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10/10/2016

Civil Engineering Project

DRAINAGE DESIGN
Contd..

DRAINAGE DESIGN
Submission Requirements
ALL DRAWINGS MUST BE DONE USING AutoCAD
No. Description

Drainage Design Calculation


1.Calculations runoff of sub-catchment area.
2.Completed drainage design sheet showing runoff, water flows and pipe diameters in the
drainage system
LOY layout drawing showing
1.Catchment areas
2.Manholes and drain run
3.Existing and finished ground elevations.
4.Longitudinal section drawing of your drainage
system showing:
Manholes and chainages
Existing ground elevations
Finished ground elevations
Invert levels
Pipe diameters

Submission Marking
Date
(%)

24-Mar-15

Lecturer

Module

Dr.Ramani Project

10/10/2016

Civil Engineering Project

What do we need to know to design a drainage system?


Topography

Location of
settlements

Ground surfaces and


other man made
features

Civil Engineering Project

We need to know the


pattern of rainfall in the
area that we are trying to
drain:

This rainfall data is analysed to derive the


following:

Intensity of
the rainfall

Storm duration

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Civil Engineering Project

Storm return period

The STORM RETURN PERIOD is derived from a statistical analysis of many years
rainfall data. It is a measure of the frequency with which storms occur.
A 1 in 2 year return period describes the most intense storm that is
likely to occur once every 2 years.
A 1 in 10 year return period describes the most intense storm that is
likely to occur once every 10 years.
In the UK intense storms are quite rare event. This implies that the longer the return
period the more intense the storm is likely to be.
If we design a drainage system for a 1 in 2 year return period we are
likely to get a storm every 3 to 4 years that the drains cannot cope
with. So the system floods.
If we design a drainage system for a 1 in 10 year return period we are
likely to get a flood every 15 to 20 years.
Designs based on low return periods will flood more frequently than those based on
long return periods.

Civil Engineering Project

Storm return period & Global warming


As the atmosphere heats up due to global warming it holds more water.
Because the atmosphere is holding more water, when rainfall does occur it is more
intense than in the past.
The increasing frequency of flooding is occurring because our drainage systems have
been based on statistical data that does not reflect the current density of rainfall.
Civil Engineers need to take this into account when designing new drainage systems
and when rebuilding / maintaining existing systems.
WE NEED TO START USING LONGER RETURN PERIODS TO ALLOW FOR GLOBAL
WARMING.

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Civil Engineering Project

Storm return period & Rainfall intensity data


Rainfall intensity tables are available for the whole of the UK
The extract here is for the 1 year and 2 year return period for the Leeds area

1 year return period

Every year we are likely to get a storm lasting

2 year return period

Every year we are likely to get a storm lasting

5 minutes that deposits 50.3 mm of rainfall

5 minutes that deposits 62.2 mm of rainfall

15 minutes that deposits 28.7 mm of rainfall

15 minutes that deposits 35 mm of rainfall

These tables show the intensity of rainfall that falls during storms that vary in
length from 2 to 120 minutes for return periods of 1 and 2 years.
The costs of construction must be balanced against the economic and social
costs of flooding.

Civil Engineering Project

Drainage systems cost money


The costs of construction must be balanced against the economic and social costs of
flooding.
A drainage system that will cope with the 1 in 10 year return period storm is much
more expensive to build than a system designed to cope with a 1 in 2 year return
period storm.
In rural / urban areas, where local flooding is acceptable, we
design for a 1 or 2 year return period.
In city centers, where the consequences of flooding are less
acceptable, we design for a 5 or 10 year return period.
Major infrastructure projects, where the consequences of
flooding are unacceptable, we design for a 50 year return period.
e.g. Bridges, Airports

10/10/2016

Civil Engineering Project

RATIONAL METHOD of designing drainage systems


This is the simplest method of designing a drainage system.
The purpose of a drainage system is to provide a means of collecting and safely
moving excess ground water from the catchment area to a suitable outfall.
The outfall point for a surface water sewer system may be either the sea, river, lake
estuary, etc.
This is because a surface water sewer contains unpolluted water.
A foul water sewer system contains polluted water. The foul water sewer must drain
into a filtration plant.

Civil Engineering Project

RATIONAL METHOD of designing drainage systems


This is the simplest method of designing a drainage system.
A drainage system provides a means of collecting and safely moving excess ground
water from the catchment area to a suitable outfall. The outfall point for a surface
water sewer system may be either the sea, river, lake estuary, etc.

Component parts of a surface water drainage system

10/10/2016

Urban Drainage Systems


Components Sewers (vertical alignment)
The vertical position of a sewer
is defined by its invert level (IL)
This is the lowest point on the
inside of the pipe and is defined
relative to some datum (e.g.
AOD in the UK)
Other important levels:
Soffit highest point on the inside
of the pipe
Crown highest point on the
outside of the pipe
Depth lowest point on the
outside of the pipe
Urban Drainage Systems

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Civil Engineering Project

Component parts of a storm water drainage system

Invert Level (IL)

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Civil Engineering Project

The velocity of flow is controlled by the pipe diameter and the


gradient of the pipe.

Hydraulic design charts

Friction loss in turbulent flow

Ks

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Relative roughness for common materials

Civil Engineering Project

Hydraulic design charts

These design charts are for a pipe with a resistance to


flow value Ks of 1.5mm

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Civil Engineering Project

Run Off

Based on type of surface


Individual catchment areas need to be analysed

Peak Runoff
Rural
versus
Urban

Urban Drainage
Systems

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Civil Engineering Project

Run Off

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Drainage Design Sheet

Civil Engineering Project

Drainage design

We require an estimate of the amount of water to be drained away. This is called the
flow rate (Q).
The following is assumed:
Water that falls onto unpaved (permeable) areas soaks into the ground
Water that falls onto paved (impermeable) areas flows into the drain
We only have to work the flow rate (Q) out for the impermeable areas:
Q = 2.78 A I

(A = Impermeable area ; i = intensity of flow)

The site to be drained is split up into catchment areas.


The only purpose for these catchment areas is to split
the site up into small manageable segments.
In this example the site is to be drained into the water
course on the right hand boundary.

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Civil Engineering Project

Drainage design
Route a sewer pipe
network that passes
through all the catchment
areas.
Annotate the network so
that you can reference each
individual section of pipe
AND each catchment area.

Network 1 consists of pipes:

Network 2 consists of pipes:

Civil Engineering Project

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3

The number to the left of the decimal


point refers to the network number.
The number to the right of the decimal
point refers to the drain line within that
network.

2.0

Drainage design
This site is split into 5 catchment areas.
Work out the area of the impermeable
surfaces (Paved and roofed areas).
This is normally done in Hectares.
(1 Hectare = 10000m2)
Compute the run-off flow rate (Q) from each
of these catchment areas.
Q = 2.78Ai
Where:
A = Impermeable area in catchment segment
i = Rainfall intensity for specified storm

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Civil Engineering Project

Locate the Man Holes in


this sewer network.
Remember, MHs must be
present in the following
situations:
Changes in pipe size
Changes in pipe direction
Changes in pipe gradient
Upstream end of the system
Connections of branch sewers
Distance between MHs must not
exceed 90m.

Civil Engineering Project

Drainage design
We need to evaluate the data shown in the following
table for each pipe run within the network.

Most of this table will become self explanatory when the values
are entered, but the term Te will need further explanation.

Te stands for Time of entry, an estimate of the


time taken for the rain fall, once its hits the
ground and becomes run-off, to flow across the
impermeable ground and enter the drain.
This can only be an estimate and is dependant
upon ground conditions, rainfall intensity and
topography. It may vary from approximately 2
minutes in heavily built up city centre areas to 10
minutes in lightly built up rural areas.

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Civil Engineering Project

Drainage design

Compute gradient of ground between the MHs at either end of the pipe using the
finished Ground Levels and the Length

Try and use a standard gradient


between the manhole positions.
Look at the table of standard pipe
gradients and use the nearest
standard gradient to the computed
ground gradient.

Civil Engineering Project

Drainage design
We already know the values shown
here. Assume Cast iron pipe, so Ks= 1.5

This value (The resistance to flow) is dependant upon the


material the pipe is made from. It will be provided by the
manufacturers

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Civil Engineering Project

Drainage design

Pipe Diameter
Velocity of flow
Discharge rate

Gradient of pipe

Civil Engineering Project

Drainage design

To finalise the design we


need to examine the
flow of water through
each pipe run.
This involves working through the drainage
design sheet shown below.

Values shaded this colour are copied from


the table on the previous slide.

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Civil Engineering Project


This value is the cumulative
total of the individual
catchment areas.

Dependant upon material


pipe is made from.
Provided by the
manufacturer.

Drainage design
Tc, Time of concentration.
Time it takes for water to flow to outlet point
of pipe after entering catchment area.
Tc = Te + Tf
Tf, Time of flow.
Time it takes for water to flow
through pipe.
Tf = Pipe length / Velocity

Initially this value will be a best guess at a


suitable pipe diameter.
IT MAY HAVE TO BE CHANGED AND
RECALCULATED
Velocity of flow.
Related to gradient, diameter
and Ks value of pipe.
Obtained from the Hydraulic
Design Charts.

Rainfall intensity.
Related to return period and
duration of storm.
Dependant on local climatic
conditions and acceptability of
flood risk.
Obtained from rainfall intensity
charts.

Check = Pipe capacity Q.


If value is +ve this section of
drain has sufficient capacity.
If value is ve repeat the
calculation with a pipe of
larger diameter.

Pipe capacity.
Related to pipe
diameter and
gradient.
Obtained from
Hydraulic Design
Charts
Runoff (Q).
Q = 2.78 x P x A x i.
A = Impermeable area
I = Rainfall intensity

Civil Engineering Project

Each pipe run is looked at separately.

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Pipe Diameter
Velocity of flow
Discharge rate

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Use the greater value of tc

Cumulative catchment
area = 0.4 + 0.35 = 0.75

Round tc value up to next


duration value to obtain
intensity of rainfall

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Always remember to think of the number of water sources entering the pipe.

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