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BI 1: KHUCH I CNG SUT


TRANSISTOR POWER AMPLIFIER
I. Dng c th nghim:
- F.A.C.E.T base unit
- Board mch TRANSISTOR POWER AMPLIFIERS
- 1 VOM
- 1 My o dng sng
- 1 My to sng
II. Ni dung th nghim:
Hon thnh 6 ch

Ch 1: Lm Quen Vi Board Mch


a. Gii thiu:
Mc ch ca khuch i cng sut transistor l lm tng cng sut ca mt
tnh hiu, s tng ln ca cng sut tn hiu xoay chiu l t cng sut ngun
cung cp mt chiu.
Board mch TRANSISTOR POWER AMPLIFIERS bao gm 5 khi:
SINGLE ENDED POWER AMPLIFIER.
PUSH PULL POWER AMPLIFIER.
COMPLEMENTARY POWER AMPLIFIER
DARLINGTON PAIR
PHASE SPLITTER.
Trong khi PHASE SPLITTER khng phi l khuch i cng sut, n ch
c dng to ra hai tn hiu cng bin v ngc pha 180o.
Trn Board cng c 2 khi GENERATOR BUFFER v ATTENUATOR.
ATTENUATOR dng iu chnh tn hiu c bin nh khi s dng ngun
pht. Tn hiu ra xp x 1/10 tn hiu vo.
Tt c cc tn hiu a vo cc mch u a vo chn c k hiu GEN.
Trong mch SINGLE ENDED POWER AMPLIFIER tn hiu ra c ly
trn R5 song song vi cun th cp, BJT trong mch c mc theo kiu E
chung.
Trong mch PHASE SPLITTER hai tn hiu ra ngc pha c ly ra ti cc C
v cc E ca BJT.
Trong mch PUSH PULL POWER AMPLIFIER c 2 BJT v 2 bin p. Bin
p th nht c chc nng nh mt b chia pha, cung cp 2 tn hiu ngc pha
180o cho hai BJT. Tn hiu ra c ly trn R6 song song vi cun th cp ca
bin p th 2.

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Trong mch COMPLEMENTARY POWER AMPLIFIER c 1 BJT NPN v 1
BJT PNP mc ni tip, tn hiu ra c ly ra trm R8.
Trong mch DARLINGTON PAIR c 2 BJT NPN, ta c th cu hnh cho 2
BJT hot ng n, hoc hot ng nh cp Darlington. Mch ny khng
dng ngun cp mt chiu.
Khuch i cng sut b ph th hiu sut hn khuch i y ko v khng
cn bin p mch vo hay mch ra nn cng knh.
b. Tin hnh th nghim:
Trn khi SINGLE ENDED POWER AMPLIFIER ta mc mch nh sau:

Dng VOM kim tra ngun VA = 15V.


Dng knh 1 ca my hin th dng sng, iu chnh ngun GEN tn hiu
ng vo l 400 mVpk-pk tn s 1kHz.
S dng knh 2 o in p ti chn C ca BJT, VC = 2000 mVpk-pk.
S dng knh 2 o in p u ra ti R5, VO = 390 mVp-p.
in p ra ngc pha so vi in p vo.

Trn khi PUSH PULL POWER AMPLIFIER ta mc mch nh sau:

iu chnh ngun VA = 9 V.
Dng knh 1 ca my hin th dng sng, iu chnh ngun GEN tn hiu
ng vo l 3 Vpk-pk tn s 1kHz.
S dng knh 2 o in p u ra ti R6, VO = 2 Vp-p.
in p ra ngc pha vi in p vo.
Dng knh 2 quan st p ti chn B ca Q1,Q2 ta thy:

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+ p ti chn B ca Q1 ngc pha vi tn hiu p vo.
+ p ti chn B ca Q2 cng pha vi in p vo.
- Dng knh 2 quan st p ti chn C ca Q1,Q2 ta thy:
+ p ti chn C ca Q1 cng pha vi tn hiu p vo.
+ p ti chn C ca Q2 ngc pha vi in p vo.

Ch 2: Khuch i Cng Sut n Tng


a. Gii thiu:
Mt mch SINGLE ENDED POWER AMPLIFIER c dng nh sau:

Transistor Q1 iu khin dng qua ti (RL), tn hiu vo xoay chiu a vo ti


RI v t ln cc B ca Q1, tn hiu ra c ly ti ti RL.
Bin p c s dng nh mt thnh phn phi hp tr khng.
li cng sut c tnh bng t s gia cng sut ra v cng sut vo, hay
tch ca li p vi li dng: AP =

Po
= Av.Ai
Pi

Khuch i cng sut c li cng sut cao, li p thp, li dng cao.


th ng ti

in p VCE c th t 2VA, mch khuch i cng sut n tng ghp bin p hot
ng ch A. Ch A cho hiu sut thp nht, nhng tn hiu ra ko b mo
bin .

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Bin p c t s vng dy gia cun s cp v cun th cp l 6,13:1, khi khng
c tn hiu xoay chiu vo th khng c dng chy qua RL.
Tn hiu xoay chiu vo t mo v c gi tr dng xoay chiu trung bnh bng 0.
Bin in p nh u vo phi nh hn mc m nh m s lm cho BJT tt.
v mch hot ng ch A nn khng c mo bin gia tn hiu vo v ra.
tnh gi tr cng sut xoay chiu trung bnh cn chuyn t gi tr nh - nh
v gi tr hiu dng (rms): Vrms =

V pk pk 0.707
2

Cng sut trung bnh ng vo l: Pi = Vi.Ii


Cng sut ra l cng sut tiu tn bi in tr R5: Po = Vo.Io = Vo2/R5
b. Tin hnh th nghim:
Kho st ch mt chiu
Mc mch nh hnh v:

Dng knh 1 iu chnh sng sin ng vo bin 400 mVpk-pk, tn s 1kHZ.


Dng VOM o dng tng IT = 37mA
Ngt ngun AC ra khi mch, o dng tng IT = 37mA.
Thay th Ampe k bng connector, o in p ti cc cc ca BJT ta c:
VB = 1,33 V
VC = 14,3V
VE = 0.3V
Tip gip B-E phn cc thun. Tip gip B-C phn cc ngc.
- o in p ri trn cun th cp: VT1(primary coil) = 0,7 V
- cho cc C ca BJT h mch th VC = 15V
Kt lun:
- Tn hiu xoay chiu khng nh hng n dng tng IT.
- VC gn vi gi tr VA v in tr cun s cp nh.
- ch tnh, BJT c phn cc sn ln tip gip B-E lun phn cc
thun vi tn hiu xoay chiu ng vo.

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Kho st ch xoay chiu
Mc mch nh hnh v

Dng knh 1 iu chnh sng sin ng vo bin 400 mVpk-pk, tn s 1kHZ.


Dng knh 2 o in p ng ra ti R5. So snh p ra p vo ta thy Vo
khng b xn, hay mo, mch hot ng ch A.
Vo = 390mV, tnh c Vo(rms) = 137 mV.

Ta tnh c Vi(rms) =

Vi ( pk pk ) 0.707
2

= 141 mV

Av = Vo(rms)/Vi(rms) = 0.99.
S dng phng php ADD INVERT ta o c in p trn R1:
VR1 = 86 mV, tnh c VR1(rms) = 30,4 mV
Ii(rms) = VR1(rms)/R1 = 0.3 mA
- Io(rms) = Vo(rms)/R5 = 16.7 mA
- Ai = Io(rms)/Ii(rms) = 56
- Pi = Vi(rms).Ii(rms) = 0.042 mW
- Po = Vo(rms).Io(rms) = 2.29 mW
- Ap = Po/Pi = 54.5
- Ap = Av.Ai = 55.4
- Ap 2 cng thc l gn nh nhau, Ai >>Av
- Thay i gi tr ca R2 t 3.3k sang 10k, dng knh 2 o gi tr in p ra ta
thy dng sng ca in p ra b mo dng.
Kt lun:
- li p Av th thp, li dng Ai th cao, nn li cng sut Ap cao
- Cng sut c tnh t tch ca gi tr hiu dng in p v dng in, hoc
tch li p vi li dng.
- Nu khng c phn cc ln th mch khng cn hot ng ch A

Ch 3: B Chia Pha
a. Gii thiu:
Mt b chia pha c th l mt bin th hoc l mt mch transistor. L mt mch
nhn tn hiu n u vo v cho ra hai tn hiu lch pha 180o

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S mt b chia pha dng transistor nh sau

Tn hiu vo ti cc B, v tn hiu ra ti cc C v E
y l mch khuch i E chung.
in p phn cc thun ca tip gip B-E khong 0.6V.
Dng IE v IC gn bng nhau v dng IB rt nh

Ni tr re = 26mv/IE, rt nh so vi RE

li ti ng ra B l AvB =

R4
xp x 1.
R4 re '

li ti ng ra A l:AvA =

R3
v R3 = R4 nn AvA cng bng 1.
R4 re '

b. Tin hnh th nghim


kho st ch mt chiu
Mc mch nh hnh v:

Dng knh 1 iu chnh sng sin ng vo bin 1 Vpk-pk, tn s 1kHZ.


o dng tng IT = 0.47 mA
Ngt GEN ra khi mch, o li dng IT th thy vn khng i
Thay Ampe k bng connector, o VA = 14,8 V
o in p ti cc chn ca BJT
VC = 11
VB = 4,6 V
VE = 3,9 V

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VBE = VB VE = 0,7 V
VR3 = VA VC = 3,8V
IC = VR3/R3 = 0,38 mA
IE = VE/R4 = 0,39 mA
IC xp x IE
Kt lun:
- Mch phn p t in p ti cc B ln Q1 lun dn, in p ri trn tip
gip BE xp x 0,6V.
- Dng tng IT khng b nh hng bi tn hiu xoay chiu ng vo, mch hot
ng ch A.
- in p ri trn in tr collector v in tr emitter l gn bng nhau.
Kho st ch xoay chiu
Mc mch nh hnh v

Dng knh 1 iu chnh sng sin ng vo bin 1 Vpk-pk, tn s 1kHZ.


Dng knh 2 o in p ti ng ra A, VoA = 0.9 Vpk-pk, ngc pha vi Vi.
AvA = VoA/Vi = 0,9
- Dng knh 2 o in p ti ng ra B, VoB = 0,9 Vpk-pk, cng pha vi Vi.
AvB = VoB/Vi = 0,9
Kl:
- Tn hiu p ra ti cc E cng pha vi tn hiu vo.
- Tn hiu p ra ti cc C ngc pha vi tn hiu vo.
- Tn hiu o ra ti cc E v cc C cng bin v ngc pha.
- li p nh hn 1, xp x 1.

Ch 4: Khuch i Cng Sut y Ko


a. Gii thiu:
- Mch khuch i cng sut y ko c s nh hnh v
- Mch ny c h s khuch i cng sut ln hn v hiu sut ln hn mch
n tng. Hai BJT Q1 v Q2 yu cu 2 tn hiu vo ti cc B cng bin
nhng ngc pha.
- V tn hiu vo ca mi BJT l ngc pha nn mi BJT dn trong na bn k
ca tn hiu vo.

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B phn p t in p ti cc B ca BJT mc hi cao hn p phn cc


thun 0,6V. Nn khng c hin tng mo xuyn tm (crossover distortion).
V mi BJT hot ng ch AB nn tng tn hiu ra l ch A.
li cng sut ca mch khuch i y ko l cao v li dng cao, trong
khi li p thp (gn bng 1).
BJT Q1 v Q2 c phn cc gn im ngt.

Khuch i ch A c phn cc ti im gia ca ng ti


Khuch i ch B c phn cc ti im ngt ca ng ti
Khuch i ch C c phn cc ngoi im ngt ca ng ti
Khi hot ng ch AB in p ti cc B ca BJT c t mc 0,8V
(trn 0,2 V so vi mc phn cc thun), nn s c dng nh IC khi cha c tn
hiu xoay chiu vo, dn ti tiu tn cng sut khi cha c tn hiu xoay chiu
vo, u im ca mch ny chnh l cng sut tiu tn thp khi cha c tn
hiu xoay chiu vo.
Trong ch A, dng IC xut hin trong ton chu k ca tn hiu vo
Trong ch B, dng IC xut hin trong na chu k ca tn hiu vo
Trong ch C, dng IC xut hin t hn na chu k ca tn hiu vo
Trong ch AB, dng IC xut hin nhiu hn na chu k tn hiu vo

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Dng tng IT chiu nh hng ca tn hiu xoay chiu v, mi BJT ngt tng
ng vi mi phn ca tn hiu xoay chiu vo.
Tn hiu ra Vo ngc pha vi tn hiu vo Vi
Q1 v Q2 khng cng dn trong mt bn k ca tn hiu vo, Q1 dn trong bn
k m ca Vi, Q2 dn trong bn k dng ca Vi.
Khi Vi tng, tn hiu p xoay chiu cng thm vo p mt chiu, lm dng Q2
dn, trong bn k dng ca Vi th Q1 tt, khi Vi chuyn sang bn k m th Q1
dn, Q2 tt.
Cng sut u vo l o gia cun th cp T1 v R1 : Pi = Vi(rms).Ii(rms)
Ii(rms) c tnh t gi tr p hiu dng ri trn R1.
Cng sut u ra c o trn R6 : Po = Vo(rms).Io(rms) = Vo(rms)2/R6.

b. Tin hnh th nghim:


kho st ch mt chiu
Mc mch nh hnh v:

Dng VOM iu chnh VA = 9V


Dng knh 1 iu chnh sng sin ng vo bin 3 Vpk-pk, tn s 1kHZ.
o c dng tng IT = 40 mA
Khi ta tng/gim bin ca tn hiu xoay chiu ng vo th dng IT cng
tng/gim theo.

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Ngt ngun GEN ra khi mch th dng IT = 30mA.


Thay ampe k bng connector
o in p ti cc chn ca 2 BJT
Q1

Q2

VC1 = 8,9 V
VB1 = 0,82 V
VE1 = 0,12 V

VC2 = 8,9 V
VB2 = 0,82 V
VE2 = 0,12 V

=> VA VC1 = 0,1 V,


VA VC2 = 0,1V
IE1 = VE1/R4 = 0,12/10 = 0,12 A = 120 mA
IE2 = VE2/R5 = 0,12/10 = 0,12 A = 120 mA
Q1 v Q2 phn cc ging nhau, hu ht cng sut ca ngun cung cp ri trn cc
BJT, VCE ca mi BJT l 8,08 gn gi tr VA, im lm vic tnh ca mi BJT nm
gn im ngt.
Kt lun:
- Tn hiu xoay chiu ng vo lm nh hng n dng tng IT.
- C hai BJT c phn p nh nhau, gn im ngt.
Kho st ch xoay chiu
Mc mch nh hnh v:

Dng VOM iu chnh VA = 9V


Dng knh 1 iu chnh sng sin ng vo bin 3 Vpk-pk, tn s 1kHZ.
Dng knh 2 quan st dng sng ti chn B ca Q1,Q2 ta thy tn hiu ti B ca
Q1 ngc pha vi tn hiu vo, tn hiu ti B ca Q2 cng pha vi tn hiu vo.
Dng knh 2 quan st dng sng ti cc E/Q1, BJT Q1 dn trong bn k dng
ca tn hiu cc B, so snh ta thy Q1 dn trong 210o.
Dng knh 2 quan st dng sng ti cc E/Q2, BJT Q2 dn trong bn k m ca
tn hiu cc B, so snh ta thy Q2 dn trong 210o.
Mi BJT hot ng ch AB.

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Dng knh 1 v knh 2 quan st dng sng ti cc C ca Q1 v Q2 ta thy 2 tn


hiu ti C1 v C2 cng bin nhng ngc pha.
Dng knh 1 v knh 2 quan st dng sng ti Vi v Vo, ta thy 2 tn hiu ny
ngc pha. o c Vo = 2 Vpk-pk => AV = 2/3 = 0.66
Vi(rms) = (3 x 0,707)/2 = 1,06 V
VR1 = 20 mVpk-pk
IR1 = VR1/R1 = 200 A
IR1(rms) = (200 x 0,707)/2 = 70,7 A
Pi = IR1(rms).Vi(rms) = 70,7 A x 1,06 V = 74,9 W
Vo(rms) = (2 x 0.707)/2 = 0,707 V
Po = Vo(rms)2/R6 = 0,7072/8,2 = 0.060W = 60 mW
Ap= 60 x 103/74,9 = 800
b connector ni R2 vi R3

Tng p u vo ln khong 10Vpk-pk, dng knh 2 quan st dng sng ti ng


ra th thy tn hiu p ng ra b mo xuyn tm
- Nu ngt kt ni R4 lm Q1 tt th s dn ti mo bin ng ra.
Kt lun:
- 2 BJT ca khuch i y ko yu cu hai tn hiu ngc pha nhng bng
nhau v bin .
- Mi BJT dn trong khong 225o ca tn hiu vo.
- Mc d li p nh hn 1, nhng li dng ln, nn li cng sut ln.
- Mo xuyn tm xut hin khi khng phn cc sn cho BJT
- Khng c tn hiu mt chiu phn cc th tn hiu xoay chiu vn c th lm
BJT dn.

Ch 5: Khuch i Cng Sut B Ph


a. Gii thiu:
- Mt mch khuch i cng sut b ph gm mt BJT loi NPN v mt BJT
loi PNP, BJT c mc theo kiu C chung. Mi BJT hot ng lp AB, nn
ng ra khng b mo, mi BJT dn hn 180o.

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Mch khuch i b ph c tr khng vo cao, tr khng ra thp, li cng


sut v hiu sut cao.
S mch nh sau

Mt mch khuch i b ph l tng yu cu 2 BJT b ph i xng, tc l 2


BJT c cc thng s i xng vi nhau.
Phn p sao cho hiu in th gia hai cc B ca Q1 v Q2 ln hn 2 ln 0,6V
(p cn thit tip gip BE dn) mt t. Lm cho VCE ca mi BJT hi nh
hn VA/2 = 7,5 V. im lm vic tnh ca mi BJT gn im ct.

Mi BJT hot ng ch AB.


Tn hiu ra c ly trn R8.
Cng sut, dng, p u vo c o ti giao im gia C1 v R1
Cng sut, dng, p u ra c o trn R8.
Tn hiu ra Vo cng pha vi tn hiu vo.
T C2 v C3 mc song song v t ni tng cn ln p ng tn s thp tt.

b. Tin hnh th nghim


Kho st ch mt chiu
Mc mch nh hnh v

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o in p VA = 14,8 V
o in p ti cc cc ca 2 BJT
Q1

Q2

VC1 = 14,8 V
VB1 = 7,9 V
VE1 = 7,2 V

VC2 = 0 V
VB2 = 6,5 V
VE2 = 7,2 V

VB1 VB2 = 7,9 6,5 = 1,4 ln hn 2 x 0,6 = 1,2V


IE =

V E1 V E 2
= 0 mA
R6 R7

VCE1 = 7,6 V, VCE2 = 7,2V


Kt lun:
- Mt mch khuch i cng sut b ph gm 2 BJT mt NPN v mt PNP,
mc theo kiu C chung, ni tip vi nhau.
- Khong mt na p ngun cung cp ri trn mi BJT.
- C 2 BJT phn cc ging nhau, im lm vic tnh nm trong vng tch cc,
gn im ngt.
Kho st ch xoay chiu
Mc mch nh hnh v:

o in p ngun cung cp VA = 14,8 V


Dng knh 1 iu chnh sng sin ng vo bin 3 Vpk-pk, tn s 1kHZ.
o p ra trn R8 Vo = 0,6 Vpk-pk, cng pha vi Vi
li p Av = Vo/Vi = 0,6/3 = 0,2
Quan st tn hiu cc E, ta thy tn hiu cc E mi BJT ch c na chu k, tn
hiu xut hin hn 180o, v c hai BJT phn cc gn im ngt.
Dng phng php ADD INVERT o in p ri trn R1, VR1 = 0,8 Vpk-pk
Vi(rms) = (3 x 0,707)/2 = 1,06 V
VR1(rms) = (0,8 x 0,707)/2 = 0,28 V
Ii(rms) = VR1(rms)/R1 = 0,28/1 = 0,28 mA
Pi = Ii(rms).Vi(rms) = 0,28mA x 1,06 V = 0,296 mW
Vo(rms) = (0,6 x 0.707)/2 = 0,21 V

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Po = Vo(rms)2/R8 = 0,212/8,2 = 0.00537W = 5,37 mW
Ap= 5,37/0,296 = 18,1
- Io(rms) = Vo(rms)/R8 = 0,21/8,2 = 0,0256 A = 25,6 mA
Ai = Io(rms)/Ii(rms) = 25,6/0,28 = 91,5
- nu tng in tr ti t 8,2 ln 18 th Vo = 0,9 V
Vo(rms) = 0,318 V
Po = Vo(rms)2/R8 = 0,00562 W = 56,2 mW
=> cng sut tng
Kt lun:
- BJT NPN Q1 dn trong bn k dng ca tn hiu vo. BJT PNP Q2 dn trong
bn k m ca tn hiu vo.
- Mi BJT dn hn 180o ca tn hiu vo => tn hiu ra khng b mo xuyn tm
- Tn hiu ra cng pha vi tn hiu vo.
- Tng gi tr in tr ti lm tng cng sut ra.

Ch 6:

Cp Darlington

a. Gii thiu:
- Cp Darlington gm 2 BJT NPN hoc PNP mc vi nhau nh hnh v

Cc E ca BJT ny ni trc tip ti cc B ca BJT kia, hai cc C ni chung li


vi nhau. Cp Darlington hot ng nh mt BJT n vi li dng D
bng tch li ca mi BJT
Tr khng vo ca cp Darlington rt ln. Khi c mc theo kiu C chung tr
tr khng ra ca cp Darlington rt nh

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B qua gi tr re2 th tr khng vo ca tng th 2 l Zi2 = 2 R5.


B qua gi tr re1 th tr khng vo ca tng th 1 l Zi1 = 1 Zi2
Tr khng vo ZiD = 1 2 R5 = D R5

b. Tin hnh th nghim


Kho st c tnh li dng
Mc mch nh hnh v

y khng phi l mt cp Darlington.


o in p ngun cung cp, VA1 = 14,8 V
Dng VOM iu chnh VA2 in p ti cc C ca Q2 l VC2 = 5,8 V

IC2 =

V A1 VC 2
= (14,8 5,8)/470 = 0,0191 A = 19,1 mA
R4

o in p ri trn R2, VR2 = 1700 mV


IB2 = VR2/R2 = 1700/10000 = 0,17 mA.
2 = IC2/IB2 = 19,1/0,17 = 112
Mc mch nh hnh v

iu chnh li VA2 VC2 = 5,8 V.


o in p ri trn R2, VR2 = 12 mV
IB1 = VR2/R2 = 12mV/10k = 1,2 A
D = IC2/IB1 = 19,1 x 103/ 1,2 = 15900
H mch cc C ca Q1, iu chnh li VA2 VC2 = 5,8 V
o in p trn R2, VR2 = 1030 mV
IB1 = VR2/R2 = 1500mV/10k = 0.15 mA
Khi cc C ca Q1 h th dng IB2 = IB1
D = IC2/IB1 = 19,1/0.15 = 127

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Kt lun:
- li dng (Beta) ca cp Darlington bng tch Beta ca hai BJT.
- Cp darlington hot ng nh mt BJT n c li dng cao.
Tr khng vo ra
Mc mch nh hnh v

o in p ngun, VA1 = 14,8 V


iu chnh ngun VC2 in p ti cc C ca Q2 l VC2 = 5,8 V
IC2 = (VA1 - VC2)/R4 = (14,8 5,8)/0,47 = 19,1 mA
o in p trn R2, VR2 = 1300 mV
IB2 = VR2/R2 = 1300mV/10k = 0,13 mA
2 = IC2/IB2 = 19,1/0,13 = 146
Tr khng vo ZiQ2 = 2 R5 = 146 x 100 = 14600 = 14,6 k

G b connector mc mch Darlington nh hnh v

iu chnh li VA2 VC2 = 5,8 V


o in p ri R2, VR2 = 10 mV
IB1 = VR2/R2 = 10mV/10k = 1 A
D = IC2/IB1 = 19,1 x 103/ 1 = 19100
ZiD = D R5 = 1910000 = 1,91 M

Kl:
- tr khng vo ca cp Darlington rt cao i vi tn hiu nh
- tr khng ra ca cp Darlington rt nh i vi tn hiu nh

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