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Introduction

The purpose of this lab is to introduce a method by which internal pressure energy
is transformed to kinetic, and then mechanical energy. Water-jet impact forces will
be measured against a flat plate and a hemispherical cup, and prove that twice as
much mechanical energy is transferred to the cup, due to its shape. These
fundamentals are largely applied when making hydraulic turbines, as it is necessary
to maximize energy transfer from kinetic to mechanical

Theory
To determine the amount of force transferred to either the plate or cup, an
experiment can demonstrate a relationship between fluid velocity and shape of
impact plate; the angle of deflection has the greatest impact on the force
generated. The greater the angle of deflection, more kinetic energy is transferred
from the water into mechanic lift. See figure 1. The contact angle () for a flat plate
is 90o and for a cup it is 180o. Where uo and u1, is water velocity leaving the nozzle
and striking the plate; the fluid decelerates after leaving the nozzle due to gravity.
The equation for transfer of force into impact zone is:

F=W ( uo u1 cos ( ) ) ( Newtons )


(1)

Where:
F = Force (N)
U0/1 = velocity (m/s)
W = mass rate (kg/s)

For the plate the angle is 90 and 180 for the cup, which simplifies to:

Fcup=W ( u o+ u1 ) ( Newtons )

Fcup max=2 W u 0 ( Newtons )


(2)(3)

Fplate=W u0 ( Newton)
(4)
We can see that we should expect twice as much force generated into the cup.
For the experimental derivation of force, a sum of moments is used. This will be
explained in the experiment procedure. For an in-depth explanation of the
derivations and theory, please refer to pages 83 and 84 of 261Fluid mechanics lab
U
U
manual.
1
1

U
0

Fig 1

Equipment and Procedure:


For the full and original procedure, please refer to the 261 lab manual, page 84

First level the lever to the balanced position, indicated by tallies, with the

jockey at zero position


Allow water into the apparatus by opening the supply valve.
Increase the supply to maximum, and balance the lever by moving the

jockey. Record the distance on the lever scale


Record the mass flow rate using the water bench and stopwatch method
Decrease the flow rate slightly, and rebalance with the jockey.
Record around 10 points each with lower flow rates
Switch out the plate or cup. And repeat the same amount of measurements,
stating at the maximum flow and incrementally decreasing.

The procedure give us the ability to calculate upward force, by finding the amount
of torque applied by the jockey, to balance the lever.

F So=m g y

Where
F= Impact force ( N)
So = distance from center of vane to pivot of lever : 0.150 m
provided in manual

Equipment used:

m= mass of jockey : 0.600 kg provided in manual


g = gravitational acceleration : 9.81 m/s2
y = distance of jockey from pivot of lever. measured value

Stop

measurement).
Flat plate and hemispherical plate (supplied in lab)
Jet Impact machine (see page 80 in lab manual); make: TecQuipment, model:

H8 Impact
Hydraulics bench (see page 21 in lab manual); make: TecQuipment, model:

h1 Mk1V.
Thermometer.

watch

(make

sure

the

precision

is

consistent

for

each

time

Results
Diameter of nozzle
=
10mm
Cross-Sectional area of nozzle, ao
=
78.5mm2
Mass of Jockey weight
=
0.600kg
Distance from center of vane to pivot of lever=
0.150m

Table 1 : Data for hemispherical cup


balanc
tes e mass
t
(kg)

resultant
water
mass
(balance
3X) (kg)

time
(s)

distan
ce (m)

18

34.07

0.200

18

34.12

0.186

18

36.25

0.166

18

38.60

0.148

18

40.15

0.134

12

28.35

0.122

12

32.32

0.100

12

35.65

0.078

9
10

4
2

12
6

50.12
28.36

0.050
0.036

W,
mass
rate
uo
Wuo
F
(kg/s)
u (m/s) (m/s)
(N)
(N)
0.5283 6.7302 6.6790 3.5286
24
43
32
93
7.848
0.5275 6.7203 6.6690 3.5182
7.298
5
8
93
79
64
0.4965
6.2709 3.1138
6.513
52 6.3255
84
68
84
0.4663 5.9403 5.8823 2.7430
5.807
21
98
15
48
52
0.4483 5.7110 5.6506 2.5332
5.258
19
68
28
83
16
0.4232 5.3921 5.3280 2.2552
4.787
8
07
5
59
28
0.3712 4.7297 4.6566 1.7289
87
72
13
41
3.924
0.3366 4.2879 4.2071 1.4161
3.060
06
73
38
48
72
0.2394 3.0500 2.9352 0.7027
25
05
73
79
1.962
0.2115 2.6951 2.5645 0.5425
1.412

11
2
Example Calculation:

51.55

0.010

66
0.1163
92

For the hemispherical cup, row one:

u=

u=

W
103ao

0.528324 kg/ s
=6.730243 m/s
10378.5106

Velocity striking cup:

u o =u 2 gs
u o =u 29.81 m/s 0.035 mm

u o= (6.730243 m/s)229.81 m/s 0.035 mm


u o=6.679032m/ s

Force Upward

F So=m g y

F=

m g y
So

F=

0.600 kg 9.81 m/s 0.200 m


0.035m

F=7.848 N

03
1.4826
99

43
1.2295
1

69
0.1431
05

64
0.392
4

The same calculation procedure is used for the flat plat.

Table 2 : Data for flat plate

tes
t

balanc
e mass
(kg)

resultant
water
mass
(balance
3X) (kg)

time
(s)

distan
ce (m)

18

32.08

0.106

18

34.27

0.100

18

34.66

0.090

18

35.74

0.080

12

28.43

0.070

12

29.99

0.060

12

33.00

0.050

12

38.08

0.040

12

42.13

0.030

10

12

46.98

0.020

11

33.03

0.010

mass
rate(kg/
uo
Wuo
F
s)
u (m/s) (m/s)
(N)
(N)
0.5610 7.1477 7.0995 3.9835
4.159
97
36
37
31
44
0.5252 6.6909 6.6394 3.4873
41
65
51
1
3.924
0.5193 6.6156 6.5635 3.4086
3.531
31
77
72
64
6
0.5036 6.4157 6.3620 3.2041
3.139
37
63
21
52
2
0.4220 5.3769 5.3126 2.2424
2.746
89
34
94
32
8
0.4001 5.0972 5.0294 2.0124
2.354
33
4
29
43
4
0.3636 4.6323 4.5575 1.6573
36
1
87
04
1.962
0.3151 4.0143 3.9278 1.2377
1.569
26
45
83
78
6
0.2848 3.6284 3.5325 1.0061
1.177
33
42
47
85
2
0.2554 3.2538 3.1465 0.8037
0.784
28
58
68
21
8
0.1816 2.3140 2.1605 0.3924
0.392
53
51
87
77
4

Force on Vane vs Rate of Momentum


9
8
7

f(x) = 2.14x

cup

Force on Vane (N)

Linear (cup)

plate

f(x) = 1.08x

Linear (plate)

3
2
1
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

W uo (N)

Discussion
From the above graph we can see the force exerted on the vane is proportional to
the rate of momentum of the fluid. Since the trend lines both pass through the
origin, its indicative that our jockey was properly balanced and calibrated.
The equation of force on the flat plate is:

Fp=1.08(W u o)
The equation of force on the cup is:

Fc=2.14(W u o)

If the experiment was done accurately the ratio of the slopes should be equal to, as
the cup is expected to produce twice as much force.

R=

2.14
1.08

R=1.98
The true ratio is 1.98, which is extremely close to the predicted value of 2.
The efficiency of energy exchange can be calculated by comparing the ratio of
measured force, to the theoretical maximum. Evaluated at the 2 nd data point for the
hemispherical cup.

7.29864 N
2 W u0
7.29864 N
6.669093 m
2 (0.52755 kg /s)(
)
s

=1.03
Because we did not account for temperature when assuming water density, we
have an inaccurate mass rate, giving our efficiency an impossible value. If this was
corrected, the efficiency would be below 1, as all real systems never transfer 100%
of its energy.

Questions for discussion


1. To improve the accuracy of the measurements, it is suggested that the jockey
be weighed rather than assume the given weight. Also the addition of an

automatically adjusting jockey and calibration device, would help eliminate


human error in measurements.
2. a) The effect of 0.001kg less than actual would make the calculated force
greater and efficiency greater. The opposite is true if its mass was less than
actual by 0.001kg.
b) If the distance from center of vane to pivot of lever in error was 1mm
smaller, it would increase efficiency, and decrease it if the distance was
larger by 1mm.
c) If the measured diameter was smaller by 0.1mm the cross section error
would decrease, exit velocity would increase, and theoretical max force would
increase, resulting in a decreased efficiency. Opposite if error is greater than
actual.

Conclusion
In this experiment we proved the flat plate will have half of the energy transfer of a
spherical cup. Our experimental results agree with the theory. There was a slight
difference in actual and theoretical values and an efficiency greater that unity,
which is likely due to human error. We observed there was energy loss since the jet
was decelerated from the force of gravity.

Work Cited
Milton, Dean. Engineer Fluid Mechanics. Regina: University of Regina, n.d.

Enev 261
Lab #3 Impact of Jet
Section: 093
Alexander Calkins
SID: 200347607

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