | Hara | rss0n6 | 1950-414 | “ame AWG | inches | “iis | inches Ib Ohms | 1350-419 | 1350-426 | 1350.24 ft 0000 | 0.4600 | 211,600 | 0.1662 | 194.7 0.4208 | 3822 2825, 2493 0.0149 000 | 0.4096 | 167.800 | o1318 | 154.4 0.5893 | 3031 22ar 1977 00133 00 | 03648 | 193,100 | 0.1045 | 1225 0.6723 | 2404 77 1558 011s 9 | 93249 | 105,600 | 0.08281 | 97.15 | 0.8876 | 1907 1409 1246 0.0105 1 | 0.2899 | 83.690 | 0.06573 | 77.03 | 10691 | 1512 1117 986.0 | 0.00939 2 | 02576 | 66,360 | 005212 | 6107 | 1348 | 1205 886.0 781.8 | 0.00836 3 | 0.2296 | 52620 | oo4s3 | 48.43 1700 | 9713 | 7026 6200 | o.o07a4 4 | 02043 | 41,740 | ooaz7e | 8.41 2144 | 7e68 5573 491.7 | 0.00669, 5 | 0.1618 | 33,090 | 002599 | 3045 | 2704 | 6237 | aaa 389.9 | 0.00590 6 | 0.1620 | 26,240 | oo2061 | 24.15 | 3409 | 4047 350.4 3092 | 0.00826 7 | 0.1443 | 20.820 | 001635 | 1916 | 4207 | 4007 | 2780 2453) 0.00468 8 | 0.1285 | 16510 | 001297 | 1520 | sate | 3242 | 2205 1946 | 0.00817 9} 0.1144 | 13,090 | 0.0028 | 1204 | 6a37 | 2621 1748 1842 | o.00371 40 | 0.1019 | 10,380 | o.oos16 ass6 | 8617 | 2120 138.6 1223 | 0.00331 11 | 10907 | 8.230 | 0.00646 7s7_| 10876 | 1744 109.8 969 | 0.00204 12 | oogos | 6.530 | 0.00513 601 | 13:70 141.00 | a7.2i 76.95 | 0.00262 13 | ao720 | 5.180 | o.oo407 477 | 1726 11600 | 69.19 61.05 | 0.00234 14 | 00641 | 4,110 | 0.00323 37a | 2178 197 | 54.91 48.45 | 0.00208 18 | 00571 | 3.260 | o.o0256 300 | 27.44 74.28 43.52 38.40 | 0.00185 16 | 0.0508 | _2'580 | 0.00203 298 | 3467 5878 | 3451 80.45} 0.00165 17 | 0.0453 | 2,050 | o.00161 1.890 | 43.60 4029 | 277 24.15 | 0.00147 18 | 0.0903 | 1,620 | o.oo128 1.495 | 55.09 ai89 | 2176 1920 | 0.00131 19 | 0.0359 | 11280 | o.00101 1.186 | 69.42 25.31 17.17 18.15 | 00116 20 | 0.0320 | 1,020 | 0.000803 | 0.942 | e738 20.11 1367 1206 | 00104 21 | 0.0285 812 | 0.000698 | 0.748 | 1102 15.95 10.85 957 | o.00092 22 | 0.0253 640 | 0.000503 | 0.589 | 139.8 12.57 8.551 7.545 | 0.00082 23 | 0.0226 511 | 0.000401 | 0.470 | 175.2 10003 6817 6.015 | 0.00073 24 | 0.0201 404 | 0.000317 | 0.972 | 2215 7.93 5.389 4.755 | 0.00065 25 | 0.0179 320 | 0.000252 | 0.295 | 2793 623 4.284 3.780 | 0.00058 26 | 0.0159 253 | 0.000199 | 0.233 | 3539 4.96 3.383 2.985 | 0.00052 27 | 0012 202 | 0.000158 | 0.186 | 443.7 3.96 2.686 2370 | 0.00046 28 | 0.0126 189 | 0.000125 | o.148 | sea6 312 2125 1.875 | 0.00041 29 | 0.0113 128 | 0.000100 | 0.118 | 7007 251 | 1700 1.500 | 0.00037 1. Data shown are subject io normal manufacturing tolerances 2 Breaking strength value of 1350-H19 are based on minimum average tensile strength of ASTM B 220. oars had a 1a al ard wir hal not brook a alo las than shown above. These srengs are based on minimum of 17:00 pe {0¥ 34 hard and 15,000 psi or half hard, Pubished values above take ino account nominal are wees 4 Electrical resistance is based on tho electrical conductivity of 61.2% IACS. 47bare aluminum wire and cable TABLE 4-5 ‘Ai-Aluminum Concentric-Lay Class AA and A Stranded Bare Conductors ‘Area, Weight, and Strength of AWG and kemil Sizes Physical Properties 1350-19 ASTM B 231 Bold face code words indicate sizes most often used, Total | Wire | Conductor Weight | Rated Size trending | Number | Diameter | Diameter | _ Area | per 1000 ft | Strength Code Word | AWG or kemil | Class _| of Wires | _ in. in. ‘Square in. cm tb Peachbell 6 A 7 | oe | 018s 0.0206 246 583 Rose 4 A 7 | oor | o2a2 0.0328 30.1 88 tris 2 AAA 7 | o097 | 0202 o.0se1 22 | 1,950 Pansy 1 AAA 7 | 01093 | 0.328 0.0857 7e4 | 1,640 Poppy 110 AAA 7 | 01228 | 0368 0.0829 989 | 1,990 Aster 20 AAR 7 | o1s79 | o414 0.1045 saa | 2510 Phiox 310 AAR 7 | 01548 | 0.464 0.318 1572 | 3,080 ‘Oxlip 40 AAA 7 | o1739 | 0522 0.1662 198.4 | 9,930 Daisy 266.8 AA 7 | o1ese | 0.586 0.2095 2502 | 4,830 Laure! 266.8 A 19 | o1tes | 0593 0.2095 2501 | 4970 Tulip 336.4 A 1a | 01331 | 0.666 02644 3155 | 6,150 Canna 597.5 AAA 19 | o14a7 | 726 oatee g729 | 7,110 Cosmos 477.0 AA 19 | o1se4 | 0.792 03744 4468 | 8,960 Syringa 4770 A sv | oatas | 0.795 03744 4468 | 8,690 Dahlia 5565 AA yo | oar | 0886 oas7t se14 | 9,750 Mistletoe 556.5 A 37 | 01226 | 0.858 o4g7t sa13 | 9.940 Orchia 636.0 AAR 37 | oasis | ote 0.4995 5960 11.400 Violet 7155 AA a7 | orzot | 0974 0.5620 71.0 | 12,800 Nasturtium 7185 A 61 | otoss | 0975 0.5620 e710 | 19,100 ‘Arbutus: 795.0 AA a7 | o14es | 1.026 0.6244 745.3 | 13,900 Liac 798.0 A 1 | ore | 1.028 0.6244 7457 | 14,300 ‘Anemone 8745 AA a7 | ose | 1.07 0.6868 e203 | 15,000 Crocus 8745 A et | ors | 1.078 0.6868 9206 | 15,800 Magnoli 9540 AA 37 | 01606 | 1.124 0.7493 945 | 16,400 Goldenrod 1954.0 A er | osast 1.126 0.7493 9948 | 16900 Bluebell 1,033.5 AA 37 | o1e72 | 1.170 ott? 9684 | 17,700 Larkspur 110335 A 1 | o1z02 | 1.172 osit7 692 | 18,300 Marigold 41130 AAA er | asst | 1.216 o.s741 1044 49,700 Havathom 1.1925 AAA er | o1g08 | 1.258 0.9966 1117 21,100 Narcissus 4.2720 AAA er | oraaa | 1.300 0.9990 1192 22,000 Columbine 113515 AAA 6 | orga | 1.940 1.062 1286 23,400 Carnation 1,831.0 AAA 6: | oz | 1379 4.124 1942 24,300 Gladiolus 15105 AAA 1 | ossza | 1.417 4.186 1417 25,600 Coreopsis 1,590.0 AA er | ores | 1.454 1.248 1489 27,000 4) Data shown are subject 9 normal manutacturing tolerances. 2. Glass AA standing is Usually specied fr bare conductors used on overhead lines. Class A stranding is usualy specified for condasivs 1 Be ee acne sastant (westherproot tatrals and used for bare conductors where greater lexbly fs required than afforded by Class sa the recto of lay ofthe cutside ayer of wires with Ciass AA and Class A wil be righthand, uniess otherwise specitiog 48product identification and date TABLE 4-6 All-Aluminum Concentric-Lay Class AA and A Stranded Bare Conductors Electrical Properties of Sizes Listed in Table 4-5 1950-H19 ASTM B 231 Bold face code words indicate sizes most often used, Phase-to-Neutral Bepeierte. 60 Hz Reactance zs 20 — 60 he at One tt Spacing ze | asc | sve | 7c | ow Size Ohms! | Ohms! | Ohms! | Ohms! Inductive Capacitive — fede Word | AWG erkemi | Mite | wie | wio_| wie |_| onmeatior, | Megotoranice x, Peachbell 6 [34st [3561 [3203 [4.255 [oo0sss | 0.630 0.145 Rose 4 | 2188 | 2232 | 2453 | 2674 | o00700| — oea2 0138 kris 2 | 1374 | 1402 | 1541 | 1.680 | 000883 | — osra 0.131 Pansy 4 ost] ara | 1224 | 1334 | 0.00061 | 0.860 oar Ponpy vo | 0.646 | 0.882 | 0.970 | 1.057 | oor 0546 0.124 Astor 20 | a6es5 0700 | 0769 | oases | oois | oss 0.120 Phiox 30 | osaar /oss6 | oer | 0665 joo | Osis on7 Oxlip 40 foasit joa | 0488 | 0528 |ootss | osod oats Daisy 2068 | oss [0250 | osa6 | 0419 |oot77 | ose 0.110 Laurel 2668 | os421 | 0.350 | 084 | 0419 |ooi7 | oaes onto Tuiip 3364 | oz71 | 0278 | 0305 | oase joo | oaeo 0.108 Canna 3975 | 02204 | 0295 | 0258 | 0282 | 00228 | ose 0.104 Cosmos 4779 | o1914 | 0197 | 026 | 0235 | 00250 | oaae 0.101 Syringa 4770 | 01915 |o.97 | o2r6 | 025 | oo | ose 101 Dania 5565 | ore: [0.160 | 016 | o20e [oo | oase 0.0969 Mistletoe 8565 ota1 /o169 | 0186 | 020 | 002s | pase .0968 Orchid 6260 | 01435 | 0149 | 0.163 | 0.177 | 00208 | gaan 0.0968, Violet 7155 | 0.1275 Jose | 0145 | 0.158 | ooate 0.421 0.0951 Nasturtium 7158 | 0.1276 |o193 | 0145 | 0158 Joost | 0.420 0.0950 ‘Arbutus 7350 [0.1148 [0120 | 0131 | o142 | ocaze | oats 0.0995 Litae 7950 | 01x47 | ot20 | 0131 | o142 | oat ota 0.0995 ‘Anemone 8745 | 0.1043 | 0.109 | 0.120 | 0.190 | 00344 | 40g 0.0521 Crocus 8745 | 01083 | 0.109 | 0120 | 0130 | o0ae? | aoe 0.0820 Magnolia 9540 | 0.09863 | 0101 | arto | o120 | 0.0360 | oaos 0.0808 Goldenrod 9540 | 0.09560] 0101 [0110 | 0119 |ooas2 | oa0a 0.0008 Bluebett 10335 | 0.08828 | 0.0933 | 0102 | 0111 | ooa7a 0.309 0.0896 Larkspur 10835 | 0.08826 | 0.0933 | 0.102 | 0111 | 00377 | o'sa8 0.0896 Marigols 11130 | 0.08197 | 0.0872 | 0.0951 | 0.103. | oo3s1 0.309 0.0885, Hawthorn 11925 | 0.07655 | o.oets | 0.0893 | oos6s | 0040s | oase 0.0875 Narcissus 12720 | 0.07178 | 0.0772 | 00841 | 00811 | 0081 | 0385 0.0865 Columbine 1951.5 | 0.06748 | 0.0731 | 0.0795 | o.08s: | 0431 0.381 0.0856 ‘Caration 14910 | 0.06975 | o.0695 | 0.0756 | o.ost7 | cosa 0378 0.0847 Giadous 15105 | 0.08039 | 0.0663 | 0.0720 | 0.0778 | 0048s | 0.375 0.0899 Coreopsis | 15900 | 0.08736 | o.604 | o.oeas | 0.0743 | cores | Ove 0.0832 | Perens mak Eesctance is based on 16:45 ohm-cmi at 20°C for 1350 aluminum rominel area of conductor wah slandord stranding Increments ASTM & 23, 2 re cutnt (a) resistance i based on de resistance corrected for temperature, using 0.00404 a lamperatre coon ressiviy er eegrees C° at 20°C and for skin eft 9, For ampacity ratings of bare conductors, see Fig. 9-11 and 9-12,bare aluminum wire and cable ‘21-8 pue 41-6 S64 998 sioronpuos o1ed Jo sOunes Myoedule 104 ‘oye UNE pUE YY SSeIO UM SEuM J 10K OpIEINO 248 Jo ‘oe 18 .9 s00i69p 10d Aynsse: Jo wor4je00 eurysiodueh €° YorDO'D BUSH vet wanna Bugewiay 'y WER! 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DUETS 2p) WOUND 20H E “seouesijo) BuunivenuBus eUUCU or BOIQNS Ove UNOYS IEC “L siz00 | e260 ]z6900|zoro0|zev°o|zse070| esez0"0 | oos'es | sree erce] esr | ovo | sz vy [oos'e] | ieuuogenia Feivo | zee0 |eve00|srro0|erv00|zee0| zzoeo0 | ooe'os | ovee| ose'z) sei | Lesh) | tet vv Jooo'! see | Seo lesso0|zis00|s2100|orv0'0| esse | oos'ty | s9ec| cast) ezet | 45940 | 1 vw |oose| Seog | ueeo [s2s00|6000'0| 29s00| ses.) gasve; | ooz've | exer) ors) oeat | zaxre | Oe vv |ooo| see | gab0 losr0'0|e390'0|re90;0|seso'0) vizs00 | oox'ee | ivr] ever] sass | veavo | 18 ww jocz's| oummesser ~~ 1080 | oro | 12e0%0 ‘ye6070| zeve0'o | ooz'zt |woes |rseo| zsit | osc | 19 wv loo] eneweo 10600 | 10r'0 ‘2960'0| coz'zi |ezes [ysevo| isi} | revo | ze wy 000") peonymet gieo0 | oro 01 0) oos'st jorrre jeor0| voor | sizvo | 19 vv |oos | uodepaeus z160°0 | Zoro 9010 lssoz'0) 260s | oso | Ze ww [006 | quoosyo0o eveoo | zivo eer'o| zero oses'o] asso | co1ro | 19 vy lose ‘yp600 | Biro eer'0) 2200) losas'o) 2660 | vavio | Ze wy lose vseo0 | izv0 epro| sero) laerso| va60 | Wor" | 19 wv jooe ld yoo | zero ari'ol sero sero] eg60 | seevo | Ze ww [00 euaqion evo | zero zero] 2810} zizvo) veo | ezzvo | ze | v'vv |o09 |reomsmopeayy oor | erro 90z0| sao zeeeo| ego | zoo | Ze vw foos | urpenH toro | sro 90z'0) 881-0) zee) 180 | zeavo | 6b we |oos BUUIZ zovo | isr0 62z'0| 9020 lreseo| oo | eesvo | 6b ww ocr | ymuepico oro | s9r0 620] 2920) jerzz 0) v lose poe sora | ozr0 zve0) b1e0 'asez'o| voor ‘uood tro | z9r0 o1vo| ceo) 'y961'0 vy lose weusien vo | sero oro) e209} \ya6t-0) vw jose | vomezeous “x som | "xX otlN aun | on vul "bs sei |ywox) p10M p09 -tuyoBayy |10d suo) sulyo |/SUO | vary [buipuens | 9z1s angjoede9) eanonpul 9.08 | 9.92. poronpuog| aM | 18101, qunys Bujsedgyooseuorecouejeed) ZH 09-28 2H 09 eAINON-O1-OSCUd soueysiseu | | jpasn ueyjo 1S0u S9zIs ojeaIPul SP10M ePod @DE) PIO ‘sazig !Wwoy Ua Jo saquedoig 1291110013 pus eaIshud lez @ WASV 61H-08e1 SioYnpUOD PepUBNS a1eE ¥ UE vy Ssei AeT-oLIUGQUOD wnuIMINIYIY cy ev. 4-10product identification and data TABLE 4-8 AllAluminum Concentric-Lay Class B, C, and D Stranded Bare Gonductors Physical Properties—ASTM 6 231 1350-H19 (Hard Drawn); 1350-H16 & -H26 (3/4 Hard); 1350-H14 & -H24 (1/2 Hard) Direct current (de) resistance isthe same as given in Tables 4-6 and 47 for corresponding sizes; ac resistance and reactance may be taken as the values for Class A conductors of equivalent size, as the sight difarence caused by stranding variation is not signifeart in uouel ‘engineering calculations. For ampacty ratings of bare conductors, interpalate from Figs. 3-17 and 3-12 Stranding Rated Strength Conductor Size sa ‘Number Con- e Weight AWG and Dia. | ductor per or | Square of Wires, 1950-H26 | 1350-24 | 1,000 8 komi | Inches | Class in vesonra | s3s0Ht6 | rasoHie | tb 6 | 0026 | 8 7300812 | 0.184 563 386 27 28 6 | oor | c 19x00372 | 0.186 420 326 27 246 6 | 006 | ob a7vo.0256 | 0.186 468 318 280 2468 4 | ose | 8 70.072 | 0292 281 535 472 3a 4 | 0038 | sox0.0469 | 0205 763 519 458 3a 4 | 00m | ob 37x0.0396 | 0.235 748 508 448 3a 2 | 00s | B 7100974 | 0292 1350 851 751 622 2 | ost | c 1x0.0591 | 0.206 1405 | a4 7 622 2 | 005 | ob a7x0.0424 | 0.297 1188 207 713 622 1 | 088 |B texo.0664 | 0392 1740 1040 a8 rea + | 00658 | 37x0.0476 | 0333 1500 1020 298 734 1 | 00856 | 61x0.0370 | 0.999 1480 +1000 885 784 vo | 008 | 6 19x0.0788 | 0370 2160 1310 1160 989 vo | 00828 | 37x0.0534 | 0.874 2i90 11280 1130 939 vo | oo | ob eros | 0474 1870 1270 1120 989 oro |B 190.0837 | 0419 2670 1650 +460 1248 oro | c 740.0600 | 0.«20 2760 1620 1430 1288. ois |b 61x0.0467 | 0.420 2350 1600 1410 1248 ossia |B 19x0.0940 | 0.470 3310 2080 1840 197.2 o1sis | c 370.0673 | 0.71 3410 2040 1800 172 01315 | Bix0.0524 | 0.472 3430 2010 1780 1572 ore: |B 19x0.1055 | 0.528 4020 2690 2320 198.4 over | cc 370.0758 | 0.529 4230 2570 2270 1984 40_| ox | 0 61x0.0589 | 0.500 4340 2540 2240 198.4 20 | ote |B 370.0822 | 0575 4910 3040 2680 2343 250 | 01962 | 610.0880 | 0576 5030 3000 2650 2383 250 | o19s2 | six0.0524 | 0576 5070 2970 2620 2343 300 | 0254] B 37%0.0900 | 0.630 3890 3640 3210 21 300 | 02354 | 610.0701 | 0.631 5930 3600 3180 2e14 300 | o2sss | sroos7s | 0631 6080 3560 3140 Bea 30 | 0271 | 8 370.0073 | 0.681 6760 4260 3760 sere 30 | ozs | c s1w0.0787 | 0.681 6920 4200 3710 3276 aso | o27 | 9x0.0820 | 0.682 6970 4160 3670 3279 (See foonotes at end of table) (Continued) 4-11bare aluminum wire ‘and cable TABLE 4-8 (Continued) Stranding Rated Strength Number | Con- ‘Weight inductor Size b Sones and Dia, | ductor per ‘Square of Wires, | Dia 135026 | 1950-H24 | 1,000 emit | Inches | Class in, in | 1gs0H19 | ta50-Ht6 | 1950414 | tb ao | oss |B | s7x0104 | 0728 7480 “4860 4290 787 400 | o3vaa | ¢ | stxoos10 | 0729 7780 4810 4240 3757 400 | oar | 0 | stxo06e3 | 0.720 7970 4750 4190 875.7 aso | 0353s |B 37x0.1103 | 0.772 8200 5470 4890 421.8 450 | 0350s | Brx0.0859 | 0773 8750 5410 4770 4218 aso | ossse | a1x0.0703 | 0.773 800 5340 4720 4218 00 | ose2a | 8 a7vo.ie2 | 0813 on10 6070 5360 468.3 soo | ozsze | © Gtx0.0905 | 0815 9540 6000 5300 468.3 500 | oseee | aiwo.0741 | 081s e7e0 | 5940 5240 468.3 s50 | oasze |B erxo.o950 | 0.855 | 10500 8620 5640 516.2 550 | oss | C 910.077 | 0.855 | 10800 530 5760 5162 sso | o43ia | 0 | 127x00658 | 0855 | 11000 6530 5760 5162 00 | oais | 8 ervo.0v2 | 0.393 | 11500 7210 ‘6360 5620 e00 | oa7i2 | etxo.0812 | 0.893 | 11500 7130 6290 562.0 600 | 04707 | 0 | 12700687 | 0893 | 11900 7120 6260 562.0 es0 | osto2 | 8 etvo.10a2 | 0.929 | 11900 7810 6890 609.8 650 | ost0s | otvo.oes | 0930 | 12500 7720 6810 609.8 eso | 05099 | oD | s27xo0715 | sao | 12700 7720 6310 609.8 700 | oss | 8 erxo.1071 | 0.964 | 12900 e410 7420 655.8 700 | ose? | 910.0877 | 0.964 | 13500 8320 7340 655.8 joo | osasr | 0 | s2ro0742 | 0965 | 13700 8310 7390 655.8 750 | ose2 | 8 | cro.i0a | 099s | 13500 ‘9020 7950 703.2 750 | osee2 | stxo.oge | 0.999 | 14200 8020 7870 703.2 750 | 05883 | 0 | raoo76s | 998 | 14700 8200 7850 703.2 00 | ooze: | 8B eto.r4s | 1031 | 14400 9610 2480 750.7 00 | 0628 | C gix0.098 | 1.032 | 15100 9510 390 7507 00 | oss | 0 | 12700704 | 1.032 | 15700 9510 300 750.7 900 | ovo | 8 eno12is | 1.094 | 15900 10200 9550 44.0 900 | o7ost | c | sixo09ea | 1.003 | 17000 10700 9490 44.0 200 | ovo | 0 | 127x00842 | 1.095 | 17300 10700 9440 844.0 1000 | ove | B ervo.1280 | 1.152 | 17700 112000 +10600 236.8 1000 | 07850 | © otxo.io4s | 1.153 | 18200 +1900 10500 996.8 sooo | 07647 | 0 | 127x00887 | 1.153. | 19200 11900 10800 936.8 s100 | 08632 | B atxo.to99 | 1.200 | 20000 43100 +1500 | 1033 s100 | 08644 | c | 12700881 | 1210 | 20800 33100 11500 | 1033 ji00 | oss | 0 | teex0.0807 | 1211 | 21200 43100 11500 | 1033 1200 | ooo | 8 eros | 1263 | 21400 114300 2600 | 1126 4200 | 09423 | c | 12700972 | 126 | 22600 414300 12600 | 1126 200 | 09431 | D0 | teax0.083 | 1265 | 23100 14300 12600 | 1126 (Gee foonotes at end of table) (Continued) 4-12product identification and data TABLE 4-8 (Continued) ‘Stranding Rated Strength Number | con- Weignt uct ib POI Stee and Die. | ductor |_—_ per Squa of Wires, | Dia. 1950-H26 | 1350-H24 | 1,000 kemit | inenes | class in, in| s350-419 | rasoHte | issoma | iy ~~ 4350 [09617 |e | oinonnve | 1z80 ] —-doe00 74900 i300 | a7 4250 | o9e1s | c | yenooove | 1200 | zo000 14900 rai00 | 4371 1250 | o9e7 | 0 | 165x00860 | 1290 | 2aon +4900 13100 | ai71 1300 | t021 8 | snotes | 1318 | 25200 15400 19600 | 1218 1300 | 1.021 c | ramo.to2 | sa16 | 23600 15400 13600 | 1218 1300 | 1.021 DO _| 160.0877 | 1316 | 25000 15400 13600 | i218 1400 | 1.099 8 | sto120 | 3.964 | 24500 16600 14700 | 1311 1400 | 1.100 ¢ | ta7x0.1050 | 11385 | 25400 16600 14700 | 3317 1400 | 1089 D_| t6sx00010 | 11368 | 26400 +6500 14700 | i311 1500 | 4.178 8 | snotzes | sate | 26200 17800 15700 | 1406 1500 | 1.178 © | rar01087 | 1413 | S700 17200 15700 | 1406 1500 | 1178 | tesx0.0042 | 1413 | 24300 17600 15700 | 1406 1600 | 4.258 8 | vaz0.1122 | 1.459 | 20500 19000 e800 | 1499 1600 | +257 © | t6sx0.0973 | 1460 | 20200 +9000 18800 | 1499 1600 | 1267 | ei7x0.08s9 | 1.460 | 30600 +9000 16800 | 1499 1700 | 1.995 8 | ter0.1157 | 1504 | 30300 | 20200 17e00 | 1509 1700 | 1336 © | 165x103 | 1508 | 0900 | aoa00 17200 | 1593 1700 | 1338 D | 21700865 | 1505 | 52700 | aoc0o 17800 | 1803 1750 | 1376 8 | i2%0.117 | 1.56 | 31200 | 20800 vea00 |] 1681 1750 | 1376 © | tem01018 | 1527 | sis00 | aoeo e400 | teat 1750 | 1374 D_| 2170088 | 1527 | 3600 | 20e00 18300 | 1641 1800 | 1.415 8 | rzmo.11e1 | 1548 | sz100 | 21400 12000 | 1688 1800 | tara € | eoxo102 | 1548 | 32700 | dta00 12000 | 1688 100 | tat4 © | aimooe1 | 1549 | 4000 | draco 18900 | 1688 1900 | 1492 8 | sem0.123 | 1.500 | asz00 | 22600 19900 | 1780 1900 | +491 © | 168501060 | 1'580 | 34500 72600 19900 | 1780 1900 | 1.493 D | er7o0006 | 1501 | 3se00 | 22600 19900 | 1780 2000 | 4871 8 | tar0.1255 | 1.692 | 35000 | 23600 21000 | yer 2000 | 1571 © | t69x0.1088 | 7632 | 36400 23800 2100 | 1874 2000 | 1574 D | arrvoce60 | 163 | 37700 | 23500 | zioon | tert 2500 | 1.963 8 | 12701403 | 11824 | az800 | 2e700 2200 | 2066 2500 | 1963 © | rem01215 | 1824 | 43700 | 25700 | dean | ace 2500 | 1.962 0 | 2rzo.1073 | 1824 | 45400 29700 26200 | 2366 3000 | 2.955 8 | reox0.1s92 | 1.908 | s2400 | 25600 31400 | 288 3000 | 2357 c | 2rmo.1176 | 1909 | §3500 | asro 31400 | 2838 3000 | 2.358 © | e7or0se | 199 | 54500 | secoo 31400 | 2896 3500 | 2748 8 | te9x0.1439 | 2158 | se000 | 41600 36700 | 3saa 3500 | 2749 ¢ | 2imo1270 | 2159 | e120 | a1600 36700 | aa4e 3500 | 2747 D | e7worss | 2158 | 62300 | i600 | geroo | Sate 1. Data shown are subject to normal manulactuing tolerances, covered, also for Uses indicated under Class A (see Table 4.5 footnote 2) where are those for use where graaterfexbilty fs required than Is peowed by lace 8 2 Glass B conductors are those normaly insulated, andor stealer tlextbilty is required. Class C and D conductors ‘ondvctors, The outer ayer of wires has lef-hand ly. 4-13bare aluminum wire and cable TABLE 4-9 ‘All-Aluminum Concentric-Lay Compact-Round Stranded Bare Conductors Physical and Electrical Properties 4350-H19 Hard-Drawn ASTM B 400 “eve condytrs have rih-han ay of outer layer. The a resistances al vrous temperatures ae to be akon from Tabios 4-6 and 4-7 fox the corresponding AWG or kemil sizes. Weight ‘de 20°C Conductor | No. | Compact sectional | per | Rated | Resistance Seeawa | of | Conductor | Non-Compact | Area | 1000ft | Strength | Ohits per ‘or kemit | Wires | Dia. in. Dia., in. aq. in. tb tb Mile 8 7 0.134 0.146 oo | 155 an | 5.520 6 7 0.169 0.184 0.0208 | 246 563 | 3.481 4 fs o213 0.232 0.0328 | 39.4 est | 2.188 2 7 0.268 0.292 cose: | 622 | 1950 | 1374 1 a 0.299 0.328 o06s7 | 7a | 1640 | 1.091 10 7 0.338 0.368 cosa | o3o | 1.990 | 0.8646 400 19 0.396 0373 00829 | 989 | 2160 | 0.8654 2 7 0376 aig 0.1045 | 125 2sto | 0.6866 20 19 0376 oa19 1045 | 125 2670 | 0.6856 310 7 0.423 0.464 oasia | 157 3040 | 05441 310 19 0.423 0.478 oasis | 157 gato | 0.5496 40 7 0.75 os22 0.162 | 198 3gs0 | 04311 410 19 0.475 0.528 oaes2 | 198 4020 | 0.4316 2500 7 0.820 0567 ores | 234 4520 | 0.3380 2500 19 0.520 os7a oig64 | 234 4660 | 0.9651 265.8 z 0537 0.586 2095 | 250 430 | 03418 266.8 19 0.537 0.593 02095 | 250 4970 | 0.3421 300.0 % 0.570 0.621 0.2356 | 281 5490 | 0.9043 300.0 19 0.570 0.629 02356 | 281 5480 | 0.9040 336.4 7 0.603 0.658 2642 | 315 596c0 | 0.2714 336.4 19 0.603 0.886 oz6a2 | 315 6150 | 02711 3500 19 ote 0.679 o27a9 | 328 690 | 0.2609 3975 19 0.5659 0724 ostz2 | 372 7a10 | 02204 4770 19 o722 0.793 os7ae | 447 360 | 0.1912 500.0 19 0.736 ait 03027 | 468 8760 | 0.1826 556.5 19 0.780 0.858 oas71 | 521 9750 | 0.1641 795.0 19 0.932 1.023 oseaa | 745 yga40 | 0.1148 8745 37 0.981 1.079 0.6868 | 821 15,000 | 0.1043 954.0 37 1.024 1.124 0.7493 | 895 46.400 | 0.09563 +. Data shown are subject to normal manufscturing tolerances. 2. Direct current (de) resistance Is computed on same basis as that of Table 46. aon srrrery rate of compan round bare conduc der skh rom those of regular types of same ees, caus Of The Pact (aire tao ute compacting i the cable eomowat offsets his by morovng thermal ransier wate te cll, a aeantires of GMA and indice and capactive reaciances fated in Tebes 4-6 and 47 may be used fr compacted cab witout significant ero for usual design applications. 4-14product identification and data TABLE 4-10 All-Aluminum Shaped Wire Concentric-Lay Compact Conductors AAC/TW Physical and Electrical Properties ASTM B 778 in Fixed Diameter Increments Resistance Phase-to-Neutral 5 60 Hz, Resistance 0—60 Hz at One ft Spaci Weight ac =~ Conductor| per | Rated | 20° | 25° | soc | 7570 Inductive [Capactive Code | Size |No. of No. of Diameter | 1000 ft|Strength| Ohms/|Ohmsi| Ohms: |Ohme’| GM | "Ohms! | Megohm- Word | kemil|Wires Layers) in. | th | ib | Mile | Mile’| Mile | Mle | ft | ale X, | Milos, | 0.60 | 302.1/ 5,960 [0.2789)0.2855]0.3140]0.2425/0.0188] 0482 | 0.1004 0.70 | 421.0| 8,030 |0.2001|0.2055]0.2259|0.2463/0.0220| 0.463 | 0.1043 0.80 | 558.2) 10,700 |0.1510/0.1867)0.1710/0.166410.0252| 0.447 | 0.1009 0.90 | 7133] 13,400 |[0.1181/0.1225|0.1344]0.1464)0.0284| 0.432 | o.0974 4.00 | 864.3] 16,100 |0.0983/0.1090]0.1129/0.1227/0.0319) 0.418 | 0.0912 LoganTW | 322.5) 17 WheelesTw | 449.4] 17 RobsonTw | 595.8] 17 McKinley TW | 761.5] 17 Rainiertw | e138] 31 HelensTw [1123.1] 31 110 | 1056 0.0804 0.0853|0.0982\0.1012/0.0852) 0.406 | 0.0915, Baker"TW |1346.8| 31 1.20 | 1267 '0.0670/0.0722) 0.0788|0.0854|0.0385) 0.395 | 0.0869 HoodTw —|1583.2| 34 130 | 1489 }0.0570|0.0625|0.0680|0.0736|0.0418) 0.385 | 0.0865 whitneyw [18127] 49 140 [1713 0.0801/0.0563|0.0610)0.0658/0.0454| 0.375 | 0.0843 450 /1978 | 35,900 |0.0433|0.0499] 0.0540]0.0581|0.0489| 0.368 | 0.0822 1.60 |2256 | 40,100 |0.0380|0.0450|0.04a5|0.0520\0.0524 0357 | 0.0803 1.70 | 2628 | 45.200 |0.034%/0.0418|0.0449/0.0480|0.0561| 0.349 | 0.0785 1.80 _ | 2848. | 51,000 |0.0303/0.0984/0.0411/0.0438|0.0578) 0.342 | 0.0768 PowelTW |2093.6) 49 deterson’TW |2388.1) 52 ShastaTW |26872) 71 Acams/TW 3006.2) 71 1. Data shown are subject io normal manutacturing tolerances 2, Direct curent(¢e} resistance 's based on 16.727 ohm-omiit at 20° 62% IACS conductivity 3. Aterating current (sc) resistance is based on de resistance comected for temperature and skin effect, 4, Properties ofthe industial wires ae those ofthe equivalent round wires of ASTM B 230, 4-15bare aluminum wire and cable TABLE 4-11 All-Aluminum Shaped Wire Concentric-Lay Compact Conductors AAC/TW Physical and Electrical Properties ASTM B 778 ‘Area Equal to Standard AAC Sizes Resistance Phase-to-Neutal fe G0 He, Resistance ac—60 at One t Spaci ‘weight dc — mes lconauetor| "per" | Rated | 20°C | 25°C | soc| 75°) nductivelCapacitve code | Size |No,offNo. of Diameter |1000 fStrengtjOhms! Ohms|Ohms|Ohms| GMR | Ohms’ | Megohm- Gee5 fata lunealtayers| ine | tb | | Mile | Mile | Mile | Mile | | Milex, | MilesX, Tupmw sasa) 17 | 2 | oai2 | 152] 6220 lozeraloa7srlasorojasaaela crea) 0.480 | 0.1088 Riprw | ee I | 3 | ower | areal 7200 [ozacalo sie assi(0.2781/0.0200| 0.470 | 0.1068 Carma | rel TT | 3 | oan | zea] 8500 [oraes|0.19960.212090.2321)00226] 0.460 | 0.1040 SosmosW | Stool t7 | 2 | ores | 4684] sono [or7e6lo.te48)0.2081)0.z2215)00z02| 0.457 | 0.1088 Movowetw | s565| 17 | 2 | 0775 | s21s| 2950 lareralo esd|o.iezelo.1ssalo.024a| 0.451 | 01018 Mite MW enw] co00] 17 | 2 | 060s | s62| 10700 [otaael0 154510.16870.1850)0.0259| 0.446 | 0.1008 eee ee eo ty | 2 | ees | sesa| 11400 [osasd)0.14600.16090.1747/0.0260] O43 | 0.0998 Gren, | So09| 17 | 2 | aes | @95:7| 12500 [028s)0.132990.1459001580)00272| 0.437 | 0.0986 Nestrtiumtw | 7500 17 | 2 | 0889 | 7o26| 19.400 lo ri99|o.t2alo.1seeo.148eo. 0081] 0.435 ] 0.0976 Nasturtium | 7500) 17 | 3 | ois | raa7| raa00 fattailo.11750 12590 1404.0280) 0.420 | o.0968 ASW aw | 5009] 17 | 3 | 0.800 | e4eo| 15800 [otoodo 105110.11520.1259)0.0016] oie | cose Seem | eg) 8x | 3. | ore. | sors 1,700 [a osalo goad) roso|o.1189)2.0025| 16 | o.08s8 HewewesaTw Tioooo} a1 | a | 1.081 | soe 17,300 loca0a|oesi|o.1osro.1xe1)ooam| 041s | 09st BN ees St | 3 | Yasr_ | 8722| 1100 faca7a}o.09320 10000:1085)0.0938] ori | 00927 Buse — |isyaal at | 3. | 1088 {1047 | 19.500 [o.08ts]0.03600.0341/01072)0.0350| 0.407 | ooste wang eS 31 | 3. | ise {ree | zna00 [a.orsr|0.08079.0882)0.0357)0.0%62| 0403 | 0.0805 NawssueTw e720} a1 | a | 1.168 [1196 | 2200 focria|oo760)o.oesoo.0801/o.0a7s] 0.909 | 0.0896 Narossus TW, liaars] a1 | 3. | 12ne [tert | 2eo0 [o.oooe|0.07200.07650.0851/0.0986] 0.295 | 0088s coum eet 3 | 3. | 1338. [rave | 2eo00 [oasss|0.00640.0745).0807)o.0387| get | 0.080 Camaton TW [igeool aa | 2 | ais. {tse | 27800 [0.0870}0.0829).0684)0.07a9[o.os2s| 0.383 | 0.086t JeszanineTW li7a001 40 | 4 | 1377 [1654 | 30.000 [oostelo.0s7o)o.062a)0.ceralo.osas) 0377 | 0.0848 essai lo00] a2 | & | 1868 [1890 | axs00 [ooass\0.05180.0561(0.0604)0.0479] 0.969 | o.08z9 cor ee S| | eee [zsee | etaoo [oazed|o.04390.0472).0505)0.0549] 0.353 | 9.0798 upne’™w —_oona| Tt | & | 1708 [eee | so900 (nosod|ocaes|acsrafo.ots0|o0se7| ake | cree 1. Data shown are subject to normal manutacturing tolerances. 2. Diroct current (de) resistance is based on 16.727 ohm-cmiit at 20" 62% IACS conductivity. 2. Atrnating current (ac) resistance Is based on dc resistance corrected for temperature and skin effect 4. Properties ofthe industrial wires are those of the equivalent round wires of ASTM B 290. 4-16Product identification and data TABLE 4-12 All-Aluminum Alloy Concentric-Lay Stranded Bare Conductors Physical and Electrical Characteristics 6201-T81 ASTM B 399 ACSR Equivalent Diameter Fengicenauctors have righthand lay of outer layer, unless cherwise spectiod. ASTM @ 399 lists both Clase AA and Class A Class AR ei Qamat 2 of Table 45 or explanation). As the difrence is sight, lis trade custom to supply cables eros ne Cass AA requirements unless otherwise spectied, and the istings herewith apply to ether Clase Aa cr ete Size of 5 ‘ACSR | Nearest Resistance of Equal | AAC | a0—60 Hi Diam. | Con- Diameter | size of | Weight de-20°C = Each |ductor| AWG or | Approx. | per | Rated | ohms | 25 | 50°C | 75°C Wer | airs, |No- ot] Wire | Diam. | Area |kemitana| Equal” | 1000 ft |strength| ‘por’ |ornar| coo) ‘Ohms! Word | kemil |Wires/ in. | in. | Sq. in. |Stranding| Resistance| is tb | Mile | Mile | Mite | Mile ‘Akron | 30.58] 7 [0.0651] 0.198 |o02402) 6-61) 6 285 [i110 ]3479 [354 [aes [ara Alton | 48.69| 7 |0,0834| 0.250 /o.036e4| 4-61| $ 454 | 1760 |2185 | 222 | 241 | 260 Ames | 77.47| 7 _|0.1052| 0.316 |o.060e4| 2-61 2 722 | 2e00 {41373 | 1.40 | 4.52 | 164 Aahoin| 1223 | 7 [9927] 9398 locassr] “vo-e11 10 | a1a9 | 4100 |osesi Toare [ose 1.028 Amore |ise | |0%490/ 0447 lotzer | 20-e1] 20 | isas | sa00 | ncoss | Size | O28 osis Atmnes' [ase | 7 [01972] 9802 lo.sa7 | ao-e1| 30 | tees | reo | oorse | OSes | S788 0.648 Ateneo 246.9 | 7 [o.1e76) 06s Joso9 | wo-en| a0 | as02 | aces | ostee | OSo8 | 0.901 asia Calon (S228 | 19 21288] a64e lozase |266-267| 2668 | 201.6 | 11000 |osaoz [osa7 0.376 | 0.406 Caro” |226% | 12 |2t441/ 0721 Josooe |a6-267] 384 | Sere | 1ag00 | oseer | Ot | 2378 0322 Balen |sea% | 12 |21888] 0783 |osess |ao7—2e7| 5075 | asa | teeo0 | cco | 2376 | 2299 0273 Daren [550.5 | 19 lo.rrie| cass osoe [477267] a7z0 | sot | e600 losers | Case | O88 0228 ign [S524 | 12 [1953] 0927 losi24 |ss6—26i7] 5565 | e08s | 21900 |o.ea1 [ose lates 0.196 Grosiey |9428 | 32 |21415/ 0901 Josera |aas—257] saeco | gana | ducco | orcas | 2158 | 2182 073 Greeey [927.2 | 87_]o1583) 1.108 lo7ese [795-267] 7080 | eas | sosoo | arise | Or88 | 2765 0139 1+ Data showm are subject to normal manulacuring tolerances, 2 Aromat (Ge) eistarce based on 19.755 ohn-omit. at 20, 525% IAGS, wih standard standing nrement of 2 percent 2» Fierpann® Curent (ac) based on de resistance corrected for temperature, using 0.00347 as trnporture chetiecrt cy resistivity por degree Gat 20°C, and for skin etact, For amoacy ratings f bare conductors, see Fig. 3-11 and 3-12 and aust values aecordng to method described in accompanying text. 5. AS the values of GMA and inductive and capaci ‘equal the values of GMR, ete, of Tables 46 and tho lameters are equal. I the same diameter isnot {ound'n Tables 4-6 and 4-7 a8 he above table, interpolation trom the nearest demelers realy ebiane he Seannd Gna 4-17bare aluminum wire and cable TABLE 4-13 [Al-Aluminum Alloy Concentric-Lay Stranded Bare Conductors Physical and Electrical Characteristics 6201-T81 ASTM B 399 Even AWG and kemil Sizes These conductors have righthand lay of outer layer, unless otherwise spectiod. ASTM B 206 lets pit Class AA and Class A Trees ee fotnote 2 of Table 45 or explanation). As the dlerence is sh itis Vago cists ‘supply cables that meet the Standing (oes ements unless horse spectied, andthe sings herewith apply to oer lass AA oF Class A. | Resistance T 60 Conductor Diam. Weight [eee ‘Size Each | Conductor fa" | ated | cearc | asc | src | 7c paw | wovot | tare, | “Diem | Aron | 1000 | Strength | Orme por | Onn | One | ap emit. | Wires | in. in, | Sqn, | tb b Mile | Mile | Mile | Mile 6 7 | oosi2 | 0184 | 00205 | 245 oe | 4058 | 413 | 440 | 489 4 7 [ocr | ose | ocazs | ase | 1s | 2650 | 260 | 269 | SOF 2 7 | ocr | gzve | ooser | o19 | 2400 | too2 | r0o | s77_| 10) 10 7 Voazze | ose | oes | os | saz | toe | 10s | a1 | O88 210 7 | 01228) Gane | otoas | raat | 4500 | 07003 | O8t4 | O68 | O95 30 7 [o1m8 ) Qace | otsi7 | tse | sea | osm | osss | o7% | OTe 40 7 \orses | Gsee | oes | 1974 | 740 | osoze | ost2 | oss6 | 05% ma tie Tone] osm | one | mer | croy | came | ome | Oe) | Oe 300 1 | ots? | Gaze | ozsse | 2000 | 10500 | ozs | oset | as | 08 mo | 12 | Stee | osre | oame | oaea | tao | gant | 0810 | O87 | Oot go | 12 | 1887 | Goes | oatae | 70 | sono | ogo | 0272 | Cass | OSS ao | ee | ovo [oases | ata6 | tsi00 | ozs | ota | one | O98 500 wo [orez | oe | oases | 406.1 | a0 | o2ize | o2te | o2ee | Oo% sao.) 12 | oie | ass | oaawe | siz7 | somo | ome | 0198 | Oa | Oo so | eee | ogo | oaroa | sat | 2nooo | oszra | onge | ote | Oey too. | 9% | fies | ace | oman | Wer | geo | ase |). 089 | OTe | One oo, | | rae | nase [ost | sea | tooo | asset | osr | atm | Ov max Tay Vevaen | coer | osama | sone | cao [ote | O18 | Stes | Oe, wo | @ | Grae | taeo | osa0| race | asooo | ossot | o4ge | Ste | Oo soo | of || nove | ovore | meer | aaeoo | ortea | oma | 4m | Oot Be | BSR | tier [ares | wane | seato || ores | ott | oe) | one + Data shown are subject to normal manufacturing tolerances, ea ermert Ge reastance Is based on 1.755 ofr. al 20°, 2.5% IACS, wth standard sanding Se of 2 percent aor york (x asad on ce restance coeted or fomperare, ising OO0GH7 a emperaure coset ‘of resistty per degree Cat 20, and for skin ettoct. 4 tor cmpocy rabage ol bare conductors, s68 Figs 9-11 and +12 and ads values according o matnod Gest ‘accompanying 1x! ao rire ot GM and uve and capactive aactaces of ary akluranur sanded cal of pastes diameter aro closely ee otrauos of GMA, of of Tables 46 a 47 may be used forthe above able i re Gane Ae ‘equal, the same diameter isnot So a Cs ase above al, ierplaon Wor the narest ameter ena bias the dered GMA, otc2 (Panunvo9) (ee 0 pus 12 se.) 965) Cos've | 008's2 |oos's2] oos'ze [rare fag |2aetx | zaevr0e Tieeso] wzero [sess | wy i8e3 08'02 | o02'sz | o06'1z) oos'ze | spe 4260 % | eorivez | esoso| ero |eocs | ww 2n0q Gos'et |o0z'et |ooe'6t| coe’: |eie: reo Gsinve /ecsro| ezevo Joos | yw] reayesed oos'2s _}oor'er |oos'er| oav'et [619 620 ssuiret | izero| ssevo {sess | w| “Aaudes 7 e962 e8e'0 vavo] aveo | ae | ww oH 802 8680 eser'o] vezeo | ee | wy nen star oreo Se2vO} Leveo | ee | ww} — sexong zo vig0 ss6e0| ureo | ue | ww} — ueoned fd cero | tSibx | tstix0e [eveeo| eie0 exes | yy eT ez sro |{260% | seztxse |scaco| ceieo |svee | WW, sia S85 fre Jose | serine. |sezeo] zzieo levee | Ww seperai49 0602 tro Jesorxg voce | w a10u0 ssh 020 | seaoxs voce | Ww auury Sep va90 | z9e1x1 voce | w 3H set 0990 | seaoxs oooe | Ww] yous ssi 290 | secon $0020 |eeoz | w| sbpuueg zoe 6090 fetxsi [11220] s60z'0 |euse | yy} Bulmcen, ves e950 guerre |ecera] zooro | ow | vw | undue bee 2080 Herre jecsro/ sicro | of | vw | ‘woes ees Leva 6 81210] srovo | oz | yyy eno 99F 86€0 4960'0/ 62800) on |v-vw| ueneq 69e sse0 4190} 29900 | 6 | yy go Lor seco piso |essoo] izsno | 2 [vw | ewiedg e62 sie0 gens |soa00/ izsvo | 2 | vw| moueds oe asz0 for |usv00) sceoo | » | yw | — oeuens ve seo ve00%9 |eeo0| szeoo | & | www ens sti | eee love | i890) gero 189078 |oveoo| sozoo | 2 | vwy| — kauing woe} oa low | ow ou Souwwniy | rio, | wnu | ywioy | e821 | prom poo | PIRPUFIS | 0918 |wnuumiy! reiex | e109 | soronpu0g . stunyy | 40 naj ido. = MOY | e100 10 Bune09 surzedAy #994 0008 20d iyBreqy | (98'S | e1dwoo Supuens ‘soyouy auenbs | OMY ed sey. 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Ler $960%61| zooixva | eoce't| teee't w 960 zeurxe | eaixee | 12094] exes vw ero 490%61 | 99vixre |zzi5t| sages w | sexo, o1s0 steiys [cor | eave w e200 osetxsy | asec: | zave-t w 2080 zza1 ens w 99e0 zeerxsy w 6ar'0 291 %05 w 4se0 ears | sect xcp ww | xuioaog suv0 er60%6t | zest vs [asers| peor w ue ue0 ssiixe | cearxsy |avert| peo vw. seddig iro 26061 | sesixie eszv1| e6660 vy | qweseoud eco terme | s9ixa¢ |ozs01| 20660 w | wena ul teers _[wnununy | eo | wnu | quay |sseo| piom epog Puepueis, 2109 a swuny | 40 seumnlY | 5195 90 Buneog auzedhy es Supuens soyou axenbs | OMY boty i—wBuens parey 2215 J01anpueg (panunuod) 1-» a1avL 4-21bare aluminum wire and cable TABLE 4-15 Bare Aluminum Conductors, Steel-Reinforced (ACSR) Electrical Properties of Single-Layer Sizes | Resistances: (Approximate) Inductive Reactance X, (Approximate) _|1 Equivalent Spacing | _Capacitive ‘Stranding * ac—60 Hz 60 Hz Reactance X. = Assumed 1 Equivalent conductor ue’ | aoc | ac | soc | 78 | 25°C | SUC | 75C | spacing 60 Hz ‘size current | Onms!| Ohms!) Onms/| Ohms! | Ohms! | Ohms! | Ohms! cove Word] in |Au|stect| ‘Amps | Mle | Milo | Mile | Me | Mile | Mie | Mile | Megohm-Miee Turkey SP 6) 1 | 110 ]sa80a) 8.450 | s960 | 4208 | ase | 0794 | 0.760 | 0.1429 Swan & | 8] 1] 4 |araei| 275] 25at | 2755 | one | 06a | 0723) 0.1954 Swanate 4 | $1 1 | tas. |atoeo| 2150 | 2445 | 2.727 | oes | o6s4 | ose | 0.1985 Sparow 4 | 2) 1 | $88. |fase1| 1:68 | 4.526 | 1.774 | oso | ose | ore | 0-285 Sparate 2 1 8] 1 | tes |s3ea0] 1.350 | 106 | 1.741 | 574 | oat | osa7 | 0.1276 Robin 7 Pe) 1 | 220. [1.0617] 1.087 | 1-306 | 1427 | 056s | osaa| osse) 0.1250 Raven ty | S| 1. | 265. [ossto| osse] rost | 1.141 | 0540 | osot | ogra | 0.1216 vail yo | 8) 1 | 25s |oes79| ase7 | oss | os2o | 0597 | 0.590 | o5eo | 01182 Pigeon 20 | $1 1 | Sto losasr| 0546] ose | 0769 | osze | 0572 | 057s] 01147 Bacon | ge | e| 1 | 90 [ostea| onas | oes | ots | osto | ote | ose | 0118 Grouse wo. 1a] a | 200 | 10801) 1.114 1.247 | 1.380 | 0.553 | sae | o6o7 ) 0.1240 Petre! 1 [48] 7] 250. [o.sce0| 0.858 | 1.094 | 1.264 | 0.508 | ot | 0677 | 0.1173 Pete | eee |i2| 7.| 268 a7ere| 0767] 4.020 | 1.178 | osar | asat | o47o | Ostet Minowe | Wee |12| 7 | 900 [ocaza| asi | axes | 1000 | 027 | oene | o6s | Fate tegnom | 1988 | 12] 7 | 230 _\0sa5a| asse| 0759 | ors | 0.517 | 0800 | aeze | 0.1107 Dotwrer } aves [12| 7 | 50 [oasr2| ose] oee7 | 0700 | osi2 | sez | cei | Ot Doel | Tee | 12] 7 | avo josaeo| caea| osao | o7s2 | asos | asr7 | cen7 | One Doing | 7908 |t2| 7 | 390 |oaoa7| o-ie| oss | ose | 0499 | 0867 | oSeG | O.10t Gorin | Fine |te| 12 | 60 |oaeas| o4r7| ors | o7sa | asso | osse | oss2 | _O108 rec aver (8) resistance ie base on 16.46 obi (61.2% IACS) at 20°C for he nominal aluminum as of Re condor ano Oe ee esi (2.0% IACS) for the nominal too area, wih standard increments for sanding, ASTM 8 252 2. tagaung caver at) resanco is based onde resancs coracd fr trpeatre using CODD as enporanee Senne of resitvity Ate cer (a 190 and 0.0029 pt Gees Corsa cre and fr fect of ore magnotzation unng nas 7 and Tutle, er eee ve, eb, 195. p, 1169-1214. Curent assured for magnazan alton inpecent of essunod 75°C current 25°C 10%; S'C—75%, a pe atanc tudes magnatzton eect of soa cor caused using method of Levis and Tlie, Pane Appareis Ahn ATE Induce reactance ee es asoued in calaiaing magnzan eft poront of assimed 75°C cent 25°10": S77. NOTE: For anpecty ratings 290 Figs. $19 and 3-14, and adist acorsing fo method desorbed inthe accompanying ex. 4-22product identification and data TABLE 4-16 Bare Aluminum Conductors, Stee! Reinforced (ACSR) Electrical Properties of Multi-Layer Sizes seoeance Phase-to-Noutral, 60 Hz a ac-60 Hz Reactanceat One tt Spacing Number of / 20° | a5'¢ | soc | 75°¢ | Gmn | induetve | Capacitive Size | Stranding | Aluminum | Ohmsi | Ohms’ | Ohms! | Ohms’ OhmsiMite | Megohm-Miles Code Word | kemil | Al/St. | Layers | Mile | Mile | Mile | Mie | tt ot x Waxwing | 2668| 18/1 2 [osse8 [0247 [os62 [oats | oote7| 0477 0.108 Panridge | 2668] 26/7 2 |osa6s |ossa |os77 Joa |ooatr| oes 0.107 Ostrich 300. | 26:7 2 [02903 [0.306 0.336 | 0266 |o.0290| 0.458 0.108 Metin 64] tart 2 02693 | 0276 |o303 |0390 | 00221) 0.463 0.106 Linnet 336.4) 26:7 2 |02671 | 0.273 |0.300 |o327 | oce44| o.4st 0.104 Oriole 3264} 307 | 2 [o2eso |o271 Joza7 [ose | 0005s] oass 0.103 Chickadee | 3975] 18) 1 2 |oze7e 0.234 |0257 |0.279 | 0020 0.452 0.103 Ibis 3975| 26:7 2 — [02260 |o.231 |0.254 |0277 | 0.0265] o.aat 0.102 Lari 3975] 30/7 2 Jozees |o229 [ose |o274 | o0277| 0.405 0.101 Pelican a7 | tad 2 [ore99 |o.195 [o214 |o2a9 | o0263| oaat 0.100 Fricker az | aw7 2 [0.1889 |o.194 [o2ts |o2s2 | 0023] o.4ae 0.0992 Hawk amt | 267 2 — |o1g83 | 0193 |o212 [0231 | 00200) 0.430 0.0888 Hen a77_| 3017 2 |o.1969 | 0.191 |o210 /0.229 | o0s4| 0.424 0.0980 Osprey 5565| 18/1 2 — [0.1629 | 0.168 |o184 |0.200 | oceee| o.aae 0.0981 Parakeet | 5565| 24/7 2 _|o1ez0 |o.166 |0183 [0199 | 0.0306] 0.423 0.0869 Dove 9965] 2617 2 foteis |o16 Jo182 |o198 |oos1a! 0.420 0.0365 Eagle 5565] 30/7 2 Jo.r6o2 | 0.164 jo.180 [0196 | 0.0328| o415 0.0957 Peacock | 605. | 2/7 2 — [0.1490 | 0.159 |o.168 |o1@3 | o0st9| ois. 0.0957 Squat) 605 | 26/7 2 Jor4e5 |oiss |ore7 jo1e2 |ooae7| oats. 0.0953, Teal 605 | 3019 2 _{ora75 [0151 [ores [0.181 | 00342) o.ai0 09a kingdid | 66 | ta 4 2 Jo.1420 |o.147 Jote2 [0.175 [00301] 0.425 0.0951 ook 636 | 2ar7 2 jorst | 0148 fore [0474 | 00327) ois 0.0950 Grosbeak | 636 | 267 2 jorat | 0145 Jo1s9 [0.173 | 00338] oie 0.0946 ‘Swit 636 | 357 3 [0.1410 | 0.148 /o162 |0176 | 0.0300] o.a26 0.0964 Egret 636 | 3019 2 {ot4oa | or4s |o1ss 0172 | 00351] 0.408 0.0837 Fiamingo | 666.6] 24 7 2 [0.1382 | 0.139 |0.153 |o.166 | o0s5| oie 0.0943 Crow 785/547 3 Jor4s |o.128 |o141 |0153 | o0372/ 0.309, 0.0820 Staring 7155] 26/7 2 [01264 Jotza jor |0.154 | 0.0355| 0.405 0.0928 Reowing | 7155| 019 2 forose |orze [ost joss |ooa2| 0909 0.0820 Coot 705 | 36/4 3 |or148 Jors9 [0130 fots2 | 0.0935] 0412 0.0932 Cuckoo 75 | 287 2 [01195 Jota |o126 }o.140 | o036:| 0.403. 0917 Drake 795 | 267 2 [0.1128 | 0.417 Jo1z8 |o1s9 | 00375] o3e9 o.os12 Malard 795 | S019 2 forza |orre |or27 |o138 | 00382) oes 0.0304 Tem 795 | 45/7 3 Jor143 }ore |o130 |o141 | 0.0382) 0.408 0.0925 Condor 795 | 347 3 {otras |o117 [or |o.140 | 00368) 0.401 0.0917 Crane 87as| 54/7 3 [0.1030 J o.107 Jo.117 [0127 | 00367) 035 0.0902 Ruddy 900 | 4517 3 }o1o08 | 0106 |o11 |o125 | 00378) 0.399 0.0907 Canary 900 | 54/7 3 [osooe |oi0s jora fares joosse| 0393 0.0898 (See footnotes at end of table) 4-23bare aluminum wire and cable TABLE 4-16 (Continued) Aeceines: Phase-to-Neutral, 60 Hz 3 ‘ac-60 Hz Reaetance at One ft Spacing Number of} 20°¢ | 25°C | 50°C | 75°C | GMR | Inductve Capacitive Size | Stranding | Aluminum | Ohms! | Ohms! | Ohms! | Ohms! ‘OhmsiMile | Megohm-Miles Code Word | kemi | ALSt. | Layers | Mile | Mile | Mile | Mile | ft x x Comerake | 954 2 [0.0950 [0.099 |o.103 [0.118 |o0s78| 0.396 0.0898) Rail 54 | 45/7 3 | 0.09526 | 0.0994 | 0.109 | 0.118 | 0.0385) 0.395 0.0897 Towhee 954 | 48/7 3 | 0.0850 | 0.099 [0.108 |0.118 |0.0301/ 0.398 0.0898 Redbird 954 | 247 2 | 0.0945 | 0098 jo.t0s |0117 | 0.0396| 0.992 0.0890, Cardinal 954 | 547 3 | 0.09452 | 0.0983 |0.108 | 0.117 |0.0404| 0.389 0.0890 onolan — | 109335) 45/7 3 | 0.08798 0.0922/0.101 | 0.110 | 0.0401] 0.990 0.0886 Curlew 40335] 54/7 3 | 0.08728 | 0.0910 | 0.0996 | 0.108 | 0.0420) 0.985 0.0878 Blucjay =| 1113 | 45/7 3 | 0.08161 | 0.0859 | 0.0999 | 0.102 | 0.0416 | 0.386 0.0874 Finch ai13_ | sana 3 | 0.08138 | 0.0851 | 0.0931 | 0.101 | 0.0436 | 0.980 0.0867 Bunting | 11925| 451 7 3 | 0.07619 | 0.0805 | 0.0880 | 0.0954 | 0.0431) 0.982 0.0864 Grackle | 11925) 54/19 3 | 0.07600 | 0.0798 | 0.0872 | 0.0947 | 0.0451 | 0.376 0.0858 Bittern vere | 4517 3 | 0.07148 | 0.0758 | 0.0828 | 0.0898 | 0.0445) 0.378 0.0855 Pheasant | 1272 | 54119 3 | 0.07122 | 0.0751 | 0.0820 | 0.0880 | 0.0466 | 0.372 0.0847, Dipper 13515] 45! 7 3 | 0.06724 | 0.0717 | 0.0783 | 0.0848 | 0.0459 0.374 0.0846 Martin 1951.5] 54/19 3 | 0.08706 | 0.0710 | 0.0775 | 0.0840 | 0.0480) 0.368 0.0838 Boboink | 1431 | 4517 3 | 0.06352 | 0.0681 | 0.0742 | 0.0804 | 0.0472) 0.371 0.0837 Plover vas1_ | 5419 3 | 0.06932 | 0.0673 | 0.0734 | 0.0796 | 0.0495| _ 0.965 0.0823 Nuthatch | 15105) 45/7 3 | 0.08017 | 0.0649 | 0.0706 | 0.0765 | 0.0485 | 0.967 0.0829 Parrot 15105| 5419 3 | 0.06003 | 0.0641 | 0.0699 | 0.0757 | 0.0508 | 0.962 0.0821 Lapwing | 1590 | 45/7 3 | 0.05714 | 0.0620 | 0.0674 | 0.0729 | 0.0498 | 0.364 0.0822 Falcon 1590 | 54119 3 | 0.08699 | 0.0611 | 0.0666 | 0.0721 | 0.0521| 0.958 0.0814 (Chukar 1780 | 8419 4 | 0.05119 | 0.0561 | 0.0609 | 0.0658 | 0.0534 | 0.955 0.0803 Mockingbird | 2034.5) 72) 7 4 | 0.04488 | 0.0507 | 0.0549 | 0.0591 | 0.0553 | 0.348 0.0788 Biuevird — | 2156 | Bato 4 | 0.04229 | 0.0477 | 0.0516 | 0.0555 | 0.0588 | 0.344 0.075 Kiwi aie | 7217 4 | 0.04228 | o.04a4 | 0.0522 | 0.0562 | 0.0570) 0.348 0.0779 Thrasher | 2312 | 76/19 4 | 0.03960 | 0.0454 | 0.0486 | 0.0528 | 0.0600 0.343 0.0767 Joree 251s | 7619 4 | 0.09649 | 0.0428 | 0.0459 0.0756 | oo4st | ooszi| 0.338 4. Direct current (¢e)rosistance is based on 1 ‘ohmemillt. (8% IACS) at 20°C for the namin (3.986 ohmemilit, (61.2% IACS) at 20°C for nomi a toe! area, wth standard increments for stranding, ASTM B 232. nal aluminum area ofthe conductors, and 129.64 2. Ateaing curent (a) resistance Is based on the reitance coreciod fr tamperaire using 0.00404 a ampere concent of ressiviy Per ‘Gegroe C for aluminum and 0.0029 per degree C for ste!, and for skin fect 45, Tra eflecive ac resistance of Sayer ACSR increases wth current density cue 10 core magnetization, See Chapter 3 for details, ‘4 For ampacty ratings of bare conductors, see Figs. 3-13 and 2-4 4-24product identification and data TABLE 4-17 Bare Aluminum Conductors, Aluminum-Clad Steel Reinforced (ACSR/AW) Physical and Electrical Properties trea at eaenicatle of same dimensions and Code Word, the values in Table 4-14 (A and 8) may be used for cross-sectonal Sree aluminum wires: total cross-sectional; the number of wires and diameter of wires In ctrencs aiarceteng, ‘complete reactance, rameter of core: Tho values in Tables 4-15 and 4-16 may be used for GMA, inductive reactance ene soos ofthe total senaeproximate ampacity, multiply value from Fig. 3-13 or 3-14 by the square root en ere S03 amg, Hosea apm ea to the aluminum wire area in circular mils. Thus, or Penguin at BO rise fig. S15 ones 905 amp. Hence, 305 X (220,460/211,600)"? = 311 for Penguin AW. ] ] Resistance ‘Area of Total Co ee Weight Aluminum | Aluminum | 20:0 | 256 50"e 75°C per Fated ACSR Wires ‘Area | Ohms! | Ohms/ | onms) | ohms’ | G00 | stensth Code Word mil emit mile Mile Mile tb ‘ Swaniaw 43,740 43470 [2060 | 2102 | 2909 | 2516 eas | 1,780 Swanateiaw 41,740 44370 | 2008 | 2008 | 2246 | daar e27 | 2280 SwaliowaW 52.620 54970 | 1632 | 1665 | 19209 | 1.909 esa | 2230 Sparowaw 86,360 69170 | 1295 | 1321 | 1451 | 581 ese | 2760 SparatevaW 66,360 70630 | 1200 | 1205 | 1411 | tsar sao | 3510 Robivaw 83,690 87.320 | 102 | 1007 | 1150 | 1.250 sos | 3460 Ravewaw 195600 | 110,100 | os136 | ogsoa | o9t21 | come | tao | 4200 Queivaw 133.100 | 138,800 | 06457 | oss | 07235 | o7ae3 | trae 5,140 Pigeonaw yeas00 | 174,700 | os126 | 05233 | o57a7 | onase | cies | ecco Penguin/aw 211.600 | 220400 | 0.4063 | o4i49 | 04557 | o4oss | pee 71800 Waxwing Aw 266.800 | 270300 | 03360 | os45 | os7e7 | o4i0s | 2035 | een Pantidge/aW 266,800 | 27.700 | 03257 | 03328 | 0265s | agai | sce | 1eecd Ostrioh/AW 300.000 | 312,100 | 0.2808 | 02062 | os2se | oases | 3620 | 12400 Merlirvaw 336,400 | 347,000 | 02663 | o2726 | ozo | acer | 3576 8540 Linnevaw 336400 | 360.400 | 0.2586 | o26ea | 02003 | osie2 | sas | ts00 OroievaW $36,400 | 996,100 / o2saz | oases | 02041 | 0200 | 4951 | 16.700 Chickadee Aw 397,500 | 403,000 | 02254 | 2310 | 02536 | ozre2 | ase | ‘even BranvAW 397,500 | 410400 | oze10 | 0.262 | az4e | ozs | oro | 14000 IbisiAW 397.600 | 413,400 | 0.2183 | 02099 | 02458 | o2s7e | saa | tseo0 Lanvaw 397,500 | 420.600 | o2143 | o2192 | 02407 | 026 | seas | isto PelicarvAwW 477,000 | 483,700 | o.187a | o1916 | 02105 | oz | sore | 11600 Floker/AW 47.000 | 492,600 | o1e61 | 01888 | o2072 | omse | saa | tesco Hawb/aw 477.000 | 496,800 | 0.1823 | 01869 | 02051 | o2233 | e2as | tso0n Heniaw 477000 | 506,900 | 0.1786 | 0.1829 | o2007 | oz1es | 720 | ssino Ospreyiaw 56.500 | 584000 | or610 | 0.1658 | ora9 | 0190 | sore | isa00 ParakoovAW 858.500 | 874700 | 0.1578 | 01621 | 0177 | 01996 | 6878 | 19,00 Dove/aw 586.500 | 570200 | 0.1562 | 0.1603 | o17s9 | oses | 201 | prec Eagle/AW 356.500 | 589,000 | 0.1591 | 01570 | o17ee | ots | seo | eee Peacock/aAW 05.000 | 624.800 | 0.1451 | 14a | orca | ot7es | yarz | arave ‘Squab/AW soso | e20.900 | oraee | oraz? | osezr | o17ee | 7ee1 | 20000 (See footnotes at end of table) 4-25bare aluminum wire and cable TABLE 4-17 (Continued) Resistance Area of Total ae er Weight eee | rceam |.aee [aso | ere. || rec’), per | fated AcsR Wires we | Ghms! | Ohms’ | Ohms! | Ohms) | 10001 | Strength code Word mil mit mile | Mile | Mile Mile ib Teallaw ssa} ero | ota | ose | onsee | aa7eo | asaz | 25.00 ingore 605000 | Gae.o00 | O48 | otase | ose | 0795 | 6765 | 15.020 RooWAW Ganon | Gee zoo | oss | osaze | oss | otea7 | 7a56 | 22000 Grosbeak/aW exer | eeraoo | otzee | 1406 | 0152 | 01678 | e320 | 24900 EgrevAW casono | Grae | ose | 0178 | osi2 | ors | 9289 | 20,900 FlamingoiAW weeen | e2s00 | ori | osasr | o14a | o1e20 | e237 | 23.100 GannetvAW coe | eeneon | ozia | osase | oxa7s | ora | 9730 | 26000 Crow/AW 26.600 | Fpne00 | oo08 | o12er | ors | o1s12 | 9824 | 25.900 Staring/AW 718.50) | Fea7o0 | ozia | orasz | oa73 | oreo | 9979 | 27,500 Redwing/AW 735% | Freg00 | orea | 01228 | ot47 | ones | 1044 | 93400 Temaw 7eso00 | e00s00 | oavz7 | oreo | ozo | oxo | g7a4 | 21,500 Condor/AW 795000 | oreo | oto | otaz | 0.1251 | 01961 | 9819 | 27.800 Drakeraw Tee | Garzoo | otoss | 01129 | ot28 | ota | 1042 | 20.500 Malard/AW Jegooo | easoo | 01073 | o1to7 | 0123 | ogo | 1161 37,100 Cuckoo/AW 7a5000 | feo7eo | ottos | 01a | otasa | ores | ere | 27,520 CCrane/aW arasoo | 909.400 | 0.100 | o1oa | o1t41 | odo | 1081 30,600 Puday/AW seco | Bez | oo | 01038 | 0.1136 | 01235 | spae | 25970 CaneryiAW sf | garan0 | oos7e | oxoia | orto | orzo7 | 1111 31.000 RallAW go00 | g70.500 | coca | cover | o1o7s | ore | 1069 | 25,400 Caraina AW Seio0 | sadt7oo | o.ooe1 | ooasas | o1o49 | o.1tat | 1178 32,900 Ortolawvaw “008500 | 1.052000 | ces | 0.00087 | cose | o1o7@ | 1135 | 27.200 Carew AW 4033,500 8.0850 | ooeses | o0e704 | o1054 | 1275 95,200 Biuojay/AW 41119,000, 0.0805 | 0.06476 | 0.09264 | 0.1006 | 1224 29,300 FinchiAW TTelo00 | tae000 | 007s | gate | o.090e1 | o0se72 | 1374 37,500 Bunting AW Nyaes00 | 1213000 | 007s: | ora | 0.08682 | coome | 1311 31,300 GrackeiAW aes | 1.29000 | oor | oo77e1 | oasis | cosa | 1471 40,200 BitervAW 1338 | 1254000 | o7s | corset | oosi7s | oosses | 1309 | 93400 BiemAW | ‘zre00 | 113000 | 0.0604 | oo7sez | o.cg0ca | oogss9 | 1570 | Apa Dipper AW yzzrs00 | serso0 | 0.086 | o070as | 0.07725 | 00872 | 1405 35,400 Martin/AW V3er's00. | 130000 | o.0sse | oossse | 0.07567 | 0.08205 | 1667 45,100 Soooiwaw | 1481.00 | 1455.00 | o0626 | ooszer | oo7ss0 | cores? | 1572 | 370% PloveciAW yrl00 | terro0 | o0617 | ooss7s | oo7i72 | oor | 1766 47,700 Provera | | ‘roo | 1136000 | 0.059 | oosac7 | o06a75 | oa7s4s | 1669 | 98700 ParovAW TEies00 | 563.000 | o.sea | o.osza | o.06a0s | 0.07369 | 1962 50,500 FarovAtAw | tsa0000 | terso0o | coses | oosisi | ooseea | aorer | 178 | 41,700 Falcon/AW 7.590.000 | 1,643,000 | 0.085 | ose7s | oss07 | oovoss | 1962 59,000 CChukaiAw T3ee000 | terzo00 | 0.0504 | 00553 | ooso0s | oosses | 215 | 49,700 Crutarw | 2156000 | 2200000 | o0s16 | 0.04705 | 0.05088 | 005476 | 2499 59,000 Kina Fee ee | Z19r000 | coats | 004805 | oosta7 | o.05575 | 2265 49,130 KawiAW aw | zarzooo | 2348000 | aos | oossea | ooasea | coset | 2475 36,300 (See footnotes at end of table) 4-26product identification and data TABLE 4-17 (Continued) aa Resistance ] ‘ac—60 Hz Area of Total dc Weight Aluminum | Aluminum | 200 25 50°C 75 per Rated ACSR Wires ‘Area ‘nme’ / Ohms’ | Ohms’ | ohms: | 10001 | strength Code Word mil emit mile ‘Mite Mile Mile tb tb sJoree/AW Peneio | 2549.00 | 0.0360 | ooszas | oases | ooseo0 | 2ae3 60.160 Grouse/AW. 80,000 86970 | 10200 | 1.0408 | 11426 | 1.2448 137.7 4.890 PetrovaW 107,800 116.600 | 0.7524 | 07673 | oes | osies | 2290 9.910 ‘Minorca/AW 410,800 13,200 | 2.7001 | o704a | 0.733 | ose | 2502 | seo Leghorn/aw 134,600 154200 | osese | 05804 | osses | o¢oa2 303.9 | 13,000 Guinea’aw 189,000 182,200 | 0.4817 | o4s14 | 05091 | 05869 358.0 | 15,300 DotterevAW 176,900 Znzg00 | o4sa0 | osar7 | oea7 | oszra | gona | eaon Dorking/aW 190,800 Zantos | 4013 | o40ee | o4492 | o4ss00 | 4509 | jes CochinaW 211,300 paseo | 2262 | 03608 | 457 | onaie | azz2 | ten Brahma/AW 203,200 248.600 | 03469 | 0.9539 | 02880 | oazer 27,100 1 The values sted above diferttom the corresponding ones of the thick clagang ‘of the core wires is taken in 0 count. Electical properties oft 4-27bare aluminum wire ond cable TABLE 4-18 Compact-Round Concentric-Lay Stranded Aluminum Conductor ‘Steel Reinforced (ACSR Compact Round) with Single Core Wire of Class B Zinc-Coated or Aluminized (AZ) Stee! 1950-H19 ASTM B 401 Physical and Electrical Properties I) eam | T cor | Alum: piam.ot| of | Diam. ot | Weight per 1000 ft Strength-Ib Resistance ‘size | num | No.of| Single | Complete | Non de—20°C alize,,| 20 | Atim.| ‘core | Compact | Compact | Total | Alum. | Steet) Sees © ‘Aluminized | Ohms! WG or | nee | Mires | Wiresin,| Cable, in.| ACSR, in.| to | 1 | 1 | Zine Core ‘AZ Core | Mile = Toone} | oes: | ose | o1se | seo] 204) 16) Tn 1120 | 9.9899 & {902061 | cos | 0220 | ozs | 573] see] 184) Oe 1760 | 2.1291 4 00s) > | ctoce | oz | o257 | 670} 390) 280) 2% 2x60 | 2.1060 4 90m) & | o1ose | 0200 | oats | st2| S19) 299) 20 2640 | 1.9981 2 ocset| $ | arose | oz | 022s | rose] sro] 447| 35 3260 | 1.3230 + Joos} e | oars: | 0926 | ogso | 1150] 731) 969) S50 3200 | 1.0617 wd [9205 | | otser | ose | oave | 452) s86] ase) Se goeo | 0.8410 yo \o002) & | arse | oat | 047 | 1928) 1240] sea) BD ‘4e00 | 0.6679 20/0085) § | orer2 | oacr | oso2 | 2205) 1504] 741) Boe seg0 | 05297 90 \orse) 5 | ores | osi7 | ose | zoo] 1974] soa! eet 7420 | 0.4199 pend |oznes| ie | orei7 | osse | ooo | aao1| aioe] 902) or e540 | 0.9998 2088 | 0.2007) ie | otzet | sas | 046 | saeo| 2620) 440) Ti) 7960 | 0.3020 3000 102368) Te | otaer | 062 | oom | gee) 3153] 495) | Boe 260 | 0.2603, soe 02602) te | otezs | ova | oat4 | 5180] 4478| 702| 11,600 11,100 | 0.1899 qos0 Lozaa| 96 | oxase | oe | 1.010 | 9050] 7460) Sto) 0c tea00 | 0.1144 7a50 | 06288) Se | atsse | aga | 100 | e850) e2r0| seo) them 17500 | 0.1039 ara |oesss| fe | oisas | tose | 1.140 | 9860) g960) 700) Se 39,100 | 0.09590 tas |11502| 36 | ozo | 1200 | 1419 | 90 19960) 108.0| 30,100 | 29,00 | 0.06196 Tr Data shown above are subject fo normal manufacturing tolerance, 1 even ovnoes ot Table 4-15 and 416 ato apply tote above tbe, at he megretng Sete for single-layer cablos are based on Arpeate oats Tee 2, 7a fr 50. and 10D for 75%: Alowance shoud aco Pe made for core magnetization in the 60Wire cables. 4 cenmcanty ratings see Figs &-12 and 3-14 and ast according othe math described in te ane text 3. For areal eno daze ereugh ote equvaant siz frr-compocted conductor hat defor hoe concn 2h be used for practical purposes. 4-28‘Shaped Wire Concentric-Lay Compact Aluminum Conductor Steel Rein TABLE 4-19 Physical Properties product identification and data forced (ACSR/TW) ASTM B 779 Area Equal to Standard ACSR Sizes Conductor Size Stranding | Outside Diameter] Weight per 1000 Area ‘Gquaha Wicies Complete | Stee! Rated Type) Conductor) Core | Total [Aluminum] Steel| Strength Code Word | kemit |Aluminum| Total | No. Aluminum) Stee! im fin | bb] om |) Menem, | $884) 0.202 lozres! 6 [14 | axoia67] 0690 Jo.saer! sesal arse 495] 8560 Famer | 4770) osra7 joczas] 13] 18 | rw0.0840] O76 lozse0| ers] ies 1644] 17,200 paw | 2722} 09748 Joss) 16] 18 | 720.1053] O79 Joaise| essol at 206.3) 19,400 Boeew WY | $865) o4a71 Joass7] 13] 18 | rw0.1015] 29s fososs| ries) aete (2089 20,000 Poverw | 5565, 04371 |os0as] 16 | 20 | rvo.1138| 852 loseral Joes] 2S 241.0) 22,600 Reo, | $889) o4s95 ostaa] 3] 27 | sx0.1329| 850 lo.1s20] eaeol soos 46.8) 19,500 Grstentw| 8229] 24905 Joseas| 13 / 19 | rxo.1085| 0880 Joszss| si60| seta [oie 22,900 SresbeakTW | 6360 4996 0.5808] 16 | 20 | zxo.1216, O08 loseae| ores] 02 275.1) 25,400 Tem TW Joeol vents [08875 7) 17 | rxo.0886] 960 fozese| sezo| ras9 tact] e00 PutieTW_| 7950] ogee jose] 10 | 18 | 700.1108] 980 lossoe| ovea| sane (te 25,900 Beacon | 7950) osz44 Jo7oss| 19 | 20 | 70.1200! 0.983 Joeael 1021 | ga7a 1273.8] 28.200 Procarw | e529} o6244 loves] 16 | 20 | 70.1360] 1.010 Joaoecltose | pare (ore 43,800 Rourn TW | 9540] 07499 Jo7e76| | so | zxo08s7] tos lozstiliose | onze 130.4) 23,700 RailTW seaol Gece [O80 7] 32 | rx00971] 1.061 Jozaialiors | sooo [treo] aeece CordhavTW | 9640] 07493 Josasa] 13 | 20 | zs0.1329] 1004 fogoor| ince | 200° 1328.7} 33,500 Srneray’ |39888) 08117 Joasse! 5] so | zxo87:] 7.089 Jozsialinns | aaa 141.2) 25,700 Conan [10383) 08117 lowere) 7 | 32 | rxos010] 402 Jososolties | Seco |'812 28,100 sweeumw /10835) 08117 Joorea 19 | 22 | zwo.1s8a| i129 laatas| tase | 27°? 355.9) 36,300 Buaevmt, |i8189) o9742 Jost! 5 | 30 | rroo004 4329 Joarralteny | aaaeg (25° 27,500 Prot [41139 asre2 loser! 7] 33 | rxor049| 143 lostarliesr | sores (toed 30,300 FrovTW [11130] oe72 lovsst] 13 | 38 |rox0.0862) 1105 Joasiojiacn | 10532 376.4) 39,100 Bento [11928 28966 Josess] 5 [a0 | zxo0806) 1.167 Joze06| 1286 | 1129 Treo 23,500 unineTw [t1925) ogas6 |s0013) 7 | 33 | zxot08s| 1101 losesslinne | 1123 219 | 32,400 Sete | 11925) 09966 |10ss4| 12 | 35 |rex0.060e| 1.205 Joaseo|tese | {ot 403 | 41,900 Baeeena/TW| 12720) 08991 | 10505) 5] 30 | xo0967] 1203 [oseerlises | {122 174 | 31,400 Stem TW _{12720| 0.000 |10661| 7 | 35 | z0.1121] 1220 Jossea| tase | 1128 }234 | 34.600 DrmnerwW |32220) o9ee0 |1.1256/ 13 | 39 [rosos210 1.264 lossosl es | 1202 [aso 44,100 women 138518) 1.0615 |rtaaa] 7 | 35 | zwo.1158) 1256 locsses|iecs | 1202 248 | 36,700 Beno (12515) 10615 |1-1959{ 19 | 39 |asso.oa4e| 11300 [oayae| tase | 1278 456 | 46,800 Power” [{43t9} 31296 |1z017 7 | 95 | rxo.1100] 1201 foaser|sers | ae (888 38,900 Plover [1491.0] 1.1200 [12664] 13 | 37 _[sexo.0077| 1397 [ossesl isos | 13 483 | 49,600 Faces {15809) 12488 |sz51[ 7] 36 | rxo.1289{ 1.958 loarsel7e1 | 1409 Tose 42,200 Cray ra, 135909] 12486 |14071) 19 | 42 | rexo.1090| 1408 fosisolzoso | 1223 '537 | 55,100 Shetty [27229) 13066 Jxsi2} 8] 37 |rexooaza| 144s loaaroloccs | 1208 (S37 50,700 Bluebird TW |21560) 1.0034 |1.8312] 3 | 64 | 19x0.0961| 1.608 jo.4805/2515 | 2047 |468 | 61,100 ala shown are subject to normal manufacturing tolerances Aluminum strands are ofa trapezoidal shape and thus round wite size is not shown, Fated strongte a the complete conductors are calculated in accordance with ASTM 8 778, Weights are based on 1880 aluminum and Class A zinc-coated stoo! ‘Te tye no. sth rato of he ste! fo aluminum areas exoressed asa percentage 4-29bare aluminum wire and cable TABLE 4-20 ‘Shaped Wire Concentric-Lay Compact Aluminum Conductors Steel Reinforced (acs) Electrical Properties Area Equal to Stranded ACSR Sizes 5 ] Phase-to-Neutral ae 60 Hz Resistance a ac—60 Hz at One ft Spacing re L no.ot | 20c | 25¢ | 5c | 75°C | GMR | Inductive | Capacitive Size ‘Aluminum | Ohms’ | Ohms! | Ohms! | Ohms! ‘Ohms! | Megohm- Code Word | Kemil Layers | Mile | Milo | Mile | Mile | ft | Milex, | Miles x MerinTw | sas4) 6 | 148 2 [02654 | 0.2716 | 0.2986 | 0.9258 | 0.0200| 0.475 | 0.1073 Fickertw | 4770| 13 | 187 2 | 0.1860 | 0.1904 | 0.2094 | 0.2284 | 0.0257) 0444 | 0.1017 HawtTw | 4770| 16 | 187 2 | oes4 | 0.1878 | 02087 0.2277 | 0.0264] 0.441 | 0.1018 ParakoovTw | 5565) 13 | 187 2 | 0.1893| 0.1693 | 0.1796 | 0.1959 | 0.0277| 0.495 | 9.0994 Dovetw | s565| 16 | 207 2 | 0.1808 | 0.1628 | 0.1790 | 0.1953 0.0286) 0431 | 0.0981 swift TW e360] 3 | 27 3 [ote | 0.1461 | 0.1605 | 0.1748 | 0.0273 0.497 | 0.0901 RookTw | 6360] 13 | 187 2 |otaes | 01482 | 0.1874 | 0.1717] 00296) 0427 | 9.0978 GrosbeakTw | 6360| 16 | 2077 2 {otae0 | 0.1426 | 01868 |0.1710| 0.0305 | 0.423 | 0.0971 TemnTW 7os0| 7 | 177 2 0.1128 0.1160 | 0.1274 | 0.1988 | 0.0312 | 0.4209 | 0.0955 Puitw | 7950| 10 | 187 2 | o1118 | 0.1152 | 0.1266 | 0.1380 | 0.0323 | 0.4165 | 0.0949 condortw | 7950| 13 | 207 2 | 0.1113) 0.1147 |0.1260| 0.1973) 0.0331) 0.4197 | 9.0045 DrakeTw | 7950| 16 | 207 2 [oats jo.1144 | 0.1287 |0.1370| 0.0339] 0.4105 | 0.0940 Phoenietw | 9540| 5 | 307 3 | o.0942 | o.oge2 | 0.1077 | 0.1172 \0.0943) 0.4094 | 0.0928 RailTW ssso| 7 | 927 3 | 0.0940 | 0.0979 | 0.1073 0.1160] 00349] 0.407 | 0.0925 Cardinaw | 9540| 13 | 207 2 | 0.0801 | 0.0862 | 0.1056 | 0.1151 | 0.0962| 0.403 | _o.0st9 SnowoiraTw |10335| 5 | 307 3 | e.0868 | 0.0908 | 0.09985 | 0.1083] 0.0356] 0.405 | 0.0917 OrtolanTw | 10335] 7 | S27 3 0.0867 | 0.0906 | 0.0983 | 0.1081 | 0.0363 0.402 | o.0914 curewtw | 10335| 13 | 207 2 | 0.0858 | 0.0969 | 0.0976 | 0.1063 | 0.0377 | 0.098 | 0.0906 AvocevTW [11130 5 | 307 § | 0.0807 | 0.0847 | 0.0928 | 0.1009 | 0.0369 0.400 | 0.0806 BlejayTW [11130 7 | 397 3 {0.0805 | 0.0845 | 0.0925 | 0.1005 | 0.0376 | 0.998 | 0.0903 FinentW [1113.0] 13 | 3619 3 | 0.0802 | 0.0897 | 0.0917 | 0.0998 | 0.0399 | 0.301 | 0.0891 owratw | it925| 5 | 207 3 | 0.0753 | 0.0794 | 0.0869 | 0.0945 0.0382 | 0.396 | 0.0896 Buningtw [11925 7 | 337 3 | 0.0762 | 0.0791 | 0.0868 | 0.0341 | 0.0390 0.394 | 0.0893 GrackeTw | 11925] 13 | 38/18 3 | o.0749 | 0.0783 | 0.0859 | 0.0994 | 0.0412| 0.387 | 0.088 ScissontaTW | 12720| 5 | 307 3 | 0.0706 | 0.0747 | 0.0817 | 0.0889 | 0.0398) 0382 | 0.0888 Bitemtw | 12720| 7 | 357 3 [0.0705 | 0.0745 | 0.0815 |0.0885|0.0403| 0.390 | 0.0864 PheasanvTw |12720| 13 | 3919 3 _]0.0701 | 0.0736 | 0.0806 | 0.0876 | 00426) 0.983 | 0.0874 Dippertw i385] 7 | 357 3 | o.0864 | 0.0704 | 0.0769 | 0.0896 | 0.0415 | 0.386 | 0.0874 Marintw [13515] 13 | 39/19 3 {0.0859 | 0.0694 | 0.0760 | 0.0826 | 0.0498 | 0.977 | 0.0865 BoboinkTw | 14310] 7 | 367 3 |0.0627 | 0.0668 | 0.0730 | 0.0792 | 0.0427] 0.988 | 0.0867 PloverTW | 1431.0| 13 | 3919 3 | o.0824 | 0.0859 | 0.0721 |0.0784|0.0451| 0.576 | 0.0860 Lapwing [15900 7 | 367 3 | 0.0864 | 0.0808 | 0.0661 |0.0717| 00440! 0977 | 0.0851 Faicon Tw | 15900) 13 | 4219 3 | o1set | 0.0598 | 0.0853 | 0.0709 }0.0476 | 0.370 | 0.0841 Chukevtw | 1780.0| 8 | S719 3 | 0.0803 | 0.0545 | 0.0594 | 0.0644 | 00482 | 0.968 | 0.0892 BluebirTw |21560| 8 | 64/19 & [oars | 0.0465 | 0.0504 | 0.0544 | 0.0598) 0.355 | 0.0801 brea caret (ge) eitance fs baaod on 16.727 frit (62.0% IACS) a 27 fr non aurium area of the canductrs, and 12864 ‘him-emilt (8.0% IACS) at 20°C forthe nominal see! area. aang core (a) vessace Is based onde resistance corecied fr tompaatr using 000409 as temperate coetcet of ely per degree for alurinum and 0.0029 per degree C fr steel, and for skin ffect an erree ao restancs of alayer ACSAVTW inreases wih current deny duo fo core magnetization. See Chanter 3 fr oes vt For ampacity ratings of TW conductors, approximate values can be obiaied trom Figs. 219 and 3-14 4-30product identification and data TABLE 4-21 Shaped Wire Concentric-Lay Compact Aluminum Conductors Steel Reinforced (ACSRTW) ASTM B 779 Physical Properties Sized to Have Diameters Equal to Standard ACSR Conductors Conductor Outside ize rand eight per bese Stranding | Diameter | Weight per 1000 ft aaa ‘area Stranding of Square oe ‘ACSR with al sents ICondue-| steet Ratog | Sua! dlemeter [alumi] frypelatumi tor | Core | Total | num |Steei/strenath Code Word |kemil| num |totat|No.| num] sieet | in | in| “et tbs | tbs | kemil|Stranding Monongahela Tw] 406./0.181[0.3062| 6] 14 | ix1s20] 0.80 Jo.t620/ aval 61.2) 10200 | 296.4) 16 Cater, | £21 7]044900s074) 13. | 18 | 7.1030) oss fooso| 7347) saraiora| cose | seo] so rout | $83)-4400)05165) 16 | 1@ | 7.1147 0.058 fossa] 7iaal seater] coeon | are) oem eT | Sass szzEossrq 13| 20 | 7.114%] o919 loazed| ase) s2ecl2en7| eater | Soro) 207 CewesorTw _| seas|ase2s|ocora| 16 | 20 | rt24a ase7 losrae| sto eosaieen| eee | ceoel| 287 NemaotW | 788s)0s0s9)06e00) 3 | 27 | 1x1520) 0.960 [0.1520 761.9] 72071 612] 16400 | e260) 36 Watarnry | 7282/0S034)a8%0) 13 | 20 | 7x1195| 0.977 Joases| ge7.8] 722.1/2657| 27700 | eng) Soh Katorw” | 2628)0Se82)0.6066) 16 | 20 | 71931] 0.900 loszaalioa7 | 717 [aso | s'eoo | eco] 287 KettioTW Bae ae 7et8 P8088] 7 | 32 | 7x.0973) 1.060 jo.201911079 | e02.8/1762] 26,000 | yas] acy FraserTW S46-7/07e36)0.8168 10 | 35 | 7x.1154 1.07 lo.sasz|t142 | 894 [24s | 29.600 | 7950] 257 soumbiaw | 9862)07se9)0.9579] 13 | 21 | 7.1906] 1.092 loaoralicer | 008 lesa | sa00 | rosa) sav CremmmeertW | 959.6)07597)0.8762) 16 | 22 | 7.1499 1.108 loaaralions | G03 [ans | srom | food) S27 ceeteenern |1188-1}o9v7s\0.9846) 5 | 30 | rxob2«) 1.155 |o.z77e|1200 |tio0.4jte96) oagoo | cea] 207 reneseecnN |'188.0)o90050.9783 7 | 33 | 71078) 1.165 loazadlisos Hoge love’ | sieoo | eae] 427 HetsonTW_[1188.410.9008}1.0261/ 19 | 26 | 7«:1467| 1.196 fosaor)tase |roes lao0 | go.eon | cone) 4S nacuaT — |12720/0g961/ 0508) 5 | 30 | 7x0967| 1.208 lozooiliare fx1oe |a7a |s1aoo fosasl aa7 Hasontrw —fias7sfoseralvossr| 7 | a6 | rxt119| 4219 loasasliar7 [tes zjor) see (SSS8] 427 FuneniTW /12826(n968s}.0825/ 13 | 8 |rexoo10| 1245 loss lisse (tress bras] seaoe (osss] 87 Trieorw | [1972511078 1594 5 | 90 | rxr004| t.248 soialiaet [tzsealtorc| ares (esse) ot MackenaioTW [19607/.0678)1.1418) 7 | 96 | 711150] 1250 [oaer7|isao [reso Leos] seas [MSo] 427 Tramesrtw —_f13046)3.948 |1.1800] 13 | 39 ftex0984) 3.200 loavaolirta Iraerelesial 46.300 |1113.0| 5419 Money |14828}11829]1.2124 5 | 39 | 71041] 1.202 Jociealises liana lace | aisoo (iacs| Sa Monmanry 14883|t-1490)12222/ 7 | 36 | 7x1200) 1.202 Joasootesc |tar2 lees | secon irises) 427 Pratonw [188861125 12677) 13 | 39 f19x.0078) 1.340 Joaes f1e40 {1356 laze | 4000 ltioes] fovo PlattorTW 'Se9.0l1.2329]1.2087| 8 | 33 | 7x.1074] 1.334 lo.seecliess |1478 [ais | ge'z00 lraraol aay Ro Coratrw [eee ait 223219079) 7 | 36 | rx1241] 1.945 foarea|izss fraes 297 | 41,200 arzol as Soamay /18333}1-2049)1.2571/ 13 | 39 jroxro1a| 1.382 josoed|iaes freaa sia | aaisee ores) 37 Pecmw — /i882-4)12020)0.2020) 7 | 36 | 7.1280) 1.386 foesaliees lisea [sos | secao lisers| Sat Pecos TW $2291. 2709)1.4429] 13 | 39 frex.1064] 1.424 losazolai07 |1533 [s74 | 57500 lissie| seve Pee DeeTW _17585[1.9810)1.4770] 7 | 37 | rxx319] 1.427 fosesz|iaa2 lisse face | acsoe (ieerc| oA Atobecrarrw |1z08|1959 [1 5914] 13 | 34 ftoxto73) 1.470 losarslozei |rea6 [ses | se.eoo fraan.ol sare Cee [i9eog}tSataltea77) 7 | «2 | 7x1990) 11504 losizeleroo frase [ost | sveos [eet 457 PamberandTW |rs26.9f15x34)1 7089] 13 | 42 fox 1199) 1.548 loseesiears rest les0 | ogee (e209 saiig Semcon (21838|1.681211.8200) @ | G4 frex0a61| 1.602 lo.eosieass [2090 lees | oesoy (220) 419 SenleoTW _[2627:52.063 Ja2268) 8 | 64 |tox.1082| 1.762 josaiojaoes [ea77 [p71_| 74:50 [e1s60| 84/19 1. Data shown are subject to normal manulactuing tolerances, 2. Aluminum strands are ofa trapezoidal shape and thus round wite size isnot shown, 3 Rated strengths ofthe complete conductors are calculated in accordance with ASTM B 779 4. Weights are based on 1250 aluminum and Clas A zine-coated stool, 5. The yP0 no's the rai o he ste! to aluminum areas expressed as a percentage 4-31