1)The heritage of war and violence - ;

2) the cumulative impact -

3) a long series -

4) regional and civil conflicts - ;

5) outside observer ;
6) the tension between Iran and its Arab neighbors -
;
7) the fall of the Shah in 1971 - 1971 ;
8) violent opposition ;
9) separatist movements -

10) the start of the Iran-Iraq War - - ;

11) the Arab-Israeli conflicts - - ;
12) destabilizing impact - ;
13) the level and type of violence ;
14) a long heritage - ;
15) ongoing crisis and conflict - ;
16) British withdrawal from East of Suez
17) sectarian, ethnic, and tribal differences -

19) tension and conflict -

20) the Western Sahara conflict -

, ,

;
18) a growing source -

;
;

21) a long series of conflicts and clashes -

22) an equal impact - ;

23) many other cases of violence -

24) todays crisis - ;

25) with the uprising at ;
26) religious extremism ;
27) the Algerian civil war in the 1990s - 1990 ;
28) new rounds of violence - ;
29) over a period of decades / ;
30) the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 1982
;
31) internal sectarian tension -

32) internal ethnic tension - ;

33) strategic partnership - ;
34) the alignment between Iran and Syria - ;
35) Assads long standing rivalry -

36) the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan - ;

37) Sunni religious extremist - ;
38) violent Islamist extremist movement - ;
39) a regional power - ;
40) the cost of the Iraq-Iran War - - ;
41) an anti-U.S reaction ;

42) the rise of Al Qaeda - - ;

43) the rise of violent religious extremism - ;
44) ruling Sunni minority

45) the U.S led invasion of Iraq ;

46) a military counterbalance -

47) a stable government and economy - ;

48) sectarian tension and violence -

49) the remaining religious minorities - ;

50) outside alliances - ;
51) political evolution - ;
52) in a common opposition to - ;
53) a broader basis for stability - ;
54) on the threat of violent Islamic extremism - ;
55) a clear regional strategy -

56) immediate military and terrorist threat ;

57) these patterns of violence - ;
58) the previous problems in governance and economics -
;
59) major upheavals in Libya - ;
60) by the causes of instability in different ways -
;
61) an organized political structure -

62) practical experience in leadership or governance -

;
63) broad basis for functional democracy -
;
64) with a stable form of governance - ;
65) the Saudi Iranian crisis - - ;
66) over the execution of Saddam Saddam ;
67) 43 Sunni terrorists ;
68) a sudden shift - ;
69) Saudi Iranian tension - - ;
70) a new crisis

71) a peaceful voice of dissent - ;

72) the oil rich Eastern province - - ;
73) broader origins - ;
74) in a confrontation with Iran - ;
75) a continuing struggle - ;
76) regional influence - ;
77) the destruction of Iraqi forces -

78) Irans nuclear and missile programs -

79) asymmetric warfare forces ;

80) misssile and rocket defences 81) U.S efforts - U.S ;

82) naval presence - ;

83) an arab partnership in counterterrorism

84) the nuclear agreement - ;

85) regional stability - ;
86) Iranian influence in Syria and Iraq - ;
87) Eastern province - ;
88) actual military clashes - ;
89) the struggle for regional influence - ;
90) the sectarian nature -

91) power struggle ;

92) advanced arms - ;
93) the failure of peace initiative - ;
94) the coming year ;
95) national interest - ;
96) the Arab rebels - ;
97) Arab Sunni forces - ;
98) Arab strategic interest - ;
99) a political fiction - ;
100) the most likely outcome - ;
101) a meaningful settlement - / ;
102) a continuing crisis -

103) a steady polarization ;

104) for the fight against ISIS ISIS ;
104) a growing level of Kurdish autonomy -

;
105) in turn ;
106) relatively small elements - ;
107) elite Iraqi government ground forces - ;
108) massive U.S air strike U.S ;
109) remarkably silent - ;
110) the overall level of improvement ;
111) the evolving Iraqi order - ;
112) the defeat of ISIS ISIS ;
113) new sources of violence and division - ;
114) integral struggle - ;
115) primary conflict -

116) the other parts of the MENA region MENA ;

117) key population centers ;
118) a broader terrorist and extremist network -
;
119) new Islamist strructure and threat - ;
120) Erdogans power struggle -
121) a major ethnic identity -

122) an open confrontation with India -

123) the Iraqi central government - ;

124) Saudi-led coalition - ;
125) the kind of stability operation - ;
126) a functioning economy ;
127) a major economic strain /;
128) a failed state - ;
129) in terms of governance - ;
130) More broadly - ;
131) in terms of economic development -

132) in terms of governance and economic development -

133) a growing problem -

; 134) internally displaced

persons - ;
134) clear option -

135) endemic conflict ;

136) Islamist extremist movement - ;
137) in short - ;
138) a level of control

139) a level of popular discontent ;

140) effective stability - ;

141) Israeli Palestinian tension and violence - -

;
142) the extremist attack - ;
143) internal pressure /;