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Saturation
Pressure , kPa
Temperature,
0
C
Saturation
Pressure , kPa
-10
0.26
25
3.17
-5
0.40
30
4.25
0.61
40
7.38
0.87
50
12.35
10
1.23
100
101.3 (1 atm)
15
1,71
200
1554
20
2.34
300
8581
Latent heat- the amount of energy absorbed or released during phase-change process
Latent heat of fusion
Latent heat of vaporization
Latent heat of sublimation
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Critical Point (T and P) the highest temperature and pressure at which a pure
substance can exist in vapor-liquid equilibrium
For water, critical point is at 374.14C, 22.09 MPa, 0.003155 m/kg while the
triple point is at pressure of 0.6113 kPa and temperature of 0.01 0C.
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The term gas is used to refer to a substance that is normally in the gaseous state at
ordinary T&P, whereas a vapor is the gaseous form of any substance that is a liquid
or solid at normal T&P.
Thus, at 25C & 1 atm, we have water vapor & oxygen gas.
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D. IDEAL GAS
In the region of PV diagram, there is a relation connecting the pressure, volume, and
temperature. The simplest form of the equation of state relating P, V, and T is the ideal
gas equation.
This relation is given by,
PV = nRT
Where:
P absolute pressure
V volume
n number of moles
T absolute temperature
R Ideal gas constant
PV = k
2. Charles Law
at constant P,
V = kT
where: k = nR
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then
=0
2
= =
1
=
1
Figure 4. Internal energy changes for an ideal gas ( Source: Van Ness et al, 2005)
From Figure 4, the following interpretations can be made:
U is independent of V at constant T
U is the same for all processes; but Q = U for a-b (isometric)
Q is dependent on T and path, while U is dependent on T alone
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= =
1
=
1
and
Then,
=
Upon integration,
=
= =
2
1
2
2
= ln
1
1
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= =
1
=
1
Then,
2
=
1
1
ln
2
2
=
1
1
T2 P2
T1 P1
T2 V1
T1 V2
P1V1 P2V2 PV
P1V1 P2
W
1 P1
RT
P
1
2
1
1
1 P1
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Monoatomic gas
1.67
Diatomic gas
1.4
Triatomic/polyatomic gas
1.3
R CP CV
CP
CV
5. Polytropic Process
a general case when no specific condition is given other than reversibility
means turning many ways
The applicable equations will be
U Q W
W PdV
U CV dT
H CP dT
With as constant,
= constant
T = constant
T
()
= constant
Analogously,
1 2
=
[( )
1 1
1]
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( )1
2
=
[( )
( 1)( 1) 1
1]
Values for
Isobaric Process, =
0 = , =
Isothermal Process , =
1 = , =
Adiabatic Process, =
= ,
Isochoric Process, =
Example
One hundred moles of an ideal gas with Cp= 5/2 R and Cv = 3/2 R is changed from 1 bar and 12
m3 to 12 bar and 1 m3 by the following mechanically reversible processes:
a) Isothermal compression
b) Adiabatic compression followed by cooling at constant pressure
c) Adiabatic compression followed by cooling at constant volume
d) Heating at constant volume followed by cooling at constant pressure
e) Cooling at constant pressure followed by heating at constant volume
Calculate Q, W, U and H for each of these processes.
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