Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • A Method of Critical Research PDF

    Uploaded by

    masoha
    14 views11 pages

    Original Title

    a method of critical research.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    14 views11 pages

    A Method of Critical Research PDF

    Uploaded by

    masoha

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 11
    CHAPTER 18, A Method for Critical Research Donald E, Comstock “Tate the ea of hema (citeed nd wnytemaieies end socen athe (raph a em nt cncentrtedands eat aes), "tn goto he mases td popup eg eet es ‘irae hens trown holt hen on onl bem neta, ne tt the carcino thc est nhs Ten ce ap ‘estate ders mes dor gn got tc aoe Ad {20 ors andonerapn nen ene apcl nh eas eon ae ere, ve ral ond ht each Ue. Soh he Mats iy of Sowden Inte Ist acae herb bens remarkable numb boks ep les inteoded to fullanize Amen sociology with he rca ‘cores of society asocited with the Franklut Insite fr Saal Research. Hower, partly becane of conaderlesnvaence by te smembersofthe "Frankfurt sehoo!eowardemprealeicurc, tc pty osause se the 190, they have ben late rom pla pci, limited attention bs bbe ven fo revcach methods appropente to & eres social sane nth paper oatine such metho ihe hope ‘i simultinga reconsierain of ecuch ace whic are appeope ‘eto soil scence of pra Following ee dscsson of the ned for such method I wil ont ou severlditineons between postive ‘il since aod riical soil eae which are relevant to reset ‘methods, Inthe final section of the paper wl preset w sequence of eps which outing a efitcl mevdod of research Ia this context “metho” isnotobe confused withspecte tench echigus involved in data colction and analysis. Rater, I ee the tr torr fo the ineral procedare by which we 99 sbowt studying soe’ nding Seleing research problems, consutng snd exaaning Incas, and iseminating our cigs “A Nat for Cate Resch 1. The Necessity for 2 Critieal Method of Research “The central argument of:his paeris that the development fcr ‘theories of eotemporty soil netaton reqs a cna! research rah. Weer hemi ey he Pete scl cenes new top and expect to drip seul cea acl stence, Moreover, not cic teory.and eo Maras coals in genoa peso fa removed tom the people s9@ lass it purports {oenightcn and sof tery Ute se to thos eegaged inconeretseragget {or prosressive change, Despite the test nteatons o is practsonets ea theory remains eneapped ia he academic pacice of theory Dung. The quetson it acdeses ae theoetal question: andthe nsvers it supes ave meant to adware theoretical nowleGe, not poliel peace. This bectse Boh mainsteam soil sess ad {lcd anal ie practiced almost eniely it academe see85 go ‘ecntse the fine has conscously andthe second Aas unconsciously ‘opie the epstemlogyof postive scenes” Thefuncton ot cial nal fences tointese the evareness ot social actors ofthe emradictry conditions of scion which re distorted lor hiddee by everyday understancings Its founded one principe hat sit men and women are potently scve agents te couseosion of ‘hel social word andthe personal ves: ha tey canbe the secs, rather than the objects, of secostorical processes Is aim i se ‘omit pracce which ibesterhsmanrirom colopal azea oa ‘eplonser the atu andthe pombe. The methodol esearch ppp. Sto this endesvor canaot be adopted fom postive soil ornate ‘Snees. The method at postive soil sine ree the emp ‘Sounption tht sooty neta atu fora temateobsreaton. ‘Ti i both a refecton of ad « ction to, te reieation of rmonopely and sate capa societies. Thin reshod objects the bax ‘an subjects ofan investigation by Westin Wee behavior as ra data Stich is externa tothe soenicentegpie. "The positive ferearch meted ees sell processes by nattlng roi phenomena adarer fing them ae eteral to our undentandng, and denying Sel seco ssa constuctedoes. The consequence isn eaforce the acaton| ‘tthe sabject of vocal since reser om heir soils and A consent crea method which eats SOc a a aman soa ssrustion and people ete stv subjects that conetrtion oul Gheed on atgue with subjects ater than the obereton oF ‘apeimental mumpulation of people. cial socal scence must at The: The Cite Appr eclycontsbut othe revitalisation of moral dsoune and revel ‘ionay action by ceanging Is subjects in a proce of active understanding and collective selfformaton. Lo this Way, scence bee ‘Smet a method for sltenncons eto ater han an cles fhe ‘echnocrate domination of» pasve populace I, Some Differences betwoen Critial Sovial Science fad Postive Social Seence “The rots of seats hough le in the Eaiphonment tee hat entne Kncledge i the mont eective ests fOr the Lesson of ‘Humans. Yt modern pov sence has escode, on epiemoloicl andmethodologe ground, ey sich inves Instead, sconce viewed ‘trea meane equal fo Ibeaton of oppression. The Scie se o which knowledge wl be pt i exclede fom the province ‘tscentifc uaersandag ele. Tne lage of conemporay coc {cents minted by the epstatolog) ethology 6 tented Scenes which amumes fasta separation fe khower Hom the Koon, of the sujet fom he objec. Criea theory ie the storia contradiction o thi siete sl image of moder vcey- Crt teory expen dene the vw tat Ita ud socey ea be understood via te sumptions a methods ‘ofthe nar sens that deny the slreveative character of uma ‘thought and action. A bie comparison of pve and ential socal sscnees ilcone fur pnts of vergence: (1) hl diesen ages of ‘sie and oman nature, (2) the contain of nz knoe of oil processes, ) te forn tht sctite explanations of socal processes Ios tae, and (4) the cleo the social semis” 1. Images of Socio and Human Nanee Poitive sacil sense see society a an cbestive phenomenon sehichean be desribed aa set shisioriforoe which coats aman Ienavor Cra! weal scene, onthe oer hand, ews sok #4 human cousut which sired tough people s progressive we standing of Hstrizally specie processes and sutures. Poste soci ‘Sence takes human nares costant dtm sie te ees p= spective argues that humars change themeles by econstiuing het sbeit, By aebutng a "tinge quay to soy, ponies ‘Senses endow soc proces th what Brey Sma ale souo~ enceeness’ Reacts the commonsense obectifetons othe es edinavidin capt soit, positive soul scene fait © aalyoe nm A Met for Ctl Rasch society at haman contraction, Tig spprosch ma) ave peditive “ality i the abort run ao fong ar the reentry power of cology mains unhalenged. However sao a ose soil proceses Sodstrotresitstaties atoll spo, gosiv soca sence en ‘either account lor nor serve as «pide for ondamental soil ass Tacomas ciel socal seace, whch slfconsciwsy aie patesin the reconracton sos sutures andcodecsive sings Eh ieumedatl ston projec. Rae human exclusive concen wich Isivedeserptonsatwhat exces ual ence rece tention 2 the possi immanent nthe bstoial evelapment foc procs Scstreated by himansnderstsading and ation. As Horheumer rot, “he crtcal thor ofsoaey has forsobjectve men asproducerscl theiromn istrilwy often ttay." Tas gute erent es of {try and human natre has round inpetons forthe consttation ‘tv scence Kaowiedge. ‘The Consiution of Sot Sctence Knowledge Fora postive sora ence, knowledge isconsituedby th there seal ondrig of empl oberon of an objestive rai. The data tn Jesipuons of soil behaves and the subjective ele ates Sod wales ofincvidels' These are asumed to exhaust the Beld of {agairyandtoprovidean exer or objective dat fr esting there [eal models Pose soot science attempt to mocel part ofthis realy ‘voush te use of valuesneul concepts. Accords o Habermas, in this the ive iden that Knowledge desibs reat uel become prevalent Objectvnn and the valve nevtality of concepts Become {ulin princlse! postive sot! scence seh tha fat are sharply Sisinguised rom values spd theory Hom pracice. Ahough tore [nowledged, the imation that bas Jstifed and Tepimated poste science hasbeen the prodiion and ssramentalconl of tse” “Thus, Fay shows, when ti nterest i apploga the stay of hams, theresltisthe manieltion oscil relstonshis teenthvonment of {eahnial means over moral ends the mpoverzment of pital sc ‘Son, and te suport of domiacat clases" rem the peripostive of cies! soil sence, Eacwiedge may full tro human stress, in ation techincal coneol. Since numa ris soil Ife anc governed by normatve principles a meal precepts, secon! inerent const of the pascal teguemet or Intersubectse understanding agreement 99 RODS, values, and resnings Te soll scents are teteoveisluably hermencete theyre ona interpretation of he ners} meanings and pe ms Par Thee The Cit Apc thes which order everyday Ue. In turn, they conta othe mainte ‘ance or change ofthe mesnigs and prctier For reson, ‘becomes near to recognises thd human ners an hed type ot oologger tat which Res partisan from nutooded ad Teed ‘conceptions of calty. This endnepatony erst the Basi for “gue of deolngy an for knee tat infros fundamental social change "eal socal seience refeses to sept current sci prcties as ‘thesinal cote validation. Both meanings td action a histor ‘almoment ate wansitory aniston ofchangieg socal stecar A “rtcal sil scence mest aaa these 1 Heke of their ested at Senied posses” Under condone of dominion, actor under- Standgs ae histoicly Honey ty Wealogies which lpimate and flempt to perpetunt exsting relatos of power. Yer Socal acon ‘continues to enange the soca strate in Wa at costar these Ineasnge, Bounties for diferent undereandings an stone remain itlden fom lew only 20 log st the power and thei agents can rmsinain distorting sews. tn which conttes sre social iene the eman- ‘bets ot ideolopicaly oxen conceptions and te fsrvome priser suboee. The aly fits concep, dt, ae heory B slated tothe hiborial aims and purposes of tat subject” Thus fastead of siplydescbing a prtcalar historic formatin, a eel focal sence stemts 1 eacdte the poste coares of Son and ‘Deunings which are anesthe development of tbe present order. ‘Todo ths tans combine theory ofsracarl ebange with risque of ite set ieoloaly stored understanding In thi way cre] tnderstaning of society mediates theory and practice 3 The Form of Seni Knowledge out aca sienceatrames tit a sal form of elation i ppuopiat to allscienen. The edie nomolgal or covering It prelate, even rarely achieved th socal scenes. The Nese of ‘storm ofexplanaton bein he appeal to ahistorielasoroerlopal ssatemeats of deterinstic or probable relations between phe omens, Explnation syne with precion: the det fan ‘vent post fact from laws and epi ondtons dental in form {0 te prediction of tare events The vali fthes last on ale aaely wo conidonlly pred ttre event. AM postive sentise A Mad for Col Resch acivities collecting and refining data, discovering coveltions and formalting empirical generations. hypothe, and modeleis ‘Grectedtwardthe pronto estable snd wel confirmed ls which are ‘xcored by logy cabaret thos ‘teal soil scene challenges bth the possi of th del ‘of explanation sd the asi of is uncon asa paradigm for the Social scence. While postive toa sence aces Raman Elio, ‘ical scl scence studies Human aon ad seeks to make manifest the processes hy which socal srctares are const by bua action ud ordered by incrubective meanings Cries acount late rol evo tothe abject actions, nt del ov mecanaly Gt 38 they are imtexpreced ano ordered by their undestardings and motes. Since all noma ation are consents of scaly interpreted eof onion, wa cannot predict behusoe dc fom soc contons. Instead, ciel explanations mst recognize the medation of meanings tstich menierr make sence of heir own and eer ate Oace We Stumetbat onal processes re conttated through meansl ation, the pediton of social ation is posse only so Log s csittive Ieanings do net change Since humans ae seltdebsing sgen's who ‘efleton and interpret ther stone, and sce alt samen socal ‘anges the product ofiooration moth memings aot rates, {ture concitons and rgulerie sre not predeerined. Moreover as “Taylor notes, even te categories and concepis we kta tik le superseded inthe future" (Casouty,posibstsasune tis in the evelopment of ther own scletie dios but exclude om their ‘sonrderstion on oer socal posses) Tfallsoil proces mist be anderson the product of eaning- fat human scons, then a eis! acount ust en om te ine. subjective means, ales and inner afbisoneal specie oust ‘cor Interpretive sesantsofatonncetasn cus explnatons, {ake the form of pce inferences whereby acs ae devel Som ¢ Knowledge ofthe seo intentions and conceptions of whit mst be ropose that Bows wre propre if hy exes interest Purposes or han ees whch amo ested within comet {sacl onder chrstered hy mata esol omiaton la ‘tor words, thane require moe oles inden changes ia the destin of inteasedpartcpatin io he cole aad sl ‘Sass conta fc statin “Appopte subjects or re rsesich woud cae agai tinsofthe tad ttn movenenitclig ranked le meveens o ‘tore democracy, btitmold ai cae oops notalvay ete {5 woking cst movements sich seston of pore tea des eavonental soup, oration represen he needs of ‘omen, minoites, poor pepe, and ete och super peopl IRovemens In och cn he vesgater at tempi the op toh wing sd able fo patpte i the lvesgaton and pa he nding it pace 2. Develop an Interpretive Understanding of the Antrubjecve Meanings, Values, nd Motives Held by All Groupe of Actors nthe Sbjct? Mien (ta seseach begins wit study ofthe subjec’ own ie wor — the consutv meanings, social ales, values, and pia motives which trier ation in thee porculr sting. Soil ation i domintes odes of what the works hikes ths what peopl ate a nat they 9 |s determined bythe understandings hat peta te tout and actin "This equtes that rel azecus be rounded nthe mestngs fad ales held yi subjects andthe with whom hey ret, The Second step of seal Yestach is tha bemerets: the verge Seeks, tough Gilogue wit the parucipans, to consact x cokeent ‘ccunt ofthe understandings they have oftheir wood "The fsaing ‘Sccounts wil present the praca inference the actors ue to waren ‘hei ona ations and the conduc of ethers” Thos both typical mates 20 A Mad for Crt Reearch and intcotions a wel a onceptions of conitions wil be explicate, ‘Thee accounts wil eve both ss a Bas forempral- anal sties and asa corecive fo the iavesigator’spreconepions regarding the subject Hower and experenos "The etal estat mist determine meanings sre dere sted, that's, ifthe undesstenings of sone Subjects die rom the ‘omiasn ideology, Sicha iferetition of meaning wil provide ues tothe contratitons mmarent ie the dominant yom of action and Fodene the mata ofthe esse bythe dominated group. More- ‘over « dfereaition of meaning within the dominated. sup my incicat emerging contractions thi she movereat it sbi mst be addesed bythe members. The posits of eologiealy dort Selfndestandiogs within proresve movements mist not be ‘ssounted "The accuracy of thes interpretive accounts tobe judged by the

    You might also like