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tw
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25



















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i iii

1 2 2 24
2-2-1
1 2
24
1-1-1 2
2-2-2 3
1-1-2 4
26
1-1-3 6
3 30
2 8
2-3-1
1-2-1
30
8
4 32
1-2-2 10
2-4-1 1 32
1-2-3 12
2-4-2 2 34
1-2-4 14
3
2 16
36
1 1 2 16
1 36
2-1-1 1 16
3-1-1 36
2-1-2 2 18
3-1-2 38
2-1-3 2
2 40
20
3-2-1 40
2-1-4 2
3-2-2 42
22
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4 6-1-2 64
44 6-1-3 de Moivre
66
1 44
2 68
4-1-1
6-2-1 68
44
6-2-2 70
4-1-2 46
6-2-3 72
4-1-3 48
6-2-4 74
2 50
4-2-1 50 7 76
4-2-2 52
1 76
5 54 7-1-1
76
1 54
7-1-2 78
5-1-1 54
7-1-3 80
5-1-2
2 n 82
56
7-2-1 Cayley-
2 58
Hamilton 82
5-2-1
7-2-2 n 84
58
3 1
5-2-2
86
60
7-3-1 1 86
6 62 4 1 88

1 62 7-4-1 1

6-1-1 62 88
7-4-2 1 90
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8 10
94 114

1 94 1 114
8-1-1 94 10-1-1
8-1-2 114
96 10-1-2 116
8-1-3 98 2 118
2 1 2 100 10-2-1 118
8-2-1 1 100 10-2-2
8-2-2 2 102 120
8-2-3 2 1 3 122
2 104 10-3-1
122
9
10-3-2
106
124
1 106 10-3-3 126
9-1-1 106
9-1-2
11 128

108 1 128
2 110 11-1-1
9-2-1 110 128
9-2-2 11-1-2
112 130
11-1-3
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132 11-2-3
11-1-4 140
134 11-2-4 142
2 136 3
11-2-1 2 144
136 11-3-1
11-2-2 3 144
138 11-3-2 146

12 150 13-2-1 166

13-2-2 168
1 150
13-2-3 170
12-1-1 150
3 172
12-1-2 152
13-3-1 172
2 154
13-3-2 174
12-2-1
154 14 2
12-2-2 156 176
12-2-3 158
1
13 160 176
14-1-1 176
1 160
14-1-2 178
13-1-1 160
14-1-3 180
13-1-2 162
2 2 182
13-1-3 2 164
14-2-1 2
2 166
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182 208
14-2-2 2 15-2-2
184 210
3 186 15-2-3
14-3-1 186 212
14-3-2 188 15-2-4 214
14-3-3 15-2-5
190 216
14-3-4 2
16 218
192
1 218
15 194
16-1-1 218
1 194 16-1-2
15-1-1 220
194 16-1-3
15-1-2 196 222
15-1-3 198 16-1-4 224
15-1-4 16-1-5 226
200 16-1-6 228
15-1-5 16-1-7 230
202 16-1-8 2 232
15-1-6 204 16-1-9 234
15-1-7 1 2 236
206 16-2-1 236
2 208 16-2-2 238
15-2-1 16-2-3 240
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17 244 18
266
1 244
17-1-1 244 1 266
17-1-2 246 18-1-1 266
2 248 18-1-2
17-2-1 248 268
17-2-2 250 18-1-3 270
3 2 272
252 18-2-1 272
17-3-1 252 18-2-2 274
17-3-2 18-2-3 276
254 3 278
17-3-3 18-3-1 278
256 18-3-2 280
4 258 18-3-3
17-4-1 282
258 4 284
17-4-2 18-4-1 284
260 18-4-2 286
17-4-3 262
19
17-4-4
288
264
1 288
19-1-1 288
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19-1-2 290 20
2 292 308
19-2-1
1 308
292
20-1-1
19-2-2
308
294
20-1-2
19-2-3 296
310
3 298
2 312
19-3-1
20-2-1 312
298
20-2-2
19-3-2
314
300
20-2-3
19-3-3 302
316
19-3-4
20-2-4 318
304
3 320
19-3-5 306
20-3-1 320
20-3-2 322
20-3-3 324
20-3-4 326

21 330 21-1-3 334

2 336
1 330
21-2-1 336
21-1-1 330
21-1-2 332

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22 348
338
23 350
1 338
1 350
22-1-1
23-1-1 350
338
23-1-2
22-1-2
352
340
23-1-3
22-1-3
354
342
2 356
22-1-4 344
23-2-1 356
2 346
23-2-2 358
22-2-1
3 360
346
23-3-1 360
22-2-2
23-3-2 362

24 24-1-4 369
366 2 BASIC 370
24-2-1 370
1 366
24-2-2 373
24-1-1 366
24-2-3 375
24-1-2
3 376
Direct Mode367
24-3-1 376
24-1-3
24-3-2
Program Mode
378
368
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 xiii

24-3-3 25-1-2 384

380 2 Number
Quadrature Rules 386
25
25-2-1 386
382
25-2-2
1 382 Simpsons
25-1-1 Newtons Method 388
Method 382

Coffee break

() Leonhard Euler 92
() 148
() 242
() 328
() Catalan 364

391
407
409
409
410413
414
416

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1
2
3
4
5
6
7

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 2 1

1
1-1-1
1 real number
1, 2, 3,
0
1, 2, 3,

0.3, 0.45,

0.3636
2 = 1.41421356

1
rational number
2


irrational number 2


N1, 2, 3, 4,
R
Z0, 1, 2, 3, Q
a 1 2
Q a, b Z 2
b N 0
1 3 3
b 0 1 2 3 5
2
R 4 5
11

N Z Q R

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 1 3

a + b = b + a, ab = ba
a + b + c = a + b + c , ab c = a bc
a b + c = ab + ac

1 1 0.36
100x = 36.363636
= 0.363636
) x = 0.363636
|

x = 0.36
99x = 36
36 4
x = =
99 11
|

0.36

|

|
0.333 = 0.3, 0.14251425 = 0.1425
|

0.7896896896 = 0.7896
2 2
a
2 = a, b 2b =
b
a a2 = 2b2a2 a
a = 2a' a'
2a' 2 = 2b2 b2 = 2a' 2b = 2b'b'
a, b
2
3
5, log 102, ( = 3.14), e ( = 2.71)

3

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 4 1

1-1-2
a > 0, b > 0, c > 0
1
a a
a b = ab =
b b
2
c c a b c a b
= =
a+ b a+ b a b a b
c c a+ b c a+ b
= =
a b a b a+ b a b
3 a > b > 0
a + b + 2 ab = a+ b 2= a+ b
a+b 2 ab = a b 2= a b

1 a 2 a y y = x2

a
a
1 a 1 a
p p 0
0=0 p 2 =|p|=
p p<0
|p|1 a O a x
1 0
O p P |p|
O P
|p| 0 0 p
6 6
2 8 = 16 = 4 = = 3
2 2

2 2 5+ 3 2 5+ 3
2 = = = 5+ 3
5 3 5 3 5+ 3 5 3
3 2
8 2 15 = 5+3 2 53 = 5 3
=| 5 3| = 5 3
712.89
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 1 5

712.89 2 2 6 7
2 7 1 28 9
2 4
7 4 6 3 1 2
6 2 7 6
7 2 5 2 7 3 6 8 9
7 2
2 3 7 3 6 8 9
0
12
312 4 312
64 2 + 2
312 466 36 36 89
712.89 = 26.7
2
a + b a2 = a + b
2a + b b a a2 + 2ab + b2
a a2
a > 0, b > 0 2a + b 2ab + b2
b 2ab + b2
a2 + 2ab + b2 = a + b
0

2 = 1.41421356
5 = 2.2360679
7 = 2.64575
3 = 1.7320508
6 = 2.44949
10 = 3.16227

II a 3 a ( 0) y y = x3

a
3
3 a a
3 3 O x
a>0 a > 0 a < 0 a < 0
a
3
0 = 0
3 3
8 = 2, 8= 2
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 6 1

1-1-3
a, b, c, d
1 i
i= 1i 2 = 1
a > 0 a = ai
2
a + bi = c + di a=c b=d
a + bi = 0 a = b = 0
3
a + bi + c + di = a + c + b + d i
a + bi c + di = a c + b d i
a + bi c + di = ac bd + ad + bc i
a + bi ac + bd bc ad
= + ic + di 0
c + di c 2 + d 2 c 2 + d 2
4
= a + bi a bi a
= a bi = c + di
+ = + =
= ( )= 0

1 i 1 i a, b
a + bi a
real partb imaginary part
a = 0, b 0
3 i
1 i 2 1
c + di c di = c2 d 2i 2 = c 2 d 2 1 =
2 2
c + d
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 1 7

a + bi a + bi c di ac adi + bci bdi 2

= =
c + di c + di c di c2 + d 2
ac bd 1 + bc ad i
=
c2 + d 2
ac + bd bc ad
= 2 + i
c + d 2 c2 + d 2
1 (2 + i) + (3 + 2i) = (2 + 3) + (1 + 2)i = 5 + 3i
2 (7 + 5i) (9 4i) = (7 9) + {5 ( 4)}i = 2 + 9i
3 (4 3i)(2 + 5i) = 8 + 20i 6i 15i 2
= 8 + 14i 15( 1)
= 23 + 14i
2 + 3i 2 + 3i 1 i 2 2i + 3i 3i 2
4 = =
1+i 1+i 1 i 12 i 2
2 + i 3 1 5 1
= = + i
1 1 2 2
4
a + bi ac + bd bc ad
= = + i
c + di c 2 + d 2 c 2 + d 2
ac + bd bc ad
( )
= 2
c + d 2 c2 + d 2
i

a bi a bi c + di
= =
c di c di c + di
ac bdi 2 + adi bci ac + bd bc ad
= = 2 i
c2 + d 2 c + d 2 c2 + d 2
( )=
= a + bia, b = a bi
= a + bi a bi = a2 b2i 2 = a2 + b2
2
= a2 + b 2 2 = a 2 + b 2 2
=
+ = 2a, = 2bi
+
a= b =
2 2i
6-1-1, 6-1-2

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 8 1

2
1-2-1
1
expression+

integral expression
2 A, B
A + BA, B
A B B A

1 monomial

1 3ax2y3
(i) a, x, y 6
(ii) 3a x, y 5

polynomial
term

2 7x2 8ax + 5a3
(i) x, a 3
(ii) x 2
(iii) a 3
2 similar terms
1

1 5a2b ab2 2a2b+6ab2 = 3a2b + 5ab2

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 2 9

2 5xy2 2y + 3x2y3 7x3y + x + 3
(i) x
7yx3 + 3y3x2 + 5y2 + 1 x 2y + 3
(ii) y
x+3 7x3 + 2 y + 5xy2 + 3x2y3
constant term
0 0
3 ax2 bx + c + 3
(i) 3
(ii) x c+3

A + B = B + A, AB = BA
A + B + C = A + B + C , AB C = A BC
A B + C = AB + AC

4 A = 3x2 4x + 2, B = 2x2 + 5x + 1
A + B = 3x2 4x + 2 + 2x2 + 5x + 1
= 3x2 2x2 + 4x + 5x + 2 + 1
2
= 3 2 x + 4 + 5 x + 3 = x2 + x + 3
A B = 3x2 4x + 2 2x2 + 5x + 1
= 3x2 + 2x2 + 4x 5x + 2 1
2 2
= 3+2 x + 4 5 x + 1 = 5x 9x + 1

power

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 10 1

1-2-2
1
a m an = a m + n am n = amn ab n = anbn
m, n
2

3
m a + b = ma + mb
a + b 2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 a b 2 = a2 2ab + b2
a b a + b = a2 b2
x + a x + b = x2 + a + b x + ab
ax + b cx + d = acx2 + ad + bc x + bd
a + b 3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
a b 3 = a3 3a2b + 3ab2 b3
a + b a2 ab + b2 = a3 + b3
a b a2 + ab + b2 = a3 b3
a + b + c 2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
a + b + c a 2 + b2 + c 2 ab bc ca = a3 + b3 + c3 3abc
2 2 2 2 4 2 2 4
a + ab + b a ab + b = a + a b + b

2 x + a x + b x b
x+a x+b =x x+b +a x+b
= x2 + bx + ax + ab x x2 bx
= x2 + a + b x + ab
a ax ab

x + a x + b = x2 + bx + ax + ab
= x2 + a + b x + ab
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 2 11

a2 + b2 = a + b 2
2ab
3 3 3
a +b = a+b 3ab a + b
3 3 3
a b = a b + 3ab a b
1
a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc a b 2+ b c 2+ c a 2
ca =
2
a2 + b2 c2 + d 2 = ac + bd 2 + ad bc 2 3-1-2 1
a2 + b2 c2 + d 2 = ac bd 2 + ad + bc 2

2
3 1 2x 3 2x + 3 = 2x 32 = 4x2 9
2 2x + 5 3x 4 = 2 3x2 + 2 4 + 5 3 x + 5 ( 4)
2
= 6x + 7x 20
3 3
3 2x 1 = 2x 3 2x 1 + 3 2x 12
2
13
= 8x3 12x2 + 6x 1
2 2 2
4 x+y x y x + xy + y x xy + y2
= x + y x2 xy + y2 x y x2 + xy + y2
= x3 + y3 x3 y3 = x3 2
y3 2 = x6 y6

= x + y x y x2 + xy + y2 x2 xy + y2
= x2 y 2 x 4 + x 2y 2 + y 4 = x 2 3
y2 3 = x6 y6
2
5 x 2y 3z
= x2 + 2y 2 + 3z 2 + 2x 2y + 2 2y 3z
+ 2 3z x
= x + 4y + 9z2
2 2
4xy + 12yz 6zx
2
= x 2y 3z
a b a2 ab + b2
= a3 b3 ,
++, , +

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 12 1

1-2-3
1 m, n 2 A, B
m n
A = BQ + RR = 0 [R ] < [Q ]
Q, R Q R A
B
R = 0 A B
2
1 x x P x R
R=P
3
1 x x P x P
= 0 x P x P = 0

1 A = x3 + 2x2 3x x2 + 4x + 5
+ 4, B = x 2 x 2 x3 + 2x2 3x + 4
x3 2x2

4x2 3x
x3 + 2x2 3x + 4 4x2 8x
= x 2 x2 + 4x + 5 + 14 5x + 4
5x 10
14

x A= px2 + qx + r
3 2
ax + bx + cx + da 0 x ax3 + bx2 + cx + d p=a
px3 px2
px2 + qx + r
qx2 + cx + d q=b+ p
R qx2 qx
rx + d r=c+ q
rx r
p = a, q = b + p
R R=d+ r
r = c + q, R = d + r
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 2 13

a, b, c, d a b c d
p q r
a b+ p c+ q d+ r
p, q, r R
p q r R
2 P x x P x x
P

x P Q x R
Px = x Q x + R x =
P = Q + R = 0Q +R=R
R = P
x P x R=0 P = 0
3
x 1 P x = x3 8x + 7 R
3
R=P 1 =1 81 + 7 = 0
P 1 = 0
1 0 8 7 1
P x x 1
1 1 7
1 1 7 0
2
Px = x 1 x +x 7
A
A, B
B 0
B

A AC A AC
C 0
= =
B BC B BC

A B A+B A B A B
+ = =
C C C C C C

A C AC A C A D AD
= = =
B D BD B D B C BC
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 14 1

1-2-4
1
C 2 A B AB A
B C factor

2
ma + mb mc = m a + b c
2 2 2
a 2ab + b = a b
a2 b2 = a + b a b
2
x + a + b x + ab = x + a x + b
acx2 + ad + bc x + bd = ax + b cx + d
a3 b3 = a b a2 ab + b2
a3 3a2b + 3ab2 b3 = a b 3
3
a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = a + b + c 2

a 3 + b3 + c 3 3abc = a + b + c a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca
4 2 2 4 2 2 2 2
a + a b + b = a + ab + b a ab + b
an bn = a b an 1
+ an 2
b + + abn 2
+ bn 1

n
a n + b n = a + b an 1
an 2
b + abn 2
+ bn 1

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
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 2 15

1 a2b + b2c a 2c b3 = b2 a2 c b3 a2b (a)

2 2 2 2
= b a c b b a (b)
= b2 a2 c b
= b+a b a c b
2 2 2
2 a b +c 2ac = a2 2ac + c2 b2 (c)
= a c 2 b2
= a c+b a c b
3 2
3 x 7x + 6 = x 1 x +x 6 (d)
= x 1 x 2 x+3 P x = x3
3 7x + 6
X + Y 3 = X + Y
3 3
3XY X + Y P 1 = 13 71 + 6
=0
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = a3 + b + c 3 3bc b + c 3abc
3
= a+ b+c 3a b + c a + b + c 3bc b + c + a
2
= a+b+c a+b+c 3a b + c 3bc
= a + b + c a2 + b 2 + c 2 ab bc ca
2 x, y x + y, xy x, y

x, y f x, y f x, y = f y, x
f x, y

a + a2b2 + b4 = a4 + 2a2b2 + b4 a2b2 = a2 + b2 2 ab
4 2

= a2 + b2 + ab a2 + b2 ab = a2 + ab + b2 a2 ab + b2
x3 + y3 + 3xy 1 = x3 + y3 + 1 3 3xy 1
= x+y+ 1 x2 + y2 + 1 2
xy y 1 1x
2 2
= x+y 1 x +y +1 xy + y + x


x4 + x2 6
= x2 2 x2 + 3
= x + 2 x 2 x2 + 3
= x + 2 x 2 x + 3i x 3i
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 16 2

1 1 2
2-1-1 1
1 equation




2 1
ax + b = 0
b
a 0 x =
{ a=0
a
b = 0
{ b 0

2

()A = B A+C=B+C
()A = B A C=B C
() C 0 A = B
AC = BC
A B
() C 0 A = B =
C C
a 0 1 ax + b = 0
ax + b = 0 ax + b b=0 b ()
ax = b
1 1
ax = b ()
a a
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 1 1 2 17

b
x=
a
a = 0, b = 0 x 0x = 0
0x + 0 = 0
0x = 0 x
x
a=0b 0 0x + b = 0 x

ax + b = 0 b
ax + b = 0 ax + b b=0 b ax = b

transposition of terms
1 a2x + 1 = x + a x
a2x + 1 = x + a a2 1 x= a 1
a+1 a 1 x=a 1
1
(i) a 1 x =
a+1
(ii) a = 1 0x = 0
(iii) a = 1 0x = 2
2 x 3 =x 1x
(i) x 3 x 3 =x 1 x 3=x 1
0x = 2
(ii) x < 3 x 3 =x 1 x 3 =x 1 2x = 4
x = 2 x < 3
alge-
bra Al-Khwarizmi 800 al-
gebrwal muk bala gebr
muk bala
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 18 2

2-1-2 2
1
ax2 + bx + c = 0a, b, c a 0
px + q rx + s = 0 p 0, r 0
q s
x= ,
p r
2
ax2 + bx + c = 0a, b, c a 0
2
b b 4ac
x=
2a
ax2 + 2b'x + c = 0a, b', c a 0
b' b' 2 ac
x=
a

1 AB = 0 A = 0
B = 0 A, B
7-1-2 2
1 6x2 7x 3=0 2 3 9
2
6x 7x 3=0 3 1 2
2x 3 3x + 1 = 0 7
3 1
x = ,
2 3
2 2 1 x2 3 2 x+ 2=0
2 + 1 x2

x2 1+2 2 x+ 2 2+1 =0 1 2 2
x 2 x 2+1 =0 1 2+1 2 1
x = 2, 2+1 1+2 2

1+2 2 1 + 2 2 2 41 2 2+1 1+2 2 1
x= =
21 2
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 1 1 2 19

x = 1 + 2, 2
2 2
ax + bx + c = 0X 2 = A
2

X = A X


ax2 + bx + c = 0
b c
x2 + x + = 0
a a
b b 2 b 2 c
x2 + 2 x +
2a 2a 2a( ) ( )
+ =0
a
b 2 b 2 4ac
x+( 2a
= )
4a 2
X 2 = A
b b 2 4ac
x + =
2a 4a 2
b 2 4ac
b
x =
2a
ax2 + 2b'x + c = 0 b = 2b'
2b' 2b' 2 4ac b' b' 2 ac
x = =
2a a
1 3x2 4x + 2 = 0
2
2
2 2 32 2 2i
x= =
3 3
1 2 1 1
2 x + x =0
6 2 3
6 x2 + 3x 2=0
3
41 2 3 32
17
x= =
21 2
x 2 2 3 = 0
2
x 4x + 1 = 0

x 2 2=3 x 2= 3 x = 2 3
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 20 2

2-1-3 2
1 2
2 ax2 + bx + c = 0
D = b2 4ac D
discriminant b = 2b'
D
= b' 2 ac
4
D>0 2
D 0
D=0
D<0 2
2
2 2
ax2 + bx + c = 0 a 0 2 ,
b c
+ = , =
a a
2

1 D
b b 2 4ac
x=
2a
0

2x2 3x + k = 0
D = 3 2 42k = 9 8k
9
k < D > 0 2
8
9
k = D = 0
8
9
k > D < 0 2
8
2

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 1 1 2 21

b + b 2 4ac b b2 4ac
= , =
2a 2a

b + b 2 4ac b b 2 4ac b
+ = + =
2a 2a a
b + b 2 4ac b b 2 4ac b 2 b 2 4ac c
= = =
2a 2a 4a 2 a


f x = ax2 + bx + c f = 0, f = 0
2
f x x x x a
ax2 + bx + c = a x x
b c
x2 + x + = x2 + x+
a a
x
b c
+ = , =
a a
a, , D
b 2 c
( )
D = b2 4ac = a2
a
4
a
= a2 + 2 4 = a2 2

2
D
= p + qi q 0 2
2 2 2
qi
|

= =p = p + qi p qi = 2qi
= 4q2 < 0 D < 0
, 2x2 5x + 4 = 0 2 2
+ 2

5
+ = , =2
2
5 2 9
2+ 2= + 2 2 =
2 ( )
22 =
4

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 22 2

2-1-4 2
1
, ax2 + bx + c = 0 a 0
ax2 + bx + c = a x x
2 2
ax + bx + c a x =
2
D=b 4ac = 0
2 2
m, n 2 x2 1 2
x m x n =0 x2 m + n x + mn = 0
p = m + n2 q = mn2
x2 px + q = 0
3
x+y=p
t 2 t2 pt + q = 0 2
xy = q
4 2
, 2 ax2 + bx + c = 0
2 D 0, + > 0, >0
2
(b 4ac 0, ab < 0, ac > 0)
2 D 0, + < 0, >0
(b2 4ac 0, ab > 0, ac > 0)
2 <0 (ac < 0)
< 0 ac < 0 D = b2 4ac > 0

1 2-1-3 2

1 3x2 5x + 1 1
5 13
3x2 5x + 1 = 0x =
6
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 1 1 2 23

5 + 13 5 13
3x2 5x + 1 = 3 x (6
x
6)( )
2 k 2x2 5xy + ky2 5x + y 3 x, y
1
x 2x2 5 y + 1 x + ky2 + y 3 = 0
5 y+1 D
xx = D = 52 y + 1 2 42 ky2 + y 3
4
D y D = 25 8k y2 + 42y + 49
D1 D = 0
D
1 = 0 212 (25 8k)49 = 0 k = 2
4
k = 2 2x y + 1 x 2y 3
2 3 + 2 3 2 x2 1
2
3 + 2 + 3 2 = 6 3 + 2 3 2 =7
2
x 6x + 7 = 0
4 > 0, >0 + > 0, > 0
+ > 0, >0 > 0, > 0
= 2 + i, =2 i + = 4 > 0, = 5 > 0 > 0, > 0
2
0
D 0
2 x2 + 2 a + 3 x a + 3 = 0 2
a
, 2 ,
D
= a+3 2 a+3 0 a+1 a+6 0
4
> 0, > 0 + = 2 a + 3 > 0
= a + 3 > 0
a 6 1 a a < 3
a < 3 a
a 6
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 24 2

2
2-2-1
1
1-2-3 3

n n 2
2 3 3
2
2
1 ax4 + bx2 + c = 0a 0 2
(i) b 2
4ac 0 x2 = t
(ii) b2 4ac < 0

ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + bx + a = 0a 0
ax5 + bx4 + cx3 + cx2 + bx + a = 0a 0

(i) 0 x2
1 1
a x2 + 2 + b x +
x x ( ) (
+ c = 0 )
1 1
x + = tx2 + 2 = t 2 2 2
x x
t
(ii) 1
x + 1 px4 + qx3 + rx3 + qx + p = 0
p = a, q = b a, r = c b + a(i)

1 3 4
5

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 2 25

2

x3 + 2x2 5x 6 = 0
3 2
f x = x + 2x 5x 6
f 1 = 0 f x = x + 1 x2 + x 6 = x+1 x+3 x 2
x = 1, 3, 2

ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0a, b, c, d a 0, d 0

p
p q
q
(i) p d
(ii) q a

2 1 x4 3x2 4 = 0 (i)
x2 = t t2 3t 4=0 t 4 t+1 =0
2
t = 4, 1 x = 4, 1 x = 2, i
2 x4 + 2x2 + 9 = 0 (ii)
4 2 2 2
x + 2x + 9 = 0 x +3 2x 2 = 0
x2 + 2x + 3 x2 2x + 3 = 0
x = 1 2i, x = 1 2i
4 3 2
3 2x 3x 5x 3x + 2 = 0 (i)
2
x 0 x
1 1
(
2 x2 + 2
x
3 x+) (
x
5=0 )
1
x + = t 2t2 3t 9 = 0 t 3 2t + 3 = 0
x
3 1 3
t = 3, x + = 3,
2 x 2
3 5 3 7i
x = x =
2 4
1 1 2
2
x + 2 = x+
x (
x
2=t2 2 )
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 26 2

2-2-2 3
1 3
, , ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0a 0 3
b c d
+ + = + + = =
a a a
a, b, c, d
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = a x x x
2 3
l, m, n 3 x3 1 3
x l x m x n =0
3
x l + m + n x2 + lm + mn + nl x lmn = 0
p = l + m + n3
q = lm + mn + nl2
r = lmn3
3 2
x px + qx r=0
3 3
3 ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 1
p + qi p, q q 0
p qi

1 3 2


f x = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d f = 0, f = 0, f = 0
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = a x x x
b c d
x3 + x2 + x + = x3 + + x2 + + + x
a a a
x2, x
b c d
+ + = , + + = , =
a a a
3 2
1 , , x 2x + 3x 5 = 0 3
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 2 27

3 3 3
+ +
+ + = 2, + + = 3, =5
3 3 3 3 3 3
+ + = + + 3 +3
2 2 2
= + + + + +3
= + + 2 +3
+ + 3 + +
= 2 22 33 + 35 = 5
3
2 2+3 5 = 0
3 2
2 +3 5 = 0
3 2
2 +3 5 = 0

3 3 3 2 2 2
+ + 2 + + +3 + + 53 = 0
3 3 3 2 2 2
+ + =2 + + 3 + + + 53
2 2 2 2
+ + = + + 2 + + = 22 23 = 2
3 3 3
+ + = 2 2 32 + 53 = 5
n n n
un = + + n 4
n n n
+ +
n+3 n+3 n+3 n+2 n+2 n+2
+ + 2 + +
n+1 n+1 n+1 n n n
+3 + + 5 + + =0
un + 3 2un + 2 + 3un + 1 5un = 0
17-3-2
2 , , x3 2x + 1 = 0 3 +2
+2 + 2
x3 2x + 1 = x x x = x x x
3
x x x = x + 2x 1
x = 2 +2 +2 +2
3
= 2 + 2 2 1=3
3 1-1-3 4

3 2
= p + qi a +b +c +d=0
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 28 2

3 2 3 2
a +b +c +d=0 a + b + c + d = 0
3 3 2 2 3 2
a, b, c, d, 0 = , = a +b
+ ca + d = 0 = p qi ax3 + bx3 + cx + d = 0
f x = ax3 + bx + cx + d
gx = x p + qi x p qi = x2 2px + p2 + q2
f x Q x 1 Ax + B
A, B f x = g x Q x + Ax + B
f p + qi = 0, g p + qi = 0 A p + qi + B = 0
Ap + B + Aqi = 0 Ap + B = 0 Aq = 0
g p qi = 0
f p qi = g p qi Q p qi + A p qi + B
= Ap + B Aqi = 0
p qi f x = 0
n
x3 + ax2 + bx + 5 = 0 1 1 + 2i
a, b
a, b 1 2i
2
x 1 + 2i x 1 2i = x 2x + 5 x3 + ax2 +
bx + 5 = x2 2x + 5 x a = 2 ,
b = 2 + 5 , 5 = 5 = 1
a = 1, b = 3
x = 1 + 2i

3
3 x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0

() 2 X 3 = A


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 2 29

3 2
2a 3 ab
(x + a3 ) 3( a9 b
3 ) (x + a3 ) ( 27
+
3 )
c =0
a
X = x +
3
X3 3pX
q = 0
a2 b 2a 3 ab
p = q = + c
9 3 27 3
() 2 X X = u + v

3
u+v 3p u + v q=0 u3 + v3 + 3 uv p u+v q=0
u, v 2 uv = p
u3 + v3 = q uv = p u3 + v3 = q
u3v3 = p3 u3, v3 2
2 3
t
qt + p = 0
2 3
q+ q 4p q q 2 4p 3
u3 = v3 =
2 2
p
() 1 u0 v0 =
u0
v0 1
2 2
u = u0, u0, u0, v = v0, v 0, v 0 6-1-3 3
2
u = u0 v = v0
2
u= u0 v = v0
2 2
u0 + v0, u0 + v 0, u0 + v0
1 Cardaon1501-1576 Ar-
smagna, sive de regulis algebraicis
3 Cardaon
Tartarie 1535

4
Cardaon Louiguy
5 19
Abel Galois
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 30 2

3
2-3-1
1 2 1
ax + by = p cx + dy = q

1 1 1


pd qb aq cp
(i) ad cb 0 x = y =
ad cb ad cb
(ii) ad cb = 0
a b p
= =
c d q
a b p
=
c d q
a b
= c = 0 a = 0
c d
2 2 2
1 2
(i) y x 1 2
x y 2
(ii)x + y = p, xy = q t2 pt + q = 0
2-1-4 3
2 2
(i)1 1 = 0
(i)
(ii) 2
1 (i)
2 x, y
x + y = uxy = v u, v u, v
(ii)
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. . ,
2006[ 95]
.

ISBN 978-957-11-4564-8
ISBN 957-11-4564-5
1. 5BB2

310.27 95021695

106 339 4

(02)2705-5066 (02)2706-6100

h t t p : / / w w w . w u n a n . c o m . t w

w u n an @ w u n a n . c o m . t w

0 1068953

/ 6
KOKO SUGAKU TAIKEI TEIRIKOSHIKI NO REIKAIJITEN by (04)2223-0891 (04)2223-3549
Naoki Kawata
Copyright Naoki Kawata 2001 / 290
All rights reserved.
Original Japanese edition published in 2001 by Sheibunshinsha Publishing (07)2358-702 (07)2350-236
Co., Ltd.
This Complex Chinese edition published by arrangement with

Sheibunshinsha Publishing Co., Ltd., Tokyo in care of Tuttle-Mori
Agency, Inc., Tokyo
Complex Chinese translation rights 2006 Wu-Nan Book Inc. 2007 1

390

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(02)2705-5066