Your Brain is NOT a Computer!

It is common to think of the human brain as a kind of super-computer. Certainly there are many
analogies. Computers have the ability to store and remember information, to compare and even
make decisions based on programmed instructions. But the mechanics of all computers is
fundamentally a switch, or "gate", that either allows an electrical current to flow (on) or not (off).
While the neurons and synapses perform a similar function in the brain, recent discoveries have
revealed how unlike a computer this remarkable organ really is.
New discoveries shed light on the amazing abilities of our brains
Because most of our communication uses language, we have become used to expressing our thoughts in a
linear progression; each idea is an expansion of the previous one. This logical sequence of data is also the
foundation of computer programming languages. We envision computers as an extension of our own minds,
and so we naturally try to understand our brain in the same mechanistic fashion.

The apparent magic of a computer processor is its ability to rapidly open and close a huge number of
switches. In the early days these switches were actual relays, giving rise to the clicking sound that
characterized brainiacs like Robbie the Robot [above] in the classic film, Forbidden Planet.
In 1946, two Americans, Presper Eckert, and John Mauchly built the ENIAC electronic computer which used
silent vacuum tubes instead of the relays. A year later engineers, working at
AT&T's Bell Labs, invented the diode transistor which would replace the
vacuum tube forever. Miniturization and the development of micro-processors
has made it possible for you to be reading this article on a powerful computer.
Yet, as remarkable as this technology has become, computers are still just
collections of more and faster on-off switches.
At school, I was taught that the brain also had switches -- about 500 trillion of
them -- and they were called synapses. These are the gaps between neurons, or
brain cells. Each synapse could open and close like a computer switch,
allowing an electrical impulse to either continue or be inhibited. It was the
same on-off model. This idea persists even now. But it is about to change.
The synapse is no ordinary switch!

Synapses are tiny -- less than a thousandth of a millimeter in diameter -- so researchers have not been able to
see exactly what goes on in these neural gaps. A team at Stanford University's School of Medicine has spent
years engineering a new imaging model called array tomography. It's kind of like a CAT scan and an electron
microscope combined. The "slices" of many scans are manipulated by a computer to form 3D images that can
be rotated, penetrated, navigated and analysed.
The Stanford team took tissue samples from a mouse whose brain had been bioengineered to make larger
neurons in the cerebral cortex express a fluorescent protein (found in jellyfish), making them glow yellowgreen. Because of this glow, the researchers were able to see synapses against the background of neurons.
When they used their array tomography to view the synapses,
their revealed complexity was almost beyond belief.
To say that a synapse is much more than a switch is a gross
understatement! The revelation of synaptic space has had the
same effect upon neuroscientists as the Hubble Telescope has
had on astronomers.
According to Stephen Smith, a professor of molecular and
cellular physiology at Stanford:
"One synapse, by itself, is more like a microprocessor-- with
both memory-storage and information-processing elements
-- than a mere on/off switch. In fact, one synapse may
contain on the order of 1,000 molecular-scale switches. A
single human brain has more switches than all the computers and routers and Internet connections on
Earth." -- Cnet.com

Mark Miller, a doctoral student at Brandeis University, stained thin slices of a mouses brain to show how

neurons are connected to one another [above left]. The image shows three neuron cells (two yellow and one
red) and their connections. The synapses are too small to be visible. The image on the right was developed by
a group of astrophysicists, using a supercomputer, to simulate the origins and evolution of the universe. The
bright clusters are full of galaxies, surrounded by thousands of stars, more galaxies and dark matter.
These similar phenomena are examples of fractal networks, where information and energy are distributed
through a distinct pattern, interconnected on a microcosmic and macrocosmic scale. And the similarities are
even more significant.
As we shall see, astrophysicists are just now moving away from the gravitational model in favor of theories
that consider electric fields and plasma as the new paradigm (the so-called "electric universe") to explain the
evolution and maintenance of our universe. Neuroscientists are also beginning to experience their own
paradigm shifts from "brain switches" to electric field theories!
But wait... there's more!
While the immensely complex synapse was still causing slack jaws, neuroscientists uncovered strong
evidence that neurons also communicate with each other through weak electric fields. The study, published in
the journal Nature Neuroscience, by Dr Costas Anastassiou (Caltech), explains how every time an electrical
impulse races down the branch of a neuron, a tiny electric field surrounds that cell. This phenomenon was
expected, since any conductor carrying an electrical current generates a field. But until now, the significance
of this neuron field was thought to be negligible. The focus in neurology has always been on the end of the
neuron -- the synapse -- where the mechanistic "switch" model explained neural communication so well.
"I think this is a very exciting new discovery. We knew that weak electric fields can impact brain
activity, but what no one had really tested before was whether electric fields produced by the brain
itself can influence its own activity." --Ole Paulsen, a neuroscientist at the University of Cambridge
The Caltech study showed that when just a few neurons were generating electrical fields, the effects were
hardly noticeable. But when a group of neurons fire together, their collective fields were very significant,
functioning to coordinate, accelerate and potentiate the neural activity.
"We observed that fields as weak as one millivolt per millimetre robustly alter the firing of individual
neurons, and increase the so-called 'spike-field coherence' -- the synchronicity with which neurons fire
with relationship to the field.
Increased spike-field coherency may substantially enhance the amount of information transmitted between
neurons as well as increase its reliability.
I firmly believe that understanding the origin and functionality of endogenous brain fields will lead to
several revelations regarding information processing at the circuit level, which, in my opinion, is the level
at which perceptions and concepts arise." -- Dr. Anastassiou

Fields of a different kind -- Pastures and Morphogenetic

One of the amazing things about the brain is its intelligence -- the ability to learn. It's looking more like
learning is influenced as much by electric fields as the alterations of synaptic connections.

The image above shows the tracks of cattle in a field with a water hole. It's likely that the first cattle stumbled
upon the water by chance, leaving a noticeable trail in the dirt. As more animals sought water, they tended to
follow established paths -- even when these paths were not the most direct route. Over time, the most travelled
paths parallel each other, defining the most efficient routes to the water hole.
The brain establishes neural paths when it learns. Repetition helps us learn a task because, like the cattle
seeking water, it causes multiple paths to be established between the neurons and synapses. The multiple paths
collectively increase the electrical fields which, in turn, potentiate and enhance the more efficient flow of
information.
This "field effect" may prove to be more significant in explaining learning, habits and addiction than the
current model of neural reconfiguration. It explains how thoughts are not singular facts but can be layered,
associated and integrated with other paths containing ideas, memories and feelings. Groups of paths are
stimulated by the neural field, resulting in a variety of novel thoughts. While a computer made of switches is
incapable of creativity, our brain most certainly is.
Like in astronomy, understanding the effects of electrical fields is an immature science. Perhaps when we
understand more of how this works on the macro-scale we will be able to unlock more secrets inside our
brain.

Morphogenetic Fields are another mystery that begs for an explanation.

Rupert Sheldrake [right] is a biochemist who has been a pioneer in something he termed the morphogenetic
field. Sheldrake postulated that there was some type of memory or data that could exist outside of an organism
and would serve the same role of enhancing intracellular communication that neuroscientists are finding in the
brain. But Sheldrake envisioned the morphogenetic field decades earlier and applied
it to a myriad of living tissue.
He based his premise on the developing embryo which starts out as a single cell. As
it evolves, cells differentiate to form various types of tissue and organs. Embryology
explains this cell differentiation in terms of DNA, but it seems an incredibly complex
and remarkably stable achievement for a molecule. How are all of the cells made to
work together after they are formed? How do they communicate with each other?
For Sheldrake the answer was an invisible but very real biological field that
coordinates living cells, promoting their cooperation and unifying them to form a
single organism. He described cells of a similar type as having a specific "resonance"
which helps them to maintain -- rather than deviate from -- their designed function.
Later, Sheldrake extended his morphogenetic field theory to describe how individual organisms resonate with
each other, sharing experiences and learned behavior that enhances their survival.
Here is a good video where Sheldrake explains his Morphogenetic Field theory in detail:
The 100th Monkey!
The Japanese monkey, Macaca Fuscata [right], lives on the island of Koshima and has been the target of
biologists social scientists for decades. To keep them viable, they are routinely given
sweet potatoes which are dropped on the beach. The monkeys enjoyed the potatoes
but obviously disliked the sand that clung to them.
One day, perhaps by accident, an 18 month monkey brought a potato to a nearby
stream where the water washed the sand off. Her siblings observed this and started to
routinely wash their potatoes also. Scientists watched as the immediate family group,
then friends of the family, began to practice this washing technique. It was a slow
evolution and a majority of the other monkeys still coped with the unpleasant sand
on their potatoes.
Within six years, all of the young monkeys had learned to wash the sand off their sweet potatoes. Some adults
who imitated their children also learned this technique. But most adults kept eating the dirty sweet potatoes.
Then something startling took place. After a certain number of Koshima monkeys had started washing their
sweet potatoes (the scientists estimate about 100) -- suddenly everyone in the tribe was washing their sweet
potatoes before eating them. Scientists could not explain the almost instantaneous change in behavior. Even

more remarkable, colonies of the same species on different islands -- who had never been exposed to the
washing technique -- suddenly began washing their potatoes! Sheldrake interpreted this behavior to the
morphogenetic field, explaining that when a certain critical number of a species adapts, that adaptation will be
contained and proliferated by the field. It's a kind of collective unconscious.
Scientists were quick to jump all over Sheldrake because his theory was not mechanistic. It relied on
something that defied measurement or physical explanation. But Sheldrake accepted a challenge to
demonstrate his theory in a now famous BBC televised experiment.
The Experiment - What do YOU see?
"The experiment has three steps. You start by showing two of these puzzle pictures to a group of test
subjects to establish a base line for how easily the hidden picture in each can be recognized.
Next, on TV so that you can reach large numbers of people, you teach the TV viewers how to see one of
the hidden images, but do not show the other.
Finally, you get a new group of test subjects who did not see or hear about the TV show, and again test
their ability to recognize the hidden images. The experimental question is, if lots of people learn to spot
the hidden image in the puzzle picture, then does that make it easier for other people to spot it as well?"
-- Sheldrake
The people who saw the television show and were shown how to interpret the image in the pictures (i.e.
looking at the negative, white space) are like the critical number (the "100 monkeys") who learned to wash
their sweet potatoes. This knowledge then goes in to the morphogenetic field and becomes assessable to large
numbers of people who did not watch the televised show and were not shown how to interpret the pictures.
You compare the successful results of a groups, before and after the method of interpretation was taught, to
see the effect.
Below are the two images shown to BBC viewers in the experiment. Try to guess what the picture is in each
puzzle. After you click on the first picture, the hidden image will be revealed. Using that knowledge, can you
"see" the image in the second picture? Click after you have made a guess. How did you do?

Figure 1 [above]

Figure 2 [above]
The first of these TV experiments was done in Britain in 1983 with 2 million viewers. Several thousand
people were then tested in different parts of the world and the result was very positive and significant.
"This was then done on a larger scale on BBC television in 1984 with 8 million viewers. It was on one of
the popular science programs called Tomorrow's World. Now in that one, the image to be shown was
selected at random, live, at the moment of broadcast.
Post-broadcast tests were then carried out in North America, in Western Europe, and in the Southern
Hemisphere, particularly South Africa ... The percentage of people recognizing the hidden image in the
picture that was shown on television increased very significantly in Western Europe, but not in North

America, and in neither case was there a change in the control picture.
So there seems to have been an effect, but the effect was confined to Western Europe.
Now at first this looks as if it might be a distance effect but I don't expect distance effects ... one
possibility is that this has to do with people being in similar time zones, being more in phase. South
Africa and Western Europe are only one hour different from Britain, whereas America is 5 to 8 hours
different." -- Sheldrake

The Plastic Brain

When we speak of the brain being "plastic" we are speaking about its ability to reorganize the
neurons to perform different functions, as needed. If one part of the brain is injured, it is possible
for other parts of the brain to be mobilized to compensate for the lost tissue. As we age, it is
possible for individual neurons to regenerate and be revitalized. More evidence is suggesting that
electrical fields play an important role in this "plasticity".
Neurons are continually born from endogenous stem cells and added to the brain throughout our
lives. But as we get older, the development of new neurons declines dramatically. A study
reported in the Annals of Neurology in 2002 described how aged mice with minimal new neuron
development were revitalized and their neurons made to regenerate up to five times that of the
control group merely by subjecting them to robust mental stimuli.
"Could this plastic response be relevant for explaining the beneficial effects of leading 'an
active life' on brain function and pathology? Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice
living in an enriched environment from the age of 10 to 20 months was fivefold higher than
in controls.
This cellular plasticity occurred in the context of significant improvements of learning
parameters, exploratory behavior, and locomotor activity. Enriched living mice also had a
reduced lipofuscin load in the dentate gyrus, indicating decreased nonspecific agedependent degeneration. Therefore, in mice signs of neuronal aging can be diminished by a
sustained active and challenging life, even if this stimulation started only at medium age.
Activity exerts not only an acute but also a sustained effect on brain plasticity." -- [2]
It seems probable that by activating existing paths and stimulating electric field activity,
neurogenesis -- the revitalization of neurons -- can be achieved. There seems to be some kind of
mechanism that switches on the genes, making them behave as if they were younger. The good
news is that this revitalization does not need to be intellectual. Brain stimulation from ordinary
physical exercise appears to have the same effect.
In UCLA's Division of Neurosurgery, researchers found that rodents who were exercised
regularly had greater neurogenesis and neuroplasticity compared to a control group that was not

able to exercise. [3] So it seems that multi-path stimulation is key to maintaining a healthy brain.
And this plasticity again appears related to the electric fields that are generated when a collection
of neural pathways are stimulated simultaneously.
Can we mould our own brain?
Yes. The extent to which we can reconfigure our own brain is truly amazing. In the following
video, 9 year old Jodi Miller can be seen attending school, playing with her friends and living a
normal life. Her intellect and emotions remain intact despite the fact that surgeons removed one
half of her brain.
Jodi suffered from brain siezures that could not be controlled by medication. To save her life, an
entire hemisphere had to be disected. The empty half of her cranium has since been replaced by
cerebral fluid. The remaining half of her brain reconfigured and reassigned the tasks of her
missing hemisphere almost completely.
This is, of course, a dramatic example. But we all have reconfigured brains to some extent.
Anything that you do repeatedly, or acquire a skill at doing, is indicative of a specialization and
alteration in brain tissue. One of the more interesting examples is that of musicians.
We all knew musicians were "different"
In 1995 some studies were conducted on professional musicians to see how their brains might be different
from the rest of us. Since the age of phrenology, scientists have thought that certain areas of brain anatomy
held talents. Although there is not a specific section for musical ability, the brains of musicians are quite
unique.
When neurologists stimulate the cortex, they notice that certain regions control the sensory input to specific
areas of the body. The illustration at the right shows
how the surface of the body is represented in
corresponding regions of the cortex. Not all areas have
the same sensitivity. The larger proportions show how
many neurons are devoted to each part of the anatomy.
This is sometimes called a "cortex map".
When the same regions were examined for musicians,
it was discovered that these regions were markedly
changed to suit their specific needs. Guitar players had
enlarged regions corresponding to the hand involved in
making chords, but not in the hand that strums the
strings. Pianists had both hands enlarged on the cortex
map and also certain regions of the anterior corpus
collosum, which connects the two hemispheres and
coordinates hand movements. Exceptional pianists also
had marked spacing between each finger's cortex map.

Other differences were noticed in regions of the brain responsible for processing rhythm and pitch. But these
differences were very specific. For example, a pianist could tell if a piano string was ever so slightly out of
tune, yet would not notice the same fault in a violin, guitar or even a sine-wave tone generator. Each musician
had used the brain's plasticity to their specific needs.
"These findings indicate that, after years of musical training, neuronal popula- tions in the auditory
cortex might be shaped such that they automatically detect subtle changes in auditory stimulus
sequences with simple or higher-order regularities. The para- meters that are needed for the acquisition
of these skills are unknown, but probably involve initial attentive processing of the stimuli." -- Elbert
1995
It's all about brain real estate
Neuro-scientists have learned that every skill has a corresponding plasticity that has been exploited. But there
is a limit to our talents imposed by the physical size and number of neurons in our cranium. Often a valuable
talent comes with a price. Development of one region of the brain means that limits are imposed on other
potential sites. We often notice these idiosyncracies in talented celebrities who may lack common sense or
suffer from personality problems.
An extreme example of plasticity gone wild is the so-called idiot savant who may be able to tell you the
square root of a ten digit number or memorize a phone book but cannot tie his own shoes.
Neuro-Enhancement: the next big thing!
Imagine that you want to learn how to count cards -- an activity useful in poker and blackjack but considered
"cheating" by many casinos. Or perhaps you would like to hone your golf skills, improve your artistic abilities
or learn to be more relaxed. These are all skills with corresponding potentials for neuro plasticity.
The utilization of multiple neural pathways and stimulation of the neural fields has been practiced for decades
-- even without a complete understanding of how or why these techniques work. The Montessori Schools have
been achieving great results since the turn of the last century. Now, with a greater understanding of neuro
fields and the benefits of multi-path stimulation, it is possible to target specific regions for enhancement. It is
already a thriving business. Just google the words "neuro enhancement" and you will find 250,000 results.
There's also a plethora of information on youtube. Like this:
Remember, your brain configuration determines your personality. You will become what you do.
For more about that, see part 2 - Who You Are.