THEUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGYINLODZ

BASICMECHANICAL
DESIGN
[StandardExtractsAndOtherMaterials]
Zbigniew Zdziennicki
[2008]

[The booklet contains useful materials for Mechanical Engineering Design and
Workshop subject for students of International Faculty of Engineering]

CONTENTS
Part I
STANDARD EXTRACTS
Metric trapezoidal threads..
Recommended tolerance for trapezoidal thread...
Lip seals.
Shaft lifts of gear reducers...
Recommended diameters for journals of shaft ends.
Recommended gear ratios
Surface quality according PN-EN ISO 1302:2004.
Retaining rings..........................................................................................
Hexagon headed bolts..
Square-head machine bolts.
Socket head bolts..
Stud bolts...
Standard hex nuts.
Hex jam nuts.
Spring lock washers.
Parallel keys.............................................................................................
Shoulders with relief groove

34
5
6
7
8
9
9
10 11
12 13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

Part II
OTHER MATERIALS
Preferred metric sizes...
Recommended fit systems and diameter series......
Installation of components on drive shafts
Mounting arrangements of a pulley or a sprocket.
Chamfers
Cap of a screw jack main dimensions..................................................
Alternative designs of the cap..................................................................
Ball knobs with collar...
Centre holes with thread..
Drain plug..................................................................................................
Breathers....................................................................................................
Guide date for dimensions of gear cases.
Caps for bearing housings...
Distance rings and sleeve for shafts
Distance rings and sleeve for housings
Youngs moduli for various metals.
Poissons ratios for various metals.
Recommended journals of shaft ends cylindrical ones..
Dimensions of keyseats.
Relation of hardness numbers.
Recommended number of pinion teeth according to Niemann
Spur gear design formulas...
Length Excesses Recommended for Threads........................................
Casting Rib Design...................................................................................

22
23
24
25
25
26
26
27
27
28
28
29
30
31
32
33
33
34
35
36
37
37
38
39

METRIC TRAPEZOIDAL THREADS

PN ISO 2904: 1996

Thread Size
Diameter
mm
1
8
9
10
11
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32

Pitch
mm
2
1.5
1.5
2
1.5
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
4
2
4
2
4
3
5
8
3
5
8
3
5
8
3
5
8
3
6
10
3
6
10

Major Dia of
Nut, Dr
mm
3
8.30
9.30
9.50
10.30
10.50
11.50
11.50
12.50
12.50
14.50
14.50
16.50
16.50
18.50
18.50
20.50
20.50
22.50
22.50
23.00
24.50
24.50
25.00
26.50
26.50
27.00
28.50
28.50
29.00
30.50
31.00
31.00
32.50
33.00
33.00

Major Dia of
Screw, d
mm
4
8.00
9.00
9.00
10.00
10.00
11.00
11.00
12.00
12.00
14.00
14.00
16.00
16.00
18.00
18.00
20.00
20.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
32.00
32.00
32.00

Pitch Dia of
Thread, Dp=dp
mm
5
7.25
8.25
8.00
9.25
9.00
10.00
9.50
11.00
10.50
13.00
12.50
15.00
14.00
17.00
16.00
19.00
18.00
20.50
19.50
18.00
22.50
21.50
20.00
24.50
23.50
22.00
26.50
25.50
24.00
28.50
27.00
25.00
30,50
29.00
27.00

Minor Dia of
Nut, D
mm
6
6.50
7.50
7.00
8.50
8.00
9.00
8.00
10.00
9.00
12.00
11.00
14.00
12.00
16.00
14.00
18.00
16.00
19.00
17.00
14.00
21.00
19.00
16.00
23.00
21.00
18.00
25.00
23.00
20.00
27.00
24.00
20.00
29.00
26.00
22.00

Minor Dia of
Screw, dr
mm
7
6.20
7.20
6.50
8.20
7.50
8.50
7.50
9.50
8.50
11.50
10.50
13.50
11.50
15.50
13.50
17.50
15.50
18.50
16.50
13.00
20.50
18.50
15.00
22.50
20.50
17.00
24.50
22.50
19.00
26.50
23.00
19.00
28.50
25.00
21.00

METRIC TRAPEZOIDAL THREADS cont.

PN ISO 2904: 1996
Thread Size
Diameter
mm
1
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
55
60

Pitch
mm
2
3
6
10
3
6
10
3
7
10
3
7
10
3
7
10
3
7
12
3
8
12
3
8
12
3
8
12
3
8
12
3
9
14
3
9
14

Major Dia of
Nut, Dr
mm
3
34.50
35.00
35.00
36.50
37.00
37.00
38.50
39.00
39.00
40.50
41.00
41.00
42.50
43.00
43.00
44.50
45.00
45.00
46.50
47.00
47.00
48.50
49.00
49.00
52.50
51.00
51.00
52.50
53.00
53.00
55.50
56.00
57.00
60.50
61.00
62.00

Major Dia of
Screw, d
mm
4
34.00
34.00
34.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
38.00
38.00
38.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
42.00
42.00
42.00
44.00
44.00
44.00
46.00
46.00
46.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
55.00
55.00
55.00
60.00
60.00
60.00

Pitch Dia of
Thread, Dp=dp
mm
5
32.50
31.00
29.00
34.50
33.00
31.00
36.50
34.50
33.00
38.50
36.50
35.00
40.50
38.50
37.00
42.50
40.50
38.00
44.50
42.00
40.00
46.50
44.00
42.00
48.50
46.00
44.00
50.50
48.00
46.00
53.50
50.50
48.00
58.50
55.50
53.00

Minor Dia of
Nut, D
mm
6
31.00
28.00
24.00
33.00
30.00
26.00
35.00
31.00
28.00
37.00
33.00
30.00
39.00
35.00
32.00
41.00
37.00
32.00
43.00
38.00
34.00
45.00
40.00
36.00
47.00
42.00
38.00
49.00
44.00
40.00
52.00
46.00
41.00
57.00
51.00
46.00

Minor Dia of
Screw, dr
mm
7
30.50
27.00
23.00
32.50
29.00
25.00
34.50
30.00
27.00
36.50
32.00
29.00
38.50
34.00
31.00
40.50
36.00
31.00
42.50
37.00
33.00
44.50
39.00
35.00
46.50
41.00
37.00
48.50
43.00
39.00
51.50
45.00
39.00
56.50
50.00
44.00

RECOMMENDED TOLERANCE FOR TRAPEZOIDAL

THREAD
(in accordance with PN-ISO 2903/Ak)
Internal thread
Class of thread

External thread

Length of engagement
N

Fields of thread tolerance

Fine

6H

7H

6e

6g

7e

Middle

7H

8H

7e

7g

8e

Coarse

8H

9H

8c

8e

9c

Note: Preferred fits are in the bolded frames.

N normal (like for nut)
L large.

LIP SEALS
PN-72/M-86964

Designation of a radial oil seal that is A kind and possesses: inside diameter (diameter of the
shaft) d = 30 mm, outside diameter D = 50 mm, height b = 10 mm:
LIP SEAL A 30x50x10 PN-72/M-86964
D
d
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
70
80
90
100

35

40

(47)

50

(52)

55

(62)

65

70

72

75

80

85

90

10
10

10
10
10

100

110

10
10

12
10
12

120

b
7
7

10
7
7

10
10
7

10
10
7

10
10
10
7

10
10
7

10
10
10

10
10
8

10
8

10
10
10

10
10
8

10
10
10

If the main purpose of the seal is to prevent lubricant from leaving the housing, the seal
should be fitted with the lip facing inwards (see figure below).

12
12

SHAFT LIFTS OF GEAR REDUCERS

PN-79/M-88507

1st Choice
[mm]

2nd Choice
[mm]

Deviation
[mm]

63
71
80
90
100
112
0.5

125
140
160
180
200
220
250
280
315

-1.0
355

Note: 3rd choice is omitted

RECOMMENDED DIAMETERS FOR JOURNALS OF SHAFT

ENDS IN GEAR REDUCERS
PN-M-85000: 1998
Table 1. Diameters and max torques for journals of high speed shaft ends
d
[mm]
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
25
28

Tin
[Nm]
8.0
16.0
22.4
31.5
45.0
63.0
90.0
125.0
180.0

d
[mm]
30
32
35
38
40
42
45
50
55

Tin
[Nm]
200
350
355
400
500
560
710
1000
1400

d
[mm]
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
100
110

Tin
[Nm]
1600
2240
2800
3150
4000
4500
5600
8000
11200

d
[mm]
125
130
140
150
160
180
200

Tin
[Nm]
16000
18000
22400
25000
31500
45000
63000

Note: Max transverse force loading the journal in its middle should not exceed
250 Tin [N]

Table 2. Diameters and max torques for journals of slow speed shaft ends
d
[mm]
18
20
22
25
28
30
32

Tout
[Nm]
31.5
45
63
90
125
140
180

d
[mm]
35
40
45
48
50
55
60

Tout
[Nm]
2350
355
500
560
710
1000
1120

d
[mm]
70
75
80
90
100
110
125

Tout
[Nm]
2000
2240
2800
4000
5600
8000
11200

d
[mm]
140
160
180
200
220
250
280

Note: Max transverse force loading the journal in its middle should not exceed:
1. 125 Tin

[N] for one-stage gear reducers, and

2. 250 Tin [N] for multi-stages gear reducers.

Tout
[Nm]
15000
22400
31500
45000
63000
90000
125000

RECOMMENDED GEAR RATIOS

PN 76/ M-88513
1st choice

2nd choice

1st choice

2nd choice

1st choice

2nd choice

2.5

6.3

1.12

2.8

7.1

1.25

3.15

1.4

3.55

1.6

10

1.8

4.5

11.2

12.5

2.24

5.6

14

SURFACE QUALITY ACCORDING PN EN ISO 1302: 2004

Class

Procedure

N1

Ra
0.025

Roughness []
Rz
0.3

N2

0.05

0.6

N3

0.1

1.1

Lapped/Polished

N4

0.2

1.8

1.6

Lapped/Polished

N5

0.4

2.8

2.5

Honed

N6

0.8

4.8

2.5

Ground

N7

1.6

Turned with diamond

N8

3.2

16

Milled

N9

6.3

32

Turned

N10

12.5

57

16

N11

25.0

110

16

N12

50.0

220

25

Rt
0.6

Sawed

10

RETAINING RINGS
PN-81/M-85111

d
17
18
20
22
24
25
26
28
30
32
35
36
38
40
42
45
48
50
55
56
60
63
65
70
72
75

D0
15.7
16.5
18.5
20.5
22.2
22.2+0.21
24.2-0.42
25.9
27.9
29.6
32.2+0.25
33.2+0.50
35.2
36.5
38.5+0.39
41.5-0.78
44.5
45.8
50.8
51.8
55.8+0.46
58.8-0.92
60.8
65.5
67.5
70.5

D1
16.2
17.0
19.0
21.0
22.9
23.9
24.9
26.6
28.6
30.3
33.0
34.0
36.0
37.5
39.5
42.5
45.5
47
52
53
57
60
62
67
69
72

b
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.5
3.6
3.9
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.5
4.7
5.0
5.1
5.4
5.5
5.8
6.2
6.3
6.6
6.8
7.0

S = Max axial force loading the retaining ring

g
1.0

f
1.1

h
1.2
1.5

1.2

1.3
1.7

1.5

1.6

2.1
2.6
3.0

1.75

1.85
3.8

2.0

2.15
4.5

2.5

2.65

S[kN]
5.1
6.7
7.5
8.3
9.9
10.5
10.8
14.7
15.9
20.6
26.2
27.1
28.5
37.3
39.2
42.1
45.1
55.9
61.7
62.7
67.6
68.8
73.5
78.9
81.3
84.3

11

RETAINING RINGS Cont.

PN-81/M-85111

d
37
38
40
42
45
47
48
50
55
56
60
62
63
65
70
75
80
85
88
90
100
105
110
120
130
140

D0
39.8+0.50
40.8-0.25
43.5+0.78
45.5-0.39
48.5
50.5
51.5
54.2
59.2
60.2+0.92
64.2-0.46
66.2
67.2
69.2
74.5
79.5
85.5
90.5
93.5+1.08
95.5-0.54
105.5
112
117
127
137+1.26
147-0.63

D1
39.0
40.0
42.5
44.5
47.5
49.5
50.5
53
58
59
63
65
66
68
73
78
83.5
88.5
91.5
93.5
104
109
114
124
134
144

b
3.6
3.7
3.9
4.1
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
5.0
5.1
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.8
6.2
6.6
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
8.4
8.7
9.0
9.7
10.2
10.7

S = Max axial force loading the retaining ring

1.5

1.6

3.0

1.75

1.85

3.8

2.0

2.15
4.5

2.5

2.65

3.0

3.15

4.0

4.15

5.3

6.0

S[kN]
26.6
27.6
39.7
41.7
42.2
42.7
42.9
59.5
62.2
59.5
60.9
60.5
60.4
76.6
82.5
88.2
109.8
116.6
120.5
123.5
137.2
164.6
172.5
188.2
102.9
118.5

12

HEXAGON HEADED BOLTS

PN-EN ISO 4014: 2004

This is only part of the tabulation in the Standard.

13

HEXAGON HEADED BOLTS

PN-EN ISO 4017: 2004

This is only part of the tabulation in the Standard.

14

SQUARE-HEAD MACHINE BOLTS

PN-86/K-80005

This is only part of the tabulation in the Standard.

15

SOCKET HEAD BOLTS

PN-EN ISO 4762: 2001

This is only part of the tabulation in the Standard.

16

STUD BOLTS
PN-ISO 888: 1996

This is only part of the tabulation in the Standard.

17

STANDARD HEX NUTS

PN-EN ISO 4032: 2004

This is only part of the tabulation in the Standard.

18

HEX JAM NUTS

PN-EN ISO 4035: 2004

This is only part of the tabulation in the Standard.

19

SPRING LOCK WASHERS

PN-77/M- 82008

This is only part of the tabulation in the Standard.

20

PARALLEL KEYS
PN-70/M- 86005

21

SHOUDERS WITH RELIEF GROOVE

PN-58/M- 02043

Dimensions of Relief Grooves

Diameter

Type of the Groove

d [mm]
from

to

A&B
b

b1

C&D
c

R1

10

10

18

18

30

30

80

0.3

3.3

1.5

0.6

80

----

0.4

2.3

0.2

1.5

0.4

0.1

a1

--1

b2

b3

---

---

---

0.2

1.6

1.4

2.5

2.2

3.7

3.4

0.1

1.6
0.3
2.5

22

PREFERED METRIC SIZES

The preferred numbering system has played a major role in the development of metric
standards. This is a geometrical series of numbers adopted worldwide. Its first known
application was in the 1870s by Charles Renard, a French army captain who reduced the
different diameters of rope for military balloons from 425 to 17. The R5, R10 and R20 series
refers to the Renard 5 (first choice sizes 60 % increments), Renard 10 (second choice sizes 25
% increments) and Renard 20 (third choice sizes 12 % increments) series of preferred
numbers standardized in ISO 3.
Nominal metric sizes are identical where the metric system has been in use for several years.
Here is how the preferred metric nominal sizes were developed and how these chosen sizes
reflect preferred metric standard sizes for threaded fasteners, steel plates, sheets, bars, etc
already in use throughout the world.

The presentation of preferred sizes gives designers and users a logical selection and the
benefits of rational variety reduction. The second-choice size given should only be used when
it is not possible to use the first choice, and the third choice should be applied only if a size
from the second choice cannot be selected. With this procedure, common usage will tend to
be concentrated on a limited range of sizes, and a contribution is thus made to variety
reduction. However, the decision to use a particular size cannot be taken on the basis that one
is first choice and the other not. Account must be taken of the effect on the design, the
availability of tools, and other relevant factors.

23

RECOMMENDED FIT SYSTEMS & DIAMETER SERIES

1. TOLERANCES IN ACCORDANCE WITH PN-EN 20286-2:1996 STANDARD
Fits of hole basis system
H11/d11
H7/f7, H8/f9
H8/h8
H8/js7
H7/k6
H7/n6
H7/p6
H7/s7

Clearance

Transition

Close

Easy running fit

Running fit
Slide fit
Push fit
Light keying fit
Heavy keying fit
Very light drive fit
Drive fit

Fits of shaft basis system

D11/h11
F9/h8
U8/h7
Z8/h7

Clearance
Close

Easy running fit

Running fit
Very heavy drive fit 1
Very heavy drive fit 5

2. FIT SYSTEM FOR ROLLING BEARING

H7/js6
H7/k6
K7/h6
N7/h6
H8/h8

For rotational shaft

For rotational housing
With adapter sleeve

Notice: The fit systems do not concern keys, taper keys, pins.
Fits:
U8/h7
Steel on steel (cool)
Z8/h7
Cast iron on steel (cool)
Z8/h7
Steel on steel (hot)

3. DIAMETERS
Hub diameters of gears, sprockets, pulleys in accordance with their bores,
approximately:
Bore
Hub
Bore
Hub

10
20
80
120

(12)
(25)
90
130

(15)
(30)
100
150

(18)
(36)

20
36

(22)
(40)

25
45

30
55

35
60

40
70

45
75

50
80

60
100

65
105

Diameters of shafts, journals & pins

6, 8, 10, 12, (14), (15), 16, (17), (18), 20, (22), 25, (28), 30, (32), 35, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80,
(85), 90, (95), 100, (105), 110, (115), 120, 125.

3.3. Bores
6, 8, 10, 12, (14), (15), 16, (18), 20, (22), 25, (28), 30, 32, 35, (38) 40, 42, (45), 47 50, (52), 55,
60, (65), (68) (70), (72), 75, 80, (85), 90, (95), 100, (105), 110, (115), 120, (125), 130, 140, 150,
(160), (180), (190), (195), 200, (210), 220, (230).
( ) not recommended

24

INSTALLATION OF COMPONENTS ON DRIVE SHAFTS

Hammering on the shafts can cause brinelling of the reducer bearings shortening the bearing
life. So reducer products should be supplied with a tapped hole on the output shaft of the
reducer as an aid when installing couplings and sprockets (see figure below).

The following table shows the shaft diameter range and the available thread size.
Shaft Diameter [mm]
Over 16 up to 21
Over 21 up to 24
Over 24 up to 30
Over 30 up to 38
Over 38 up to 50
Over 50 up to 85
Over 85 up to 130
Over 130

Thread Size
M6
M8
M10
M12
M16
M20
M24
M30

Thread Depth [mm]

16.0
19.0
22.0
28.0
36.0
42.0
50.0
63.0

Figure below shows an example of a mounting jig for mounting couplings or hubs onto a
reducer output shaft.

In some cases, the thrust bearing at the mounting jig is required.

25

MOUNTING ARRANGMENT OF A PULLEY OR SPROCKET

Figure below shows the correct mounting arrangements of a pulley or chain sprocket to avoid
excessive overhung loads.

Correct mounting arrangement d of a pulley or chain wheel to avoid inadmissibly high

overhung loads
For easier installation use a lubricant (applied to the bore of the hub) or preheat the
component to approximately 80C.

CHAMFERS

d
[mm]
over
--16
20
30
40
50

d
[mm]

c [mm]
to
16
20
30
40
50
60

1
1
1.5
2
2
3

from
60
80
100
120
150
200

c [mm]
to
80
100
120
150
200
250

3
3
4
4
4
5

26

CAP OF A SCREW JACK MAIN DIMENSIONS

ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS OF THE JACK CAP

27

BALL KNOBS WITH COLLAR

d H8

d1

d2 *)

Cylindrical Pin
according to
PN-89/M-85021

16

12

10

18

1.9

2.5

2h8 x 10

25

10

18

14

28

2.9

3h8 x 16

32

12

22

18

35

2.9

3h8 x 20

*) Bores d2 should be bored during assembly

CENTRE HOLES WITH THREAD

(Non-standard ones)

d1

d2

l1

I2

I3

l4

Shaft

min

min

Dia.

M8

8.4

3.6

19

25

20

M10

10.5

4.7

7.5

22

30

30,35

M12

13

9.5

28

37.5

40

M16

17

12

36

45

50,60

28

DRAIN PLUG

BREATHERS

Alternative design A

Alternative design B

29

GUIDE DATE FOR DIMENSIONS OF GEAR CASES

Component
Wall thickness

Designation

Note

for bottom box

g = 24 0.1T2 6 mm

T2 [Nm] torque of

for top box

g1 = 0.9 g 6 mm

thickness (at foot)

e = (0.8K1.0 ) g

output shaft

e1 = (0.8K1.0 ) g1
Reinforcement &
cooling webs

height

h 5g
h1 5g1

Bolt diameters

casting slope

20

for foundation

d1 = 3 4 T2 10 mm

for bearings

d 2 = 0.8 d1 8 mm
d 3 = (0.7 K0.8)d 2

for flange
thickness
Flange

s = 1 .5 d 2
s1 = 1.3 d 2

width

k1 = 3d 2

thickness

s2 = 1.5 d1

Foundation feet
width

k2 = 4 d1
a = k2 + g

wheel wall
Distances

wheel bottom
wheel - wheel

L 0.6 g
L1 2.5 g
L3 0.4 g

T2 [Nm] torque of
output shaft

30

CAPS FOR BEARING HOUSINGS

(Blind and for lip seal ones)

D1

h11, d11

0.1

47
50
60
(72)
80
(85)
90
100
110
120
125
140
160
180

58
63
73
83
91
96
101
111
121
133
138
153
175
195

D2

D3

d3

-0.1

72
78
88
98
106
111
116
126
136
153
158
173
197
217

45
50
58
70
78
82
87
97
106
116
120
136
153
173

6.6

d1

min

H8

13
15

4
4

6
17

20
7
5

11

22

35
40
40
55
65
72
75
85
90
100
110
110
120

31

DISTANCE RINGS AND SLEEVES

FOR SHAFTS
Ring l d

Dimensions non-applied

t1 = 0.04

Sleeve
35 40

45

50

t1 = 0.06

t1 = 0.03

30

t1 = 0.06

t1 = 0.03

25

t1 = 0.06

t1 = 0.03

20

t1 = 0.05

16

t1 = 0.05

14

t1 = 0.05

12

t1 = 0.04

10

t1 = 0.025

t1 = 0.025

0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08

Ring
6
7
8

t1 = 0.025

21
26
31
37
42
47
52
58
68
73
78
90
100
110

t1 = 0.025

2.5

t1 = 0.025

D11

16
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
65
70
80
90
100

l -0.1 ; t1

t2

t1= 0.025

t1= 0.025

Sleeve l > d

32

DISTANCE RINGS AND SLEEVES

FOR HAUSINGS
Ring l D

Dimensions non-applied

30

35

40

t1 = 0.05

t1 = 0.05

t1 = 0.05

t1 = 0.06

Sleeve
45 50

t1 = 0.06

25

t1 = 0.06

20

t1 = 0.04

t1 = 0.03

16

t1 = 0.04

t1 = 0.025

t1 = 0.03

t1 = 0.025

0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.12
0.12

t1 = 0.03

t1 = 0.025

35
40
45
47
54
60
64
66
71
75
80
85
90
100
110
130
140
150
170

t1 = 0.025

2.5

t1 = 0.025

d11

42
47
52
55
62
68
72
(75)
80
85
90
(95)
100
110
120
140
(150)
160
180

l -0.1 ; t1
Ring
10 12 14

t2

t1= 0.025

t1= 0.025

Sleeve l > D

33

YOUNGS MODULI FOR VARIOUS METALS

Materials

Youngs Modulus, E

------

x 105 N/mm2

Steel

2.07

Stainless Steel

1.90

Ductile Cast Iron

1.66

Titanium

1.14

Brass, Bronze

1.10

Grey Cast Iron

1.04

Aluminum

0.72

Magnesium

0.45

POISSONS RATIOS FOR VARIOUS METALS

Materials

Poissons,

Steel

0.28

Iron

0.28

Titanium

0.34

Copper

0.35

Aluminum

0.34

Magnesium

0.33

34

RECOMMENDED JOURNALS OF SHAFT ENDS CYRINDRICAL ONES

Diameter, d
mm
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
25
28
30
32
35
38
40
42
45
50
55
60
70
75
80
85
90
100
110
125

Field

Tolerances
Deviations
mm
+0.007 (+0.010)
-0.002 (+0.001)
+0.008 (+0.012)
-0.003 (+0.001)

j6 (k6)
+0.009 (+0.015)
-0.004 (+0.002)

+0.011 (+0.018)
-0.005 (+0.002)

k6

30

25

40

28

50

36

60

42

80

58

110

82

140

105

170

130

210

165

+0.018
+0.002

+0.030
+0.011

m6

Length, l
Long Journals Short Journals
mm
mm
23
20

+0.035
+0.013
+0.040
+0.015

35

DIMENSIONS OF KEYSEATS

36

RELATION OF HARDNESS NUMBERS

37

RECOMMENDED NUMBER OF PINION TEETH

ACCORDING TO NIEMANN
Proposed treatment
Heat treated up to 230 BHN
More than 300 BHN
Grey iron
Nitrided
Case hardened

1:1
3260
3050
2645
2440
2132

Gear ratio
2:1
4:1
2955
2550
2745
2340
2340
2135
2135
1931
1929
1625

8:1
2245
2035
1830
1626
1422

SPUR GEAR DESIGN FORMULAS

To Obtain
Pitch diameter
Circular pitch
Module
No. of teeth
Addendum
Dedendum
Outside diameter
Root diameter
Base circle diameter
Base pitch
Tooth thickness at
standard pitch
diameter
Center distance

From Known
Module
Module
Diametral pitch
Module and pitch
diameter
Module
Module
Module and pitch
diameter or number of
teeth
Pitch diameter and
module
Pitch diameter and
pressure angle
Module and pressure
angle
Module

Module and number of

teeth
Contact ratio
Outside radii, base circle
radii, center distance,
pressure angle
Backlash (linear)
Change in center
distance
Backlash (linear)
Change in tooth
thickness
Backlash (linear) along Linear backlash above
line-of-action
pitch circle
Backlash, angular
Linear backlash
Min. number teeth for Pressure angle
no undercutting
*)
All linear dimensions in millimeters

Use This Formula*)

D = mN
pc = m = (D)/m
m = 25.4/Pd
N = D/m
a=m
b = 1.25m
Do = D+2m = m(N+2)
Dr = D-2.5m
Db = Dcos
pb = mcos
T = 0.5m
C = 0.5m(N1+N2)

mp =

Ro1 Rb1 + Ro 2 Rb 2 C sin

m cos

B = 2(C)tan
B = T
BLA = Bcos
B* =6.88(B/D) (arc minutes)
Nc = 2/sin2

38

LENGHT EXCESSES RECOMMENDED FOR THREADS

Thread
pitch, p
0.5
0.7
0.8
1.0
1.25
1.5
1.75
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0

L
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4

min L1
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
12
13
14

Excess
min L2
1
1.5
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
6
7
8

min L3
4
5
5.5
8
10.5
12
14.5
15
17
21
24
27

min a1
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.2
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.5
5.0
6.0

39

CASTING RIB DESIGN