Exam AE2235-II Instrumentation & Signals

Delft University of Technology

Friday June 27, 2014, 14:00 - 17:00 h
Version A
The exam consists of 12 multiple choice questions and 3 open questions. Points per question
are specified behind each question. The total number of points equals 45.
Your grade will be equal to the number of points you gain plus 5, then divided by 5.
The minimum grade for this course is 1.0.
The maximum grade for this course is 10.0.
In this exam, unless stated otherwise, frequency f is stated in Hz, and time t is stated in seconds.
A formula sheet is provided, only our formula sheet is permitted!
Use of simple calculators is permitted, no programmable calculators, PDAs, cell phones, etc.
For the open questions, use a separate sheet for each question.
Write on each sheet your name, student ID, course code (AE2235-II), and question number.
For the multiple choice questions, mark you student ID and VERSION character on the answer form. If you want to correct your answer, mark a new box and draw a box through the
originally marked box. In case of more corrections, just ask for a new form. Please note that
the forms are processed automatically. So dont mess-up your form, that may harm your result!
Good luck!

Please do not turn over the page before 2 PM!

AE2235-II Examination (AE2235-II June 27, 2014)

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1 (2 points)
Signals, frequency domain
Consider the following two signals x1 (t) and x2 (t):
x1 (t) = 3ej(10t/2) + 3ej(10t/2) , and
x2 (t) = 2 cos(8t + /4) + 6 sin(20t /8).
The figure below sketches the single-sided spectrum of signal x1 (t) (left) and the double-sided
spectrum of signal x2 (t) (right). The amplitude spectra are shown in the first row, the phase
spectra in the second row, both as a function of frequency f in Hz.
x1

amplitude
6

-10

phase

1
0

-4

/4

f
-10

-4

-/4

-/2

f
10

phase

3/8

x2

amplitude

10

-3/8

Which of the following answers is correct?

a) Both spectra are wrong
b) Only the spectrum of x1 (t) is correct
c) Only the spectrum of x2 (t) is correct
d) Both spectra are correct
Question 2 (2 points)
Fourier series
The figure below shows the first 10 trigonometric Fourier series coefficients am and bm of
periodical signal x(t).

AE2235-II Examination (AE2235-II June 27, 2014)

am coefficients

1
0
0
1

0
1 1
0

1
0
11
00
1
0
1
0
0
00
1
0
0
00 0
11
0 1
1
1 0
0
0 1
1
1 1
0
011
1
00 1
11
0
0 1
1
4
2
5
6
8 9
3
0 1
7

bm coefficients

11
00
00
11

11
00
0
00
11
0

11
00
00
11
00
11
1
2

1
0
0
1

1
0
00
11
11
00
00
00
11
0 11
1
00
11
00
11
11
00
00
00 11
00
11
0011
11
00
11
4
5
6
8
3
7

Consider the following three statements:

I the average of x(t) is zero
II x(t) is an even signal
III x(t) has half-wave odd symmetry
Which of the following answers is correct?
a) Statement I is false, statement III is true
b) All statements are false
c) Statement II is true, statement III is false
d) Statement I is true, statement II is false
Question 3 (2 points)
Fourier Transform
The Fourier transform of x(t) = e2(t1) u(t 1) equals:
a) X(f ) = 1/(2 + j2f )
b) X(f ) = e2 /(2 + j2f )
c) X(f ) = ej2f /(2 + j2f )
d) X(f ) = e1j2f /(2 + j2f )

1
0
0
1
0
1
9

AE2235-II Examination (AE2235-II June 27, 2014)

Question 4 (1 point)
Energy and power
A voltage signal is given by: x(t) = 2 (r(t + 2) + r(t) 2r(t + 1) + r(t 6) r(t 4)).
Which of the following statements is correct?
a) x(t) is a power signal, its power equals 16 Watt
b) x(t) is an energy signal, its energy equals 12 Joule
c) x(t) is neither an energy nor a power signal
d) x(t) is a power signal, its power equals 8 Watt
Question 5 (1 point)
Systems, time domain
2

t1
R

x()d.
A system H is given by: y(t) d y2 3y(t) =
dt

Which of the following statements is correct?

a) H is linear, time-varying, dynamic, and its order is three
b) H is non-linear, fixed, causal, and its order is three
c) H is non-linear, time-varying, dynamic, and its order is two
d) H is linear, fixed, causal, and its order is two
Question 6 (2 points)
Systems, frequency domain
A signal is given by: x(t) = 8 sin2 (12t) + 12 cos(40t + /3).
The signal is passed through an ideal low-pass filter H(f ), with a bandwidth of 15 Hz and with
a gain of 2 (i.e., H(0)=2). This results in output signal y(t), i.e.: y(t) = h(t) x(t), or, in
frequency: Y (f ) = H(f )X(f )
Both x(t) and y(t) are voltage signals.
Which of the following statements is correct?
a) The power of the output signal y(t) equals 96 Watt

AE2235-II Examination (AE2235-II June 27, 2014)

b) The power of the input signal x(t) equals 56 Watt

c) None of the other answers is correct
d) The power of the output signal y(t) equals 24 Watt
Question 7 (2 points)
Sampling
A signal x(t) (spectrum X(f )) is being sampled with 10 Hz, yielding the sampled signal xs (t).
The spectrum X(f ) and also three possible spectra (I, II and III) of the sampled signal, Xs (f )
are shown in the plot below.
X(f )
10

-10

Xs (f )

spectrum I
200

-50

200

200

-30

-10

200

200

30

100

-30

-10

spectrum III

-30

50

Xs (f )

100

-50

10

spectrum II

-50

10

100

10

50

30

50

Xs (f )

100

-10

30

Which of the following statements is correct?

a) Spectrum (I) is correct
b) Spectrum (III) is correct
c) Spectrum (II) is correct
d) None of the spectra that are shown is correct

10

AE2235-II Examination (AE2235-II June 27, 2014)

Question 8 (2 points)
Sampling
Given a signal x(t) = 10 cos(10t + /7) + 4 sin(30t + /8).
We sample x(t) at 11 Hz. When we consider the Fourier transform Xs (f ) of the (impulse-train)
sampled signal xs (t), and only consider the positive frequencies of Xs (f ), starting at f = 0,
then the following frequencies below 10 Hz are present. That is, we see peaks at:
a) 4 Hz, 5 Hz and 6 Hz
b) 5 Hz
c) 5 Hz and 6 Hz
d) 4 Hz, 5 Hz, 6 Hz and 7 Hz
Question 9 (1 point)
Quantization
We would like to quantize an analog voltage signal in the range from [0.0, 6.4] Volt, with a 0.2
Volt resolution. Using a binary representation, what is the required word-length? That is, how
many bits do we need for each sample?
a) 6
b) 5
c) 4
d) 3
Question 10 (2 points)
Signal detection - probabilities
For a signal detection problem it is given that observable y (on the received signal) is distributed
as y N(1, = 2) for a binary 0, and as y N(1, = 2) for a binary 1.
Using the best possible decision rule, what is the false alarm probability when the probability
of missed detection is 0.5636?
a) None of the other answers is correct
b) 0.0500

AE2235-II Examination (AE2235-II June 27, 2014)

c) 0.2005
d) 0.1230
Question 11 (2 points)
Bit Error Probability
The navigation message of GPS is assumed taken from the carrier. A typical GPS receiver
signal power Px (when used outdoor) equals 158 dB W, and typical noise power Pe equals
187 dB W. The bit error probability P (E) can be computed with:
P (E) = 1

r

x
mP
Pe ,

with m the number of samples per bit. The receiver is used both outdoor as well as indoor.
When used indoor the signal attenuation factor is 250 (that is, the signal power is multiplied
1
with 250
); the noise power Pe remains unchanged.
We take one sample per bit and ask three distinguished professors to compute P (E) in both
situations. In the table below we summarize the end-result of their calculations.
calculation of professor I
calculation of professor II
calculation of professor III

P (E) outdoor use

0, 0228
0, 0002
0

P (E) indoor use

0.4128
0
0.0373

Which of the following statements is correct?

a) The calculation of professor I is correct
b) The calculation of professor III is correct
c) None of the calculations of the distinguished professors is correct
d) The calculation of professor II is correct
Question 12 (2 points)
Link budget
Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B) is a surveillance technique for aviation. The aircraft determines its own position, e.g., through satellite navigation, and periodically
broadcasts the position (and other information) to ground stations and other aircraft.

AE2235-II Examination (AE2235-II June 27, 2014)

One of the possible data links for ADS-B is the so-called Mode-S Extended Squitter, which
operates on a frequency of 1090 MHz.
In this question we consider the budget for an aircraft to ground station link (see figure above).
The transmitter on-board the aircraft has 300 W of transmission power available. The aircraft
is 120 nautical miles from the ground station antenna (1 nmi = 1852 m). Both the aircraft and
ground station have omni-directional antennae (isotropic).
For the aircraft transmitter, it is assumed that 10 percent of the signal power gets lost in the
cabling. It is also assumed that, once the signal gets at the ground station, 10 percent of the
signal power gets lost in the cabling of the ground station receiver.
The speed of light c can be approximated with 3 108 m/s.
The signal power that the ground station receiver gets from its antenna, expressed in dB, equals:
a) 135, 36 dB W
b) None of the other answers is correct
c) 116, 27 dB W
d) 125.12 dB W

AE2235-II Examination (AE2235-II June 27, 2014)

Open Questions
Note For each question, please carefully show how you arrived at your result. Include comments
whenever possible, or needed, as if you are explaining what you are doing to a fellow student.
Question 13 (8 points)
Fourier Series
Consider the periodical signal x(t), defined by:
x(t) = 1 + 2 cos(2t) + 4 sin(6t /6).
a) What is the period T0 of this signal, in seconds? Explain your answer.

(2 points)

b) What is the average of this signal?

(2 points)

c) Obtain the trigonometric Fourier series coefficients of this waveform.

(4 points)

Question 14 (8 points)
Fourier transform
Consider the unit-pulse signal b(t) =

 
t

, the Fourier transform of which equals B(f ).

a) Prove that B(f ) = sinc( f ), see the formula sheet (Table 4-2, pair # 1).
Now, the triangular signal x(t) =

 
t

(1 point)

is illustrated in the figure below.

x(t)
1

The Fourier transform of x(t) equals:

X(f ) = sinc2 ( f ),
see the formula sheet (Table 4-2, pair # 3).
b) Prove this Fourier transform using the convolution theorem (Table 4-1, property #8).

(3 points)

c) Prove this Fourier transform using the differentiation theorem (Table 4-1, property #6).(4 points)

AE2235-II Examination (AE2235-II June 27, 2014)

10

Question 15 (8 points)
Consider polar signalling, with signal level A Volt and the bit duration Tb seconds. We assume
that, on average, the 0-s and 1-s each occur 50% of the time, and that all bits are independent.
a) Show that the average power of this polar baseband signal x(t) equals A2 .

(1 point)

A receiver receives this polar baseband signal, and samples each bit m times. The m measurements are collected in a vector y. Assume that the receiver and transmitter are perfectly
synchronized and that there is no attenuation of the signal power. Hence, the signal is received
as is, plus noise. The latter is reflected in the measurements standard deviation .
The probability of incorrect detection P (E) is given by:
, with = ||x x ||.
P (E) = 1 2
a
0


b) Prove that for polar signalling P (E) = 1


A m
.

(2 points)

We have to decide between a 0 (zero transmitted) for which the expected mean of y would be
x0 , and a 1 (one transmitted), for which the expected mean of y would be xa . We assume all
observables to be normally distributed and uncorrelated.
The SLR test will yield a decision rule that says:
decide that it is a 1 if

cT (y x0 )
, and a 0 otherwise, with c =
> 2

xa x0
.

c) Work out this decision rule for the polar baseband signal. Explain the result, i.e., does this
decision rule make sense?
(2 points)
It is often more realistic to assume that the transmitter puts the polar baseband signal x(t)
first onto a carrier wave c(t) = cos(2fc t), yielding the BPSK bandpass signal v(t): v(t) =
x(t) c(t).
d) Prove that the power of the BPSK bandpass signal equals A2 /2.
Hints: use the modulation theorem, assume that fc T1b when computing the PSD and then use
the definite integral on top of page 6 of the formula sheet.
(3 points)