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Culture Documents
Topics:
Introduction
Main Principles of Statics
Stress
Normal Stress
Shear Stress
Bearing Stress
Thermal Stre
RIGID BODIES
(Things that do not change shape)
DEFORMABLE BODIES
(Things that do change shape)
FLUIDS
Incompressible
Dynamics :
1. Kinematics concerned
with the geometric aspects
of the motion
2. Kinetics concerned
with the forces causing the
motion.
Compressible
Mechanics of Materials :
The study of the relationships
between the external loads
applied to a deformable body and
the intensity of internal forces
acting within the body.
1.1 Introduction
External Loads
Body Force
- developed when one body exerts a force on
another body without direct physical contact
between the bodies.
- e.g earths gravitation (weight)
Surface Forces
- caused by direct contact of one body with
the surface of another.
concentrated force
Axial Load
Normal Stress
Shear Stress
Bearing Stress
Allowable Stress
Deformation of Structural under Axial Load
Statically indeterminate problem
Thermal Stress
1.1 Introduction
Normal Stress,
= P / A
A positive sign will be used to indicate a tensile stress
(member in tension)
(a)
(b)
Unit: Nm -
N/mm2 or MPa
Stress ( ) = Force (P)
N/m2 or Pa
Cross Section (A)
Assumptions :
1. Uniform deformation: Bar
remains straight before and
after load is applied, and
cross section remains flat or
plane during deformation
2. In order for uniform
deformation, force P be
applied along centroidal axis
of cross section C
11
1.4 Axial Loading Normal Stress
FRz Fz ;
dF dA
A
P A
P
A
= average normal stress at any point
on cross sectional area
P = internal resultant normal force
A = cross-sectional area of the bar
12
1.4 Axial Loading Normal Stress
Example 1.1:
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded
together at B and loaded as shown. Knowing
that d1=30mm and d2=20mm, find average
normal stress at the midsection of (a) rod AB,
(b) rod BC.
Example 1.2
Two solid cylindrical roads AB and BC are welded
together at B and loaded as shown. Knowing
that d1 = 30 mm and d2 = 50 mm, find the
average normal stress in the mid section of (a)
rod AB, (b) rod BC.
* L=
normal st rain
L
Example 1.3:
Determine the corresponding strain for a bar of
length L=0.600m and uniform cross section
which undergoes a deformation =15010-6m.
150 10 m
6
250 10 m / m
L
0.600m
6
250 10 @ 250
70kN
2.8m
28
29
Stress-Strain Diagrams
30
< PL
31
Point O to A
Point C to D
Point D to E
At point E
31
33
P
E AE
34
35
36
lateral
axial
longitudinal
Example 1.6
A 10 cm diameter steel rod is loaded with 862 kN by
tensile forces. Knowing that the E=207 GPa and =
0.29, determine the deformation of rod diameter
after being loaded.
Solution
p
862x103 N
109.7 MPa
1
A
2
2
(0.1) m
4
in rod, =
Lateral strain,
109.7 MPa
0.00053
207x103 MPa
l ( a ) o.29(0.00053)
0.000154
l ( D) (0.000154)(0.1)
0.00154cm
38
3.
49
Shear stresses are produced by equal and opposite parallel forces not in line.
The corresponding forces tend to make one part of the material slide over the
other part. These forces are called shearing forces.
Shear stress is tangential to the area over which it acts.
V
ave
V
V
V = resultant forces
Double Shear
Single Shear
ave
P F
A A
P F
ave
A 2A
L
(units: degrees, radians)
44
P
P
b
A td
Unit : Pa
E
2(1 )
48
Because
58
59
(1
2 )
(1 2 )
60
x =
1
x ( y z )
E
y =
1
y ( x z )
E
z =
1
z ( x y )
E
1 2
(
E
)
61
Example 2.1
A titanium alloy bar has the following original dimensions: x =
10cm; y = 4cm; and z = 2cm. The bar is subjected to stresses x
= 14 N and
y = - 6 N, as indicated in figure below. The
remaining stresses (z, xy, xz and yz) are all zero. Let E = 16
kN and = 0.33 for the titanium alloy.
(a)Determine the changes in the length for
x, y and z.
(b) Determine the dilatation, v.
y
6N
14 N
14 N
x
z
6N
62
Applied load that is less than the load the member can fully support.
(maximum load)
FS
Fal l ow
FS > 1
Allowable-Stress Design
allow
F f ai l
yield
FS
or allow
yield
FS
63
FB FA P 0
In this case, the bar is called statically
indeterminate, since the equilibrium
equation are not sufficient to determine
the reactions.
the relative displacement of one end of the bar
with respect to the other end is equal to zero
since the ends supports are fixed. Hence;
A / B 0
the relationship between the forces acting on
the bar and its changes in length are known as
force-displacement relations
A / B 0,
PL
AE
A B 0
FB FA P 0, FA P FB
Realizing that the internal force in segment AC is +FA, and in segment CB,
the internal force is FB. Therefore, the equation can be written as;
FA L AC FBL CB
0
AE
AE
FA L AC FBL CB
AE
AE
F L
AE
FA B CB
AE
L AC
F L
FA B CB
L AC
F L
P FB B CB
L AC
L
P FB CB AC
L AC L AC
F L
P B CB FB
L AC
L L AC
P FB CB
L AC
P FB CB 1
L AC
P FB
L
AC
L
FB P AC
L
Example 2.2:
FX 0,
FA FB 20(103 )N 0................(1)
FB 20(103 ) FA
B / A 0.001m
A B 0.001m
FA L AC FBL CB
0.001m
AE
AE
FA (0.4m )
FB(0.8m)
0.001m
0.0025m 2 200 109 Nm 2 0.0025m 2 200 109 Nm 2
or
FA (0.4m ) FB (0.8m ) 3927.0N................( 2)
Substitute eq (1)int o eq ( 2)
FA (0.4m ) ( 20, 000N FA )(0.8m ) 3927.0N
FA 16.6kN
FB 3.39kN
Example 2.3:
Solution:
Fy 0,
FA FC FE 15(103 ) N 0................(1)
CCW M C 0
FA ( 0.4) 15(103 )( 0.2) FE ( 0.4 ) 0 ...........( 2)
0. 4
0.8
E
C E A
0. 4
0. 8
0 . 4 A 0 .4 E
C
E
0. 8
C 0.5 A 0.5 E
FC LCD
1.5 105 E st
FC (0.5)
1.5 105 E st
FA L AB
FE L EF
0. 5
0
.
5
5
5
2.5 10 E st
2.5 10 E st
FA ( 0.5)
FE ( 0.5)
0. 5
0
.
5
5
5
2.5 10 E st
2.5 10 E st
10 103 FA 10 103 FE
33.33 103
FC 0.3FA 0.3FE .................eq( 3)
Fy 0,
FA FC FE 15(103 )N 0................(1)
CCW M C 0
FA (0.4) 15(103 )(0.2) FE (0.4) 0 ...........( 2)
FC 0.3FA 0.3FE .................eq(3)
15(103 ) 1.3FA
FE
1.3
FE 11.538(10 ) FA .......................eq( 4)
3
Where
1/C)
T=TL
T=change in temperature
L=original length of the member
T=change in length of the member
Example 2.4:
Given: =12x10-6/C
Solution:
FY 0
FA FB F
AB 0
( )
( ) AB T F
T F 0
TL
FL
0
AE
F(1)
0.01 ( 200 10 )
2
F(1)
0.012 ( 200 109 )
F 7.2kN
;
72
MPa
A 0.012
Example 2.5
Given:
st 12 106 / C
al 23 106 / C
Est 200 109 Pa
E al 73.1 109 Pa
Fy 0,
( ) st (st )T (st )F
al (al )T (al )F
(st )T (st )F (al )T (al )F
TL
Fst L
F L
TL al
Ast E
A al E
Fst (0.25)
(0.02) ( 200 10 )
2
Fst (0.25)
251.327 106 )
3.45 104
Fal (0.25)
( 206.685 106 )
TUTORIAL 1
66
SOLUTION:
Solve for the displacement at B due to the applied
loads with the redundant constraint released,
A3 A4 250 10 6 m 2
L1 L2 L3 L4 0.150 m
Pi Li 1.125 109
L
E
i Ai Ei
Solve for the displacement at B due to the
redundant constraint,
P1 P2 RB
A1 400 10 6 m 2
L1 L2 0.300 m
A2 250 10 6 m 2
Pi Li
1.95 103 RB
R
A
E
E
i i i
0
E
E
RB 577 103 N 577 kN
R A 323 kN
RB 577 kN
TUTORIAL 2
Two cylindrical rods, CD made of steel (E=200 GPa) and
AC made of aluminum (E=72 GPa), are joined at C and
restrained by rigid supports at A and D. Determine
(a)
the reactions at A and D (RA=52.9kN, RD= 87.1 kN)
(b)
The deflection of point C (0.086 mm)
67
TUTORIAL 3
At room temperature (21oC) a 0.5 mm gap exists
between the ends of the rods shown. At a later time when
the temperature has reached 1600C, determine
(a)The normal stress in the aluminum rod (a =-150.6
MPa)
(b)The change in length of the aluminum rod (a= 0.369
mm)
69