Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRODUCTION OF
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vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the most Merciful
Alhamdulillah, all praise to Allah SWT because of His blessing, we could
complete this final project. In this occasion, we would like to thank all those involved.
First of all, we would like to express my appreciation and gratitude to our
supervisors Miss Siti Norazian Bt. Ismail and allied supervisors En. Saiful b. Tajuddin
on the instruction, guidance and advice throughout the conduct of this project. Both of
their sacrifices in serving our actions will not be forgotten. We are very lucky to get a
supervisor and an allied supervisor who is dedicated and good hearted. Thank you
once again.
Not forgetting to Chemical Engineering Faculty to their cooperate during the
session of project implementation, especially the coordinator who have taken the
trouble to give guidance for the success of this project
We would also like to dedicate this project to our parents for their support,
prayers and encouragement. Not forgetting to others family members. Thanks for your
love and support.
The huge appreciation and thanks to the entire group member for giving full
commitment and contribution in completing this design project.
Last but not least, we would like to thanks to any person that helping direct or
indirectly in this project.
Alhamdullillah. Wassalam
vii
ABSTRACT
Our plant is planned to produce 250,000 metric tonnes per year of propylene
based in Ajman, United Arab Emirates (UAE). The propylene is produced from
selected process known as propane dehydrogenation (PDH) at temperature between
500 oC to 600 0C and pressure 5 to 6 bar with the presence of Platinum-Tin-Alumina
(Pt(Sn)/Al2O3) as the catalyst in reformer reactor. The PDH process requires further
reaction oxygen will be introduced into oxy-reactor and react with hydrogen to
produce water. The process involved inside oxy-reactor will reduce the coking
formation and increased the selectivity of propylene. The market analysis where the
demand of propylene, supply of propane as raw material, the prices estimation cost
and the break even (BEV) analysis has been conducted. From the survey, world
demand for propylene is higher compared to the production. The market price for
propylene has been set up at USD1800 per tonne. Since UAE is chosen as the
proposed site location, the land cost especially in Ajman area has been estimated
around USD 261,600. The total investment which includes the Capital Expenditure
(CAPEX) is approximately estimated around USD 331 million. The total production
cost per year to produce propylene is around USD 346 million meanwhile the selling
price for 250,000 MT propylene is USD 450 million. From the breakeven analysis, it
is estimated the plant start to gain profit during 800,000 tonnes production (equal to
fourth year production). Our proposed site location is selected based on several
criteria that have been more elaborated in this report. From the study shows that
Ajman, United Arab Emirates (UAE) is one of the suitable location that fulfil the
criteria such as availability of raw material and facilities, land and others describe in
the report. Since our plant is located in overseas, there are rules and regulation safety
at that country that we need to obey and implement such as Ministerial Decision No.
(32) of 1982 concerning preventive methods to protect employees and also Federal
law No.24 of 1999 Protection and Development of the Environment such as hazard
identification, waste treatment plant and risk control. The wastewater treatment plant
is also proposed in this project. In order to achieve our production target, mass balance
and energy balance are calculated. Based on our mass balance, the basis of raw
material and component flow rates are gained by using selected method of calculation
viii
such as extent of reaction. Besides that, we need to find the energy consumption for
the plant process from the calculated energy balance. Last but not least, in order to
gain important information of the process, simulation process is required to simulate
the process by using HYSYS Simulation software. The comparison between manual
calculations and simulation data is performed to determine the percentage error of our
process.
ix
LIST OF CONTENTS
PAGE
DECLARATION
SUPERVISORS CERTIFICATION
COORDINATORS CERTIFICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
vi
ABSTRACT
vii
LIST OF CONTENTS
ix
LIST OF TABLES
xviii
LIST OF FIGURES
xxii
LIST OF SYMBOL
xxvi
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
xxvii
CHAPTER 1
PROCESS SIMULATION
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Chemical Identification
1.3
1.4
Propylene
Thermodynamics Properties
1.4.1
1.4.2
Rate of Reaction
1.5
1.6
Process Background
11
1.6.1
Metathesis
11
1.6.2
Steam Cracking
16
1.6.3
21
23
29
1.6.4
1.7
34
1.8
37
1.9
Types of Catalyst
42
1.10
Process Description
47
1.11
Summary
51
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2
53
MARKET ANALYSIS
2.1
Introduction
58
2.2
Market Study
59
2.2.1
59
2.2.2
61
2.2.3
62
2.2.4
63
2.2.5
Supplier of Catalyst
64
2.2.6
65
2.3
66
2.3.1
Price of Propane
66
2.3.2
Price of Propylene
67
2.4
Production Rate
68
2.5
Economic Analysis
69
69
2.5.2
Cost Estimating
70
2.5.3
70
2.5.4
Start-up Cost
73
2.5.5
73
74
74
2.5.6
75
75
76
Total Revenue
79
80
2.6
Breakeven Analysis
80
2.7
Conclusion
84
xi
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3
85
SITE LOCATION
3.1
Introduction
88
3.2
89
3.2.1
Location
89
3.2.2
Raw Material
90
3.2.3
Transportation
90
3.2.4
Labor Availability
91
3.2.5
Utilities Availability
91
3.2.6
92
Consideration
3.2.7
92
3.2.8
93
Marketing Area
3.2.9
Climate
93
93
Considerations
3.2.11 Major Selected Countries
94
3.3
94
3.4
Selected Countries
96
3.4.1
China
96
98
Marketing Area
3.4.1.2 Raw Material
100
3.4.1.3 Transportation
100
103
108
108
Effluent Disposal
3.4.1.7 Land Availability
109
3.4.1.8 Climate
109
xii
3.4.2
3.4.1.9 Summary
110
Canada
111
112
Marketing Area
3.4.2.2 Raw Material
113
3.4.2.3 Transportation
114
117
120
124
Effluent Disposal
3.4.2.7 Local Communities
125
Consideration
3.4.3
125
3.4.2.9 Climate
126
3.4.2.10 Taxes
127
3.4.2.11Summary
129
131
134
Marketing Area
3.4.3.2 Raw Material
134
135
137
139
139
andWaste Management
3.4.3
139
3.4.3.8 Climate
142
3.4.3.9 Taxes
142
3.4.3.10 Summary
144
Comparison of Selected
145
Countries
3.4.3
3.5
146
148
xiii
3.5.1
148
3.5.2
153
153
3.5.2.2 License
154
3.5.2.3 Transportation
155
156
3.5.2.5 Environment
157
Considerations
3.5.2.6 Propylene Demand
3.5.3
3.5.4
158
160
160
3.5.3.2 License
162
3.5.3.3 Transportation
162
163
164
165
Authority( AFZA )
3.6
165
3.5.4.2 License
166
3.5.4.3 Transportation
167
167
169
170
3.5.5
172
3.5.6
175
Conclusion
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4
177
178
4.1
Introduction
180
4.1.1
180
Objectives
xiv
4.1.2
4.2
Hazard Identification
181
190
4.2.1
190
4.2.2
192
Aid Measure
4.2.3
4.3
192
4.2.2.2 Product
194
196
201
4.3.1
201
4.4
4.3.2
202
4.3.3
203
4.3.4
204
4.3.5
Emergency Evacuation
204
4.3.6
Maintenance of Equipment
205
4.3.7
Firefighting
205
206
4.4.1
206
4.5
4.6
209
Waste Treatment
210
4.6.1
210
4.6.2
211
Regulations
4.6.3
4.6.5
211
212
212
Waste Identification
212
213
214
4.6.4
214
219
xv
4.6.6
4.7
Waste Management
221
4.6.6.1
Labelling
221
4.6.6.2
221
4.6.6.3
Transportation
222
4.6.6.4
Waste Minimizing
222
4.6.6.5
Training
222
Conclusion
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5
224
MASS BALANCE
5.1
Introduction
226
5.2
227
5.3
Sample of Calculation
228
5.3.1
228
5.3.2
229
5.3.3
233
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.3.6
5.3.7
5.4
236
240
243
245
Conclusion
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6
223
247
248
ENERGY BALANCES
6.1
Introduction
249
6.2
249
6.2.1
General Equations
249
6.2.2
250
6.2.3
xvi
6.2.4
Phase Changes
Equation for Non-Reactive
250
250
6.2.5
250
6.2.6
6.2.7
250
6.2.8
250
6.2.9
251
6.3
Assumptions
252
6.4
Sample of Calculation
253
6.4.1
Reactor R-101
253
254
255
6.4.2
Oxyreactor R-102
262
6.4.3
264
6.4.4
266
6.4.5
Heater H -101
268
6.4.6
Cooler C -201
269
6.4.7
Distillation Column
270
270
272
273
275
276
277
6.4.8
Pump-P301
278
6.4.9
Heater H -301
279
6.5
281
6.6
Conclusion
282
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 7
250
283
PROCESS SIMULATION
7.1
Process Simulation
283
xvii
7.2
7.3
7.4
Process Description
283
7.2.1
Reaction Section
284
7.2.2
286
7.2.3
Separation Section
286
Error of Deviation
288
7.3.1
Mass Balance
293
7.3.2
Energy Balance
294
Conclusion
REFERENCES
296
APPENDICES
A
295
MSDS of Chemicals
xviii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITLE
PAGES
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
10
1.7
12
1.8
28
1.9
34
1.10
35
1.11
40
1.12
41
1.13
1.14
45
51
2.1
70
2.2
71
2.3
72
2.4
74
2.5
75
2.6
75
xix
2.7
Quantity of Equipment
76
2.8
77
2.9
79
2.10
80
2.11
82
3.1
104
3.2
104
3.3
110
3.4
AvailablePropaneSupplier in Alberta
114
3.5
118
3.6
EducationalAttainmentofLaborForce
(25 yearsandolder), AnnualAverages 2010
119
3.7
126
3.8
LandParticulars
126
3.9
MajorProvincialTaxRate in 2011
128
3.10
129
3.11
133
3.12
3.13
3.14
134
135
136
3.15
138
3.16
140
3.17
141
3.18
143
3.19
144
3.20
3.21
WeightageforFinalizedSelectedoftheseThree
Countries
3.22
145
146
xx
152
3.23
154
3.24
156
3.25
157
3.26
157
3.27
159
3.28
161
3.29
161
3.30
162
3.31
162
3.32
163
3.33
163
3.34
3.35
164
166
3.36
167
3.37
168
3.38
168
3.39
168
3.40
3.41
169
171
3.42
172
3.43
175
4.1
182
4.2
184
4.3
186
4.4
Severity of Hazard
186
xxi
4.5
Risk Assessment
187
4.6
188
4.7
189
4.8
4.9
4.10
193
4.12
192
4.11
190
194
209
4.13
Waste Water
213
4.14
Waste Air
234
4.15
215
5.1
231
5.2
232
235
5.4
236
5.5
239
5.6
239
241
5.8
242
244
5.10
245
246
5.12
247
and HYSYS
xxii
6.1
251
6.2
251
6.3
253
6.4
261
6.5
263
6.6
265
6.7
267
6.8
268
6.9
269
6.10
271
6.11
272
6.12
274
6.13
275
6.14
277
6.15
278
6.16
279
6.17
280
6.18
281
7.1
284
7.2
285
7.3
290
7.4
291
7.5
292
7.6
293
7.7
294
xxiii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
PAGES
1.1
1.2
1.3
14
1.4
15
1.5
18
1.6
20
1.7
22
1.8
24
1.8
24
1.9
26
1.10
27
1.11
30
1.12
32
1.13
38
1.14
a) Chromium Oxide
43
1.14
43
1.15
50
2.1
60
2.2
62
2.3
63
2.4
64
2.5
65
2.6
67
2.7
68
2.8
83
xxiv
3.1
Map of China.
98
3.2
Map of Tianjin.
99
3.3
101
3.4
102
3.5
105
3.6
107
3.7
111
3.8
WesternCanadianPropaneStocksAreHigh.
113
3.9
116
3.10
EmploymentRates in 2010.
118
3.11
120
3.12
121
3.13
122
3.14
SelectedWorldResidentialElectricityPrices, 2010.
123
3.15
131
3.16
132
3.17
149
3.18
154
3.19
160
3.20
166
4.1
HAZOP procedure
188
4.2
196
4.3
198
4.4
199
4.5
216
4.6
220
5.1
231
5.2
233
xxv
5.3
237
5.4
240
5.5
243
5.6
245
6.1
Reactor R-101
253
6.2
Oxyreactor R-102
262
6.3
264
6.4
266
6.5
Heater H -101
268
6.6
Cooler C -201
269
6.7
Condenser -D301
270
6.8
Boiler-D301
272
6.9
Condenser -D302
273
6.10
Boiler-D302
275
6.11
Condenser -D303
276
6.12
Boiler-D303
277
6.13
Pump-P301
278
6.14
Heater H -301
279
7.1
289
xxvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Symbols
Revolution per minute
rpm
Density
cp
Enthalpy
Rate constant
Kinetic constant
Rate of reaction
Atmospheric pressure
atm
Vapor phase
yi
Liquid phase
xi
NOL
P2
Nmp
Extent of reaction
Change of enthalpy
Hv
Hr
Houtlet
Hinlet
Htotal
ni
Temperature reference
Tref
Tbp
xxvii
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
Abbreviations
Fluid catalytic cracking
FCC
Propane dehydrogenation
PDH
IUPAC
PP
CPMA
KBR
EPC-CS
ACO
LPG
Methanol-to-Olefins/Methanol-to-Propylene
MTO/MTP
PSA
Oxidative Dehydrogenation
ODH
Catalytic Dehydrogenation
CDH
UAE
Natural gas
NG
Renminbi
RMB
CANAMEX
CPR
CIA
EIA
British Columbia
BC
Ontario
ON
OECD
FDI
Dh
xxviii
GDP
EMGAS
SEOT
DUGAS
LPG
ENOC
IMF
MENA
ADWEA
DEWA
SEWA
FEWA
FEMOZA
RAK
SAIFZA
JAFZA
AFZA
Capital expenditure
CAPEX
Operation expenditure
OPEX
USA/US
AED
Distillation column
DC
Stream
CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction
In order to classify and built a new plant of petrochemical industry which focus on
propylene as the main product, a critical analysis of process background is a crucial
step to initiate the process. A feasibility study is carried out to gather the related
information in producing the high quality of propylene at the minimal cost via safely
designated process plant.
Global propylene capacity was 97.7 metric tonne per year in 2011 against a
demand of 80 metric tonne per year. The capacity of propylene is expected to
increase to 119 metric tonne per year in 2015 with demand reaching 98 metric tonne
per year. Meanwhile, propylene prices have increasing from USD 500 /tonne (Spot
CFR NE Asia) in April 2002 to USD 1500 /tonne in recently in March 2012.
Currently the global price of propylene is USD 1150 /tonne in June 2012 (CPMA,
2012).
The physical properties of propylene is studied and tabulated as in Table 1.2 below:
Value
Physical state
Colour
Colourless
Odour
Gassy/aromatic
42.08
1.717
Solubility in water
Flammability
Flammable
Combustibility
Combustible
From Table 1.1, it shows that propylene is a colourless gas phase in atmospheric
pressure. Itisa flammable gas with molecular weight is 42.08 g/mol. Besides that, it is
an insoluble gas but soluble in alcohol and ether.
Value
-47.69
-185.26
Critical temperature,T(C)
91.75
Critical pressure,P(kPa)
4600.04
0.0043962
0.281
233.23
1.46
993.26
1.6069
Solidifies, T (C)
-185
Liquifies, T (C)
-48
0.0000085
468.36
-107.78
3.0024
455
11.0
Lower
2.0
270-600
418
React vigorously
with oxidizing
material
Table 1.2shows that the boiling and melting point for propylene are -47.69C and185.26C respectively. In addition, the critical temperature of propylene is identified
which is 91.75C. The critical pressure for propylene is 4600.04 kPa. At temperature
of 91.75C, the density, of propylene is 233.22 kg/m3. Besides that, propylene is
reacting vigorously with oxidizing materials.
The thermodynamic properties of propylene are also identified for this study. The
thermodynamic properties of propylene at different temperature and pressure are
shown in Table 1.3.
Table 1.3: The thermodynamic properties for propylene. Source: (Velisa, 2011).
Tsat,K
225.5
255
270
285
300
315
330
345
360
Psat,kPa
102
327
533
822
1212
1722
2375
3196
4220
l,kg/m3
609.0
570.6
549.3
526.4
501.2
473.0
440.0
398.2
329.2
g,kg/m3
2.36
7.06
11.26
17.24
25.62
37.39
54.41
80.85
133.8
hl,kJ/kg
-543.0
-476.6
-440.9
-403.7
-364.6
-323.0
-278.0
-227.6
-162.0
hg,kJ/kg
-103.9
-72.9
-58.4
-45.0
-33.4
-24.2
-18.8
-20.1
-40.2
hg,l, kJ/kg
439.1
403.6
382.6
358.7
331.2
298.8
259.3
207.4
121.9
cp,l,kJ/(kg.K)
2.18
2.32
2.42
2.54
2.69
2.91
3.27
4.08
9.41
cp,g,kJ/(kg.K)
1.32
1.50
1.62
1.77
1.96
2.25
2.72
3.78
10.06
l,Ns/m2
150.9
108.0
101.1
99.2
90.3
80.9
78.7
61.1
37.4
g,Ns/m2
6.62
7.53
8.04
8.74
9.26
10.1
11.4
12.7
27.2
l,mW/(K.m)
119.1
104.0
98.6
93.6
90.9
88.0
83.3
76.1
56.0
g,mW/(K.m)
9.53
13.0
14.9
17.1
19.4
22.2
25.4
29.6
44.4
Prl
2.76
2.41
2.48
2.69
2.67
2.67
3.09
3.28
6.28
Prg
0.92
0.87
0.87
0.90
0.94
1.02
1.22
1.62
6.16
,mN/m
16.5
12.6
10.5
8.7
6.5
5.1
3.4
2.0
0.63
e,l, kK-1
2.05
2.44
2.74
3.15
3.75
4.70
6.46
11.0
45.0
1.4.1
Table 1.4: The rate constant value for the reaction occurs in the production of
propylene. Source: (Farjoo et al., 2011).
Rate constant,k
K-value
k1
6488
1.14exp
(
)
27393
1.34 107 exp
(
)
14723
3.36 104 exp
(
)
1598.23
1.53 109 exp
(
)
k2
k3
k4
In addition, the kinetic constant,k is also used for the reaction. The proposed kinetic
constant is based on Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate expressions. The kinetic constant,
k is 3.17 x 103 exp (-61.79/RT).
1.4.2
Rate of Reaction
The rate of reaction is needed in order to find the rate of adsorption, surface reaction
and desorption process of the reactant to produce product. In the production of
propylene, the four rate of reaction needed for four reactions. The rate of reaction for
the reaction involved can be tabulated as Table 1.5.
Table 1.5: The rate of reaction, r used for the main reaction in the production of
propylene. Source: (Farjoo et al., 2011)
Reactions
Kinetic Equation,r
Catalytic cracking
k1PC3H8
Propylene hydrogenation
k2PC2H4PH2
Hydrogenolysis
k2PC3H8PH2
Thermal cracking
k4PC3H8
Figure 1.2: The propylene end-use consumption for 2011-2012. Source: (CPMA,
2012).
From propylene there arevarious chemical raw materials that can be produce that
consist high demand in global such as polypropylene (PP), 2EH/oxo-Alcohol,
phenol, acrylonitrile and propylene oxide. Based on Figure 1.2, it shows that
propylene is commonly used as the raw material for poly propylene.
10
Polypropylene (PP)
bag.
PP resin injection molded and extruded into fiber,
film and sheet to produce other variety of product.
Make n-Butyraldehyde.
2EH/oxo-Alcohol
Phenol
Acrylonitrile
Propylene oxides
11
There are a few processes that can be used to produce propylene in industry. In this
project, fourtypes of processes that are usually used in the production of propylene is
identified and studied.
1.6.1
Metathesis
12
2 4 + 24 8 23 6
(1.1)
4 8 + 4 8 2 4 + 36 12
(1.3)
2 4 + 4 8
(1.5)
4 8 + 24 8
(1.7)
4 8 + 24 8 3 6 + 25 10
(1.2)
4 8 + 24 8 3 6 + 2 2 4 8 (1.4)
2 4 + 4 8
(1.6)
The side reaction for the production of propylene through metathesis process are
included and shown as above. The side reaction involved is six side reactions. Table
1.7 shows that the composition of butene stream or C4 feed.
Table 1.7: Composition of butene stream. Source:(Gartside and Greene, 2006).
Composition of butene stream
Component
Thermal cracking
Refinery based
n-butane
10
i-butane
13
Total paraffins
10
26
1-butene
14
14
2-butene
10
42
i-butene
26
20
butadiene
40
Total
100
100
Table 1.7 shows that the composition for 2-butenes is less in both thermal
cracking and refinery based of raw materials. Therefore, high feed needed causing
higher cost needed. This process reactor required specific catalyst which is either
tungsten oxide catalyst. Besides, the process condition is at temperature 304oC and
pressure at 30 Bara. The reactor used is fixed bed reactor and the total yield is only
54% (Technology Economic, 2013). Besides, the per-conversion of butylenes is 60%
while overall selectivity of propylene is 90% (Venner and Kantorowicz, 2001). Even
the metathesis process requires high feedstock and high cost on the raw material, this
13
process is a low capital investment process, excellent energy efficiency and can also
can improved gross margins (Wan, 2011).
However, the technology has been improved. Two of different process flow
diagram is compared and used as reference. Figure 1.3 shows that the example of
process flow diagrams for the production of metathesis. The feed stream on the
Figure 1.3shows that ethylene is fed to the system. Ethylene and 2-butene alkenes are
used as the raw material to produce propylene through metathesis process.
14
Figure 1.3: Metathesis process flow diagram. Source: (Venner and Kantorowicz, 2001).
15
Figure 1.4: The new process flow diagram for metathesis process. Source:(Gartside and Greene, 2006).
16
1.6.2
Steam Cracking
For more than half century, steam cracking is one of the most processes used
for light olefins and diolefins such as ethylene, propylene and butadiene in
production of chemical industry (Rahimi and Karimzadeh, 2011 and Karaba et al.,
2012). This process is one of the feedstock-flexible processes in industry in order to
produce propylene (Karaba et al., 2012). The feed characteristic of the cracking
affect the cracking products of the cracking process (Liu et al., 2009). For this
process, heptane, ethane and methanol are one of the feedstock that usually used for
the production of propylene. The different of the properties of the feedstock gives the
different amount of product and side reactions. The reactions occur have highly
endothermic reaction (Karimzadeh et al., 2009).
One of the examples that be related to the production of propylene is the use
of ethane as the raw material through steam cracking (Zhu et al., 2005). The
production of ethane in 2010 is around 140 x 106 tons and estimated increase to be
5.3% in the future (Pyl. et al., 2012). Steam cracking for the production of propylene
needs the high reaction temperatures for large amount of propylene (Corma et al.,
2012). The temperature of the high reaction required for the production of propylene
for this steam cracking process is 800 to 880C with 40% of the total energy
consuming results the high carbon dioxide emission (Rahimi and Karimzadeh, 2011).
17
cracking of naphtha occurred, propane and butene produced is reacted and produced
propylene as the heptane is the raw material used (Moulijn et al., 2013). The
chemical reaction occurs in endothermic reaction (Ren et al., 2006). Heptane is used
for the production of propylene for this process. The chemical reaction for
production of propylene is shown as below (Goethem et al., 2010):
3 8 + 4 8 3 6
(1.8)
Besides that, the cracking process occurred is also produced the by-product reactions.
The by-product reaction is shown as below (Goethem et al., 2010):
7 16 7 14 + 2
(1.9)
3 8 + 4 8 4 6
(1.10)
4 8 22 4
(1.12)
3 8 4 + 2 4
22 4 22 2 + 22
3 6 3 4 + 2
(1.11)
(1.13)
(1.14)
The reaction above shows that the side reaction for production of propylene. The
heptanes is undergo dehydrogenation process and produce heptene.
The side reactions occur after primary cracking of heptanes. After that, the
reaction will produce propane and butene. The reaction is also produce another side
reaction which is produce butadiene. Besides that, the propane will produce methane
and ethene as side reaction. After that, butane will be crack into ethene. Next, the
ethene will be going through dehydrogenation and produce acetylene. Then, the
propylene produce also have side reaction that can produce cyclobutadiene through
dehydrogenations. The complete reaction of steam cracking for heptanes is shown
below (Goethem et al., 2010):
18
Figure 1.5: The main reactions involved in steam cracking(Goethem et al., 2010).
Figure 1.5 shows the main reactions involved in the production of propylene using
steam cracking process. The formation of coke will reduce the performance of the
production.
Coking will increase the pressure drop, reduce the selectivity, reduction of
heat transfer and cause corrosion (Haghighi et al., 2013). Thus, anti-coking chemical
additives are needed for this production such as dimethyl sulphide, dimethyl
disulphide and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) (Rahimi et al., 2013). Usually, the yield of
propylene is around 1.5 to 18% depending on the type of feedstock and operating
condition (Rahimi and Karimzadeh, 2011). The improvement of propylene yields can
be increased by increasing the temperature and reduce the residence time of cracking
(Goethem et al., 2010).
19
of steam cracking which is emits high quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) and unable
to satisfy the current demand of propylene since it acts as by-product in the steam
cracking process (Hu et al., 2011). The catalyst used for steam catalytic cracking is
ZSM-5 zeolites (Sedighi et al., 2013). This catalyst is able to counter the limitations
of steam cracking and produce more propylene. There are some advantages of steam
cracking for the production of propylene in petrochemical industry. These include
short residence times for the olefin production and decrease partial pressure by
adding steam.
Then, the ethylene, propylene and water are separated through the phase
separator. After that, the water is removed from the system. Besides water, carbon
dioxide is also produce as by-product. The carbon dioxide is removed from the
system after compression process. Then, the entire product is going through the dryer
to increase the temperature. After that, the product will enter the distillation column
for depropanizer process.
20
21
The entire light compound will exit at the top of the distillation column
whereas the heavy compound will exit at the bottom of the distillation column. For
this case, the light compound is ethylene and the heavy compound is propylene.
Through the deethanizer process, the ethylene and ethane is produce. Meanwhile, in
the depropanizer, the propylene and propane are also produce.
Besides that, all the olefins with four carbons are also produce in the
deporpanizer. Same as the olefins with three carbons is produce in the deethanizer
process. From the formation of natural gas, all the synthesis gas is produced. Besides
that, naphtha as the synthesis gas can produce by the steam-induced reformation of
petroleum products (Technology Economics, 2013).
1.6.3
Kellogg Brown & Root (KBR) is the world largest and most varied provider
of engineering, procurement, construction, commissioning and start-up (EPC-CS)
services, process technology, consulting and industrial services to the energy,
petrochemical and chemical industries. KBR has been operates for more than 90
years and experienced in worked side by side with clients in the world over to meet
project.
22
Figure 1.7: Reaction Involve in KBR FCC Process. Source: (Miller, 1998).
23
i.
ii.
iii.
24
(a)
(b)
Figure 1.8: The FCC (a) design in 1942 and (b) design after 70 years.
In Figure 1.9, shows the typical reactor section. Reactor overheads are cooled
and washed to recover entrained catalyst. The entrained catalyst is recycled back to
the reactor. The product produced from net overhead is further cooled and then it is
routed to product recovery. Product recovery is either integrated with an olefins plant
or in a stand-alone recovery section. There is no feed pre-treatment required because
of the vigorous catalyst system is in use. Accessory systems for the reactor are
standard FCC systems and include catalyst storage, air supply, flue gas handling and
heat recovery.
As in Figure 1.10, it shows that the flow scheme for propylene production in
KBR FCC process. It is the same for all three technologies stated before. The
25
different for these three technologies is the raw materials used, as shows in Table 1.8.
The quenched gas is undergoes treating section. Then, enter the drying to remove gas
compound. In order to achieve the production of propylene, six separators are
needed.
The
six
separators
are
depropanizer,
demethanizer,
deethanizer,
depentanizer, dehexanizer, C2 and C3 splitter. The process are simple to operate but
the equipment is complex and lot of expenses need to spend.
26
27
28
SUPERFLEXTM
ACOTM
MAXOFINTM
C4-C8 Olefins
Paraffinic
KBR FCC
Technologies
Raw
Type
Naphtha
Material
Price,
USD/ metric
Low
High
High
128.80
2,248
968.75
High
High
Low
2.1 (C4)
4.1
tonne
Supplier
Availability
Hazard Class
(United
Nation
Classification)
Catalyst
Type
ZSM-5
Process Cycle
Advantages
Reactor
Operating
600-700
538-593
50-60
40
> 20
Temperature
Range,T
(oC)
Yields (%)
29
Ratio
2:1
1.1 : 0.8
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
per year of
per year of
year of propylene
propylene
ethylene and
propylene
of
P/E
Product
Phase
Production
Rate
per year of
ethylene
1.6.4
Propane Dehydrogenation is one of the new and novel lower cost chemical processes
for on-purpose propylene production technologies (Propylene via Propane
Dehydrogenation, 2013). Propane is the feedstock to a PDH process and usually, it
is recovered from propane-rich liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) streams from natural
gas processing plants.
Price of propane (as well as ethane) has drop due to rising exploitation of
shale gas that cause significant increase of natural gas offerings in the USA
(Propylene from Propane via Dehydrogenation,2013). Figure 1.11 shows the trend
of natural gas production in US which is predicted that the production of natural gas
associated with oil will keep rise until the year of 2035. This condition has cause
30
Figure 1.11: The Trend of US Natural Gas Production History and Forecast.
Source: (Propylene from Propane via Dehydrogenation,2013)
(1.1)
Clearly seen, the side product formed from the main reaction is hydrogen gas. The
equilibrium extent and rate of dehydrogenation can be improved by removing the
hydrogen but recycle of hydrogen helps to reduce the coke formation on the catalyst
(Chin et al., 2013).
31
During the reaction, coke is formed on the catalyst due to the reaction
requirement of high temperatures and low pressure condition (Blekkan et al., 2002).
In general, dehydrogenation reaction used in Lummus CATOFIN Technology (2013)
occurs in conditions such as temperature ranges between 580 and 650C and pressure
slightly below atmospheric to mitigate the cracking reactions. According to Blekkan
et al (2002) high reaction temperature is required for propane activation, where
500C is more favourable compared to 400C and the reaction favoured at lower
pressure because the volume of products exceeds volume of reactants (Chin et al.,
2011).
(1.15)
2 4 + 2 2 6
(1.17)
3 8 + 2 2 6 + 4
(1.16)
23 6 + 2 6 14
(1.18)
3 8 2 4 + 4
(1.20)
3 6 + 4 10 3 6 5 + 42 (1.19)
3 6 + 2 2 4 + 4
(1.21)
The most selective and active catalysts for the dehydrogenation of propane to
propylene includes Platinum-Tin Alumina support (Pt-Sn/Al2O3) as it has
demonstrated a promising yield for alkanes (Blekkan et al., 2002). There are also
processes that used Vanadium-Magnesium-Oxides (VMgO)as their catalyst. Due to
platinums high activity for activating C-H bond, coupled with an inferior activity for
the rupture of C-C bond, it became the primary component in many dehydrogenation
catalysts resulting in high selectivity toward dehydrogenation (Zangeneh et al.,
2010). Figure 1.12 shows that the recommended plant designs for the production of
propylene through propane dehydrogenation process.
32
Figure 1.12: Process flow diagram for propane dehydrogenation. Source: (Sascha, 2011).
33
Figure 1.12 shows process flow diagram for propane oxydehydrogenation (PDH)
practised by Uhde STAR. This process used two kinds of reactor which are reformer
(externally heated reactor) and oxyreactor (adiabatic reactor). The propane from
fresh feed and recycle stream are heated so that it can match up with the high
temperature in the reformer (500 to 600C). To heat the reformer, fuel gas and air
are introduced to promote combustion. This reaction is supplied with steam as it will
act to convert most of coke formed during the reaction into carbon dioxide. Coke is
formed on catalyst surface is quite little during the reaction because of high
temperature and pressure required by the reaction.
The product from this reactor then goes into oxyreactor so that oxygen can
react with hydrogen to produce water. The water produced is removed at the
condenser and the other components will pass to the gas separator to reject the light
ends. The feed to fractionation is entirely liquid as no gas phase is introduced to the
fractionation and from here, the propylene (desired product) will be extracted. The
remaining propane from fractionation is recycled back to the feed preparation tank.
The hydrogen rich gas will be channelled to Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) to be
purified (The Uhde STAR Process, 2013).
34
Table 1.9: The comparison of the process involved for the production of propylene.
Process
Metathesis
Steam
Propane
FCC
(Process 1)
cracking
Dehydrogenation
(Process 4)
(Process 2)
(Process 3)
Yield (%)
54
1.5 18
85-90
50-60
Raw material
Ethylene &
Naphtha
Propane
Naphtha
Tungsten
( ZSM 5 )
VmgO/ Pt
( ZSM 5 )
oxide catalyst
Zeolite
304
800 880
580 650
600-700
Pressure, P
30 Bara
1 atm
1 atm
1 atm
By product
C5H10,
Multiple
H2, H2O,
Multiple
butene
Catalyst
Temperature,
Zeolite
T(oC)
C2H4,C6H12
CH4,C2H4
Classification
Major Product
By product
Major Product
By product
Reactor
FBR
Tubular
Reformer
Fluidized
catalytic
cracking
Meanwhile, table below shows the weightage for each factors, ranked based on the
best preferred. The Table 1.10is shown as below:
35
Rank
Worst
Moderate
Excellent
Metathesis
Steam
Propane
FCC
(Process 1)
cracking
dehydrogenation
(Process 4)
(Process 2)
(Process 3)
Yield (%)
Raw material
Catalyst
Temperature,
Pressure
By product
Classification
Reactor
Total
23
19
27
21
T(oC)
Table 1.14 shows that for yield percentage, the higher the percentage, the more
preferable it is.
number of by-product, the lesser the better. From the Table 1.14 shows that propane
dehydrogenation is recommended since PDH got the highest weightage. All the
important parameter is consider for the process selection. Besides it has the highest
yield and the feedstock is easier to get from the supplier.
36
The Propane Dehydrogenation process is selected for this study. The yield
produce from the production is higher than others. Compared to metathesis process
which is got the second highest score the yield production is much lower. In addition,
the raw material must be gone through the other process before it is enter to the
metathesis process. Besides that, PDH are operating in endothermic condition with
lowpressure usedso that can reduce the side reaction. Furthermore PDH is also
operating at high temperature which can reduce the formation of coke in the catalyst.
For the metathesis process, it required higher cost compared to propane
dehydrogenation process. Additionally, the steam cracking operate at too high
temperature that produce many side reaction.
Then, the reaction is not limited by the thermodynamic equilibrium and the
deactivation of catalyst is not a problem since oxygen can efficiently remove coke
and its precursors. Besides that, the availability of raw material is high and the price
is lower in certain area. Additionally, from this process, the propylene is produced as
the main product which can get the higher yield. Meanwhile for FCC and steam
cracking, the propylene produced as the by product at the end of the process. Thus,
PDH is selected for the production of propylene in this project.
37
Propane dehydrogenation (PDH) process required two type of reactor for the
production of propylene which is reformer and oxyreactor. The reformer that act as
external heater reactor will be operated in 500 to 600Cin order to produce the
product which contains propylene and hydrogen as the major product. Then, the
product will be passing through the oxyreactor in order to have the reaction between
hydrogen and oxygen to produce water.
After that, the water will be removed at the condenser and the remaining will
be passing through to the gas separator so that the light component will be removed.
The heavy component will be extracted and the propylene will be obtained. In the
reformer system, the catalyst is used in order to increase the rate of reaction. Since
the PDH process is operating in the presence of steam, the coke formation will be
introduced which can low the performance of the catalyst. Thus, the formation of
coke must be considered in order to have the high performance of the reformer.
The disadvantages
Besides, the catalytic PDH required series of reactor for the process. The
conversion, temperature and pressure are three items that relate and depends with
each other.
conversion of paraffin which in our case is propane. The direct catalyst PDH is
equilibrium limited reaction as the conversion is limited by the thermodynamics
equilibrium for a given pressure and temperature. As a result, velocity of reaction
decreases and activity of catalyst is not efficiently used when conversion approaches
equilibrium (The Uhde STAR process, 2013).
38
Oxidative
PDH
is
an
interesting
alternative
to
the
conventional
Besides that, the oxidative PDH system has low energy consumption. The
operating temperature for oxidative PDH is lower compared to the operating
temperature for catalytic PDH. Thus, the heating process required lower than
catalytic PDH. Besides, the oxidative PDH is also can save the heating cost since the
heating temperature is low compared to catalytic PDH. In addition, since the
oxidative PDH operating temperature is low, the higher conversion will be achieved.
Figure 1.13: Thermodynamic equilibrium data. Source: (The Uhde STAR Process,
2013).
39
This reaction also is not limited by the thermodynamic equilibrium and since
oxygen can efficiently remove coke and its precursors, deactivation of catalyst is
usually not a problem (Blekkan et al., 2002). The influence of oxygen addition in
the PDH system is shown in Figure 1.13 whereas mentioned earlier, it shift the
equilibrium towards increased conversion of propane to propylene. The screening
process for each of the process is done in order to find which of the PDH process is
recommended. Table 1.11 shows the summary of comparison between oxidative
PDH and catalytic PDH.
40
Catalytic PDH
Oxidative PDH
Optimum
575-620
475-550
Catalyst
V-Mg-O
Pt (Sn)/ Al2O3
Heat
Endothermic
Endothermic
Conversion
High conversion
temperature, T
(C)
temperature
rate
Absent
Presence of
Presence
oxygen
Advantages
contact
time
in dehydrogenation of paraffin
to olefin.
Disadvantages
Strongly
endothermic
condition
required
selectivity.
41
Rank
Worst
Moderate
Excellent
Table 1.12: The weightage for oxidative PDH and catalytic PDH.
Process
Oxidative PDH
Catalytic PDH
Operating Temperature
Operating Pressure
Conversion Rate
Presence of Oxygen
Type of Catalyst
Cost Effectiveness
Energy Consumption
Selectivity
Total
26
20
From the scanning process shows that oxidative PDH is preferred. The
oxidative PDH can produce high conversion in low temperature thus can reduce the
heating cost and energy consumption. Other than that, oxidative PDH operate in high
temperature and pressure thus, the formation of coke can be reduced. Besides, the
oxidative PDH has the high conversion rate in lower temperature compared to
catalytic PDH which is operating in high temperature and low pressure. In addition,
oxidative PDH is also an environmental friendly process due to the presence of
oxygen which can react with hydrogen and produce water. Besides that, it is cost
effective and energy consumption process because operating in low temperature.
Then, the oxidative PDH process is also produced higher selectivity due to the high
temperature and pressure respectively.
42
43
SnO2 as the acid function. The metal function is needed and the acidity of the Al2O3
will neutralized by alkaline metals (Al) for this dehydrogenation process (Pieck,
2005).
According to Table 1.13, shows the properties and comparisons for both
catalysts in our ODH process. In a conclusion, the catalyst chosen is Pt-Sn support
with Al2O3. This catalyst can extend the life of the catalyst. Also, it can improve the
undesirable for catalytic reforming reaction such as minimize the operating pressure.
In addition, this catalyst could minimize the environment problem that could be
caused by this process.
Another characteristic of the TNSO catalyst metal content is high rated. The
cost for the catalyst loading is lowered. Catalyst TNSO was used in the continuous
reforming device of Liaoyang Petrochemical company poly-esterification in April
1994 replaced the UOP catalyst. It was used in reforming device of Lanzhou refiner
(Wang, 2013). Figure 1.14 shows that the pictures of chromium oxide, Cr2O3 or
platinum (tin)/alumina, Pt (Sn)/Al2O3.
(a)
(b)
Figure 1.14: The picture of (a) chromium oxide, Cr2O3. Source: (International ECommerce Platform, 2013), (b) platinum (tin)/alumina, Pt (Sn)/Al2O3. Source: (New
1/4" megtec bead catalyst-platinum, 2013).
44
In detail the benefits of this catalyst in our process are when Pt (Sn)-Al2O3 reacts
with O2 will increase the conversion of C-H dehydrogenation and increase the
fraction of coke eliminated. Thus, formation of coke in this process will reduce.
Coke is oxygenated step by step that will produce intermediates that are easier to
burn with O2. The elimination of coke with O2 will starts on metal function (Sn)
surfaces of the catalyst. If Pt is not alloyed with Sn, the regeneration of coked
catalyst with O2 at 450 oC produces metal segregation and increase the concentration
of Pt and metal catalytic activity (Pieck, 2005).
45
Chromium Oxide
Platinum(Tin)/Alumina
Cr2O3
Pt(Sn)/Al2O3
Other Name
CCR catalyst
Model No.
AR-Chromium Green
TNSO or TNEO
Purity, %
> 98
> 99
Company
0.500 0.750
4.11
20 000
100
Chemical Formula
Manufacturing
Price USD/kg
Supply
Availability, tonne/tonne per
day
Minimum Order Availability,
kg
46
Packaging
Container
o
requirements).
Advantages
Source: (Zhang M. A., Factory low price Chromium oxide catalyst, 2013; Zhang M. L., Henan Allrich Chemical Co., Ltd., 2013; Dierks, 2011;
Wang, 2013).
47
The process began when the raw material is introduced to the first reactor,
reformer. The raw material for this reactor is propane (gas phase) where it needs to be
heated first to match with the temperature in the reactor (510C). The propane is heated
when it pass through the heat exchanger and heater.
Fuel gas and air will be introduced in the reformer to promote combustion in the
reactor as well as to heat the reformer up to desired temperature, 510C. The reaction
occurred with the presence of steam that will reduce the partial pressure of the reactants.
This condition is considered as favorable, as the endothermic conversion of propane to
propylene will increase (The Uhde STAR Process, 2013). The chemical reaction for the
dehydrogenation process was demonstrated as in Equation 1.21 (Propylene from
Propane via Dehydrogenation, 2013).
3 8 3 6 + 2
(1.21)
At the same time, there will be minor amount of coke deposited on the catalyst
(Platinum Tin Alumina) used to enhance the performance of dehydrogenation process.
There is only 80% of the catalyst required in the reformer and the remaining 20% filled
the oxy-reactor. The steam introduced earlier will convert most of the coke into carbon
dioxide. Very little coke is left to be burnt off during the oxidative regeneration, hence
allowing longer operation cycles and making the regeneration quick and simple (The
Uhde STAR Process, 2013). This reaction is shown in Equation 1.22 (Sascha, 2011).
+ 22 0 22 + 22
(1.22)
In our process, the reaction takes place under the pressure of 5 to 6 bar and the output of
this reaction are propylene and hydrogen gas with the by-product of methane, ethane,
propane, ethylene, and carbon dioxide.
48
All of the output will start to enter the oxy-reactor (second reactor), where
oxygen will be introduced to react with part of the hydrogen to produce water which in
turn will shift the equilibrium of the dehydrogenation reaction to increased conversion as
shown in Equation 1.23 and 1.24 (Sascha, 2011). This reactor operates at the same
range of pressure with reformer while the output streams temperature is 580C. Here, it
is assumed that the oxygen gas react 90% with the hydrogen and the output of this
reactor is the same as in reformer but got one additional by-product, water.
3 8 + 0.52 3 6 + 2 0(1.23)
2 + 0.502 2
(1.24)
The process continues when the output from oxy-reactor enters heat exchanger
and condenser that functioned to cool down the process.
propylene in liquid phase with the reason for easy products transportation and also as
the polypropylene production used liquid propylene as their raw material. Since the
boiling point of propylene is -47.6C at 1 atm, the temperature of propylene needs to be
reduced lower than its boiling point (Gas Innovation, 2007).
reduced from 580C (from oxy-reactor) to 430C and 150C respectively after pass
through the first and second heat exchanger. The process is further cooled in the
condenser to 10C.
The products and by-products from the oxy-reactor then, enter the first
distillation columns (DC) in order to remove the water content results from the earlier
process as the bottom product. The water exits at 128.7C of temperature and pressure
of 2.6 bar. Meanwhile, the remaining components vaporize through the top of the DC
with resulting temperature of -30C and enter the second DC. Based on HYSYS, the
phase in this stream is still gas at the pressure of 2.6 bar.
49
50
R-101
: Reformer
B-101
: Reboiler
D- 303
: Depropanizer
PRODUCTION OF 250,000
R-101
: Oxyreactor
P- 301
: Pump
METRIC TONNES OF
H-101
: Heater
D-302 : Deethanizer
H-301
: Heater
PROPYLENE
51
1.11 Summary
The world demand of propylene is keep increasing and expecting rose in the future.
Propylene is used as the raw material for the production of polypropylene, propylene
oxide, acrylonitrile and phenol. Thus, the usage of propylene is increasing due to the
increasing demand of those chemical products in the world. The propylene plant is
planned to be construct and build in order to fulfil the demand of the propylene. The
suitable process is selected based on the certain criteria to fulfil the production of
propylene.
The suitable process is selected through the screening process. Based on the
screening process, propane dehydrogenation (PDH) is the most suitable process for
propylene plant in this project. PDH can be used in order to fulfil the production of
this project. Propane dehydrogenation (PDH) is widely used in industry especially
for the production of propylene due to the effectiveness of the conversion, cost and
energy consumption compared to metathesis, fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) and
steam cracking. Table 1.14 shows that the advantages and disadvantages of PDH
process.
Disadvantages
Lack of selectivity.
high temperature.
The
condition
and hydrogen.
high
on catalyst.
of
52
Table 1.14 shows that PDH is the most suitable processes that can be used for
the production of propylene for this project since PDH can have higher conversion of
the product. Besides that, PDH is also the environmental friendly process that can be
used in the industry. The waste can be reducing by using oxidative PDH to produce
water. Other than that, the raw material which is propane is also easy to excess since
the demand of propylene is high. Thus, the production of propane that acts as raw
material is also increasing. Moreover, PDH is the process that has low energy
consumption. The low energy consumption can reduce the operating cost of the
plant. Furthermore, PDH process can slow down the decreasing performance of the
catalyst. PDH process can reduce the formation of coke so the performance of the
catalyst can be maintained. Thus, PDH is the process used for the production of
propylene.
53
REFERENCES
Chin S.Y. (2011). Kinetic model and Simulation Analysis for Propane
Dehydrogenation in an Industrial Moving Bed Reactor. World Academy of
Science, Engineering and Technology 52 , 183.
Corma A., Mengual J. & Miguel P.J. (2013). IM-5 zeolite for steam catalytic
cracking of naphtha toproduce propene and ethane. An alternative to ZSM-5
zeolite. Applied Catalysis A: General, 460-461, pg 106-115
Corma A., Mengual J. & Miguel P.J. (2012). Steam catalytic cracking of naphtha
over ZSM-5 zeolite for production of propene and ethane: Micro and
macroscopic implications of the presence of steam. Applied Catalysis A, 417418, pg 220-235
54
Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update. (2013). Retrieved October 16, 2013, from EIA:
http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/gasdiesel/
Goethem M.W.M., Barendregt S., Grievink J., Mouljin J.A. Verheijen P.J.T. (2010).
Model-based, thermo-physical optimisation for high olefin yield in steam
cracking reactors. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 88, pg 1305
1319
Hernandez, D. O. (2001). ALFA OLEFINS. United States: National SIDS Contract
Point.
55
Miller R. B. (1998). A novel of FCC process for maximizing light olefins using a
new generation ZSM-5 additive. MAXOFIN , 8.
Miller R. B. (1998). MAXOFIN: A novel FCC process for maximizing light olefins
using a new generation ZSM-5 additive.Retrieved October 13, 2013, from
KBR:
http://www.kbr.com/Newsroom/Publications/Technical-
Papers/MAXOFIN-A-Novel-FCC-Process-for-Maximizing-Light-OlefinsUsing-a-New-Generation-ZSM-5-Additive.pdf
(2013).
Retrieved
October
17,
2013,
from
EuroInvestor:
http://www.euroinvestor.com/exchanges/tel-aviv-stocks/naphtha/1793719
and
profitability:
http://www.kbr.com/Newsroom/Publications/Brochures/Petrochemicals.pdf
Propylene via Metathesis. (2013). In-Technology Economics. United State of
America: Intratac solutions llc. Pg 1-71
Propylene
form
Propane
via
Dehydrogenation
(similar
to
Lummus
56
Pyl S.P., Schietekata C.M., Reyniersa M.F., Abharib R., Marina G.B., Van Geem
K.M. (2011). Biomass to olefins: Cracking of renewable naphtha. Chemical
Engineering Journal, 176 177, pg 178 187
Pyl S.P., Dijkmans T., Antonykutty J.M., Reyniers M.F., Harlin A., Van Geem K.M.
& Marin G.B. (2012). Wood-derived olefins by steam cracking of
hydrodeoxygenated tall oils. Bioresource Technology, 126, pg 4855
Rahimi N. & Karimzadeh R. (2011). Catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons over
modified ZSM-5 zeolites to produce light olefins: A review. Applied Catalysis
A: General, 398, pg 1-7
Ren T., Patel M. & Blok K. (2006). Olefins from conventional and heavy feedstocks:
Energy use in steam cracking and alternative processes. Energy, 31,pg 425
451
Spurlin S. (2011). Prospectus S. Petrologistic LP. 223.
Transporting diesel and other environmentally hazardous substances (UN 3077 and
UN 3082). (2013). Retrieved October 15, 2013, from NZ Transport Agency:
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/rules/docs/diesel-information-sheet2010.pdf
Van Geema K.M., Hudebine D., Reyniers M.F., Wahl F, Verstraete J.J., & Marin
G.B. (2007). Molecular reconstruction of naphtha steam cracking feedstocks
based on commercial indices. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 31, pg
10201034
57
Xue N., Liu N., Nie L., Yu Y., Gu M., Peng L., Guo X. and Ding W. (2010). 1Butene cracking to propene over P/HZSM-5: Effect of lanthanum. Journal of
Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 327, pg 1219
Zhu X., Liu S., Song Y., Xie S. & Xu L. (2005). Catalytic cracking of 1-butene to
propene and ethane on MCM-22 zeolite. Applied Catalysis A: General, 290,
191-199
58
CHAPTER 2
MARKET ANALYSIS
2.1
Introduction
Petroleum products can be obtained from refineries, natural gas and petrochemicals.
Refineries oil prices in the world are also likely to continue with high volatility in the
market. According to the UAE Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, the UAE
maximum sustainable daily capacity of oil production is 2 million barrels a day. The
production capacity is over 3 million barrels per day. In a year 2000, that oil reserves in
the UAE are 98.8 billion barrels, the third largest oil reserves in the world after Saudi
Arabia, and Iraq.
It is proved that, in a year 2000, UAE is the fourth largest natural gas reserves in
the worldand the natural gas reserves is estimated around 6 trillion m3(Mohamed
Shihab,2008).Thus, UAE is expected to reserve natural gas more than 4 % of the world
natural gas. UAE is also one of the world wealthiest nations. In a year2011, a gross
domestic product (GDP) per capita for UAE is estimated at $48,158 and got eighth
ranking in the world. Beyond the hydrocarbon economy which continues to account
approximately 80 % of total government revenues (U.S Energy Information
Administration,2013).In the Middle East, UAE is to be one of the most important
financial centres in the world and a major trading centre. Therefore, propane industry
had to take the opportunity to strengthen existing market with low world oil prices.
59
2.2
Market Study
Market analysis is find the information in detail about our propylene industries
project plant. In this chapter, we include the information on propylene industry, the
target market, competition and intention in order to develop our propylene plant. With
comprehensive data for this section, the most important is the statistics in analysing the
market.
2.2.1
From Figure 2.1, it shows the propylene world demand; Propylene is the second
largest olefin after ethylene, with propylene production increase around 4.2% from 2008
to 2014 in the world demand. In the long term, propylene demand does not show the
rapid development. This is because the Asia petrochemical companies receive a
competitive in production of ethylene from the Middle East which resulted in a large
approaching shortage of propylene in Asia. The year in between 2001 to 2005, global
propylene market is slightly increased if comparingin the future market.
60
Figure 2.1: World Demand for Propylene 2011(Dominant Technology for the Propylene
Production,2011)
The global economic crisis that occurred in 2008 actually began in the United
States (US) then spread to the other countries around the world.In the year 2008, the
world financial crisis occurs. This resulted in declining purchasing from US society that
has been identified as the largest consumer of products from various countries around
the world. It is shown in figure 2.1. During this year, it gives crisis impact on the
propylene sale. However, the economy of the propylene demand began to grow at the
beginning of 2009 and continue increasing until 2013. It can show that the propylene
demand will continue to increase in the coming year.
61
2.2.2
According to Figure 2.2, the pie chat show percentages world production of
propylene at 2013.If by country, USA is the major user of propylene in the industry and
followed closely by China.USA has resulted in 26.8% and 21.9% of propylene China to
the world. 25.9% is from other countries especially from Middle East ,Asia and North
America.Netherlands, Germany, and Japan also accounted for 25.3% of world
market.With the advent of our company in the Middle East, it can increase propylene
production to world markets, particularly the Middle East.
62
2.2.3
63
2.2.4
According to SRI Consulting shown in Figure 2.4, Northeast Asia is the world's
largest propane consumption by 33% in 2008, followed by West Europe and North
America by 19%.Areas of Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Europe, South America, and
Indians just need propane below 10% only in the world. However, our company only
focus on the Middle East to build a plant to produce propylene. If we look at the Middle
East, there are many plant produce propane however propane consumption is slightly
only 7%. According to the Figure 2.3 and Figure 2.4, it can be concluded that the
production of propane in the Middle East more than the use of propane. This proves that
the Middle East is export propane to other countries. So, it is not a problem for us to buy
raw materials in the Middle East to produce propylene. Since propane could be access
easily in this region.
64
9%
19%
Southeast Asia
Northeast Asia
Indian
5%
33%
Middle East
Europe
West Europe
19%
South America
North America
3%
7%
5%
2.2.5
Figure 2.5, shows the countries that produce Pt(Sn)-Al2O3 in 2009. It is about
45% of the world's Pt(Sn)-Al2O3 produced in South Africa. Kazakhstan, India, Russia,
and Turkey are considered major producers. While Finland, and Brazil produce smaller
amounts. Among the well-known company in the supply of Pt(Sn)-Al2O3are like Anglo
Platinum Ltd, Aquarius Platinum Ltd, Merafe Resources Ltd and Outokompu OYJ
65
(MiningWatch Canada,2011). However, we must find plant produce catalyst close to our
factory because it can save cost and time.
Russia
4%
Others
11%
Turkey
8%
South Africa
45%
Kazakhstan
17%
India
15%
Figure 2.5: Countries Producing Pt(Sn)-Al2O3 (Metal Matters The Smiths, 2009)
2.2.6
In oxidation PDH process, oxygen is used to further the process of PDH. The main
function of oxygen is to react with the hydrogen to produce water and also to increase
the conversion of propane. Many oxidation reactions in the chemical industry using pure
oxygen instead of air to benefit from a higher reaction rate, product separation easier,
yield higher or smaller equipment size. Industrial application of oxygen is available and
mostly used it for combustion. Moreover, burning in pure oxygen can improve
combustion efficiency in our reactor. Also, it is believed that oxygen can reduce coking
formation in our process.
66
Since we plan to build our propylene plant in UAE, large probability, we will
buy the oxygen directly from Emirates Gas (EG) because it is the leading manufacturer
for gas supply in UAE. With over three decades of experience industrial, EG provides a
comprehensive range of pure gases and gas mixtures, designed for the specific needs of
their customers. The gas can be supplies via piping line system or bulk regarding to the
customer needs. The strategic location of the our proposed location is Free Zone has
facilitated direct access to a large number of potential customers and existing ones
abroad in UAE, Gulf, Africa and Iran.
2.3
Price of Chemicals
A company will be exists as long as it makes money and it can only do so if they
deliver a quality product or service at the right price. This means that the key to any
conversation about raising prices is to emphasize that the increase will ensure the quality
of the product.
2.3.1
Price of Propane
The question that always been asked by the consumer is, "How much the price of
propane?. Propane is a substance that is filtered out of other materials and traded in
markets around the world, the price of propane can vary by a lot depending on the
economic, political unforeseen, and other factors.One of the main factors that influence
the price of propane is based on the demand. For example, if the temperature in the
North-Eastern United States is very cold, the demand and price for propane will rise.
Figure 2.6 shows the price of propane in UAE market from April to October
2013, there is a significant price change. This price is based on market prices in the
dirham currency to use. One Arab Emirates Dirham (AED) is equivalent to USD 0.27. If
we look at the current price for propane, it is between three to
four AED/gallon. In
other words, if the currency is change to USD, it is about 1008 USD /tonne. This price
67
can be considered affordable and can provide huge profits in the production of
propylene.
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Apr-13
May-13
Jun-13
Jul-13
Aug-13
Sep-13
Oct-13
2.3.2
Price of Propylene
Referring to Figure 2.7, it shows the differences between the three areas that
require a lot of propylene. When looking at Asian markets and Europe, propylene prices
have shown a relatively low performance in the last 2010 years. But the price of
propylene in the U.S. can be said to be justified by the current state of the world that is
around 1800 USD/ ton. Among the causes of high propylene prices as possible the
standard of living and demand in the U.S. is much higher than other areas. However, this
is the price in the last 3 years. Therefore, we assume propylene prices will continue to
rise due to higher demand and consumption.
68
The higher propylene prices in the world market, the more profit in processing
propylene in our company. Our first main focus is the US because the propylene price in
2012 is around 1800 USD / tonne (Andrew Horncastle, 2012). However, the price of
propylene will be increase. Thus, it is not preferable because we want to sell the
propylene with our target price 1800 USD/tonne.
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Asia
Europe
US
2.4
Production Rate
69
Therefore, our plant plans to produce 250,000 metric tonnes per year to help US
demand. With a production of 250,000 tonnes per year of propylene, our plant will
contributed 0.3% of propylene to the world. Given our new plant to start a business, but
still can give a healthy competition with companies world-class.
2.5
Economic Analysis
Any Chemical plants are built for sure to make money/ profit. However, an initial
estimated investment is needed to see whether we can know their profitability of a
project. Therefore, all type cost of production is needed to be estimated. For this chapter
we only focusing in brief estimation cost taken from any sources related (Source:Turton
et al, 2013).
1. Fixed capital
2. Raw material
3. Utilities
4. Direct labor cost
5. Fixed cost
6. Start-up cost
70
Table 2.1: Investment Cost on Different Propylene Plant. (Wenzel, 2011) (Evoscience,
2008)
Company
Description
Total Investment
cost
( USD )
Egyptian Propylene
and
Polypropylene
Company (EPP),
metric
tonnes
propylene
LURGI MTP
propylene
2.5.2
350,000
of
680 million
565 million
China
Cost Estimating
Cost estimating is an approximation of the probability cost needed for any business
project. Any cost related to the project either expenses or revenue will be included in
cost estimation for example equipment cost, capital cost, land cost and other related cost.
2.5.3
Fixed capital cost is the total of plant ready for start-up. The cost includes in this fixed
capital or investment cost are design, all equipment and installation, buildings, auxiliary
facilities and all piping, instrumentation and control system (Sinnott, 2005).
71
Estimate No. Of
Equipment
( 1 Unit )
Total Estimation
Price
USD
Reactor :
Reformer reactor
15,410,000
15,410,000
Oxyreactor
10,000,000
10,000,000
500,000
1,000,000
Distillation column
10,000,000
30,000,000
Heater
1,010,000
2,020,000
Boiler
7,000,000
7,000,000
Pump
100,000
100,000
Cooler
300,000
300,000
Storage tank
1,000,000
4,000,000
20,000,000
20,000,000
Heat Exchanger
Other Equipment
Total
89,830,000
72
Table 2.3: Fixed Capital Investment of Propylene Plant (Source: Sinnott, 2005)
Type
Estimation Cost
Total
89,830,000
Equipment Installation
35,932,000
62,881,000
17,966,000
Direct Cost
Instrumentation
&
system
Electrical system installation
8,983,000
40,000,000
Total
255,592,000
26,949,000
Contractor fee
8,983,000
Contingencies
8,983,000
Total
44,915,000
Indirect cost
300,507,000
73
2.5.4
Start-up Cost
Start-up cost is a cost that needed for plant to start operating where this cost is cover for
process modification, start-up labor and loss in production. Normally, the estimation for
start-up cost from fixed capital cost is 10%.
Start-up cost
2.5.5
74
As stated in site location chapter, the preferred land in UAE is only for rental. The
location that we choose is Ajman, UAE. The land cost is calculated base on per area.
Table 2.4 showed the cost of land per area in Ajman. We have decided to use 12 acres
for process plant. The calculated cost for land per acre is USD 21,800/ acre. Thus, the
total cost of land for our plant is USD 264,663.
2.5.6
Name
Area (m2 )
Annual Rent
Land
Min 2000
Operating costs are divided into two category variable costs and fixed costs.
Variable operating costs are costs that are dependent on the amount of product produced
and fixed operating costs are costs that not vary with production rate.
75
Table 2.5: Cost of raw material (Source: Index Mundi, 2013; MATRADE, 2013)
Raw Material
Flowrate
Cost
(tonne/yr)
(USD/tonne)
Propane
320,633
1008
323,198,064
Oxygen
10,000
1873
18,730,000
Total
341,928,064
Our process chose the Platinum(Tin)/AluminaPt(Sn)-Al2O3 catalyst .Table 2.6 shows the
catalyst annual cost.
Table 2.6: Catalyst annual cost (Source: Zhang M. A., 2013; Zhang M. L., 2013; Dierks,
2011; Wang, 2013)
Reactant
Pt(Sn)-Al2O3
15
13,607 USD
204,105
76
Quantity
Nnp
Reformer reactor
Oxyreactor
Heat Exchanger
Distillation column
Heater
Boiler
Condenser
Storage tank
Reactor :
Total
11
From the information by Turton et al, 2013, A single operator will work on average 49
weeks a year (3 weeks work off) with 8 hours per shift. For 24 hours plant operation
required 3 shifts to complete 24 hours per day.
77
NOL
NOL
= 2.97
No. of Operator Needed : 2.97x 4.2 = 12.47 operator (13 operators per shifts)
Therefore, the total operator needed for 3shifts per day are 39 operators for running plant
per day.
Table 2.8: Total Admin and Operating Labor cost (Source: GULFTALENT Jobs for
Professional,2013)
No
of USD/
Total
Total
workers
Workers/month
USD/month
CEO
16,000
16,000
192,000
COO
10,000
10,000
120,000
HR
3,500
7,000
84,000
Sales
4,600
13,800
156,600
Marketing
4,600
13,800
156,600
Finance
4,600
13,800
156,600
USD/year
BDD :
Operation :
78
a. Head
of 1
5,800
5800
69,600
6,900
34,500
414,000
Operation
b. Engineer
c. Safety
Head
3,500
3,500
42,000
Staff
2,000
6,000
72,000
d. Logistic
Head
3,500
3,500
42,000
staff
2,000
6,000
72,000
e. Maintenance
Head
3,488
3,488
41,856
Staff
2,000
8,000
96,000
3,000
3,000
36,000
2,000
4,000
48,000
5,800
5,800
69,600
2,100
4,200
50,400
f. LAB
Head
staff
g. QA/QC
Head
Staff
1,919,256
Operator
40
1,500
60,000
720,000
Guard
3x3 shift
1200
10,800
129,600
Total ( USD )
2,768,856
79
Table 2.9: Estimation of utilities cost based on UAE (Regulation & Supervision Bureau,
2013)
Utilities
Rate (Dollar)
Quantity used
Total (Dollar)
1. Water
Price
of
200m3/ day
181,104 USD/year
industrial used
Total of water used 68,600 m3/ year
per year (Dollar)
2. Electricity
Price of electricity;
Total
of
0.11 USD/KWh
5,000 KW/day
188,650 USD/year
369,754 USD
80
2.5.7
Total Revenue
The company will sell propylene USD 1,800 per tonne and we will get the profit from
the sale of propylene per year is USD 450 million.
Propylene
250,000
USD 1,800
2.6
Breakeven Analysis
Fixed Cost
81
Fixed Cost
1(
= USD 1,430,078,365
= USD 1.4 billion
82
Fixed Operating
Variable Cost
Total Cost
Revenue
Profit
Cost
0
330,507,000
330,507,000
-330,507,000
250000
330,507,000
345,575,774
676,082,774
450,000,000
-226,082,774
500000
330,507,000
691,151,548
1,021,658,548
850,000,000
-171,658,548
750000
330,507,000
1,036,727,322
1,367,234,322
1,300,000,000
-67,234,322
1000000
330,507,000
1,382,303,096
1,712,810,096
1,750,000,000
37,189,904
1250000
330,507,000
1,727,878,870
2,058,385,870
2,200,000,000
141,614,130
1500000
330,507,000
2,073,454,644
2,403,961,644
2,650,000,000
246,038,356
1750000
330,507,000
2,419,030,418
2,749,537,418
3,100,000,000
350,462,582
2000000
330,507,000
2,764,606,192
3,095,113,192
3,550,000,000
454,886,808
2250000
330,507,000
3,110,181,966
3,440,688,966
4,000,000,000
559,311,034
2500000
330,507,000
3,455,757,740
3,786,264,740
4,450,000,000
663,735,260
83
3500
3000
Total Cost
2500
Revenue
2000
Fixed Cost
variable cost
1500
1000
500
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
3
units, x10 tonnes
2500
3000
84
2.7
Conclusion
85
REFERENCES
86
Joan Kuyek, D. (2011). Economic analysis of the Ring of Fire chromite mining play .
Mining Watch Canada Mines Alerte , 5-8.
MATRADE. (2013). World Trade Atlas.
Merchant Research and Consulting, Ltd. (1, 2013). Retrieved 17 11, 2013, from
http://mcgroup.co.uk/researches/propylene-oxide-po
On-purpose propylene production will increase share of future global demand . (2004).
Oil & Gas Journal , 1.
On-purpose propylene production will increase share of future global demand. (2004).
Oil & Gas Journal , 1.
Regulation & Supervision Bureau. (2013). Retrieved 19 11, 2013, from
http://www.rsb.gov.ae/en/PrimaryMenu/index.aspx?LeftType=1&SubCatLeftMenu_Na
me=Customer%20Tariffs%20&%20Charges&SubCatLeftMenu_ID=152&SubCatMenu
_Name=Tariffs%20&%20charges&SubCatMenu_ID=151&CatMenu_ID=67&PriMenu
_ID=177&CatMenu_Name=&PriMenu_Name=Sector%20
Shihab, M. (2008). Economic Development in the UAE. 2.
Shihab, M. (2008). Economic Development in the UAE. 2.
Shihab, M. (2008). Economic Development in the UAE. 2.
Sinnott, R. K. (2005). Chemical Engineering Design. In R. K. Sinnott, Coulson &
Richardson's Chemical Engineering Series (pp. -). United Kingdom: Elsevier
Butterworth- Heinemann.
Smiths. (2009). Metal Matters. Retrieved 19 11, 2013, from
http://library.thinkquest.org/08aug/01930/commonmetals/Chromium.html
Turton et al, r. t. (2013). Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes.
Prentice Hall.
Turton et al, r. t. (third edition ). Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes.
Prentice Hall.
tutor2u*. (n.d.). Retrieved 24th( Thursday ) October, 2013, from
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/breakevenanalysis.asp
U.S Energy Information Administration. (2013). 1.
Wenzel, D. I. (2011). Uhde STAR process. Tianjin: ThyssenKrupp.
87
88
CHAPTER 3
SITE LOCATION
3.1
INTRODUCTION
Geography plays the important role in the construction of chemical plant for the
production of propylene to have the success of a business in the future (Roig-Tierno et
al., 2013). The site location selection is the most important decision for this project.
Since the demand for propylene is keep increasing for the use of many productions, so
the strategic site location is required to distribute the product easily and effectively.
Besides that, the site location for the propylene plant must be close to the source
of propane and oxygen since both of them are the raw material used respectively. Thus,
the distribution of raw material will be easier and can reduce the cost of the
transportation. Moreover, the safety and environmental issues are also must be consider
for the selection of the site location. In addition, the propylene plant needs the site
location which is far away from the residential area for safety issues.
Furthermore, the propylene plant can be constructed near to the river or sea so
that the treated water from the plant can be discharge directly to the river or sea.
Additionally, the availability of utilities around the propylene plant is needed such as
water supply, power supply, road network and many more so that the plant can run
89
effectively. Besides that, the transportation facility is also required for the plant, thus the
raw materials can be distributed easily to the propylene plant.
The demand of the labor is higher in the industrial area. Moreover, the labor
availability also needs to study and identify for the constructions and operations of the
plant. The changes climate of the site location is studied to for this project. Thus, the
right site location selection must be made in order to have environmental friendly and
profitably propylene plant. The criteria for the site location selection are listed before the
selection is made.
3.2
The selection of site location is done by considering a lot of criteria. All the criteria must
be considered for the construction of the propylene plant so that the operations of the
propylene plant can be run smoothly and effectively in the future. The selection process
is done by considering some aspect. The selection criteria is listed and discussed. The
site selection criteria are discussed by Sinnott and Towler (2009) in Chemical
Engineering Design in the next subtopic.
3.2.1
The strategiclocation for propylene plant is required for this project. The location of the
plant must be placed close to the primary market. The primary market provides the low
cost of material that produced in bulk quantities such as fuels, cement, fertilizers and
mineral acids. Besides that, the transportation cost for raw material are also can be
reduce since the propylene plant close to the plant that produce the raw material. In
addition, the transportation for the product to the customer is also can reduce the
transportation cost since the propylene plant is located to the primary markets.
90
3.2.2
The propylene plant also must be located close to the raw material supply. For this
production, the major raw material needed is propane and oxygen. Thus, the propylene
plant must be located near to the propane and oxygen supplier. The best location is the
place that offers the suitable and reasonable price for the raw material. Additionally, the
availability the raw material is also provided in the suitable location of the propylene
plant. The transportation cost can be reducing since the plant is located close to the
source of raw material.
3.2.3
Transportation
Transportation is the most important facilities for the operations and constructions of
propylene plant. The transportation is used to deliver the raw materials and product to
and from the plant. Without suitable transportation facilities, the raw material cannot be
deliver to the plant thus, the propylene plant cannot be operate effectively and the
product are also can be distributed to the customer. There are three types of transport
form that is usually used in the industry such as road, waterway, air and railway
transport.
Road transport is used for local distribution of the raw material and product and
waterway transport is usually used for the large amount of raw material and product
distribution. Besides that, the air transport is used for the movement of essential
equipment and personnel movement to be more efficient and appropriate. Additionally,
the railway transport is used to transport the raw material and product in the long
distance and cheaper.
91
3.2.4
Availability of Labor
The availability of labor is important for the construction and operations of the plant.
The workers for the construction is usually brought from the outside of the area must
have enough skill for the construction of the plant. In the other hand, the availability and
suitability of the local workers from that area are also important in order to run the plant.
The recruitment of local workers can reduce the operation cost of the plant instead of
recruiting the workers from the outside of that area. Besides that, the availability of local
workers that have enough skill in electricity, welding and piping is also available in that
area to operate the plant effectively and smoothly. By recruiting the local workers can
improve the economy of the local people in that area.
3.2.5
Suitable Utilities
The availability of suitable utilities is important in order to operate the propylene plant.
The utilities required in that area such as water, electricity and fuel supply. All of this
utility must available easily in that area so that the plant can operate easily. Besides that,
it also can reduce that operations cost of the plant since all of the utilities can be find
locally. The water supply is required for cooling system and general processes. The high
quality of the water supply is necessary for the process of the propylene plant. The water
supply is taken from river, sea or lake of that area to the plant that is used for the cooling
process.
In the other hand, the electricity supply is also needed to operate the plant. The
large amount of electricity required for the plant and it must have low cost of the
electricity supply. Additionally, the steam and power generation needs the enough fuel
supply. Thus, the cheap fuel supply must be available in order to reduce the operation
cost of the plant. Moreover, the road network is also important to connect the plant area
and the outside area so that the distribution of the raw material and product to or from
the plant can be done effectively.
92
3.2.6
The environment is one thing that all the plant must consider in order to operate a plant.
The plant will be produce waste product during operation. Thus, the waste product must
be handling and dispose correctly so that the waste does not affect the environment
quality. The difficulties and cost of the waste management are also must be consider for
the operation of the propylene plant. All the disposal of the waste must be covered by
local regulations. The correct authorities must be hired and consulted to make sure that
the waste must be met the standard characteristics. Besides that, the environmental
impact assessment must be made for the construction and operation of the plant so that
the pollution can be minimize, reduce or avoid during operation.
The local community agreement for the construction and operation of the plant is
required in order to run the plant in that area. The safe location is important so that the
operation of the plant does not affect the safety of the local population and no additional
risk for them. The plant should not locate on the upwind of the residential area so that
the risk can be reducing towards the residential area. Furthermore, the adequate facilities
must be provided by the local community for the plant personnel and workers such as
banks, schools, housing, cultural facilities and recreational facilities. In addition, the
local community is also must consulted about the effect of the plant operations towards
the residential area. The local community must be consulted about water consumption
and water discharge from the plant so that they know all the consequences of a plant is
constructed in that area.
93
3.2.8
Availability of Land
The suitable land is required in order to construct a plant. The availability of sufficient
and suitable land is needed for a plant. The suitable land also provides the enough land
for future expansion. The land must locate at the strategic places and close to the raw
material sources. Besides that, the land must have the proper drain system, flat area and
can withstand the high force exerted towards it. The site evaluation must be done to
determine the characteristic of the land and the proper improvement can be made so that
the land can be used for the construction of a plant. Besides that, if the land is near to the
ocean, the special particular care of the land must be taken since the natural disaster can
be occur at any time such as earthquake, tsunami and many more.
3.2.9
Climate
The climate of plant constructed is also must be studied and identified before the
construction of the plant. The adverse climate conditions can cause increase of cost of
the plant operation. If the equipment cannot withstand at the high temperature weather,
the equipment will be broken and maybe malfunctioning. The additional insulation and
special heating component for equipment and piping system needed for very low
temperature condition. The structure of the equipment and building must be stronger to
withstand the high winds condition or earthquakes.
3.2.10
Government gives the tax concessions, capital grants and other inducement for the direct
investment of the plant located. The area of high unemployment is also included for the
direct investment. The overriding considerations in the site selection are due to the
availability of such grants. The area with preferential tariff agreement is recommended
for the construction of a new plant.
94
3.2.11
Thus, there are three major countriesthat we have taken into consideration as listed
below:
1. China.
2. Canada.
3. United Arab Emirates (UAE).
3.3
The assumption for the site selection process is done in order to fulfil the requirement
for the best site location for propylene plant. All the assumption of site location is made
for all the three site location that has been chosen.
For UAE, the first assumption that has been made for site selection is the price
for utilities like electricity and water is assumed same in all over UAEs area. Usually
the utilities price is same for all places in that particular country. Besides, the labor price
in Middle East are identify based on the skill and experience of the person that to be
hired. Thus, the more experience and skill owned by the person, the higher he will be
paid. Additionally, the labor skilled paid per hour is also assumed the same in every
place in UAE for industrial area. In addition, the price of propylene sell in UAE is
assumed same as the global price. Moreover, the demand of propylene in UAE is
assumed by the demand of each of company that needs the propylene for their process.
The local community is also presumed to agree for the construction of the propylene
plant in Ajman, UAE.
In China, the assumption has been made for the land area for the propylene plant.
The land area is finding based on the land that available for the industrial activity.
Besides that, the prices of utilities are also assumed to be same in all over the Chinas
places. The tariff for the electricity and water is the same for each place in China for
95
industrial activities. Furthermore, the labor cost in Tianjin, China for industrial is
presumed the same in Tianjin area. Besides that, the approvals for the construction of
propylene plant in Tianjin, China is assumed agree by local community. Moreover, the
size of the land required for the propylene plant is assumed 12 acre including the
expansion of the plant in the future for all three site location that have been selected.
In Canada, Alberta is one of the selected as the site location for propylene plant
for this project. The price of propane as raw material for the production propylene in
Canada is assumed cheaper due to the abundant of propane production. The propane
production is expected to increase in future due to the demand in United States of
America (USA). The transportation of propylene from Canada is also to be presumed
easier and low cost since USA is besides of Canada. In addition, the water supply is
assumed lower due to the water abundant in Canada.
The limitation for the construction of propylene plant in the site location is
identified for this project. The limitations for the Middle East country such as in the
UAE is the foreigner investor does not have permission to buy the land for housing or
industry purposes. However, the land is available to buy according to the loyalty of the
investor to have the business purposes and invest their business in this country in certain
duration. Thus, they are only allowed to rent the land for their first time to invest and
they should follow the requirement of the country legally.
Besides that, the limitation in China occurs when the raw material, propane
supply is not available but the propane has to import from the outside of the country
such as USA and Middle East. In China, the propylene demand very high for the
production of other chemical such as propylene oxide and acrylonitrile. Thus, a huge
number of the propane supply is exported to China makes the price of propane high.
Besides that, the price of land in China is also too high and expensive compare to the
other site location. Addition, the climate in China is also can be assumed as the
limitation. China is four season country. In order to build the propylene plant, the
climate also has to be considered and it needed more cost for the equipment. Moreover,
the utilities cost in China is also high especially electricity and water.
96
The limitation of Canada can be identified by the labor cost. The labor cost in
Canada is quite high compared to UAE and slightly high compared to China. The
growth of the economy in Canada is drastically increasing makes the labor cost getting
higher. Besides that, the price of land is quite high. The demand of the land space for
industrial activities is high makes the land price high. Besides, the climate in Canada is
also can be considered as the limitation of this project. Canada is also four season
country. The chemical plant has to consider the operating system of the equipment
during the changes of the climate.
3.4
SELECTED COUNTRIES
The countries is selected based on the criteria of site selection with respect to the
marketing area, raw material supply, transportation, availability of labor, suitable
utilities, environmental impact and effluent disposal, considerations of local community,
availability of land, climate, political and strategic considerations. The criterion is
considered for the site location in order to build a new propylene plant so that the plant
can operate safely and effectively. For this project, the suitable location is studied in
order to find the most appropriate places for new propylene plant. The studied
countriesfor our project are China, Canada and United Arab Emirates (UAE). The
selectedcountries are based on the high demand of propylene. Then, the three countries
is screening in the next subtopic.
3.4.1
China
China have 1/5 population of the world and more than 1.3 billion people all around the
country has experienced rapid industrialization since the reform and open policy 1978
(Bao and Fang, 2013). The population of China is over 1.35 billion and the capital city
of China is Beijing (Wikipedia, 2013).
97
In the last thirty years, China has very impressive urbanization and
industrialization along with its economic reform (Lu et al., 2013). Chinas economy is
continuing fast growth and turned into a powerful force in the world economy (Beirne et
al., 2013). The Chinas energy consumption is reported to be 3.48 billion tons of
standard coal equivalents in 2011 which is 7.1% higher than in 2010 (Bao and Fang,
2013).
By the end of 2020, the consumption of natural gas (NG) will reach about 200
billion cubic meters per annum according to the China government planning (Lin-junand
Dong, 2013). The PetroChina Corporation, one of the largest oil and gas producers in
China posted 29.8 billion yuan (USD 4.88 billion) of a third-quarter net profit, up 19 %
from 2012 (Shanghai Daily, 2013).
China have very strategic situation in the world map. Additionally, the strategic
situation of China makes them to share maritime boundaries with Japan, South Korea,
Taiwan, Vietnam and Philippines. Thus, it will make China to be one of the most
important ports in the world since it is located in the strategic places. Figure 3.1 shows
that the map of China.
China is one of the countries that have very high demand on propylene.
Propylene is used for the production of polypropylene and acrylonitrile in industry. The
demand for propylene will grow at the equilibrium of 7.6 million tons with the annual
average of 5.5% in 2014 with 2010 as the basis year. The growth of expectedly increase
in China at the equivalent of 5.16 million tons of propylene with the annual average
7.1% in 2014 (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, 2009).
98
The situation of China is near to East China Sea and South China Sea makes
them to be the largest economies and consumers of resources in the world (Bao and
Fang, 2013). The incrementof the demand of energy makes China to be the most
influential in world energy markets (U.S. Energy Information, 2013).
In China, one of the locations suggested for propylene plant is Tianjin. Tianjin is located
in North China and geographically located between latitude 3834 and longitude
11643 (Ministry of Commerce of the People, 2013). The total area of Tianjin is more
than 11,800 km2 with 11,090,314 populations (Ministry of Commerce of the People,
2013 and Wikipedia, 2013).
99
Tianjin is located around 120 km away from Beijing which is the capital city of China
(Ministry of Commerce of the People, 2013). Figure 3.2 shows that the Tianjin maps as
below:
100
Thus, the propylene plants for this project that will be constructed have higher
potential to be the important supplier of propylene for the production of polypropylene.
In addition, the investment on propylene plant in China is a good project since no such
plant is building before in China. Besides that, China has become one of the largest
producers of polypropylene in the world which requires propylene as a main feedstock.
The raw material that is used for this production of propylene is propane. This process is
called oxidative propane dehydrogenation (PDH). Since PDH process is selected to be
the main process in producing propylene, a bulk of propane is required as a feedstock.
However, China did not produce its own propane but they are importing propane from
the outside. The propane is imported from United States of America or Middle East
(ICIS, 2013). The transport that is used to distribute the raw material to the traders is by
ship. Thus, port is needed in order to distribute the propane. Usually, there are around
44,000 metric tonne of propane is imported to China and one cargo will be sent for every
two months (ICIS, 2013).
3.4.1.3 Transportation
The transportation used in Tianjin area is by airport, port, road and railways. In Tianjin,
they have Tianjin Binhai International Airport. In North China, Tianjin Binhai
International Airport is the largest cargo air transportation center (Ministry of Commerce
of the Peoples, 2013). The airport is located in Dongli District, Tianjin. They have 65
domestic and international flight courses to 54 cities. The distance from the airport to the
Tianjin City is 24.9 km. The Figure 3.3 shows that the distance of airport to Tianjin City:
101
Figure 3.3: The route for Tianjin Binhai International Airport to Tianjin City. Source:
(Google Maps, 2013).
Furthermore, the waterway is used to supply the raw material and product
effectively and efficiently. Tianjin Port is the port used to distribute the raw material to
the traders so that the raw material can be supply to the propylene plant. The total area
of Tianjin Port is 100 km2. In Tianjin Port, they are dividing into four big port areas
which are
Tianjin North Port, Tianjin East Port, Haihe River Port and Tianjin South
Port. For Tianjin South Port is built for bulk cargo and liquid cargo whereas Tianjin
North Port is mainly used for shipping container services.In addition, Haihe River Port is
used for cargo vessels below 5000 tons and Tianjin East Port is a new port international
cruise terminal (Tour Beijing, 2013)
Besides that, road transportation is used for local distribution of raw material and
product. In Tianjin, they have three ring roads which are inner, middle and outer ring
road. The Inner and Middle Ring Roads have some often traffic light intersections and
traffic-controlled roadways. Jingjintang Expressway is the highways connecting from
Beijing through Tianjin urban area to Tanggu District or TEDA. Tanggu District is
located in Tianjin Port (Wikipedia, 2013). In addition, the high-speed railway is used as
102
the facilities for transportation of their people. They have Beijing-Jiulong Railway that is
passing through Tianjin (Ministry of Commerce of the Peoples, 2013).
Port is normally used as the main transport to distribute the propane supplied
mainly from us to the industrial area. The industrial area in China that has been chosen is
Tianjin. Tianjin is one of the cities that have their own port called Tianjin Port. In
Tianjin Port, they are divided into several port areas such as Hangu Port Area, Beitang
Port Area, Dongjiang Port Area, Beijing Port Area, Nanjang Port Area and Dagukou
Port Area. Figure 3.4 shows that the Tianjin Port area.
Tianjin Port is the largest port in North China and also the main maritime
gateaway to Beijing. The distance from Tianjin Port to Beijing is 170 km and 60 km east
of Tianjin city. Besides that, Tianjin Port is also one of the largest ports in the world
(Wikipedia, 2013). The propane received will be distributed to the propylene plant from
the Tianjin Port by piping system.
103
Availability of labor is important in order to run a plant efficiently. The labor is selected
based on skills in the operations of plant. According to the National Bureau of Statistics
of China estimates that the Chinas workforce is fell from 937 billion to 3.5 million in
2012. It was the first drop of labor count in China.
Gary Hufbauer said that it will affect the strong upward pressure on wages
(Radio Free Asia, 2013). The labor cost in China will be affected from decrease of
workforce. But according to Trading Economics (2013), the amount of workforce is
increasing due to the increasing of population in China in every year.
From Table 3.1 shows that the employed person is increasing from 76,420 to
76,704 persons. Besides that the job vacancies is also increase from 6,092,000 to
66,824,486 persons. But, the number of unemployed persons is slightly increasing from
923 to 926 persons.
The trend of the employed, unemployed person and the number of job vacancies
can be expressed in Figure 3.5(a), (b) and (c). Table 3.2 will shows that the labor cost in
China in index points units. The labor cost in China is fluctuating time by time. The
labor cost in China is also can be illustrated in Figure 3.5.
104
Previous
Last
76420.00
76,704.00
6,092,000
5,647,876.00
108.40
107.10
923.00
921.00
Wages, CNY
42,452.00
46,769.00
36,494.00
41,650.00
4.10
4.00
Table 3.2: Labor Cost in China from 2012-2013.Source: (Trading Economics, 2013).
COUNTRY CATEGORY DATES ACTUAL HIGHEST LOWEST
CHINA
LABOR
2012 -
COSTS
2013
107.10
110.40
107.10
UNIT
FREQUENCY
INDEX
QUARTERLY
POINTS
NSA,
CPPY=100
105
No of Employed Person
Employed Person
76750
76700
76650
76600
76550
76500
76450
76400
76350
76300
76250
2012
2013
Year
(a)
Unemployed Person
926.5
926
925.5
925
924.5
924
923.5
923
922.5
922
921.5
2012
2013
Year
(b)
106
Job Vacancies
No. of job Vacancies
80000000
70000000
60000000
50000000
40000000
30000000
20000000
10000000
0
2012
2013
Year
(c)
Figure 3.5: (a) The Trend of Employed Person in China in Year 2012 to 2013;
(b) The Trend of Unemployed Person in China in Year 2012 to 2013; (c) The trend of
Job Vacancies in China in Year 2013 to 2013.
107
Figure 3.6: The Labor Cost in China. Source: (Trading Economics, 2013).
The Figure 3.6 shows that the labor cost in China is decrease from January 2012
with 110.4 index points until July 2012 with 109.1 index points. But, in October 2012
with 109.4 index points the labor cost is increasing and maintaining until July 2013 with
108.4 index points. Then, it fell until October 2013 in 107.1 index points.
From the Figure 3.5 (a) shows that the labor availability will help the propylene
plant to run effectively and efficiently since the number of employed person increasing
from year 2012 to 2013. In the Figure 3.5(b) are also shows that the unemployed person
is increasing but in the lower number. Eventhough the Chinas labor cost seems to fell,
the population of Chinas people increasing. Thus, all the job vacancies will be filled
time by time.
108
The electricity supply in China is important in order to run a propylene plant. A huge
amount of electricity needed for a plant. The tariff for the electricity supply is needed in
order to construct a new chemical plant. In different country, they have different tariff of
electrical supply. In China, the tariff of electrical supply is 7.5 to 10.7 USD/kWh
(Wikipedia, 2013).
Besides that, the water supply is also important in order to run a chemical plant.
A lot of water supply needed for cooling system and general processes. The tariff for
water supply is also different in different country. The water supply tariff in China is
1.5RMB/m3 or 0.20 USD/m3 (Wikipedia, 2013). Since Tianjin is an industrial park, thus
the electrical and water supply for the propylene plant will be easier to get.
Environmental effect is one of the most important things that must be considered to
construct a new chemical plant. The waste water treatment must be provided at the end
of the process in the propylene plant. China is one of the largest energy consumer and
carbon dioxide (CO2) emitting in the world. It is occur due to the high-speed economic
growth and rapid energy consumption. The CO2 emission in China has reached 9 billion
tons with 28% of the world total CO2 emissions.
For this project, the energy secure and environmental friendly propylene plant
needed in order to save environment. The renewable energy such as hydropower, solar
energy, biomass energy, wind power and many more can be used to avoid emission of
CO2 to be increased. Besides that, those types of energy have a lot of advantages such as
cost efficient, environmental friendly and reliable. This is one of the efforts that can be
done to sustain the earths natural resources and to improve the users life (Bao and
Fang, 2013).
109
The land available for the propylene plant must be identified properly. The land
available must locate to all utilities and facilities so that the plant can run effectively and
efficiently. The availability of land in China especially in Tianjin is identified for this
project. The land needed for propylene plant in this project is 30 acre. The average price
for the land in China is RMB 520 or USD63 per square meter. Thus, the price of land for
30 acre is around USD7,650,000.
3.4.1.8 Climate
China is one of the countries that have four different seasons which is summer, spring,
autumn and winter. China has a different temperature and rainfall zones. During winter
time, the weather will become dry and cold whereas during summer, the weather will
become hot and rainy (China Weather, 2013). From July to August the temperature can
exceed 40C whereas in January the temperature will be drop to -20C. The construction
and operation of the propylene plant has to consider all this season so that the plant can
operate effectively to produce high quality and quantity product.
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3.4.1.9 Summary
The advantages and disadvantages of China as plant location for the production of
propylene are studied. Table 3.3shows that the advantages and disadvantages for
choosing China as our propylene plant.
Disadvantages
- Lack of propane supplier, mostly
import
Transportation is available
Manpower is available
- Four seasons
are considered
-
is higher
Land is available
Thus, the main reason in selecting the countryis byconsidering the availability of
propane supply as our raw material. It shows that, the propane supply is lack in China.
Also, we want to operate our industry that did not affected by the surrounding condition
such as pressure or temperature.The most affected seasons are summer and winter due to
hot and cold weather. Moreover, China has four seasons that could disturb our propylene
production, and lots of equipment that need to be considered in order to maintain the
temperature and pressure of the piping system of the plant. Besides that, China is the
worldwide in production of propylene and lot of propylene industry already exists,hence
will invite lots of competitors between them.Therefore, China is not suitable for our
propylene plant.
111
3.4.2 Canada
North America is one of the potential area that was selected to build our plant based on
several reasons. North Americans natural gas and crude oil production trends gave
significant impact on the propane supply. The odorized propane consumed in the U.S. is
produced from natural gas and crude oil produced in North America more than 80
percent (Autogas For America, 2013).
The important element in this selection process is due to high availability of raw
material of our process, propane in North America. Figure 3.7 shows the natural gas
basins in North America. They are 19.82 to 36.81 trillion cubic meter and is predicted
that it can supply for more than 100 years usage (Dunn, 2012). Therefore, the supply of
propane will not be a critical issue.
112
The propane inventories especially in Midwest, Gulf Coast and Canada are very
high and have remained high through 2012(Goobie, 2012).
Besides, the transportation of propane period, cost and payment can be reduced
as the supplier is nearby the possible site of our plant. Nowadays, the propylene is in
high demand but short supply. In addition, propylene plants are only a handful in North
America thus, it is an advantage to build on-purpose propylene dehydrogenation plant in
North America.
The scope of the location is narrowed to Canada as most of gas processing facilities in
operation is in Alberta, Canada. There are 475 of these plant that recover propane as a
constituent of an unfractionated mix which is trucked or moved by pipeline to
fractionation facilities. Eight straddle plants produced the largest volumes of propane
that reprocess gas volumes destined for export or for domestic consumption.
In Canadas land area, Alberta is the sixth largest and fourth largest in terms of
population. Its capital city is Edmunton and the largest city is Calgary. The major
industries in Alberta includes Agriculture, Petroleum Industries and Tourism (Canadas
provinces and territories, 2013).
advantages of low personal and business tax, high availability of manpower and also
varieties of transport facilities (Facts on Alberta, 2011).
113
The raw material of our process is propane and oxygen. As mentioned earlier, propane
can be obtained easily and is abundant in Canada. The propane production in Canada is
well developed and supplies excellently the domestic demand as well as the export
requirements. Figure 3.8 illustrates the high propane stocks in Canada at the year of
2009 to 2012.
Within Canada, there are not foreseeable delivery capacity issues that would
significantly adverse affect the supply or demand balance. Over the past five years,
there are average of 11.9 billion litres of propane supply in Canada with domestic
consumption of average 3.3 billion litres and exports of average 8.6 billion litres (Fuel
Price Stability, 2013).
Figure 3.8: Western Canadian Propane Stocks Are High. Source: (Goobie, 2012).
Even if domestic propane demand rises sharply, propane prices should continue
to prevail at level below that of gasoline (Fuel Price Stability, 2013). Between the years
of 2010 to 2012, the average price different between major market prices for gasoline
(New York Harbor gasoline price) and propane (Mt Belvieu propane price) has increase
114
by more than USD 0.76 per gallon (Michael Sloan, 2013). This rising positive outlook
for domestic propane supply is primarily because of the continuing development of shale
gas and unconventional oil resources.
The production of propane from natural gas has also accelerated due to the shift
in resource development activity from dry natural gas resources to wet gas and liquid
resources (2013 Propane Market Outlook, 2013). Table 3.4 shows the available supplier
of propane in Alberta.
Table 3.4 : Available Propane Supplier in Alberta. Source: (2013 Propane Market
Outlook, 2013).
Name of Supplier
5 Star Propane
Mutual Propane Ltd
Midwest Propane Inc
They are
115
American highway system and provincial highways in the province have good pavement
conditions.
(CANAMEX) corridor, links the three countries and stretches about 60,000 km from
Anchorage, Alaska to Mexico City, Mexico.
There are two transcontinental railway company that serves Alberta. They are
Canadian National and Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). Both of the company provide
highly efficient and competitive service in the movement of export commodities such as
petrochemicals, forest products, grain, coal, fertilixers and sulphur to major ports and
throughout the US and Mexico.
strategically located at places such as Vancouver, Calgary, Saskatoon and many more
for movement of containered cargo to the united States and international markets.
CIA serves as a hub for air traffic in the prairies as has the largest civil aviation
runway in Canada measuring 3,863 metres. It was Canadas fourth busiest airport by
passenger volume in 2010, handling 12.6 million passengers. Over the past five years,
CIAs passenger growth is 24% and it is the only Canadian airport located strategically
on the crossroads of the TransCanada (East-West) and CANAMEX (North-South)
Highways.
Meanwhile, the most northerly 24-hour international airport is the EIA. In 2010,
it is the fifth busiest airport in Canada with the movement of 6 million passengers.
EIAs passenger growth from 2005 to 2010 was 37% and it is the second largest airport
in Canada measured by landmass, comprising an area of over 7,000 acres. EIA is
116
strategically located and conveniently situated adjacent to the major highway linking
Edmunton and Calgary (Facts on Alberta, 2011).
117
On Alliance gas pipeline, natural gas liquids from British Columbia and
Northwest Alberta has been able to be transported. Typically, Alliance pipeline exports
about 16000 to 20000 barrels per day of propane with natural gas.
The future
As shown in the Table 3.5, in 2011, Alberta has the general minimum wage rate
of USD 9.40, which is the third cheapest compared to other places. British Columbia
(BC) has the lowest wage rate (USD 8.75) and Ontario (ON) has the highest wage rate
(USD 10.25)
Around 63.7% of the Albertas labor force in 2010 aging from 25 years and older
was reported holding a university degree, post-secondary diploma or certificate. Table
3.5 shows the percentage which Alberta is slightly below the Canadian average of
65.6%.Wage and salary rates in Alberta are competitive with the rest of Canada. Alberta
and the rest of Canada provide a cost advantage because of publicly funded health care
relative to the US.
118
Table 3.5: General Minimum Wage Rate 2011. Source : (Facts on Alberta 2011)
STATE
USD
Calgary
Alberta (AB)
9.40
Edmonton
Alberta (AB)
9.40
Halifax
965
Montreal
9.65
Ottawa
Ontario (ON)
10.25
Regina
Saskatchewan (SK)
9.50
Toronto
Ontario (ON)
10.25
Vancouver
8.75
119
Table 3.6: Educational Attainment of Labor Force (25 years and older), Annual Averages 2010. Source: (Facts on Alberta, 2011).
EducationalLevel
NL
PE
NS
NB
(%)
(%)
0 8 Years
4.7
3.8
2.4
3.6
3.8
1.9
2.6
2.1
1.6
1.3
2.3
8.8
9.7
8.6
8.7
8.2
5.9
9.6
9.2
8.0
6.4
7.1
15.8
18.8
5.0
6.8
6.6
48.6
37.3
17.2
23.6
6.4
PQ
4.9
ON
5.5
MB
7.6
SK
7.0
AB
6.2
BC
8.6
CA
6.0
Diploma
University Degree
120
It it important to make sure that our plant is facilitate with electricity in order for the plant
to run smoothly. Based on the studies conducted on utilities in Canada, electric utilities
and industry in Canada generated 589 billion kilowatts hours in 2010. Canada is the the
country that produce hydroelectricity, which is the third largest in the world. For 59% of
the countrys electricity supply is accounted for hydroelectricity while the other sources
include coal, uranium, natural gas, petroleum and non-hydro renewable sources (About
Electricity, 2013). This is shown as in the Figure 3.11.
In Canada, the electricity sector is organized along provincial and territorial lines
as part of their jurisdiction over natural resources and all provinces and territories have
set up utilities boards and regulate transmission and distribution rates. The generation
business is competitive in Alberta while transmission and distribution are rate regulated.
The Canadian transmission networks are extend over 160,000 km and since most
population centers in Canada are concentrated in southern regions along the American
border, the grids generally follow north-south orientations.
121
The largest hydroelectic projects are usually located in scarcely inhabited areas to
the north (Electricity Sector in Canada , 2013). The largest share of electricity demand
accounted by the industrial sector fuelled by the presence of a number of energy-intensive
industrial activities. This is illustrated in Figure 3.12.
Figure 3.12 : Electricity Demand in Canada by Sector, 2011. Source: (Canada Electricity
Industry, 2013).
The consumers in Canada benefit from the lowest electricity prices in the
developed world and it is especially low in the povinces where the electricity sold to
consumers originates from hydroelectric dams. The prices of elecricity in Canada differ
due to several factors which is the most significant of them are the market structure and
122
the type of available generation. The important element of electricity pricing is the cost
of generating electricity that reflects the type of available generation.
123
In Canada, water supply and sanitation is nearly universal and generally of good
quality. Since the water tariffs are low, water use in Canada is high compared to Europe
and 44% of the users are not metered. Access to supply of water in Canada is nearly
universal. Nearly 75% of Canadians are services by municipal sewer system, concerning
sanitation and the the remaining 25% is served by septic disposal systems. The supply of
drinking water in Canada is continuouos and generally are excellent quality.
Residential consumers in Canada consumed 343 litres per person per day or
roughly twice as much as in other industrialized countries. The following sectors account
for the following shares of municipal water use according to the Environment Canada
(Water Supply and Sanitation in Canada, 2012).
The price of water for the Canadians differs significantly across the country. In
addition, the price of water is cheap in Canada and it has some of the lowest tariffs
among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries.
This is because of the water abundant in Canada.
124
This country has the greatest volume of water resources, both in total and
renewable terms.
renewable water supply on an annual basis. Most of Canadas people pay less than USD
0.20 per litre for water and wastewater services (Economic Instruments for Water
Management in Canada, 2011).
In the capital of Alberta, Edmonton, the Canadians pay USD 1.7469 for the first
10 m3, for 10 m3 to 35 m3 is USD 1.9084 and USD 2.4117 for 35m3 and above (Water
Rate Comparison, 2013). Conclusionally, it is an advantage to built our plant in Canada
as we can enjoy the low tariff of electricity and water which can cut the cost of expenses.
Ecosystem health can be affected by industrial waste discharges through direct and
indirect toxic insult, nutrient enrichment, and physical habitat alteration. These lead to
changes n ecosystem structure and function and overall aquatic biodiversity. Thus, it is
important to make sure our plants effluent is discharge according to the procedure as it
may give a threat to water quality with implication to human health and also aquatics
(Threat-Drinking Water, 2013).
By far, industries are the largest sources of hazardous wastes which is 8 million
tonnes. The leading provider of comprehensive waste management services is Waste
Management of Canada where they also provide advanced residential, commercial and
industrial collection, recycling and disposal services throughout Canada. In fact, they
also lead in the development and implementation of innovative programs and procedures
needed to ensure environmental protection.
provinces that serve for 4.5 million residential customers and 170,000 industrial and
commercial customers (Waste Management of Canada, 2013).
Waste Management
Canada practices the concept of being proactive in protecting human health, natural
resources and the environment.
125
It is very important for us to have the approval or acceptance of the community in the site
that we were planning to built our plant. This precautionary steps is taken to avoid the
problems that may arise in future with the local community that may affect and disturb
the performance of our plant. According to Kevin Ma, the county Mayor Don Rigney
strongly support Williams plan to built a propane dehydrogenation plant in Redwater,
Alberta as it can indirectly added more value to the development in Alberta and help
diversify albertas economy. The Mayor also optimistically predict that the plant would
go ahead and has estimated that this proposed project able to bring about 400
construction and 70 permanent jobs to the county (Ma, 2012).
In Alberta, a well serviced industrial real estate is offerred and it also meets variety of
needs.
Municipalities that are smaller such as Lethbridge and Red Deer, have the
facilities and land with rates that are competitive with larger centres. For our plant, we
planned to locate it nearby the source of our raw material and also the site that has easy
access to transportation medium. Thus, in Table 3.7, shows the net rent in Canada on the
month of December 2010.
126
Table 3.7: Net Rent Per Square Foot (December 2010).Source: (Facts on Alberta, 2011).
Countries
Warehouse
Bulk Space
Flex / Service
Tech / R&D
/ Distribution
(USD/psf)
Space
Space
(USD/psf)
(USD/psf)
Space
Canada
6.86
6.07
9.21
10.70
Calgary, AB
7.75
6.50
9.50
10.50
Edmonton, AB
6.80
6.15
8.15
8.40
Halifax, NS
7.00
5.50
8.95
13.95
Montreal, PQ
4.00
4.00
6.50
8.50
Ottawa, ON
7.25
6.25
8.25
11.00
Regina, SK
8.50
6.50
12.00
14.00
Toronto, ON
4.98
4.56
7.15
7.75
Vancouver, BC
6.50
5.75
8.50
9.25
Currently, there is one available land for sale in Redwater, Alberta starting from
16 October 2013 that has been advertised in LoopNet website. The particulars of the
lands are as shown in Table 3.8.
Address
Price
USD 3,248,802
Lot size
71.17 AC
Features
3.4.2.9 Climate
Canada is four seasons country. Therefore, it is very crucial for us to come up with a
plan to overcome the problems arise due to different condition of the seasons. As any
other four-season countries, the seasons includes spring, summer, fall and also winter.
127
By April, the weather in Canada is expected to start getting warmer alhough some areas
experience spring even sooner. The average spring temperature in Nova Scotia range
from 1C in late March to 17C by early June.
In summer, the country is brought with heat especially in the central and midwestern provinces that occurs between June and August. Usually, the temperature in
summer range from 14to 28C and the hottest temperature recorded is 37.2C in Halifax
and 36.7C in Sydney. As for the season of fall, the temperature usually range between
5and 20C. In contrast, the temperature in winter fall to -20 to 5C (Climate of Canada,
2013).
3.4.2.10 Taxes
In Canada, Alberta have the lowest overall personal taxes that results from the low single
rate tax system. These includes the highest basic and spousal exemptions in the country,
no general sales tax, the lowest gasoline tax rate and no health care premium. Alberta also
have the lowest business taxes. This is because of the low corporate income tax rates, no
capital tax, no general sales tax, no payroll tax and the lowest gasoline tax among the
provinces. All these information are illustrated in Table 3.9.
Due to the low personal income tax in Alberta, people were allowed to spend or
invest more of their own money according to their wishes. In July 2006, the annual
indexing of the Alberta Family Employment Tax Credit has begun. As of July 2011, the
maximum benefits for one child is USD 702, USD 1,341 for two children, USD 1,724 for
three children and USD 1,852 for four or more children.
A net income of USD 67,805 in the previous calender year before paying
provincial income taxes. For business, Alberta has provide an attractive tax environment.
Low taxes on capital investment in Alberta is a key factor in encouraging business to
invest in new technologies and manchinery and indirectly increased the innovation and
boosting productivity. Besides, Alberta also has no provincial capital or payroll taxes.
128
Table 3.9 : Major Provincial Tax Rate in 2011. Source : (Facts on Alberta, 2011).
BC
AB
SK
MB
ON
PQ
NB
NS
PB
NL
(%)
10.0
10.0
12.0
12.0
11.5
11.9
10.0
16.0
16.0
14.0
(%)
10.0
10.0
10.0
12.0
10.0
11.9
10.0
16.0
16.0
5.0
Rate
(%)
2.5
3.0
4.5
0.0
4.5
8.0
5.0
4.5
1.0
4.0
Threshold
(USD000)
500
500
500
400
500
500
500
400
500
500
0.05
Small Business
Capital Tax
General
(max %)
Financial Institutions
(max %)
3.25
3.00
0.25
3.00
4.00
5.00
4.00
(USD)
60.50
300
100
(max %)
2.15
1.95
4.26
2.00
(%)
12.0
5.0
7.0
13.0
8.5
13.0
15.0
10.0
13.0
Fuel Tax
Gasoline
(USD/litre)
20.1
3.0
15.0
11.5
14.7
17.2
10.7
15.5
15.8
16.5
Tobacco Tax
(USD/cln)
37.00
40.00
42.00
41.00
24.70
21.20
23.50
43.04
44.90
38.00
(%)
8.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
129
3.4.2.11 Summary
The Table 3.10 shows the advantages and disadvantages for choosing Canada as our
propylene plant.
Disadvantages
of propylene
other country.
Transportation is available.
Manpower is available
Utilties is cheaper.
Four seasons
are considered
-
Land is available.
Thus, the main reason in selecting the country is by considering the availability of
propane supply as our raw material. It shows that, the propane supply is easy to excess
since North America is one of the largest suppliers of propane in the world. Moreover,
the raw material is also cheaper since easy to excess. Other than that, the price of
propylene which is our product is the highest in the world. Thus, the profit can be
obtained when the operating of the propyleneplant. Furthermore, Canada is also having
the strategic place since near to USA which is the sell the propylene in higher price and
the production of raw material is high.
130
However, the labor cost in Canada is much higher compared to China and UAE.
The labor cost is almost reaching USD 10 per hour. Besides, we want to operate our
industry that did not affected by the surrounding condition such as pressure or
temperature. The most affected seasons are summer and winter due to hot and cold
weather. Moreover, Canada has four seasons that could disturb our propylene
production, and lots of equipment that need to be considered in order to maintain the
temperature and pressure of the piping system of the plant. Besides that, there is no
suitable port that can be used to transport the propylene outside of Canada and USA.
Canada cannot export the propylene to worldwide. Hence, Canada is not suitable for our
propylene plant.
131
3.4.3
132
Figure 3.16: Map of United Arab Emirates. Source: (Google Map, 2013).
Table 3.11, shows the list of Free Trade Zone that available in each Emirates of
United Arab Emirates. Each of the Free Zone area has its own specific or preferable
activity that can be proposed there. Not all free zone area is suitable for our propylene
plant. Thus, we need to consider for each Free Zone by their allowed activities and place
that nearer to our main supplier, EMGAS.
133
Abu
Area
UAE
(km2)
Free Zone
Dhabi
Dubai
Sharjah
Rais Al-
3,885
2,590
1,684
Khaiman
Masdar City
Twofour54
Dubai Free
Zone
Sharjah
Free Zone
RAK Free
Zone
Commercial activity.
Ajman Free
Zone
(RAK)
Fujairah
Activities Allowed
1,165
Fujairah
Free Zone
UAQ Free
Quwain
Zone
(UAQ)
Ajman
259
134
In 2012, based on United Arab Emirates Yearbook 2013 state that almost Dh 13 billion
(USD 3.5 billion) in the first nine months, including Dh 6.2 billion in imports, Dh 1
billion in exports and Dh 5.5 billion in re-exports. Thus, it means that UAEs Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) is increasing yearly. Table 3.12, shows the Gross Domestic
Product from 2005 until 2007.
Table 3.12: Gross Domestic Product by Emirate (In Millions of U.A.E Dirham).
(Source: www.ey.com/me).
Emirates
2005
2006
2007
Abu Dhabi
290,323
341,286
400,047
Dubai
150,622
193,236
226,612
Sharjah
47,736
60,422
68,383
Ajman
6,316
7,918
9,525
Umm Al-Quwain
2,159
2,544
3,103
Ras Al-Khaimah
9,777
11,895
13,555
Fujairah
6,156
7,322
8,507
Total
513,089
624,623
729,732
135
Table 3.13: The Sale Prices for LPG in Cylinders Effective 10-2-2012(Source: Emirates
Gas, 2013).
Type of Cylinder (kg)
AED
USD
11
64.5
75
20.25
22
103.2
120
32.40
44
215
250
67.50
Table 3.14 shows the types of services that provided. In 2006, all of these three subsectors, transport services accounted more profit. Transport services gain 64% of total
revenues which is USD 2,179 billion. Transport infrastructure and logistics services each
generate less profit which is USD 600 billion for each (ISC, 2007).
136
Table 3.14: The transport and logistics sector encompasses a wide range of activities
(Source: ISC, 2007).
Broadly, there are three types of services provided by this sector:
(1) Transport services, including air freight, express delivery services, airlines, marine
transport, and road and rail transport
(2) Transport infrastructure services, including airports, marine ports, highways and
railways
(3) Logistical services, including freight forwarders, freight brokers, and 3rd-party
logistics providers.
Based on the United Arab Emirates Yearbook 2013, the government has
increasingly focused on the expansion of the transport and logistics infrastructure due to
increases in air passenger numbers and cargo volumes. The capacity of public transport
is a priority with targets that set by both Abu Dhabi and Dubai is to reduce commuters,
rely more on private vehicles and increase the set of public transport.
In December 012, UAE focused on building 4.2 km of road that connecting the
Sheikh Zayed Tunnel in downtown Abu Dhabi. The tunnel is the longest traffic tunnel in
the region in order to enable vehicles to travel from Sheikh Zayed Bridge to Mina Road
and the Corniche without unplanned traffic lights, helping to tackle traffic congestion
heading to the downtown core of the city.
137
The first phase of the project with the first shipment of wagons is arrived in
December 2012, which is forecast to be operational by the end of 2013. The first phase
stretches 264 km of railway connecting with oil and gas facilities at Shah and Habshan
to the port of Ruwais. The second phase of the project is the company launched tenders
in July 2012. The second phase stretches 628 km stretch of railway that connects the
firsts phase to Mussafah Port and Khalifa Port in Abu Dhabi and to Jebel Ali Port in
Dubai.
Jebel Ali Port is the heart of Dubai trade and logistics sector. Jebel Ali Port is
also the largest port in the Middle East. In addition, it is the largest situated between
Europe and the main Asia markets. One of infrastructure highlights of Abu Dhabi was
the official opening of Khalifa Port. Fujairah Port is the second-largest oil-bunkering
center in the world and located outside the Strait of Hormuz. The advantages of the port
that available in the UAE are nearer to each free zone region. Thus, it will consume less
money to spend on transportation. Meanwhile, our propylene product needs to sell in
liquid phase and in bulk packaging. These means need large wagons to distribute our
propylene such as ship more preferable (UAE Year Book, 2013).
138
Table 3.15 below shows the employment that mostly people in UAE search for.
In 2010, the highest employment is construction with 1.55 million and the lowest is
fishing 5.52 thousand. Thus, by referring to the figure we can see that in recent years the
total or the value of the employment sector is increase.
139
There are four authorities handle the production and distribution of water and electricity
in the UAE. The Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority (ADWEA) are responsible
for the Abu Dhabi region. ADWEA also supplies other emirates through the operation of
power and water plants outside Abu Dhabi by exporting spare power to another with
provides over the national grid.
The Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA) and Sharjah Electricity and
Water Authority (SEWA) supply their respective emirates. Federal Electricity and Water
Authority (FEWA) supply to Ras Al-Khaimah, Ajman, Umm Al-Qaiwain and Fujairah.
FEWA manage to supply by the addition of power supplied from Abu Dhabi which
consist of power plants at Qidfa in Fujairah (UAE Year Book, 2013).
The UAE has rightly earned the status of being one of the regional leaders in the
Arabian Gulf. According to United Arab Emirates Yearbook 2013, UAE remains to
promote the protection of its natural resources through legislation, education and
engagement with international conservation bodies as well as through scientific research,
carried out by both public and private organizations. The Ministry of Environment and
Water was proposed a proposal to protect the environment of the terrestrial and marine
which is secured by the federal legislation.
Free Zones are specially designated areas within the UAE established to attract foreign
investment by encouraging companies to set up businesses, and locate their operations in
the UAE. Each Free Zone has its own administration and licensing authority responsible
for issuing Free Zone licenses and registering companies.
140
relating
status
of
extraterritoriality.
Based
on International
Law,
extraterritoriality is not liable to certain diplomatic agencies and persons that work in a
foreign country from the jurisdiction of the host country. The effects of extraterritoriality
extend to a group of people will transit from one state to another, individuals on mission
premises or property, and other agencies (HLMC, 2013).
The main objective of UAE in establishing the Free Zone are for served as a
central business hub for companies willing to conduct business in the worldwide, not
only in UAE itself. Table 3.16 shows the selection of the right Free Zone depends on the
type of activity the company wants to engage and the infrastructure required.
Table 3.16: The Selection of the Right Free Zone Depends. Source: (Dubai Knowledge
Village, 2013).
Activity Company Needs
Infrastructure
Trading
Warehousing facilities
Airport access
Automotive
Seaport access
Heavy Industry
Road Network
Broadcasting
Publishing
Healthcare
The Free Zone area is suitable for industrial activities and near to the raw
material supplier. There are a lot of advantages and disadvantages of free zone areas.
The Table 3.17 below discussed the advantages and disadvantages of free zone:
141
Table 3.17: The Advantages and Disadvantages of Free Zone Areas. Source: (Set
Business, 2013).
Advantages
Disadvantages
registration,
licensing
and
immigration.
No
restriction
repatriation
and
on
capital
no
foreign
the company.
freight
environmental
rates
regulation
and
is
preferable.
The exemption of total tax and
duty.
The location must suitable for the construction and operations of a plant especially for
the production of propylene. Thus, in UAE the location that suitable for our propylene
plant is available in Free Zone areas.
142
3.4.3.8 Climate
UAE climates are between hot summers and warm winters. The hottest months are July
and August. The average maximum temperatures could reach more than45 C (113.0 F)
on the coastal plain.The coldest months are January and February. The average
minimum temperatures could reach between 10 and 14 C (50 and 57.2 F).
The average annual rainfall in the coastal area is less than 120 mm (4.7 in), but in
some mountainous areas annual rainfall often reaches 350 mm (13.8 in). Rain in the
coastal region falls in short, heavy bursts and sometimes floods occur during the summer
months. The area is likely to become violent dust storms, which can make visibility sight
reducing.
The Jebel Jais mountain cluster in Ras al-Khaimah has experienced snow only
twice since records began. According to the RAK Government, the snow had been
reported on Jebel Jais was on 28 December 2004, which is the first snowfall in living
memory for Ras al-Khaimah residents and on the night of 24 January 2009.
3.4.3.9 Taxes
Table 3.18 shows the incentives and limitations that need to consider for a foreign
investor when choosing a free zone area. In order to establish a new company in that
area, it is important to understand the free zone incentives and concerns. This will help
to make a decision based on the information about the region in starting a company.
Establish a company in a free zone region means that we have to work with proper
civilization needs and other caution structures. Thus, we can be excused from the laws
of the region, which is very welcoming or pleasure for new companies and
organizations.
143
Table 3.18: Settling in Free Zone Area Consideration. Source: (UAE Free Zone, 2013).
Settling in Free Zone Area
Incentives
100% Foreign company ownership
100% Repatriation of capital and profits
100% Corporate, Personal Income Tax exemptions
Exemption from all import and export duties
Abundant and inexpensive energy
Inexpensive workforce and easy recruitment procedures
'One-stop-shop' Administration services
On-site customers inspection
Companies at Free Zone can operate 24 hours a day
Limitations
A Free Zone Company is not allowed to trade directly with
UAE market
The Free Zone Company can undertake the local business
only through the locally appointed distributors
Custom Duty 5% is applicable for the local business
144
3.4.3.10 Summary
Disadvantages
Demand for propylene is less in
UAE
Rent the land in order to get
Land is available
Labor is available
Port is nearer
Less competitors
Propane supplier is available and
cheap
Piping line that transport gas
also available
Based on the Table 3.19, shows the benefits to choose UAE as our plant location. One of
the risk conditions is less propylene demand. There will be difficulties in selling our
propylene to UAE itself, even though there are several companies require propylene
such as textile industry. However, we can sell our propylene to US. This is because US
is the currently highest propylene demand. Moreover, there are ports that available in
UAE which can export our propylene to US and others country. For foreigner investor,
there are rules that should beobeyed in build a new industry or plant. In addition, UAE
very pleasure to welcome foreigner to invest in their country to increase their economics
to the worldwide. Also, by this, it will help UAE government to reduce the percentage of
unemployed local community. Furthermore, one of the rule is the land is onlyavailable
to rent especially for foreigner investor. Thus, if the foreigner really wants to own the
land for themselves, they need to gain trust from the UAE government based on their
loyalty to the country that should be above 20 years.
145
Weightage is done to show that the grading of all criteria for the site location selection. Three selected sites is studied and tabulated as
shown in Table 3.20, which is China, United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Canada.
Table 3.20: Summarize All Criteria that been Considered for the Selected Countries.
Country
Location With Respect to Marketing Area
China
Tianjin
UAE
Free Zone Area
Canada
Alberta
Not accessible
Accessible
Accessible
Accessible
Accessible
Not accessible
Not Accessible
Accessible
Accessible
8.00
1.67-3.33
9.40
7.50 to 10.70
0.07 to 0.55
0.12
0.20
0.08
0.20
Yes
Yes
Yes
231,775
10,800
98,449
Weather
4 seasons
2 seasons
(hot summer and mild winter)
4 seasons
Tax is exempted
Tax is available
Raw material
Seaport Facilities
Piping System
Labor Price (USD/day)
Utilities :
- Water
- Electric
(USD/ kWh)
(USD/m3)
Environmental Consideration
Taxes Fees
146
Rank
Worst
Moderate
Excellent
Total
China
UAE
Canada
Raw material
Seaport Facilities
Piping System
Environmental Consideration
Weather
Total
30
16
29
19
Utilities :
-
Water
(USD/ kWh)
Electric
(USD/m3)
147
Based on the Table 3.21, show that UAE get the highest marks compare to that with
China and Canada. UAE has a lot advantages and benefits with the criteria that have
been considered in the Table 3.21 for comparison to the other two countries. The strong
reason in choosing UAE is our raw material is cheap and also accessible to transport.
The piping system in UAE is good and the governments itself want to improve their
transportation mainly via pipeline. Moreover, in exporting our propylene product to
other country is preferable by using seaport. This is because most of thepropylene is sold
by bulk or large volume in tank that applicable transporting via ship.
In addition, the labor price is lower than in China and Canada. This is because,
UAE pay their worker according to their skilled and experienced. Where, it is fair for
both side between the company and the worker. If the worker is pay higherwith no
experienced and worsen the job, the company willnot gain any benefits on that and their
reputations will become lower in industrial sight. Besides, weather in UAE is more
preferable due to easy to maintain the operating temperature and pressure in operates the
industry since only summer and winter thatconsidered in UAE.Winter in UAE is rarely
falls and just certain area will experience snow such as Jebel Jais Mountain. Hence, if
winter is happening without any awareness, thus we will shut down for temporary period
and operates is back until the winter is settle down.
148
3.5
United Arab Emirates is chosen as our country in building the plant. Thus, we still need
to specify the site location in UAE. There will be three location area in UAE that we
studied before finalized our proposed site location. All the detail information about the
site selection is explained in the next subtopic based on criteria as previous subtopic.
3.5.1
Emirates Gas L.L.C. or EMGAS is chosen as the major supplier for our raw material in
the production of 250,000 metric tonne of propylene. The propane and oxygen as the
main raw material for this production will be stored and distributed to the plant. The
propane distributed by the EMGAS is available in gas cylinder and bulk. The average
price of propane sell in UAE is AED 5.68/kg (Emirates Gas, 2013). Moreover, the
oxygen is selling globally in AED 0.40/kg (RNAS, 2013).
EMGAS is located at the main distribution centre of the raw material which is Al
Qusais Industrial Area. The Figure 3.17 (a), (b), (c) shows that the route to Emirates Gas
L.L.C. in Al Qusais Industrial Area. EMGAS is chosen as the main supplier for our
production of propylene in UAE since they are provides all the feedstock for the
propylene production. For our project, 35,000 metric tonne of propane is required as the
feedstock to produce propylene. When the enquiries of propane as the raw material
increased, the price from the supplier will be cheaper.
149
EMGAS
(a)
150
EMGAS
(b)
151
EMGAS
(c)
Figure 3.17(a),(b),(c): The route to EMGAS in Al Qusais Industrial Area.Source: (Emirates Gas, 2013 and Google Maps, 2013).
152
However, we have to prepare if they are faced the shortage of raw material for
the process. The plant has to find the other additional supplier that available in UAE in
order to fulfil the feedstock amount. There are solutions in case if EMGAS has propane
shortage or lacking in high volume. Some of the supplier that provides all the raw
material for the propylene production in UAE is found and the nearest supplier is
recommended.
The suitable site locations that can be considered are Sharjah Airport
International Free Zone, Jebel Ali Free Zone Authority, Ajman Free Zone, Hamriyah
Free Zone and Rais Al Khaiman. The Table 3.22 shows that the distance and time of the
supplier and the recommended plant location.
Table 3.22: The Distance and Time of the Supplier to the Recommended Plant Location.
Plant Location
Distance, km
Time, min
16.8
19
11.2
16
20.8
26
27.5
34
75
52
Rais Al Khaiman
Based on Table 3.18, the three locations have been determined and studied in
order to find the suitable location for propylene plant. The three locations that have been
chosen are Sharjah Airport International Free Zone (SAIFZA), Jebel Ali Free Zone
Authority (JAFZA) and Ajman Free Zone (AFZA) since three of them are the nearest
153
with our target supplier. There are some factors that have to be considered for the site
selection which are land price, tax, transportation, utilities and facilities, labor
availability, incentives and environmental factors.
SAIF is one of the free zone areas in UAE. They are running the trade activities,
processing manufacturing, packaging, assembly activities and selected services. Besides
that, SAIF is a free zone that easily accessible to seaports on the Gulf of Oman (Port
Khor Fakkan) and the Arabian Gulf (Port Khalid). In addition, SAIF-Zone is built
adjacent to the Sharjah International Airport. With these unique features, it is little
wonder that, SAIF-Zone has registered phenomenal growth. An extremely attractive
incentives offered by SAIF-Zone to its patrons. Furthermore, SAIF is also
geographically well and strategic positioned with outstanding land, sea and air links to
the rest of the world. SAIF-Zone can be a dream comes true for the businessman. A lot
of modern premises equipped with the latest facilities and a secure environment to
ensure that the maximum returns for the investor.
154
3.5.2.2 License
In SAIF Zone, more than 451 companies are attracted to have the industrial activities in
UAE. Over 1,359 of companies involved in different types of service while nearly 3,043
are involved in trading. Besides that, SAIF Zone are also provides the aviation and
manufacturing activities by the companies. Around 292 of companies involved in
aviation whereas for the industrial activities, around 451 companies involved. The Table
3.23below shows that the number of companies involved in SAIF Zone:
Services
1,359
Trade
3,043
Aviation
292
Industrial
451
155
3.5.2.3 Transportation
For the transportation aspects, SAIF Zone is providing the very conducive facilities. All
the companies can used all the facilities provided in order to import and export their
products and raw materials. SAIF Zone provides no restrictions for importing and
exporting of goods as long as the activities are done accordance with the license. There
are no duties are imposed on goods imported and exported within the Free Zone.
Other than that, when goods are sold locally in the UAE market, the applicable
custom duty will be payable. In addition, SAIF Zone is also providing a shuttle bus
services. The shuttle bus is provided five times a day at nominal charges from the Zone
to the city centre. Besides that, they are also providing the other facilities such as
seaport and airport for the use of businesses and for UAE people. The Table 3.24 shows
that the information of the SAIF Zones seaport and airport.
156
Table 3.24: The Seaport and Airport Description in SAIF Zone. Source: (SAIF,2013).
Seaport
Airport
and cargoes.
The total berth from the three port are
The company are charged to the investor for the leased plots of land and for factories,
warehouses and standard office units and paid as per consumption. Nevertheless, for
electricity, water and air conditioning, the investors renting executive offices will not
pay as these charges are included in the annual office rent. Table 3.25 shows that the
electricity and water supplier and the rates.
157
Water
The liquid waste from the industrial area can be disposed of through soak away wells
and septic tanks. But, for special industries, the pretreatment unit may be required in
order to protect the environment. The capacity of the tanker to suck up the liquid waste
is up to a capacity of 5000 gallons. There are the parameter that to have consider in
order to find the level of the pollutant air and water. The Table 3.26 shows that the
permissible limit for air and water pollutants.
Table 3.26: The Permissible Limit for Air and Water Pollutants.
Parameter
Maximum Allowed
Concentration(ppm)
Nitrogen Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Hydrogen Sulfide
Ammonia
260
158
For the heavy industry, the construction of chimney in the plant should be at a
height of 2.5 to 3 meters above the roof of the neighbouring. Besides that, the workers
have to wear the proper personal protective equipment such as head cover, overalls,
gloves, boots, masks, coverall and many more. In addition, SAIF Zone has been
constructing their strategy for waste management such as:
a. The elimination and disposal of all waste from the industry area must be done
safely and stored in special and proper places.
b. All the waste should be classified before going through the disposing process
(e.g., iron, wood, cartons).
c. For the control of transfer of waste outside UAE, the Basil Convention should be
followed.
From this information shows that the demand of propylene is high since it have
many usages. According to GPCA (2012), the demand of propylene for the production
of poly propylene is 1.1 million tonnes per year. In addition, propylene is sold globally
with the price AED 4,921.82 per metric tonne (Platts, 2013). The Table 3.27 below
shows that the list of company needs the propylene as their feedstock in Sharjah area.
159
Table 3.27: The List of Company Requests the Propylene as Their Feedstock in Sharjah
Area. Source: (Yellow Pages, 2013).
Chemicals
No. of Companies
Polypropylene
Acrylonitrile
30
Propylene oxide
Epichlorohydrin
Isopropanol
Total
53
160
3.5.3
Jebel Ali Zone Authority (JAFZA) is also one of the best free zone in UAE. JAFZA is
one of the major business communities in the UAE region. Over 7,100 companies run in
creating, manufacturing, trading, processing, packaging, storage, serving local and
global markets. For every business, JAFZA supports the advancement in its community
and facilitates the connections of the company with others in the industry. Besides that,
they are also concentrating in investment and time on the infrastructure required to
support the individual parts.
Figure 3.19: The JAFZA Area for Industrial Activities. Source: (Google Maps, 2013).
161
The JAFZA is located in the Jebel Ali, UAE which is the free zone area. Thus,
the reasonable price for the land in that free zone area is needed. The land price and
facilitythat available in JAFZA in AED currency as shown in Table 3.28.
Size (m2)
Land
5,000
20-80
313-556
120,00-220,000
50
1,800-2,200
Warehouse
Office
For lease the plot of land with several of sizes are available at JAFZA. The entire
site is suitable for the company if they want built their own facility, warehouse or
factory requirement for at least 2,500 m2. The Table 3.29 below shows that the
description about the land.
Table 3.29: The Description about the Land in JAFZA. Source: (Chase Morgan UAE,
2013).
Area of Plot
2,500 m2
Rental Rate
Public Health
Levy (PHL)
Service
Industrial
Effluent
Disposal
162
3.5.3.2 License
There are license fee that need to pay when any investor to build a plant in Jebel Ali.
Therefore, table 3.30 and 3.31 below shows the license that available in JAFZA.
Cost (AED)
10,000
15,000
5,000
Industrial
5,500
Trading
5,500-12,500
Service
5,500
National Industrial
5,500
General Trading
30,000
3.5.3.3 Transportation
Jebel Ali Port is the sixth world largest seaport. Since JAFZA is situated between Jebel
Ali Port and the Al Maktoum International Airport, JAFZA is the only free zone in the
world to be located between the two major logistic and become one of the best seaport in
the world.
163
JAZFA is facilitating with a six lane highway for the transportation of goods
from sea to air in just 20 minutes. JAFZA is a strategic location to enable its partners
and customers got the fastest possible access to a market of over 2 billion people in
South and West Asia, the CIS and Africa.
The usage fee for land sites and light industrial units is depends on the tenants own
expenses.In the annual rent for office units, multi-story office buildings- electricity,
water and air-conditioning is paid directly to JAFZA. All the water and electricity
consumption are billed directly to the tenant. The Table 3.32 shows that the tariff for the
water and electricity in JAZFA.
Table 3.32: Tariff of Water and Electricity in JAZFA. Source: (Chase Morgan, 2013).
Electricity (USD/100kWh)
5.4
8.2
The water tariff in JAZFA is including the connection charges. The features of
the utilities provided in JAZFA are very important to be considered since the company
wants to construct the new organization. The Table 3.29 shows that the features that
JAZFA have for their customers.
Table 3.33: Features that JAZFA have for Their Customers(Chase Morgan, 2013).
Utilities
Location
Payment
Annually in advance.
Terms
General
Tenant must be installing and paid the telephone, fax and internet bill.
Services
JAFZA will coordinate directly with the relevant department for other
services like security, fire and costumes.
164
In JAFZA, propylene is also being used as the feedstock for the production of
isopropanol respectively. The usage of propylene for the production of polypropylene as
feedstock is 1.1 million tonnes per year (GPCA, 2012). Propylene is still sold globally
with the price AED 4,921.82 per metric tonne (Platts, 2013). Thus, in JAFZA, the
propylene is also sold in the same rate as global price. The Table 3.33 below shows that
the list of company needs the propylene as their feedstock in Jebel Ali area.
Table 3.34: The List of Company Needs The Propylene as Their Feedstock in Jebel Ali
Area. Source: (Yellow Pages, 2013).
Chemicals
No. of Companies
Isopropanol
Total
165
Ajman is strategically located at the entrance of the Arabian Gulf. Besides that, Ajman is
also a good placed to serve the Western and Eastern markets. Ajman got the easy
accessibility to the two international airports and four seaports since Ajmans proximity
to Sharjah and Dubai.
In Ajman, they have Ajman Free Zone (AFZA) which is one of the cost effective
free zones in UAE that suitable for start-up businesses for traders. AFZA is running the
trading activities, processing, manufacturing, packaging, assembly activities and
selected services. According to Ajman Free Zone Authority, over 6,000 companies
ranging from multinationals, start-up companies and South Middle East companies and
over 1,000 offices have already opened their business in AFZA (AFZA, 2013).
3.5.4.1 Land
The average area of Ajman Free Zone Authority is 260km2. For the land plots of
minimum size 2000 m2 are offered by AFZA. The term of the lease is annual. In the
Ajman Port Free Zone is located all the plots. The annual rent for the rent is USD
5.48/m2. For the land price in acre is USD 21,800/acre (AFZA, 2013). The Figure 3.20
shows that the area of AFZA in the Ajman.
166
3.5.4.2 License
The license that shows in that available in Ajman, UAE is suitable for any kind of
business, profession and industry. Table 3.35, shows the type of license that available
with each cost.
Table 3.35: Type of License Fees that Available in Ajman Free Zone. Source:
(http://www.freezonesuae.com/images/flayer.pdf)
Type of License Fees
Normal Trading
Cost (USD)
817
1,090
1,362
1,907
167
3.5.4.3 Transportation
The proper transportation facilities is one of the most factor that have to be considered to
start the business in the free zone. The common transportation that is usually used in the
industry in the free zone area is through air, sea and also road. The Table 3.36 below
shows that the distance of AFZA and its facilities.
Sea
Road
Extremely efficient
AFZA to Dubai
Sharjah Airport.
3.5.4.4 Utilities
The free zone company must try to approach the AFZA for electricity with the
requirements. AFZA and Federal Electricity and Water Authority (FEWA) will help the
client in acquired amounts for their industrial usage of water and electricity. One-time
fees charges for electricity installation, but, bills are paid according to actual
consumption on an on-going basis. Table 3.37 shows that the fees amount of water and
electricity. Table 3.38 and Table 3.39 shows that the tariff of water and electricity in
AFZA.
168
Table 3.37: The fees amount of water and electricity. Source:(Chase Morgan, 2013).
Utility
Fees (USD)
Type of Payment
Water
0.41
Per gallon
Details
Determination of
cost of power.
Electricity
0.05
Dependent on
consumption.
Commercial
Electricity
Range
Price (AED)
1-2,000
0.2
2,001-4,000
0.24
4,001-6,000
0.28
6,001 above
0.33
0.40
Industrial
Water
Range
Price, AED
Industrial and
1-10,000
0.030
Commercial
10,001-20,000
0.035
20,000 above
0.040
169
Propylene is being used for the production of poly propylene is 1.1 million tonnes per
year, according to GPCA (2012). In AFZA, propylene is being used as the feedstock for
the production of polypropylene, acrylonitrile, propylene oxide and epichlorohydrin.
The price of propylene is AED 4,921.82 per metric tonne (Platts, 2013).
Generally, most of the propylene is used for the production of polypropylene. However,
in Ajman most of propylene is used as the feedstock for the production of acrylonitrile.
There are 10 companies used propylene as their feedstock. It shows that the
demand of propylene is still needed in Ajman. The Table 3.40 below shows that the list
of company needs the propylene as their feedstock in Ajman area.
Table 3.40: The list of company needs the propylene as their feedstock in Ajman
area.Source: (Yellow Pages, 2013).
Chemicals
No. of Companies
Polypropylene
Acrylonitrile
Propylene oxide
Epichlorohydrin
Total
10
170
The wage structure for employees that work at the free zone in AFZA is prepared. For a
senior supervisor, they will receive a basic salary including housing allowance between
USD 872-1600 whereas for salary with including medical benefits are USD 440-656
respectively with the current currency of money is AED 1 is equal to USD 0.27. Besides
that, they will have 48 hours working time, six day working week would receive up to
42 days annual paid leave and would not be paid for overtime.
In addition, they would receive a basic salary of between USD 216-432 with 30
days annual paid leave for skilled employees. They are also working six days a week.
Nevertheless, the housing allowance and overtime payment is depends on the AFZA.
The salary is approximate and negotiable with AFZA.
With the approval of AFZA, the individual companies do have room to alter the
salary and benefits structure for their employees as per this own needs and
capabilities. Table 3.41 shows that the salary ranges and benefits structure for 8 levels of
employees: managers; senior super visor; foremen; secretarial staff; clerical and skilled;
semi-skilled; and unskilled workers.
171
Table 3.41: The Salary Ranges and Benefits Structure For 8 Levels of Employees: Managers; Senior Super Visor; Foremen; Secretarial
Staff; Clerical; Skilled; Semi-Skilled; and Unskilled Workers. Source:(Chasemorgan, 2013).
Job
Manager
Senior
Foremen
Secretarial
Clerical
Skilled
Supervisor
Semi-
Unskilled
Skilled
Monthly
1280-2160
872-1600
392-650
544-760
280-392
216-432
128-216
104 175
Salary
(4,703 -7936)
(3,204- 5,878 )
(1452-2,407)
(1999- 2729)
(1407-1440 )
(794-1587)
(470-794)
(388-647)
Monthly
656-1120
440-656
Housing
(2,410 -4,115)
(1617-2,410)
USD
(AED)
Allowance
USD
(AED)
172
3.5.5
Thus, after studied the three site location in free zone authorities, Table 3.42 shows the summary for all three countries for finalized the
location on the next subtopic.
Sharjah
Jebel Ali
260
400
47
21,800
108,920
87,120
10
53
4,921.82
4,921.82
4,921.82
20
15
11
Transportation (km)
Airport
Seaport
o Sharjah
International
Airport
o Ajman Port
o Port of Khalid
o Port Hamriyah.
o Al Maktoum
International Airport
o Jebel Ali Port
173
Utilities
0.11/kWA
0.06/kWA
0.05/kWh
0.01
0.01
0.0082
1.69
Electricity (USD)
(USD/h)
Nearby Facilities Availability
EPPCO Station
Shalco Plant
Emarat
o Medical Centre:
Kuwaiti Hospital
o Safety:
o Public Transport:
Compressor
Station
Emarat Gas Station
ENOC Processing
Company LLC
o Medical Centre:
Energy
Medical city
o Safety:
Sharjah Ploice Academy
Limited
o Public Transport:
Al-Ittihad Terminal
Emirates Gas
o Medical Centre:
Al-Jubail Terminal
Medhealth Clinic
Al-Taawun Terminal
Medhealth Medical
Street Sharjah
Al-Sharq Terminal
Musalla Station
Sharjah
International
Centre
174
Airport Terminal
Al-Bustan Station
o Other(s):
o Other(s):
Ajman
Power
Station
&
o Safety:
NITCO International
Desalination Plant
Falah Farms
Kempinski Hotel
Residential
Residential
o Transportation:
o Other(s):
Residential
175
3.5.6
Rank
Worst
Moderate
Excellent
Table 3.43 shows that the mark for specific three locations in UAE and the highest mark
which show the suitable location according to the consideration on the listed criteria.
Total
Ajman
Sharjah
Jebel Ali
o Airport
o Seaport
o Electricity
o Medical Centre
o Safety
o Public Transport
36
27
25
25
Transportation (km)
Utilities
Total
176
Based on the Table 3.43, it shows that the difference forhighest and lowest mark is only
2. The mark obtained from Ajmanis 27 which are the highest and for the other two
countries.Sharjah and Jebel Ali is the lowest which is 25. This is because the land price
in Ajman is cheaper. Besides that, the transportation in Ajman is more preferable to
export our propylene product. In addition to the standard free zone incentives, AFZA
also promises (Chase Morganuae, 2013):
1.
No registration fee for any free zone entity set up in the AFZA
2.
Cheap energy
3.
The most economical wage structure and easy access to a vast work force
4.
5.
6.
7.
20 year land contract is renewable for another 20 year guaranteeing 40 years tax
and customs exception
8.
9.
10.
177
3.6
CONCLUSION
The conclusion for the site that will be selected based on several factors discussed above
such as location, geography, infrastructure, utilities, marketing, labor availability and
facilities. After comparingthe three countries,the interested country of our propylene
plant for this project is UAE. Thus, it leads us to specify more detail on the location that
available in the chosen country, we decided to choose Ajman Free Zone Authority
(AFZA) in United Arab Emirate. Since the total mark for Ajman and UAE is the highest,
as shown in weightage table based on Table 3.43 and Table 3.21 respectively. Hence,
the reasons are as follows:
i.
ii.
UAE rarely experienced the winter weather but only certain area like Jebel Rais.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Lots of manpower supply from various sources especially residential areathat can
produce competent workers.
vii.
viii.
ix.
Therefore, the conclusion can be made for the site selection. Ajman, UAE is the
most suitable location in operating for industrial activities.There are alot of factors that
affect the AFZA business which are the strategically situated and have the complete
facilities for their clients. Even thoughthe climate in UAE is summer and winter, the
propylene plant can operate without considering operatingtemperature climate such as
winter and spring. This is one of the factors that will affect the production of propylene,
but still we can cover the problem since the winter is not in long term and only twice
record winter that occur in Jebel Jais, UAE.
178
REFERENCES
179
180
CHAPTER 4
4.1
4.1.1
Objectives
This chapter will discuss about plant safety and environmental consideration for
production of propylene. The main purposes for these studies are to prevent the major
accident from occur in the chemical plant and to ensure the safety of the employee or
employer and public community such as visitor or customer around the plant area. This
study is very important part since it is related to the human life. In chemical plant, there
have high percentage of major accident happened such as explosion, leakage,
malfunction of equipment that can cause accident, and fires. This is because the
chemical plants consist of many hazardous components such as volatile chemical,
corrosive chemical and toxic chemical that easily can cause accident whether major or
minor accident if not manage properly.
From the previous study was proved that the effective solutions in order to
decreasing the accident occurs in chemical plant by reducing or prevent any possibility
causes that can initiate any accident. In order to make sure the safety in the chemical
plant, any hazard inside the plant need to identify and find the solution to control that
hazard to prevent any accident occur. All of the hazard need to continuously control.
181
4.1.2
Hazard identification
182
Table 4.1: Hazard identification, risk assessment, and risk control for major equipment in process plant
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
NO
Equipment
Hazard
identified
RISK ASSESSMENT
Potential
Accident
Types of Likelihood
Injury
Severity
RISK CONTROL
Risk
rating
(1-5)
(1-5)
(Likelihood
x severity)
(refer Table 1)
(refer Table 2)
See Table 3
Fatal
16
Regular Mechanical
inspection
team
-Leaking
Explosion
Fatal
16
-Cracking
Explosion
Fatal
16
-Regular
maintenance
-Leaking
(R-101)
-Cracking
Oxy-Reactor
Heat
exchanger
Person in
charge
Explosion
Reformer
(R-102)
Suggested Control
Mechanical
Failure/ Fail
to
control
(EA-201/EA- temperature
202)
- Boardman in DCS
is well train
Operator
183
Furnace
4
Cracking
Explosion
Injured
(H-101)
-Regular
maintenance
Mechanical
team
-Control the
temperature and
pressure efficiently
Distillation
column (D-
Miss
handling
Explosion
Fatal
16
- Give proper
training to the
person in charge.
Operator
Reboiler
malfunction
Fire
Injured
-Regular
maintenance
Boiler man
Overpressure
Fire
Injured
Leaking
Fire
Fatal
16
Designer
team
Mechanical
failure/ not
be able
control the
temperature
Explosion
Injured
-Regular
maintenance
Operator
Mechanical
Explosion
failure/ high
pressure
Injured
-Regular
maintenance
Operator
301/302/303)
Cooler
(C-201)
Pump
(P-301)
184
No
Hazard
identified
Potential
Accident
RISK ASSESSMENT
(see Table 2)
Risk rating
RISK CONTROL
Suggested Control
(Likelihood
x severity)
Person in
charge
See Table 3
Slippery
floor
Fall
Injured
Leakage
Explode
16
Blockage
Pipe burst
16
Ruptured
Explode
12
Spark
/flames
Fire
Piping
Welding
inside
process area
Mechanical
team
185
Electric
circuit
Short
circuit
Electric
shock
12
Chemical
material
(Product)
Spillage
Injured
12
wiring
system
Chemical
engineer/ Safety
- Install alarm control system in and
health
the storage tank.
officer
- Securely seal material.
- Properly storage.
6
Pressure at Explosion
process
equipment
Fatal
16
Stairs
Injured
Fall
186
Example
Rating
Most likely
Possible
future
Conceivable
Remote
Inconceivable
Impossible to occur
Example
Catastrophic
Rating
5
Minor
Negligible
187
Description
Action
15-25
High
5-14
Medium
Medium
risks
need
a plan
approach
to
Low
All hazard need to be identify in order to prevent any incident or accident occur
in the plant. In this plant, by using HAZOP methodology from Lihou (2013), every
potential hazard in the plant could be identified. From Figure 4.1, there are seven (7)
steps of HAZOP procedures. First step that need to do is select any section that have
potential of occurrence of hazard. Then, prepare guide word that suitable for that
section. After preparing guide word, identify any causes that causing the hazard. Next
step is associate consequences from the selected section and make a risk ranking for all
section. After that, prepare action that need to do for that section in order to prevent any
accident occur in the plant.
188
Guideword
deviation
causes
consequences
safeguards
recommendation
Action
by
189
In this plant, we are using guide word below to descript the characteristic of the selected
section for HAZOP analysis. Table 4.6 shows the guide word used in HAZOP analysis.
Meaning
The design intent does not occur (eg: Flow/No) or the
operational aspect is not achievable (eg: Isolate/No)
LESS
MORE
REVERSE
ALSO
OTHER
FLUCTUATION
EARLY
LATE
As for early
190
4.2
This plant is a plant that producing propylene as the main product in liquid form but
there still has by product from this process in gas form such as methane, ethane,
ethylene, hydrogen, and propane that produce from the third distillation column. Table
4.8 shows that the characteristic and major hazard from chemical component. All of this
by product has their characteristics that can cause incident in this plant. From Table 4.8,
it is shows that all of the by-product from the plant is flammable gas where it can easily
cause fire and explosion incident. From this entire characteristic of the chemical used
and produced, the hazard identification is very important in this plant in order to reduce
the hazard.
Table 4.8: Characteristic and major hazard from chemical component (Airliquide, 2013)
Chemical
Methane
Characteristic
Major hazard
- Flammable gas
- Fire and high
- Flammability limit in pressure
air: 5-15 vol%
Toxicity:
- No odour
Simple
asphyxiant.
Action taken
-Provide adequate natural or
explosion-proof ventilation
to prevent accumulation of
gas concentrations above
1.0% Methane (20% of
LEL).
- Do not enter areas where
Methane concentration is
greater than 1.0% (20% of
the LEL).
-Always wearing PPE during
handling this chemical.
Ethane
- Flammable gas
- Fire
- Flammability limit in - Toxicity:
air: 3-16 vol%
Simple
- No odour
asphyxiant.
191
Ethylene
Hydrogen
Propane
Propylene
- Flammable gas
- Flammability limit in
air (STP condition):
2.7-34 vol%
- No odour
- Fire
- Toxicity:
Simple
asphyxiant.
192
Every chemical has potential health effect to human. In our plant, we are using propane
and oxygen as raw material in order to produce the propylene. Table 4.9 and Table 4.10
show the potential health effect and its first aid measure for raw material in our plant.
Table 4.9: Potential health effect and first aid measure for propane
Propane
Skin corrosion property: Direct contact with the skin
may cause the skin freeze burn and skin become
inflamed and painful.
Eye critical damage: Direct contact with the liquid or
cold vapor may cause frostbite, freeze burns and
Hazard
Potential
Eye
measure
- Risk for ingestion is low but if oral exposure occurs
Ingestion
Inhalation
193
Table 4.10: Potential health effect and first aid measure for oxygen (AIRGAS INC.,
2013; CORPORATION, 2012)
Oxygen
Skin: May cause skin irritation. Contact with rapidly
expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite. Contact
with cryogenic liquid can cause frostbite and
cryogenic burns.
Eye: May cause eye irritation. Contact with rapidly
expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite. Contact
Potential
Hazard
Skin
First
aid
- None expected.
-
measure
Ingestion
194
4.2.2.2 Product
Table 4.11 shows that the potential health effect of our product which is propylene to
human and its first aid measure if there have emergency situation occur during handling
with the chemical.
Table 4.11: Potential health effect and first aid measure for propylene (AIRGAS INC,
2013)
Propylene
Skin: Direct contact with the gas may cause the
frostbite/ burn.
Hazard
Potential
Eye:
frostbite/ burn.
Ingestion: Ingestion is not a normal route of exposure
for gases.
Inhalation: Acts as a simple asphyxiant.
195
First
aid
measure
Ingestion
section.
- Move exposed person to fresh air. If not breathing, if
breathing is irregular or if respiratory arrest occurs,
Inhalation
196
4.2.3
Case 1:
Explosion at Louisiana Chemical Plant, 13 June 2013
This explosion happened on 13th June 2013 that located in Ascension Paris Town
Geismar, Louisiana as shown in Figure 4.2. The company involved is Williams
Olefins plant that producing annual capacity of 1.3 billion pounds of ethylene
and 90 million pounds of propylene. Both chemical are flammable. This
company is a company that using extreme high heat and high pressure to extract
oil and natural gas where they are using steam cracker process. This is third
times the incident happened in this company which are the other incident
happened in 2009 and 2012 (CAULFIELD, 2013).
197
Causes of explosion
In early report state that the reason of explosion in 2013 reported was leakage occurring
at piping system but on 14th July 2013 the federal investigator with US chemical safety
board state that the reason of this explosion is the heat exchanger was failed was in an
area of the facility known as the propylene fractionation. Then, the latest information
from the federal and state authorities state that it is due to ruptured stand by boiler that
releases a vapor cloud into the air and the vapor cloud then ignited by unknown source.
After that, the incident happened in 2012 was cause due to the improper procedures
during handling the furnace while for incident occur in 2009 is because mechanical
failure in a cracking furnace (Fitts Zehl, 2013).
Since there have three times incident occur in this company, the director of the company
state that they will adding more precaution and prevention procedure to make sure that
this incident will not occur anymore.
Case 2:
Fire at PRAXAIR ST.Louis, 2005
This fire at PRAXAIR St.Louis happened in 2005. The St. Louis Praxair Distribution
site fills and distributes liquefied and compressed gas cylinders, rents welding
machinery, and sells welding supplies. At the St. Louis facility, Praxair has about 30,000
compressed gas cylinders containing oxygen, nitrogen, propane, propylene, acetylene,
carbon dioxide, helium, and other specialty gases onsite. The facility employs about 70
and is located in a commercial and residential area near Lafayette Square (CSB GOV,
2013).
198
Cause of fire
From CSB investigation report stated that the reason of this fire incident occur because
of propylene cylinder that contain propylene liquid was exposed to the heat of sunlight
on that day where the temperature is 36C. When exposed to the high temperature,
propylene cylinder can spontaneously vent through their relief devices, in turn releasing
propylene, which when ignited, can heat surrounding cylinders and cause them to vent,
creating a domino effect that spreads the fire. Similar cases with this incident; Air
Liquide, Phoenix, Arizona June 1997; Airgas, Tulsa, Oklahoma August 2003; and
Praxair, Fresno, California July 2005.
199
- Protect from objects that will damage the metal surface such as not near elevators,
walkways, platform edges, or below heavy moving objects that may fall;
- Protect from tampering;
- Avoid prolonged exposure to a damp environment (graded surface prevents water
accumulation); and
- Do not obstruct exit routes.
Case 3:
Formosa plastics propylene explosion, 2005
Formosa plastics propylene that located in United States is a plant that used Olefins II
unit process in their plant to produce variety of petroleum and plastics product. The
explosion happened on October 6, 2005. They used 17 operating unit including furnace,
distillation column, heat exchanger and separator. All entire units were controlled by
pressure relief valves in order to prevent overpressure problem. Pressure relief valves
will send gases into a flare system where the excess gases are burned at a distance from
the Unit. These valves usually control automatically but on the explosion day the valve
was controlled manually (Free encylopedia, 2013).
200
Cause of explosion
On October 6, 2005, the pressure valve was manually operated and could not be reached
by workers in time to prevent the explosions. On that day, a trailer was pulled by a
forklift that caught on a valve in the propylene piping system near the Olefins II Unit,
pulling the valve and part of the piping loose, leaving a 1.9 inch (3.5 cm) hole.
Pressurized liquid propylene poured out of the opening, partially vaporizing, leaving a
pool of liquid propylene and creating a flammable vapor cloud. The forklift driver and
other nearby contractors saw the cloud and immediately evacuated the area. A plant
operator heard the escaping propylene and the expanding vapor cloud.
He notified the plant's control room of the problem. The control room operators
saw the leak on a closed circuit television and began to shut down the plant. However,
valves that would have prevented further release of chemicals had to be shut off
manually. Operators in the vicinity of the leak attempted to reach manual shutoff valves
but were driven back by the vapor cloud. As a result, the explosions continued and the
fires grew.
From the investigation, it was also determined that the piping was not properly
protected from potential impact as stated in regulations for such facilities. Then, the
columns that supported the pressure relief valves and emergency vent piping had no
fireproofing at all.
The Formosa Plastics was recommended to revise policies for their hazard analysis to
have a better evaluation of vehicle impact hazards, fireproofing and prevention or
minimization of hazardous material releases. Then, the company also was recommended
to have fire resistant clothing for workers in any units at the Point Comfort complex that
had a risk of flash fires.
201
Label and sign inside this plant is very important. This is because without proper label
for the equipment, the tendency of hazard occurs is high. Every area and equipment
inside this plant will be labeled. This is to make sure that to avoid any mistake happened
during handling any operation inside this plant. In this plant, the labeling are include;
202
c. Transportation
Transportation is a process to transfer the product or equipment inside the plant. The
person in charge in handling this transportation process must know all the safety
behavior that can avoid hazard. In order to achieve this objective, the person involved
will send to the training program before can handling this process.
d. Leaking
Fire alarm is a device that can detect the occurrence of fire inside the plant by
monitoring the environmental changing due to combustion. When it detected the
occurrence of fire, it will automatically produce a noise like siren. In this plant, we are
suggesting that the devices of the fire detector are using combination detector such as
thermocouple flame detector, ionisation flame detector, heat detection and optical sensor
flame detector. This is because some of the fire is invisible where it cannot be detected
by using common fire detector.
203
The reason we are choosing the combination detector because this type of fire
detector it can give quick response if there have fire occur. Thermocouple flame detector
is a device that monitoring the presence of the fire through the combustion heating
system. This device will cut off the supply of fuel if flame fails (Wikipedia, 2013) while
for ionization flame detector will detect the small particle of a wide range and it is very
sensitive to the hot fast burning.
Then, for heat detection, it is devices that respond when there have sudden rise
of the temperature in the surrounding and lastly for optical sensor we are choosing
ultraviolet and infrared sensor to detect the fire. This is because by using ultraviolet it
can detect within wavelength around 300nm while for every single frequency of infrared
sensor can detect within 3.3 micrometer in range where with this advantages it can
reduce the occurrence of false alarm inside the plant (Wikipedia, 2013). If the detectors
detect the presence of the fire, the plant will set as automatically shut down.
Personal protective equipment is basic safety equipment for individual inside the plant.
Then, this PPE also is to fulfill the requirement safety standard of regulation at working
place. PPE are including safety helmet, protective clothing, goggles and other safety
equipment where all of this equipment is to protect the individual worker from any
potential hazard. This PPE will be provided to all workers and MUST wear all this
safety equipment during inside the plant especially during handling the operation such
as maintenance. In this plant, all of the people that enter the plant will be required to
wear PPE including the visitor, employer, employee or public. By using this PPE, the
potential hazard can be controlled.
204
Material safety data sheet or its short name MSDS is a safety data related to the all
chemical used in the plant. MSDS including the information of chemical, characteristic
of the chemical, potential hazard, safety procedure during handling the chemical, effect
to environment and health, emergency response, etc. In this chemical plant, all chemical
involve such as propane, propylene, methane, ethane, ethylene, oxygen and hydrogen
will be prepared in order to give all the data related to the chemical to the person in
charge in the plant. MSDS act as reference tool to the worker and individual involved.
Other than that, the MSDS of chemical product (propylene) will be given to the
customers who buy the product from the plant. This is to make sure that the customers
know all of the information related to the product If something happened, the people
who deal with that chemical will know what they should do in that situation. This
MSDS is very important especially for the safety purpose. This is also the reason why
the appropriate labeling procedure of the chemical is important to avoid any mistake
happened.
This is the procedure that needed to follow when occurrence of fire inside the plant
during working hours;
a. When the siren is sound, all people inside the plant must not panic during that
situation.
b. All people need to clear the plant by using safety exit in the plant and stay at low
position to avoid inhalation of smoke; the usage of lift is not allowed.
c. Then, all people will meet in designated area.
d. All people will be advice to not leave the assign area until they are told to leave.
205
Equipment and any tool that involve in the process need to maintain at good condition.
Any safety aids for the equipment must function all the times. Equipment that not
through the maintenance need to taken out from the process. This is to make sure that all
equipment used is at good working order and automatically avoid the hazard from occur.
Then, the maintenance schedule must be up to date and equipment accessories also need
to be at good condition since it also part of the equipment.
4.3.7 Firefighting
Since we are proposed to set up the chemical plant where most of the chemical material
used and produce is flammable and volatile component, we need to prepare the
firefighting system in our plant for safety of the plant. Other than that, in this plant the
process used in order to produce the propylene is operate at high temperature and the
possibility of the fire hazard occur is high if the process not being control carefully.
Firefighting equipment is use to extinguish the fire inside the plant or building
where this firefighting equipment are including fire extinguisher, couplings, hose, hose
reels, monitors, nozzles, PPV fans & blowers and trailers (Marcus Media Ltd, 2013).
This entire item is very important that must have in our plant as safety proposes in order
to extinguish the fire before that fire become bigger and give damage to all the property
in the plant.
This firefighting equipment will be locate inside the plant at strategic location
where it easy to reach if there have suddenly emergency occur in the plant.
206
4.4
In UAE, the scope of occupational safety and health is major aspects that need to adhere
by any company during the operation. This regulation consist of the protection of the
employee, duties of the employee, safe working condition, safety policy and
management, occupational H&S risk and precaution, occupational health aspect,
warning sign, occupational safety aspect, installation equipment aspect and etc. Most of
the content inside this regulation is to care the safety and health of the worker whether
on site or off site during working hour.
All of the health and safety legal that applied in the UAE is derived from this
law(Rebecca Kelly, 2013);
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
All of this legislation must not be ignored. All the industrial must follow the
requirement from this legislation.
207
I.
- This law consists of 12 chapters where the regulation related to the safety and health of
the worker state in chapter five which are in the title of SAFETY, PROTECTION, AND
THEIR HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE OF THE EMPLOYEES. In this chapter there
have 11 articles starting from article 91 until article 101. The entire articles are about
safety of the worker during duties which are the worker need to wear safety equipment
and prevent any fire occur and about medical care of the worker inside the plant.
II.
- This ministerial is about to protect the worker from the potential hazards that might be
occur in the plant. All of the worker must know any potential hazard and given training
on how to handle emergency situation. Conditions mentioned in Article (16) of the
Ministerial Decision 32 of 1982 on the prevention of preventive methods and measures
for the protection of labor from the risk of work to be fulfilled and acknowledged
(Environment, Health & Safety division, 2010).
III.
- Article 3 of Ministerial Decision No. 37/2 of 1982 on the medical care which should
be provided to workers by the employer, states that an employer, the number of whose
workers exceed 50 but are less than 200, must assign a doctor to examine the workers,
prescribe medicines and refer them if necessary to a specialist doctor. The charges for
the establishment's doctor and medicines must be borne by the employer but the charges
will be shared by the employer and worker if the case requires a specialist doctor.
208
- Article 4 of the decision states that if the workers are more than 200, the employer will
bear the charges for a worker's treatment in a hospital whether government, or private,
including charges for the stay in hospital and medicines (Osman, 2001).
IV.
- According to the ministerial resolution No. (4/1 of 1981), workers shall not be
employed in hazardous operation or unhealthy works and industries for more than seven
hours a day (Abu Dhabi Government, 2013).
V.
- This law is related to the Federal Law No. (8) for 1980 A.D. in regards to organizing
the work relationships where there have 4 article in this law. Remote areas are areas far
from cities in the interpretation of Article 101 of Law No. (8) for 1980 A.D. as
mentioned and for the purpose of its implementation shall be first in Abu Dhabi and
second in northern Emirates. Remote areas are considered also any work area that is
twenty five kilometres away from the nearest city or village and cannot be reached by
public transport. Any employer who uses workers in the areas specified in the previous
article must provide them with the services of transportation, food, house, medical aid,
portable water, and sport facilities (Seif Ali Al-Jrwan, 1981).
209
Table 4.12 shows that the summary of the hazardous material chemical and physical
properties. From this summary, all of this chemical consist of low boiling point where it
is shows that this chemical is flammable chemical. Any ignition sources that have
tendency to produce hazard need to keep a distance from this chemical in order to
prevent any potential hazard occur.
Table 4.12: Summary of hazardous material chemical and physical properties (MSDS
AIRGAS, 2013)
Chemical Propylene Propane
Methane
Ethane
Ethylene
Hydrogen
Properties
Boiling point, C
-47.7
-42
-161.5
-89
-104
-253
Melting point, C
-185
-189.7
-182.5
-183
-169.2
-259.15
44.11
16.04
30.08
28.06
2.02
96.6
-82.4
32.4
10
-240.15
109
NIL
543
NIL
NIL
weight, 42.09
Molecular
(g/mole)
91.9
Critical
temperature
Vapor
pressure, 136.6
psig
Vapor density
1.4
1.6
0.55
1.1
0.07
Molecular formula
C3H6
C3H8
CH4
C2H6
C2H4
H2
8.6206
23.6128
12.6582
13.8007
191.9386
Specific
Volume 9.0909
(ft3/lb)
Gas Density (lb/ft3)
0.11
0.116
0.042
0.079
0.07246
0.00521
Color
Colorless
Colorless
Colorless
Colorles
Colorless
Colorless
210
4.6.1
Waste water from the propylene plant consists of water that effluent from the first
distillation column (D-301) while waste air is effluent from combusting process in
heating system. This waste water need to be treated before releases to the environment
due to their characteristics that contain chemical oxygen demand (COD) and
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and hydrocarbon traces exceed their standard
safety limit. Same goes to waste air where it need to be identify the characteristic of gas
whether it safe to release or not. All of the waste needs to be treated until it fulfills the
standard requirement quality before it can dispose to environment. The main objectives
for this process are to allow the industrial effluent to be disposed off without giving any
damage to environment or danger to human health after discharge from the plant where
for waste water is to produce an environmentally safe fluid that suitable to disposal or to
reuse again. For waste air, we need to make sure that gas release is safe. If these waste
do not treated, it will give bad side effect that can harmful to the environmental and
health. With this process, the public health hazard of waste can be minimized.
211
4.6.2
4.6.2.1 Federal law No.24 of 1999 Protection and Development of the Environment
This is important law that our plant need to follow in this country that related to the
waste water disposal. Protection and Development of the Environment (1999) is a law
that applied in United Arab Emirates to protect and develop the environment. United
Arab Emirates is a country that really concern with the environment issues. This federal
law is an act that needed any industrial company to follow in this country where it is
covered all environment issue such as waste management, pollution, soil protection,
hazardous substance, etc. There have ten chapters in this law that related to all
environment issue where the objective for this law can be summarize as below All
objectives are to make sure the pollution issue can be reduce and controlled in UAE.
1. To protect and conserve the quality and natural balance of the environment.
2. To control all form of the pollution and avoid harmful immediate or long term
adverse effect resulting from economic, agricultural, industrial, development programs
aiming at improving standard living.
3. To develop natural resources and conserve biological diversity.
4. To protect society and the health of human beings from activities and acts that
imposes harm to the environment.
5. To protect the UAE environment from the harmful effect of activities undertaken
outside the state.
6. To comply with international and regional conventions ratified or signed by the UAE
in respect of the protection of the environment.
212
In UAE, most of the law is applied in Abu Dhabi Emirates. Law no. (21) Of 2005 for
waste management in Abu Dhabi Emirates is one of the laws that applied for waste
management. There have eight chapters inside this law where is related to the waste
management. The waste involve in this law including the ordinary, medical, industrial,
hazardous and other types of waste. This act required any industrial manage their waste
accordingly to make sure that there have no pollution occur in this country.
Waste treatment is a process to treat any waste that can harmful to environment or
human health. In our plant, we produce waste water and waste air from the production
of propylene process. All wastes need to be treated before discharge to the environment.
The reason we are treating all of this waste is to make sure that this waste is safe and not
will harmful to the human health. This is the reason we are proposed waste treatment in
order to treat the waste, but before we are treating the waste, we need to identify type of
waste produce, from which equipment it is produced and the mass fraction for each
waste that has been produced.
213
In our plant, the waste water that will be produce from the process is water only but we
are assume that waste water contain contamination and need a treatment before release
to the environment.
Equipment
Stream
water
Mass
Mass flow
Molar
fraction
(kg/hr)
flow
(mole/hr)
Water
Distillation column
12
5392
299.3
(D-301)
From Table 4.13, most of the waste water was produce from the distillation column (D301) in our process. This is because the function of distillation column was to separate
the main product and by-product. In distillation column (D-301), water being separately
100% from other chemical and effluent through stream 12. Then, this waste water will
send to the waste water treatment plant to undergo waste water treatment process.
214
Table 4.14 shows that the type of waste air produced and its amount from the plant.
Most of the waste air is hydrocarbon form except for hydrogen.
Equipment
Stream
Mass
fraction
0.0304
Ethane
Methane
Distillation
Ethylene
column
Hydrogen
(D-302)
0.1089
13
0.0785
0.7822
From Table 4.14, the waste air was produce from distillation column (D-302) in order to
separate the by-product and main product in that process.
4.6.4
Waste water in this plant is an effluent from the distillation column (D-301) which is
from stream 12 of the process. This waste water will through a few steps in order to
fulfill the standard value that safe to be disposal into the environment without giving any
harmful to human or environment. In this chemical plant, that waste water will
discharge to the open sea through drainage. From the regulation of water environment
regulation under Federal law No.24 of 1999 Protection and Development of the
Environment, any plant that want to discharge their waste water to the open sea is
mandatory to follow the standard in Table 4.15.
215
Table 4.15: Standard of discharge of waste water to open sea (Environment department,
2010)
PARAMETER
UNIT
Ammoniacal nitrogen
Arsenic (As)
BOD5
Cadmium (Cd)
Chlorine (total not less
than)
Chromium (Cr)
Copper (Cu)
Cyanide (CN)
Fecal Coliform
Mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
Fecal Streptococci
Salmonella
Entero Viruses
Oil and grease
Iron (Fe)
Lead (Pb)
Mercury (Hg)
Nickel (Ni)
pH
Phenol
Seleneium (Se)
Silver (Ag)
Sulphide
Suspended solids
Turbidity
Zinc (Zn)
Phosphate
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
MPN/100ml (80% of
sample)
MPN/100ml
MPN/1L
PFU/10L
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
Between
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
NTU
mg/l
mg/l
MAXIMUM DISCHARGE
LIMIT
5.0
0.05
30
0.05
1.0
0.50
0.50
0.10
100
100
Non-detectable
Non-detectable
5.0
2.0
0.10
0.001
0.10
6-9
0.10
0.02
0.005
0.10
30
75
0.10
0.10
In order to know what types of treatment that suitable for the waste water, we
need to identify the characteristic of the waste water in term of their BOD, COD,
physical, chemical and biological characteristic. In this chemical plant, we are proposed
that waste water will be treated with the process proposed as shown in Figure 4.5.
216
Stream 12
217
Figure 4.5 shows the waste water process that we are proposed, the waste water from the
effluent of first distillation column which are water will be treat through this process.
For the first step, the waste water will send to the collection sump tank where in this
tank the there have two (2) waste water pump which are duty and standby pump.
Standby pump is a pump that use when the duty pump cannot be operate. The function
of the pump is to transfer the waste water into the reaction tank. This pump is equip with
the flow meter reading where we can see the flow rate of the waste water that being
transfer to the reaction tank. Inside this collection sump tank, the waste water will drain
via gravity force where big particle will settle down to the bottom of the tank.
Then, the waste water will send to the reaction tank by using pump from the
collection sump tank. In this reaction tank or we can called as aeration tank, we will
adding coagulant. Inside this tank, there have equipped with the agitator where the
function of this agitator is to break down the film at the surface of water. These methods
are to separate the component of water and to mix it and reaction will occur between
water and coagulant. Here, the flow of coagulant is controlled by using coagulant flow
meter. This is to make sure that correct dosage of coagulant into the reaction tank. If the
amount of coagulant is not right, the floc cannot be form.
Next, the waste water will send to the flocculation tank where in this tank we
will add polymer, caustic and acid to produce macro floc and adjust the pH of waste
water at the safe level. Macro floc will be settling down to the bottom of tank due to the
different of the density and the gravity force inside flocculation tank. After that, the
waste water will flow to the dissolved air flotation tank.
Dissolved air flotation tank are equipped with the blower to supply air micro
bubble at high pressure. This procedure is to float off the particulate matter into the
surface of water. When the particulate matter is on the surface of the water, so we can
easily skimmed off that particulate matter by using scrapper. After that, the clear waste
water will go to the intermediate tank.
218
Inside intermediate tank, the waste water sample will be collected and tested in
the laboratory to determine the chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) and other chemical standard contain in waste water. If the sample of
water is not exceed the standard safety limit, we can discharge the waste water from the
plant but if the value of COD is exceed so we will send back to the collection sump tank
to treating again while if only BOD is exceed the standard safety limit we will treat the
waste water by using biological treatment process.
For the biological treatment process, we are proposing to use suspended growth
process because by using this method it can remove almost 90% of organic matter inside
the waste water. The waste water will flows to the sequence batch reactor where in this
tank the air is supply and provide living area of the microorganism to help the
microorganisms to grow and continuing treat the pollutant inside the waste water.
The microorganisms will continue eating the waste or dissolved organic material
inside the tank due to perfect environment with present of air. This process is called
activated sludge because the microbes those consume the waste at the present of rich
oxygen environment (aerobic environment) where it can give maximum consumption of
waste. When the microbes is dead, it will stick together with the clumps but since new
waste water will flow from the process the microbe will born and continue to break
down the waste. From this condition, it will give high value of BOD and COD.
After that, the waste water will send to the treated water tank before discharge to
the environment. Here, the sample of water once again will be investigate whether it
fulfill the standard safety limit. If the result is positive then the waste water can be
discharge to the environment. Lastly, sludge from the sequence batch reactor and
dissolved air flotation tank will send to the sludge holding tank for further treatment on
the sludge.
219
Light gas in our plant is produced from distillation columns (D-302) which are ethane,
methane, ethylene and hydrogen. Figure 4.6 shows the gas produced from D-302 plant
to be recycle back as the fuel gas to natural gas pipelines (refer PFD) for heating
process. The combusted gas will go to the stack before released to the environment.
From Figure 4.6, at the recycle point, we will install the valve to control the amount of
gas enter into the heating equipment which is furnace (H-101) and as a safety procedure.
We can use the light gas produced as a source of fuel gas by mixing it with natural gas
supply for steam generation in furnace. With this process, our plant can minimize the
cost for the fuel gas.
220
Combusted Gas
Stack
Natural Gas
HEATING SECTION
( H-101 )
Light Gas
REACTION SECTION
D-302
To D-303
221
4.6.6
Waste management
In order to protect the environment and prevent unexpected things happened in plant such as
explosion, pollution and fire, all waste from the production, laboratory and office must have
proper management. In this plant, there have a few methods that need to be followed before
dispose the waste to the environment or public such as labeling the waste, collection and storage.
Then, waste that still can be used will be reuse in order to minimize the amount of waste to
disposal.
4.6.6.1 Labeling
Labeling is one of the important parts in waste management. Every waste which are production
waste, chemical waste and municipal waste that plant produce needed to be labeled, this
procedure need to follow in order to make sure there have no mistake occur during collection or
storage of the waste. Proper labeling method need to be done following the standard labeling
sheet data. Each of the waste labeled following their characteristic. Without proper labeling, the
chance of worker make a mistake is high where will increasing the percentage of hazard
happened in the plant but with proper labeling this percentage of hazard occur can be reduce.
After labeling for all wastes procedure is done, the waste need to collect. The waste that already
collected will be put in storage. The storage for the waste will follow based on categories of
waste whether chemical laboratory waste, production waste or municipal waste. Each type of
waste storage will be located at different location to avoid any ignition of hazard. With this
systematic management, the probability problems occur during operation can be prevent.
222
4.6.6.3 Transportation
All waste from the plant that need to disposal will be transport to the disposal sites. Each of the
transportation also will label following the categories of waste. Each type of waste will have their
different transportation to easily waste management team identify type of waste will be dispose.
For disposal waste, we are suggesting to have a contract with Beeah Company where this
company will handling disposal of waste for our plant. Beeah Company is the best company that
handling waste management in Sharjah where on early 2013 they are given awards for the best
management of waste. These company also nearest with the location our plant which is Ajman.
In this plant, there have a few methods that need to be followed before dispose the waste to the
environment or public such as labeling the waste, collection and storage. Then, any waste such as
paper, plastic from office that still can be used will be reuse or recycle in order to minimize the
amount of waste to disposal. From this method, the plant can reduce the cost and save the cost for
other application.
4.6.6.5 Training
The person who will in charge with waste management needed to follow the training session
before involve with the waste management. This is to make sure that the person involved will not
do any mistake during running the operation. This training will train the person in charge from
every aspect including the knowledge about the waste, skill that required, and the ability needed
if something happened.
223
4.7 Conclusion
Safety inside the plant especially for our plant that involving flammable chemical component is
very important since it will involve human life whether employee, employer, stake holder and
public. In order to setup the plant, we must have proper preparation for any emergency situation
that could happen in plant. From the previous study has shown that the effective way to prevent
incident occur inside plant is by identify the probability hazard that could be occur and find the
solution to control that hazard. This is the important part of safety precaution. Next, as the
employer, we must prepare all safety equipment for the employee during working hour such as
personal protection equipment, PPE. Other than that, in production propylene plant, it will
produce waste water and waste air during the process production. All of this waste need to treated
and follow the safety standard before discharge to environment in order to make sure it will not
give harmful to human health and damage the environment. Lastly, safety is very important and
life is always come first if any emergency situations occur.
224
REFERENCES
Abu Dhabi Government. (2013). Working hour policy. Retrieved December 5, 2013,
fromAbudhabi.ae:https://business.abudhabi.ae/egovPoolPortal_WAR/appmanag
er/ADeGP/Business?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=p894&did=255696&lang=en
AIRGAS INC. (2013). Material safety data sheet-Propylene. Radnor.
AIRGAS INC. (2013). Material safety data sheet- Oxygen. Radnor.
CAULFIELD, P. (2013). News. Retrieved December 13, 2013, from NEW YORK
DAILY NEWS: http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/1-killed-70-hurt-la- plantexplosion-article-1.1372573
CORPORATION, H. (2012). Material safety data sheet- Propane. Woodbridge.
CSB GOV. (2013). Investigation. Retrieved December 13, 2013, from CSB GOV US
chemical safety board: http://www.csb.gov/praxair-flammable-gas-cylinder-fire/
Enggcyclopedia. (2012). Hazop Study. Retrieved December 13, 2013, from
Enggcylopedia: http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/2012/05/hazop-study/
Environment department. (2010). Water Environment Regulation. Dubai.
Environment, Health & Safety division. (2010). Occupational safety regulation. UAE,
Dubai.
Fitts Zehl. (2013). Louisiana plant explosion. Retrieved December 13, 2013, from Fitts
Zehl:
http://www.louisianaplantexplosion.com/
Free encylopedia. (2013). Formosa Plastics propylene explosion. Retrieved December
2013, from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa_Plastics_propylene_explosion
Lihou, M. (2013). HAZARD & OPERABILITY STUDIES (HAZOPS). Retrieved
NOVEMBER 23, 2013, from The Hazop Procedure:
http://www.lihoutech.com/hazop.htm
10,
225
Marcus Media Ltd. (2013). Firefighting equipment. Retrieved December 5, 2013, from
Fire
Gulfnews.com:
http://m.gulfnews.com/ask-the-law-july-27-1.421893
Rebecca Kelly, L. C. (2013). Health and safety in the UAE. Retrieved December 5,
2013,
226
CHAPTER 5
MASS BALANCE
5.1
Introduction
Material balance is an important element in a process design as it also called the heart of
process design. Equation 1 shows the general balance equation that will be used as the
root to start mass balance.
system boundary and output is the material that exits the system boundary. Generation
can be defined as material that produced in the system. On the other hand, consumption
and accumulation are material that consumed and accumulated within the system.
(1)
The accumulation term in the equation can be cancelled out when the process is
continuous and at steady state.
simplified. The general equation will end up as shown in Equation 3 when the balance
is on a nonreactive species or in total mass because generation and consumption will be
equal to zero (Richard et al., 2005)
(2)
Input = Output
(3)
227
5.2
Our plant is designed to produce 250,000 metric ton per year. The process began when
propane is introduced to the reformer (first reactor) where it was heated first, to meet up
the temperature of reactor of 510C. There are fuel gas and air introduced to promote
combustion in the reformer as well as to heat the reformer. This reactor is where the
main reaction occurs which is the dehydrogenation of propane and this reaction is shown
as in equation (1). Meanwhile, equation (2) and (3) shows the side reaction occurred.
During the reaction, there will be minor amount of coke deposited on the catalyst
(Platinum Tin Alumina). However, most of the coke will be converted into carbon
dioxide.
The output from the reformer will then go to oxy-reactor (second reactor) in
which oxygen will be introduced to react with the hydrogen that comes from the
reformer. This reaction will convert hydrogen into water which in turn will shift the
equilibrium of dehydrogenation to higher conversion and selectivity (Sascha, 2011).
This reaction is represented as shown in Equation (4) and (5).
The product and side product from the oxy-reactor needs to be cooled down to
negative temperature as to make our product in the form of liquid. So, this is done by
passing through the components to the heat exchangers and condenser. Then, it will
enter the first distillation column (DC 1) where the main purpose is to remove the water
from the process. Meanwhile, the other components will remains at the top stream of
the DC.
The second DC functioned to remove other components (fuel gas) apart from
propane and propylene. They are removed at the top stream of the DC. The process
continues to enter the third DC where here we will get our product, propylene. Since,
propylene has lower boiling point, it goes to the top stream of the DC. In contrast,
propane will goes to the bottom stream to be recycled to the feed raw material. All of
228
this description is illustrated in the modified process flow diagram which is attached at
the Appendix A.
5.3
Sample of Calculation
5.3.1
Using the desired production rate, the mass and mol flow rate of propylene yield can be
obtained as mentioned earlier. The assumptions for this calculation are listed below;
1 year
344 days
1 day
1000 kg
24 hours
1 ton
= 30281.01 kg/hr
1 kmol
Hour
42 kg
= 720.98 kmol/hr
From the calculation, we know that our desired mass flow rate of propylene per hour is
30281.01 kilogram per hour. To start the calculation, basis of 1000 kmol per hour is
used and the resulting propylene obtained in the end of calculation is 22325 kilogram
229
per hour. The detailed calculation can be seen in the consequent subtopic (mass balance
on major equipment). From the calculation, the theoretical raw material fed to produce
propylene according to the desired mass flow rate (30281 kg/hr) is calculated as shown
below.
22325
30281.01
1356.37
59680.28
1000
Then, the values obtained by calculation that use 1000 kmol per hour as the basis are
used in Goal Seek Analyses (one of What If Analyses in Microsoft Excel) to calculate
the actual amount of propane needed to meet our desired production rate.
5.3.2
Mass balance on this equipment was performed using the method of extent of
reaction by assuming 1000 kmol per hour of raw material fed. The first extent, 1
will based on Equation 1 and the second, 2 will based on equation 2 mentioned
earlier.
Stream 4
1000 kmol/hr C3H8
1 mol C3H8/mol
Stream 6
C3H8
H2
C3H6
CH4
C2H6
230
Process: Place where the main reaction occur, dehydrogenation of propane to produce
propylene. Raw propane is fed into the reformer and dehydrogenates, thus,
produce propylene and side products as listed above.
(1)
3 8 + 2 2 6 + 4
(2)
5 ( 2 6 /) = 2
Conversion of propane in the process is 60%. Hence, there is 40% of unreacted propane
in the output stream (Max et al., 2008). Using this information, mol of outlet propane,
n1 can be calculated.
1 =
(1 0.6) 3 8
1000 3 8
3 8
n1 = 400 kmol/hr
400 = 1000 1 2
1 + 2 = 600 __________________________________________()
Next, mol of outlet propylene, n3 can be calculated with yield of 0.53.
231
3 = 0.53 1000
3 8
= 530 / = 1
2 = 70
After substitute 1 and 2 into equations of extents reaction, Table 5.2 shows the
responding result for the components in the outlet of the reformer.
1 = 400
3 8
= 17600 /
2 = 530 70 = 460
3 = 530
3 6
= 22235.47 /
4 = 70
5 = 70
2
= 917.66 /
4
= 1129.34 /
2 6
= 2117.52 /
Table 5.1: Molar and mass flow rate of respective components at stream 6
COMPONENTS
(kmol/hr)
(kg/hr)
PROPANE
400
17600
HYDROGEN
460
917.66
PROPYLENE
530
22235.47
METHANE
70
1129.34
ETHANE
70
2117.52
232
The value of 1 and 2 will be used in calculation of mass balance using Goal
Seek Analysis which is performed in Microsoft Excel. Goal Seek is an analysis that will
automatically calculate the required amount of propane to produce 30281 kilogram per
hour of propylene based on molar and mass flow rate calculated using 1000 kmol per
hour as basis.
Table 5.3 shows the result after values of 1 and 2 are substituted into the
equation of extent of reaction and after undergoes Goal Seek Analysis. The mass
balance on this equipment has obey the general rules of the mass balance where
materials in must equal to materials out.
Table 5.2: Mass flow rate of components in reformer (inlet and outlet) at stream 6
INPUT
OUTPUT
MOLAR
MASS FLOW
MOLAR
MASS FLOW
FLOW
RATE
FLOW RATE
RATE
RATE
(kg/hr)
(kmol/hr)
(kg/hr)
1372.51
60390.35
549.00
24156.14
HYDROGEN
629.75
1259.50
PROPYLENE
726.63
30518.36
METHANE
96.88
1550.03
ETHANE
96.88
2906.31
COMPONENTS
(kmol/hr)
PROPANE
TOTAL
60390.35
60390.35
233
Stream 5
O2
Stream 6
17600.00 kg C3H8/hr
917.67 kg H2/hr
22235.47 kg C3H6/hr
1129.34 kg CH4/hr
2117.52 kg C2H6/hr
Stream 7
C3H8
H2
C3H6
1129.34 kg CH4/hr
2117.52 C2H6/hr
H2O
O2
Assumptions
1. Only hydrogen and propane will react in the reactor
2. Conversion of propane is 6%
3. Conversion of hydrogen is 60%
2 + 0.52 2
(3)
(4)
The extent of reaction considered in this section (3 and 4) is based on Equation 3 and
4. The following shows the equations of extent of reaction;
234
3 8
3 8
= 400.00
3
2
2
4
8 = 458.83
3 6
3 6
9
= 529.42
+ 3
2
10
= 3 + 4
11 ( 2 /) = 0.53 0.54
Propane conversion in this reactor is 6%, thus, the unreacted propane left is 94%.
Meanwhile for hydrogen, the conversion is 60%. So, the unreacted hydrogen is 40%
(Max et al., 2008). Using this information, the amount of unreacted propane (7 ) and
(1 0.06) 3 8
400 3 8
3 8
7 = 376 /
376 = 400 3 8 3
3 = 24
8 =
(1 0.6) 2
458.83 2
2
8 = 183.53 /
183.53 = 458.83 2 4
4 = 275.30
After substitute 3 and 4 into equations of extents reaction, Table 5.4 shows the
responding result for the components in the outlet of oxy-reactor.
7 = 376
3 8
= 16544 /
8 = 183.53
2
= 367.07 /
235
9 = 529.42 + 24 = 553.42
3 6
= 23243.47 /
10 = 24 + 275.3 = 299.30
2
= 5387.39 /
(kmol/hr)
(kmol/hr)
PROPANE
376
16544
HYDROGEN
183.53
367.07
PROPANE
553.42
23243.47
WATER
299.30
5387.39
48788.79
TOTAL
After the amount of components in stream 7 has been calculated, this information can be
used to find the amount of oxygen supplied to the reactor. To find the amount of oxygen
into the oxy-reactor, we used the general equation of mass balance as shown below.
=
6 + 5 = 7
5 ( ) = 7 6
5 ( ) = 48788.79 44000
5 = 4788.79
236
, 6 =
11
4788.79
32
= 149.65 /
2
= 149.65 2 0.53 0.54
11 = 0
(kmol/hr)
(kg/hr)
PROPANE
525.00
23100.14
HYDROGEN
354.45
708.90
PROPYLENE
750.63
31526.37
WATER
299.30
5387.39
STREAM 7
5.3.4
65179.14
Since there is no reaction in distillation column (DC), the inlet amount is the same as
the outlet. However, for DC 1, it is assumed that the efficiency of DC is 99%. We want
to eliminate 100% of the water out from DC 1. Supposedly, the temperature of the
237
process will get to negatives afterwards. This will cause the water to freeze (if any water
enters DC2) and may cause inconvenient incident.
For the calculation, 100% of water will be removed at the bottom stream (Stream 12)
together with 1% of the other gases. Meanwhile, the other 99% of the gases will go out
at the top stream of the DC.
Stream 11
C3H8
H2
C3H6
C2H6
CH4
Stream 10
16544 kg C3H8/hr
367.07 kg H2/hr
23243.47kg C3H6/hr
1129.34 kg CH4/hr
2117.52 kg C2H6/hr
5387.39 kg H2O/hr
Stream 12
H2O
C3H8
H2
C3H6
C2H6
CH4
# Since water is removed 100% from the system, amount of water at stream 12 is
5387.39 kg/hr #
238
At stream 11, 99% of the inlet gases will exit. So, for propylene;
, 3 6 = 99% 23243.47 = 23011.04
, 3 8 = 99% 16544 = 16378.56
At stream 12, 1% of the inlet gases will exit. So, for propylene;
, 3 6 = 1% 23243.47 = 232.43 /
, 3 8 = 1% 16544 = 165.44
, 4 = 1% 1129.34 = 11.29
, 2 = 1% 367.07 = 3.67
, 2 6 = 1% 2117.52 = 21.18
239
Table 5.5: Mass and Molar Flow Rate at Stream 10, 11 and 12
STREAM 10
STREAM 11
STREAM 12
(IN)
(TOP)
(BOTTOM)
COMPONENTS
(kmol/hr)
(kg/hr)
(kmol/hr)
(kg/hr)
(kmol/hr)
(kg/
PROPYLENE
553.42
23243.47
547.88
23011.04
5.53
232.43
PROPANE
376.00
16544.00
372.24
16378.56
3.76
165.44
HYDROGEN
183.53
367.07
181.70
363.39
1.84
3.67
METHANE
70.58
1129.34
69.88
1118.05
0.71
11.29
ETHANE
70.58
2117.52
69.88
2096.34
0.71
21.18
WATER
299.30
5387.39
299.30
5387.39
42967.39
TOTAL
48788.79
5821.40
48788.79
Meanwhile, Table 5.7 shows the results at stream 10, 11 and 12 after Goal Seek
Analysis.
Table 5.6: Mass flow rate of stream 10, 11 and 12 (Goal Seek Analyses)
STREAM 10
STREAM 11
STREAM 12
(IN)
(TOP)
(BOTTOM)
COMPONENTS
(kmol/hr)
(kg/hr)
(kmol/hr)
(kg/hr)
(kmol/hr)
(kg/
PROPYLENE
750.63
31526.36
743.12
31211.10
7.51
315.26
PROPANE
525.00
23100.14
519.75
22869.14
5.25
231.00
HYDROGEN
354.45
708.90
350.91
701.81
3.55
7.09
METHANE
96.88
1550.03
95.91
1534.53
0.97
15.50
ETHANE
96.88
2906.31
95.91
2877.25
0.97
29.06
WATER
299.30
5387.39
299.30
5387.39
59193.84
TOTAL
65179.14
65179.14
5985.30
240
5.3.5
Function of DC 2: To remove hydrogen, methane and ethane gas from the system
For DC 2, we assumed the efficiency to be 98% with 100% removal of the fuel
gas at the top stream. 98% of the inlet components will go out at the bottom stream and
the other 2% go out at the top stream. The result of the calculation is tabulated in Table
5.8 and 5.9 and it also shows that materials in is equal to materials out.
Stream 13
Stream 11
16378.56
363.39
23011.04
1118.05
2096.34
H2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C3H6
kg/hr C3H8
kg/hr H2
kg/hr C3H6
kg/hr CH4
kg/hr C2H6
Stream 14
C3H8
C3H6
Figure 5.4: Streams flow in and out of Distillation Column 2
241
# Since 100% amount of fuel gas is removed, amount of hydrogen, methane and ethane
gas at stream 13 are as the same as the amount at stream 11#
At stream 14, 98% of the inlet gases will exit. Thus;
, 3 6 = 98% 23011.04 = 22550.82
, 3 8 = 98% 16378.56 = 16050.99
Table 5.8 and 5.9 shows the results before and after the values undergoes goal Seek
Analyses.
STREAM 13
STREAM 14
(IN)
(TOP)
(BOTTOM)
COMPONENTS
(kmol/hr)
(kg/hr)
(kmol/hr)
(kg/hr)
(kmol/hr)
(kg/hr)
PROPYLENE
547.88
23011.04
10.96
460.22
536.92
22550.82
PROPANE
372.24
16378.56
7.44
327.57
364.80
16050.99
HYDROGEN
181.70
363.39
181.70
363.39
METHANE
69.88
1118.05
69.88
1118.05
ETHANE
69.88
2096.34
69.88
2096.34
4365.58
TOTAL
42967.39
42967.39
38601.81
242
STREAM 11
STREAM 13
STREAM 14
(IN)
(TOP)
(BOTTOM)
(kmol/hr)
(kg/hr)
(kmol/hr)
(kg/hr)
(kmol/hr)
(kg/hr)
PROPYLENE
743.12
31211.10
14.86
624.22
728.26
30586.88
PROPANE
519.75
22869.14
10.40
457.38
509.36
22411.76
HYDROGEN
350.91
701.81
350.91
701.81
METHANE
95.91
1534.53
95.91
1534.53
ETHANE
95.91
2877.25
95.91
2877.25
6195.20
TOTAL
59193.84
59193.84
52998.64
243
5.3.6
Stream 14
16050.99 kg C3H8/hr
22550.82 kg C3H6/hr
Stream 16
15890.48 kg C3H8/hr
225.51 kg C3H6/hr
Figure 5.5: Stream flow in and out of Distillation Column 3
244
3 8 = 1% 16050.99 = 160.51
3 8 = 1% 16050.99 = 15890.48
STREAM 14
STREAM 15
STREAM 16
(IN)
(TOP)
(BOTTOM)
(kmol/hr)
(kg/hr)
(kmol/hr)
(kg/hr)
(kmol/hr)
(kg/hr)
PROPYLENE
536.92
22550.82
531.56
22325.31
5.37
225.51
PROPANE
364.80
16050.99
3.65
160.51
361.15
15890.48
22485.82
TOTAL
38601.81
16115.99
38601.81
From Table 5.10, we can see that the mass flow rate of propylene per hour is
22325.31 kilogram (calculation using 1000 kmol per hour as basis). Based on this value,
the theoretical amount of propane is calculated as shown in section 5.4.1.
245
Table 5.10: Mass and molar flow in and out at DC 3 (Goal Seek Analyses)
COMPONENTS
STREAM 14
STREAM 15
STREAM 16
(IN)
(TOP)
(BOTTOM)
(kmol/hr)
(kg/hr)
(kmol/hr)
(kg/hr)
(kmol/hr)
(kg/hr)
PROPYLENE
728.26
30586.88
720.98
30281.01
7.28
305.87
PROPANE
509.36
22411.76
5.09
224.12
504.26
22187.64
30505.13
TOTAL
52998.64
22493.51
52998.64
From Table 5.11, it can be seen that we manage to obtain our desired mass flow
rate of propylene which is 30281 kilogram per hour which equal to 250,000 metric ton
per year.
Stream 1
Stream 2
Stream 19
Process: The pure propane (S1) and propane from recycle stream (S19) are mixed before
enter reformer (S2). In actual calculation, there is still propylene left in stream
19. However, it is neglected as the amount of propylene is only 0.1% from
the desired value.
246
The amount of propane in stream 2 and 19 is obtained from the previous calculation
(after Goal Seek Analyses). The unknown left is the mass of propane in stream 1.
1 = 2 19
STREAMS
MOLAR FLOW
RATE
(kg/hr)
(kmol/hr)
1 (Pure Propane)
868.24
38202.71
19 (Propane recycled)
504.26
22187.64
1372.51
60390.35
247
5.4
Conclusion
From the calculation, it can be concluded that it needs 60390.35 kilogram per hour of
propane to produce 30281 kilogram per hour of propylene (desired amount) that will
lead to 250,000 metric ton per year. However, the amount of raw material fed from the
overall mass balance (59680.28 kg/hr) vary with the one calculated in the equipments
mass balance. Below shows the percent error of the amount of raw material fed.
% =
60390.35 59680.28
100% = 1.2%
60390.35
From the results obtained in the mass balance, we also have calculated the deviation of
value between manual calculated and from HYSYS as shown in Table 5.5.1.
The
Manual
Hysys value
Deviation, %
calculation value
S1
35302.47
32600
7.66
S2=S3=S4
60390.35
60530
0.23
S5
4788.79
4789
0.002
S6
60390.35
60530
0.23
S7=S8=S9=S10
65179.14
65310
0.2
S11
59193.84
59920
1.23
S12
5985.30
5392
9.91
S13
3265.67
2988
8.5
S14
55928.17
56930
1.79
S15
30534.42
29060
4.83
S16=S17=S18=S19
25393.75
27880
9.79
248
REFERENCES
249
249
CHAPTER 6
ENERGY BALANCE
6.1 Introduction
6.2.1
General Equations
Q Ws = H + Ek + Ep
(6.1)
The system kinetic energy associated with motion is directed such as straight line
motion and rotation system. The potential energy of the system is due to the state of
the object of mass at a certain height. However, we can ignore the kinetic energy,
potential energy, and work for our system because it is static (Ek = 0), no change in
height (Ep = 0), and no work on our system (Ws = 0). Thus Equation 6.1 can be
further reduced to as Equation 6.2.
Q = H = Hout - Hin
(6.2)
250
6.2.2
6.2.3
i = () + +
6.2.4
Or
()
( + + 2 + 3 + 4 )
(6.7)
(6.8)
(6.6)
6.2.7
(6.4)
(6.5)
Hi = () + +
6.2.6
()
Hi = ni[
6.2.5
(6.3)
(6.9)
251
(6.10)
Table 6.1 The Phase, Temperature and Pressure Change for i Component in Each
Stream.
i
i (phase, temperature, pressure)
Reference
ia
i (phase, temperature,
pressure)
Need
ib
Table 6.2: The Equation that Used for Calculating Specific Heat.
T (K)
(19.87
(K)
1a =Tref
T (oC )
(49.37
(oC )
2a =Tref
T (oC )
(40.75
(oC )
T (oC )
(59.58
(oC )
T (oC )
(33.46
(oC )
3a =Tref
T (oC )
(68.032
(oC )
4a =Tref
5a =Tref
T (oC )
(28.84
(oC )
6a =Tref
7a =Tref
T (oC )
(29.1
(oC )
8a =Tref
252
P =
atm
kg
kg
1000 L
R J/mol.K
1 kmol
kmol
m3
R L.atm/ mol.K
1000 mol
Where the value for mole constant , R are 8.314 J/mol.K and 0.082 L.atm/mol.K .
6.3
Assumption
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
253
6.4
Sample of Calculation
6.4.1
Reformer (R-101)
Stream 6
T = 580 C
P = 5.06 atm
Stream 4
T = 510 C
P = 5.21 atm
No Flow
Figure 6.1: Reactor R-101.
(References: CH4(v), C2H4(v), C2H6(v), C3H6(v), C3H8(v) , O2(v) , H2O(v), H2(v) at
25 C and 1 atm)
STREAM 4
STREAM 6
n (kmol/hr)
H (kJ/hr)
n (kmol/hr)
H (kJ/hr)
CH4
52.3734
H1
C2H6
14.6901
H2
C2H4
37.6833
H3
C3H8
1423
H4
700.2281
H4
C3H6
669.3576
H5
H2
654.6675
H6
H2 O
O2
*The H numbering is the same for each stream followed the order of compounds but
different value depends on the condition of temperature and pressure.
254
Component C3H8 :
4
4a
4b
C3H8 (v, 510C, 1 atm)
4a
510
= 57043.36 J/mol
= 57.0434 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
62755 .7 kg /h
123.86 m /h
= 506.67 kg/m
= 0.5067 g/ m
*Mass flowrate, m and volume flowrate, v values are from HYSYS
4b
1cm
44 g
mol
= 0.037 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b
= 57.0434 kJ/mol + 0.037 kJ/mol
= 57.0804 kJ/mol
= 57.0804 x 10 kJ/kmol
255
H4
6.4.1.2
1a
1b
CH4 (v, 853K, 1 atm)
2
1a
853
= 28.1034 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
840.3450 kg /h
2.8068 m /h
= 299.396 kg/m
= 0.2994 g/ m
*Mass flowrate, m and volume flowrate, v values are from HYSYS
1b
1cm
16 g
mol
= 0.022 kJ/mol
1
= 1a + 1b
= 28.1034 kJ/mol + 0.022 kJ/mol
= 28.1254 x 10 kJ/mol
256
H1
Component C2H6 :
2
C2H6 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
2a
2b
C2H6 (v, 580C, 1 atm)
2a
580
Density, =
=
439.8967 kg /h
1.2368 m /h
= 355.6733 kg/m
= 0.3557 g/ m
*Mass flowrate, m and volume flowrate, v values are from HYSYS
2b
1cm
30 g
mol
= 0.0347 kJ/mol
2
= 2a + 2b
= 47.194 kJ/mol + 0.0347 kJ/mol
= 47.2287 kJ/mol
= 47.2287 x 10 kJ/mol
257
H2
Component C2H4 :
3
C2H4 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
3a
3b
3580C, 1 atm)
CH4 (v,
3a
580
= 37.891 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
1059.0855 kg /h
2.7636 m /h
= 383.2268 kg/m
= 0.3832 g/ m
*Mass flowrate, m and volume flowrate, v values are from HYSYS
3b
1cm
28 g
mol
= 0.0301 kJ/mol
3
= 3a + 3b
= 37.891 kJ/mol + 0.0301 kJ/mol
= 37.9211 kJ/mol
= 37.9211 x 10 kJ/mol
258
H3
Component C3H8:
4
C3H8 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
4a
4b
C3H8 (v, 580C, 1 atm)
4a
580
= 68054.95 J/mol
= 68.055 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
30902 .5238 kg /h
60.9905 m /h
= 506.67 kg/m
= 0.5067 g/ m
*Mass flowrate, m and volume flowrate, v values are from HYSYS
4b
1cm
44 g
mol
= 0.0357 kJ/mol
= 4a + 4b
= 68.055 kJ/mol + 0.0357 kJ/mol
= 68.0907 kJ/mol
= 68.0907 x 10 kJ/mol
259
H4
Component C3H6 :
5
C3H8 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
5a
5b
C3H8 (v, 580C, 1 atm)
5a
580
= 56881.97 J/mol
= 56.882 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
28194 .9028 kg /h
54.882 m /h
= 520.95 kg/m
= 0.521 g/ m
*Mass flowrate, m and volume flowrate, v values are from HYSYS
5b
1cm
42 g
mol
= 0.03316 kJ/mol
5
= 5a + 5b
= 56.882 kJ/mol + 0.03316 kJ/mol
= 56.91516 kJ/mol
= 56.91516 x 10 kJ/mol
260
H5
6a
H2 (v, 580C, 1 atm)
6a
580
= 16.2083 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
546.9704 kg /h
7.8296 m /h
= 69.8593 kg/m
= 0.0699 g/ m
*Mass flowrate, m and volume flowrate, v values are from HYSYS
6b
1cm
2g
= 0.0118 kJ/mol
6
= 6a + 6b
= 16.2083 kJ/mol + 0.0118 kJ/mol
= 16.2201 kJ/mol
= 16.2201 x 10 kJ/mol
261
H6
STREAM 4
STREAM 6
n (kmol/h)
H (kJ/h)
n (kmol/h)
H (kJ/h)
CH4
52.3734
1.473 x 106
C2H4
37.6833
1.429 x 106
C2H6
14.6901
6.9379 x 105
C3H6
669.3576
38.0966 x 106
C3H8
1423
81.2254 x 106
700.2281
47.679 x 106
O2
H2O
H2
654.6675
10.6188 x 106
Total H
81.2254 x 106
99.9902 x 106
Q2
= Hr + ( Hstream 3 - Hstream 2)
= (108.2583 x 106 kJ/h) + ( 99.9902 x 106 - 81.2254 x 106 ) kJ/h
= 1.2699 x 108 kJ/h
262
6.4.2
Oxyreactor (R-102)
Stream 6
T:580 C
P:5.06 atm
Stream 5
Stream 7
T: 580 C
P: 5.06 atm
No Flow
T:-164 C
P:5.06 atm
263
STREAM 6
STREAM 7
n(mol/h)
H(kJ/h)
n(mol/h)
H(kJ/h)
n( mol/h)
H (kJ/h)
CH4
52381
1.475 x106
50516
1.475 x106
C2H6
14629
6.909 x 105
14107
6.910 x105
C2H4
37752
1.432 x 106
36408
1.432 x106
C3H8
700790
4.772 x 107
645551
4.477 x107
C3H6
670020
3.813 x 107
676489
4.059 x107
H2
655330
1.063 x 107
362959
4.401 x106
H2 0
299299
8.599 x106
O2
149650
-7.98 x105
Total H
-7.98 x105
1.0 x 108
1.0196 x108
264
Q3
6.4.3
Stream 7
Stream 8
T:580 C
P: 4.93 atm
T: 430C
P: 3.96 atm
T: 250C
P: 5.33 atm
Stream 3
265
STREAM 8
STREAM 2
STREAM 3
n
COMPOUNDS
(kJ/h)x103
(kmol/h)
(kJ/h)x103
(kmol/h)
(kJ/h)x103
(kmol/h)
(kmol/h)
(kJ/h)x103
CH4
51
1.475
51
963.72
C2H6
14
69.09
14
442.9
C2H4
36
1.431
36
926.3
C3H8
646
44.77
646
29200
1372
-1906
1372
29758
C3H6
676
40.59
676
25722
0.122
-0.147
0.122
2.255
H2
363
4.400
363
4277
299
8.598
299
4302
H2 0
TOTAL
102
*Detail calculation is shown in Appendix A
65835
-1906
29760
266
Steam in
T: 30C
P: 1.49 atm
Stream 9
Stream 8
T: 430C
P: 3.96 atm
T: 430C
P: 3.96 atm
Steam Out
T: 110C
P: 1.34 atm
Figure 6.4: Heat Exchanger for EA-202.
(References: CH4(v), C2H4(v), C2H6(v), C3H6(v), C3H8(v) , O2(v) , H2O(v), H2(v) at
25 C and 1 atm)
267
Steam In
Stream 9
Steam Out
(T:430C; P:3.96)
(T:30C; P:1.49)
(T:430C; P:3.96)
(T:110C; P:1.34)
COMPOUNDS
n
H
3
(kmol/h)
(kmol/h)
(kJ/h)x10
(kmol/h)
(kJ/h)x103
(kmol/h)
(kJ/h)x10
CH4
52
999
52
257
C2H6
15
459
15
111.9
C2H4
38
960
38
237.4
C3H8
658
29743
658
7134
C3H6
713
27119
713
6626
H2
271
3197
271
980.8
H2 0
427
6141
1095.6
140.8
427
1824
1095.6
3164
O2
TOTAL
68619
*Detail calculation is shown in Appendix A
(kJ/h)x 10
140.8
17171
3164
268
6.4.5
Heater (H -101)
Stream 3
Stream 4
T: 250C
P: 5.33 atm
T: 430C
P: 3.96 atm
Figure 6.5: Heater (H -101).
Stream 4
COMPOUNDS
n (kmol/h)
H (kJ/h)
n (kmol/h)
H (kJ/h)
C3H8
1423
30.857 x 106
1423
81.2254 x 106
C3H6
0.059
1.086 x 103
0.059
2.822 x 103
30.858 x 106
TOTAL
Q1
= ( Hstream 2 - Hstream 1)
= 81.233 x 106 kJ/h - 30.858 x 106 kJ/h
= 5.04 x107 kJ/h
81.233 x 106
269
6.4.6
Cooler (C -201)
Stream 9
Stream 10
T: 150C
P: 2.97 atm
T: 10C
P: 2.67 atm
STREAM 10
STREAM 10
(vapor)
(liquid)
COMPOUNDS
n(mol/h)
H(kJ/h)
n(mol/h)
H(kJ/h)
n( mol/h)
H (kJ/h)
CH4
50516
247483
52381
-589
7.22 x10-5
-5.32 x10-13
C2H6
14107
107881
14629
-106
2.66 x10-7
-1.62 x10-17
C2H4
36408
228952
37375.2
-500
4.42 x10-6
-3.55 x10-15
C3H8
645551
7004207
657560
-3.09 x105
4.79 x10-8
9.64 x10-19
C3H6
676489
6284888
713250
-2.93 x105
5.51 x10-7
1.38 x10-16
H2
362959
1312232
271310
-7000
1.29 x10-1
-2.41 x10-7
H2 0
299299
1277873
7832
-3.89
4.20 x105
-1.62 x107
O2
Total H
1.646 x107
-6.101 x105
-1.62 x107
270
Q4
6.4.7
Distillation Column
Three unit of distillation column (DC) are used in our HYSYS simulation which are:
D-301
D-302
D-303
For each DC we need to consider condenser and reboiler in calculating heat energy
flow.
8@D-301
T: -107C
P: 2.57 atm
Cond 1
T: 107C
P: 2.57 atm
Reflux 1
T: 107C
P: 2.57 atm
Figure 6.7: Condenser 1 at D-301.
271
COND 1
8@D-301
REFLUX 1
n(mol/h)
H(kJ/h)
n(mol/h)
H(kJ/h)
n( mol/h)
H (kJ/h)
CH4
50516
-26285
50516
-213712
C2H6
14107
67513
14107
-80873
C2H4
36408
143501
36408
-171959
C3H8
645551
4360126
645551
-4968842
C3H6
676489
3929664
676489
-4639567
H2
362959
859589
362959
-1382530
H2 0
1786010
4971072
1.25x10-2
-5.46 x10-2
1.79 x107
-7.72 x107
O2
1.50 x10-3
3.66 x10-3
1.49x10-3
-5.65 x10-3
Total H
1.717 x107
*Detail calculation is shown in Appendix A.
-11.46x106
-7.72 x107
272
Q5
6.4.7.2
Boiler 1 at D-301
Boil-up 1
T: 129C
P: 2.57 atm
Boiler 1
7.6@D-301
T: 129C
P: 2.57 atm
T: 129C
P: 2.57 atm
H2 0
Total H
BOILER 1
7.6@D-301
BOIL-UP 1
n(mol/h)
H(kJ/h)
n(mol/h)
H(kJ/h)
n( mol/h)
H (kJ/h)
3223300
-11.966x107
299300
-1.11 x107
2.92 x106
1.03 x107
-11.966x107
-1.11 x107
1.03 x107
273
Q6
6.4.7.3
Condenser 2 at D-302
13@D-302
Cond 2
T: -116C
P: 2.47 atm
T: -78C
P: 2.47 atm
Reflux 2
T: 116C
P: 2.47 atm
274
COND 2
13@D-302
REFLUX 2
n(mol/h)
H(kJ/h)
n(mol/h)
H(kJ/h)
n( mol/h)
H (kJ/h)
CH4
3.73 x105
-1.26 x106
50534.3
-2.26 x105
3.23 x105
-4.08 x106
C2H6
8.66 x106
-4.05 x107
14113
-8.50 x104
8.65 x106
-1.79x108
C2H4
8.03 x106
-3.10 x107
36421
-1.81 x105
7.99 x106
-1.48 x108
C3H8
2.42 x10-4
-1.53 x10-3
2.42 x10-4
8.22 x10-3
C3H6
1.64 x10-2
-9.22 x10-2
1.64 x10-2
6.64 x10-1
H2
3.77 x105
-1.12 x106
363185
-1.48 x106
1.39x104
-6.92 x104
H2 0
8.82 x10-1
-3.02
1.38 x10-2
-6.46 x10-2
8.68 x10-1
-3.78 x101
O2
4.65 x10-3
-1.38 x10-2
1.497 x10-3
-6.02 x10-3
3.15 x10-3
-3.42 x10-2
Total H
-7.39 x107
*Detail calculation isshown in Appendix A.
-1.97 x106
-3.31 x108
275
Q7
6.4.7.4
Boiler 2 at D-302
Boil-up 2
T: -23.2C
P: 2.47 atm
Boiler 2
14@D-302
T: -23.47C
P: 2.47 atm
T: -23.2C
P: 2.47 atm
COMPOUNDS
BOILER 2
14@D-302
BOIL-UP 2
n(mol/h)
H(kJ/h)
n(mol/h)
H(kJ/h)
n( mol/h)
H (kJ/h)
C2H6
1.89 x10-5
-7.28 x10-5
C2H4
2.4 x10-9
-7.98 x10-9
C3H8
6.96 x106
6.37 x106
6.46 x105
5.91 x105
6.32 x106
-2.07 x107
C3H6
8.76 x106
1.65 x107
6.76 x105
1.89 x106
8.08 x106
-2.32 x107
Total H
2.29 x107
1.87 x106
-4.38 x107
276
Q8
6.4.7.5
Condenser 3 at D-303
151@D-303
Cond 3
T: -26.28C
P: 2.37 atm
T: -26.28C
P: 2.37 atm
Reflux 3
T: -26.28C
P: 2.37 atm
Figure 6.11: Condenser 3 at D-303
(References: C2H6(v), C3H6(v), C3H8(v) at 25 C and 1 atm)
277
COMPOUNDS
COND 3
15@D-303
n(mol/h)
H(kJ/h)
C2H6
0.156
-0.391
C3H8
1.39 x108
-4.81 x108
1.35 x104
C3H6
6.97 x109
-2.12 x1010
6.76 x105
Total H
n(mol/h)
REFLUX 3
H(kJ/h)
n( mol/h)
H (kJ/h)
0.156
-2.56
5.44 x105
1.39 x108
5.60 x109
3.11 x107
6.97 x109
3.20 x1011
-2.16 x1010
3.17 x107
6.4.7.6
Boiler 3 at D-303
Boil-up 3
T: -19.34C
P: 2.47 atm
Boiler 3
T: -19.34C
P: 2.47 atm
17@D-303
T: -19.34C
P: 2.47 atm
3.26 x1011
278
COMPOUNDS
BOILER 3
17@D-303
BOIL-UP 3
n(mol/h)
H(kJ/h)
n(mol/h)
H(kJ/h)
n( mol/h)
H (kJ/h)
C3H8
7.04 x109
2.75 x1011
6.32 x105
2.47 x107
7.04 x109
-2.13 x1010
C3H6
1.43 x106
6.44 x107
97.4
4.39 x103
1.43 x106
-2.80 x107
2.75 x1011
Total H
2.47 x107
Q10
6.4.8
Pump (P-301)
Stream 17
Stream 16
T: -19.34C
P: 2.47 atm
T: -19.10C
P: 5.5 atm
-2.14 x1010
279
COMPOUNDS
STREAM 17
n(mol/h)
H(kJ/h)
n(mol/h)
H(kJ/h)
C3H8
6.32 x105
2.47 x107
6.32 x105
2.47 x107
C3H6
97.4
4.39 x103
97.4
4.39 x103
2.47 x107
TOTAL H
2.47 x107
Q11
= Hstream 17 - H stream 16
= -2.14 x1010kJ/h + 2.47 x107kJ/h - 2.75 x1011kJ/h
= -2.96 x1011kJ/h
6.4.9
Heater (H 301)
Stream 17
T: -19C
P: 5.5 atm
Stream 18
T: 5C
P: 5.4 atm
280
SUBSTANCE
STREAM 18
n(mol/h)
H(kJ/h)
n(mol/h)
H(kJ/h)
C3H8
6.32 x105
2.47 x107
6.32 x105
-877932
C3H6
97.4
4.39 x103
97.4
-117.64
Total H
2.47 x107
-8.7805 x105
281
6.5
The Table 6.18 shows the comparison of the energy balance between the manual
calculation value and HYSYS value.
Table 6.18: Comparison of Energy Balance between Manual and HYSYS Data.
MANUAL
EQUIPMENT
UNITS
CALCULATION
VALUE
(kJ/h)
HYSYS
DEVIATION
VALUE
ERROR
(kJ/h)
(%)
Q1
H-101
4.86x107
4.84 x107
0.41
Q2
R-101
1.27x108
1.01 x108
20.47
Q3
R-102
-1.62x108
-6.65 x107
58.95
QEA-201
EA-201
9.74 x 10
3.32 x10
0.66
QEA-202
EA-202
5.14 x107
4.9 x107
0.05
Q4
C-201
-3.32x107
-3.14 x107
Q5
D-301
-1.01x10
-1.24 x10
22.77
Q6
D-301
1.19x108
1.16 x108
2.52
Q7
D-302
-2.68x108
2.7 x108
0.75
Q8
D-302
-6.49x107
2.52 x108
150.00
Q9
D-303
3.48x1011
-1.25 x1011
64.08
Q10
D-303
-2.96x1011
1.25 x1011
142.23
Q11
P-301
2.67x104
2.08 x104
22.10
H-301
Q12
OVERALL QSYSTEM
5.42
-2.60x10
1.20 x10
316.67
5.18 x 1010
-1.24 x1011
339.00
282
6.6
Conclusion
Some of the energy values calculated manually resulting high deviation error
compared to the values calculated that obtained from the Aspen HYSYS. The
assumption made is no heat mixing due to no effect in our calculation. The deviation
error is probably caused by the difference method in calculating the heat energy. In
energy balance calculation, the value for the mass and mole flowrates are taken from
HYSYS data. This is because the mass flowrate that calculated manually by using
mass balance is used in simulate our reaction in HYSYS that can be seen in our
previous chapter, Chapter 5. Besides that, the value for calculating the density for
each compound is determined by using mass flowrate and volume flowrate that can
be obtained from HYSYS data. Thus, it eases our calculation and reduces unknown
value. Hence, our heat energy value should be the same as in HYSYS data. The
specific heat for each compound is obtained by using formula in Felder and Ressau
book. In HYSYS, Peng-Robinson (PR) was used for gas phase equation. Manual
calculation of energy did not consider in the heat mixing. Probably, the high
deviation error is due to the differences in calculating the specific heat that caused of
using difference reference or assumption made.
283
Reference
283
CHAPTER 7
PROCESS SIMULATION
Process simulations are important in designing and test the engineering system that
involving chemical process for optimizes the system. Process simulation also used to
simulate the process flow in industry before the actual process starts (IBM, 2013).
The simulation will provide the various data for the process industries such as mass
flow, composition of each of components and heat flow for every stream.
HYSYS 2006 software is used in completing the process simulation for our
propylene production process. In propylene process, there are main reactions and
side reactions. The raw material components involved for this process are propane,
(C3H8) and oxygen (O2). In this process, the main product is propylene and the side
products are methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), ethylene (C2H4), hydrogen (H2), and
water (H2O). The first step in HYSYS simulation is by adding all the components
into the component lists that involve in our process. After that, Peng Robinson (PR)
is chosen as our fluid packages. This is because all the reaction is in gas phase,
suitable for the hydrocarbon treatment systems and applicable to vapour pressure
models. Furthermore, PR is suitable for large range in temperature, T and pressure, P
value (Selecting Chemical Property method, 2013). The characteristic stated are
related in our process. As we know, the entire component in propylene process is
hydrocarbon component like ethylene, ethane, propylene and propane. Besides that,
284
our process reaction occurs in high temperature which is 580 oC. All the reactions
involved will be added into the set reaction. In propylene process, there are five
reactions that involves in the system. The table 7.1 shows the reaction on production
propylene process. All the set reaction also needs to be added to the fluid packages
before starting the process simulation system.
Reaction
Main Reaction
C3H8
C3H6
+ H2
Side Reaction :
Reformer
Oxyreactor
C3H8
C2H4
+ CH4
+ CH4
C3H8
+ H2
C2H6
C2H4
+ H2
C2H6
C3H8 + O2
H2 + O2
C3H6 + H20
H20
The basis feed is calculated manually by using backward calculation. Our target
propylene production is 250,000 metric tonnes per year. Therefore, our basis feed
value to the first reactor is 1373 kmole/hr of propane feed. Stream 1 contains pure
propane in a gas phase as the feed stream that entering the equilibrium reactor. The
condition for the pressure is set up at 5.5 bar and 100 % vapour phase fraction. 5 oC
of temperature is calculated by simulation for stream 1.
285
is because the propane needs to be heated up. The heat exchanger (EA-201) and
heater (H-101) are installed in the simulation. The propane will flow through the heat
exchanger at 5 oC and 5.5 bar and for the outlet is at 250 oC and 5.38 bar, with
assumed that the pressure drop is 100 kPa. At the heater part, the propane will be
heated up until 510 oC and at 5.28 bar with assumed that the pressure drop is 10 kPa.
Then, the first reactor will be operates at 580 oC and 5.18 bar. According to
the PETRONAS Simulation engineer during Design Project Talk on 1st November
2013, our process technology needs to use equilibrium reactor to replace the
reformer and conversion reactor to replace the oxyreactor. The K-value taken from
journal as our reference was used in equilibrium reactor shown in Table 7.2.
Table 7.2: K-value for the reaction involves (Farjoo et al, 2010)
Reaction
K-Value
Where, R is the molar gas constant and T is the operating temperature of the system.
The conversion of propane for the first reactor is 47% which it is in the range
of conversion in real industries. Then, all the product produce will enter the second
reactor for further reaction. Conversion reactor was chosen because our reactor is
adiabatic condition; and there is no information for K-value at that reaction; and easy
to set the conversion reaction that occurred in the real process. The second reactor
operates at 580 oC and 5.13 bar. In R-102 reactor, there are two inlet and two outlet
streams. The two inlet streams are Stream 6 and Stream 5 and for the two outlet
streams are Stream 7 and bottom stream. Oxygen is injected to the conversion
reactor and act as a limiting reactant which is stream 5. The set conversion for
propane is 10% and oxygen is assumed reacts fully with the hydrogen. Therefore, no
more excess oxygen flow out from the reactor.
286
The next step for simulation process is to reduce the product temperature in order to
separate and change the phase of the product. The unit systems used in our HYSYS
are two heat exchangers and one cooler. The first heat exchanger will cool down the
product by using the raw material as the cooling agent. The stream 7 condition of the
heat exchanger at the inlet stream is at 580 oC and 5.13 bar, while the outlet stream
which is stream 8 is at 430 oC and 4.13 bar with assumed that the pressure drop is
100 kPa.
After that, the product from first heat exchanger will enter the second heat
exchanger. Water steam is used as the cooling agent used for this heat. The inlet flow
for water steam is at 30 oC and 1.5 bar. The outlet flow in the tube is at 430 oC and
4.2 bar. The outlet flow condition for product is at 150 oC and 3.2 bar with 100 kPa
pressure drop. The outlet steam flow which is stream 9 is at 110 oC and 1.35 bar with
assumed that the pressure drop is 15 kPa. The last stage for heat recovery section is
using cooler. The product will flow out through a cooler before enter distillation
column at 10 oC and 2.83 bar which is stream 10. At this stage the waste water will
change it phase into liquid.
At this section, in order to separate the water from all gases, distillation column units
are used in order to separate water from all gaseous, side products from major
product and raw material from pure product. The first distillation column (D-301) is
used to separate water from the gaseous. We chose distillation column rather than
separator because the separator is not totally separates the water compositions. This
condition will might affect the next distillation column. The water might be frozen in
the equipment because the temperature condition of the water is in negative value.
The inlet condition for D-301 is same as outlet condition in the cooler. The outlet
stream is separate into two streams which are bottom for waste water, stream 12 and
overhead for gaseous stream 11. At the overhead or 11 stream condition is at 32.23
o
C and 2.6 bar while at bottom or 12 stream condition is at 128.7 oC and 2.6 bar.
287
composition is totally separated from the mixture. After that, all the gaseous in the
overhead stream will enter the second distillation column (D-302). In order to
converge the system, reflux ratio and component recovery specifications are chosen.
However, the value for the spec is try and error.
The second distillation column is to separate the propane and propylene from
other gaseous. The pressure and spec were set in order to separate 100 % of
component for both streams. The pressure was set at 2.5 bar for stream 13 and
stream 14 while component recovery was used for both spec and total separation was
set in order to separate 100 % of component. The temperature for stream 13 and
stream 14 was automatically calculated by software which is -119 oC and -23.16 oC.
The third distillation column (D-303) is installed to separate the propane and
propylene. Both of the boiling points for these components are nearer. Therefore, it
is difficult to separate 100 % for each component. The temperature and pressure at
the stream 15 is at -26.3 oC and 2.4 bar, while at stream 16 is at -19.34 oC and 2.5 bar
respectively. The pressure is set manually and the temperature is calculated
automatically for both streams. For propylene stream, we got 98.02 % purity and for
propane stream we got 99.99 % purity that will recycle back to the feed raw material.
However, before the unconverted propane is recycle, pump and heater are
needed to change similar to propane feed condition. The pump will increase the
pressure of unconverted propane from 2.5 bar to 5.6 bar. We choose pump because
the unconverted propane is in liquid phase. While, the heater will heat up the
propane until it change into 100% vapour phase. The condition before enter the
heater is at -19.1 oC and 5.5 bar, while the outlet stream which is stream 18 is set at 5
o
C and 5.5 bar with assume that the pressure drop is 10 kPa. The last step in mix the
288
Error of deviation is calculated to compare the value from manual calculation and
value from process simulation. The manual calculation is calculated by using
assumption and theoretical data. The HYSYS simulation is calculated automatically
from its database. Besides that, the HYSYS simulation is considered the condition of
the process such as temperature, pressure drop, pressure and others unlike the
manual calculation. Therefore, comparison for both techniques needs to consider.
We are considered the error for mass balance and energy balance result. The error of
deviation was calculated by using the following equation.
hysys manual
manual
x 100
(7.1)
289
290
10
11
0.8601
0.8099
4.995
4.995
250
510
-164.1
580
580
429.6
150
10
-32.4
Pressure
Bar
5.5
5.5
5.38
5.28
5.13
5.13
5.13
4.13
3.13
2.83
2.6
Molar Flow
Mole/h
739.2
1373
1373
1373
149.7
2055
2085
2085
2085
2085
1786
Mass Flow
Kg/h
6.05e4
6.05e4
6.5e4
6.05e4
4789
6.05e4
6.53e4
6.53e4
6.53e4
6.53e4
5.99e4
L.Vol. Flow
M3/h
119.5
119.5
133.3
119.5
4.209
135.8
133.3
133.3
133.3
133.3
127.9
Heat Flow
KJ/h
-6.5e7
-7.9e7
-1.13e8
-6.5e7
-8.3e5
3.6e7
-3.13e7
-6.35e7
-1.13e8
-1.44e8
-6.85e7
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Steam in
Steam out
128.7
-119.4
-23.16
-26.30
-19.34
-19.11
4.994
4.994
30
110
Pressure
Bar
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.5
5.6
5.5
5.5
1.5
1.35
Molar Flow
Mole/h
299.3
464
1322
689.9
632.2
632.2
632.2
633.3
1048
1048
Mass Flow
Kg/h
5392
2988
5.69e4
2.91e4
2.79e4
2.79e4
2.79e4
2.793e4
1.89e4
1.89e4
L .Vol. Flow
M3/h
5.403
17.04
110.8
55.81
55.02
55.02
55.02
55.12
18.92
18.92
Heat Flow
KJ/h
-8.32e7
-5.11e6
-8.1e7
-2.01e6
-7.91e7
-7.90e7
-6.71e7
-7.72e7
-2.51e8
-2.51e8
Vapour Frac.
Temperature
Vapour Frac.
Temperature
291
10
11
Methane
0.0246
0.0242
0.0242
0.0242
0.0242
0.0283
Ethane
0.0069
0.0068
0.0068
0.0068
0.0068
0.0079
Propane
1.0000
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.3289
0.3096
0.3096
0.3096
0.3096
0.3614
Propene
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.3144
0.3244
0.3244
0.3244
0.3244
0.3788
Ethylene
0.0177
0.0175
0.0175
0.0175
0.0175
0.0204
Hydrogen
0.3075
0.1741
0.1741
0.1741
0.1741
0.2032
Oxygen
1.0000
H20
0.1435
0.1435
0.1435
0.1435
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Steam in
Steam out
Methane
0.1089
Ethane
0.0304
Propane
0.4883
0.0195
0.9998
0.9998
0.9998
0.9998
0.0243
0.9999
Propene
0.5117
0.9805
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.9757
0.0001
Ethylene
0.0785
Hydrogen
0.7822
Oxygen
H20
1.000
292
Heat Flow
Heat flow
KJ/h
KJ/h
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
4.839x107
1.01x108
-6.645x107
3.138x107
1.236x108
1.158x108
Q7
Q8
Q9
Q10
Q11
Q12
2.70x108
2.523x108
1.246x1011
1.245x1011
2.08x104
1.198x107
293
The table 7.6 shows the comparison of mass balance between manual calculation value and
hysys value. The error of deviation for both value are not too much different. The highest
error deviation is 9.91% while the lowest error deviation is 0.002%.
Manual calculation
Hysys value
Deviation, %
value
S1
35302.47
32600
7.66
S2=S3=S4
60390.35
60530
0.23
S5
4788.79
4789
0.002
S6
60390.35
60530
0.23
S7=S8=S9=S10
65179.14
65310
0.2
S11
59193.84
59920
1.23
S12
5985.30
5392
9.91
S13
3265.67
2988
8.5
S14
55928.17
56930
1.79
S15
30534.42
29060
4.83
S16=S17=S18=S19
25393.75
27880
9.79
294
The table 7.7 shows the comparison of the energy balance between the manual calculation
value and hysys value.
Units
Manual
Hysys value
Deviation (%)
calculation value
Q1
H-101
4.86x107
4.84 x107
0.41
Q2
R-101
1.27x108
1.01 x108
20.47
Q3
R-102
-1.62x108
-6.65 x107
58.95
Q4 a)
EA-201
-3.20x107
-3.32 x107
3.75
Q4 b)
EA-201
3.28x107
3.32 x107
1.21
Q5 a)
EA-202
-4.94x107
-4.9 x107
0.81
Q5 b)
EA-202
4.75x107
4.90 x107
3.16
Q6
C-201
-3.32x107
-3.14 x107
5.42
Q7
D-301
-1.01x108
-1.24 x108
22.77
Q8
D-301
1.19x108
1.16 x108
2.52
Q9
D-302
-2.68x108
-2.7 x108
0.75
Q10
D-302
-6.49x108
2.5 x108
150
Q11
D-303
3.48x1011
-1.25 x1011
64.08
Q12
D-303
-2.96x1011
1.25 x1011
142.23
Q13
P-301
2.67x104
2.08 x104
22.10
Q14
H-301
-2.60x107
1.20 x107
316.67
295
7.4 Conclusion
The main objective of this chapter simulates the process of Propylene by using simulation
HYSYS software. From the simulation, we obtained 98% of purity of propylene with mass
flow rates of 29060 kg/hr. Besides that, the other objective is to make a comparison between
HYSYS simulation and the manual calculation. It can be seen that most of the comparison
having a percentage error either low or high. This is because there is different data between
fluid package which is calculated from its software and manual calculation which is
calculated from reference book data. However, estimation of real plant process of flow rate
might be relied on the hysys simulation rather than manual calculation.
296
REFERENCES
Farjoo, A., Khorasheh, F., Niknaddaf, S., & Soltani, M. (201). Kinetic modeling of side
reactions in propane dehydrogenation over Pt-Sn/y-Al2O3 catalyst. Scientia Iranica , 458464.
IBM. (n.d.). Retrieved 12 16, 2013, from Process Simulations:
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/dmndhelp/v6rxmx/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.btools
.help.modeler.doc/doc/concepts/simulation/simulation.html
Selecting Chemical Property method. (n.d.). Retrieved 12 16, 2013, from
related:www.engineeringresource.com/Files/Selecting%20Chemical%20Property%20method.pptx fluid package
selection in hysys
Wenzel, D. I. (2011). Uhde STAR process. Tianjin: ThyssenKrupp.
APPENDICES
A
Our plant is designed to produce 250,000 metric ton per year. The process
began when propane is introduced to the reformer (first reactor) where it was heated
first, to meet up the temperature of reactor of 510C. There are fuel gas and air
introduced to promote combustion in the reformer as well as to heat the reformer.
This reactor is where the main reaction occurs which is the dehydrogenation of
propane and this reaction is shown as in equation (1). Meanwhile, equation (2) and
(3) shows the side reaction occurred. During the reaction, there will be minor
amount of coke deposited on the catalyst (Platinum Tin Alumina). However, most of
the coke will be converted into carbon dioxide.
The output from the reformer will then go to oxy-reactor (second reactor) in
which oxygen will be introduced to react with the hydrogen that comes from the
reformer. This reaction will convert hydrogen into water which in turn will shift the
equilibrium of dehydrogenation to higher conversion and selectivity (Sascha, 2011).
This reaction is represented as shown in Equation (4) and (5).
The product and side product from the oxy-reactor needs to be cooled down
to negative temperature as to make our product in the form of liquid. So, this is done
by passing through the components to the heat exchangers and condenser. Then, it
will enter the first distillation column (DC 1) where the main purpose is to remove
the water from the process. Meanwhile, the other components will remains at the top
stream of the DC.
The second DC functioned to remove other components (fuel gas) apart from
propane and propylene. They are removed at the top stream of the DC. The process
continues to enter the third DC where here we will get our product, propylene.
Since, propylene has lower boiling point, it goes to the top stream of the DC. In
contrast, propane will goes to the bottom stream to be recycled to the feed raw
material. All of this description is illustrated in the modified process flow diagram
which is attached at the Appendix A.
3 8 3 6 + 2
(1)
3 8 4 + 2 4
(3)
2 + 0.52 2
(5)
3 8 + 2 2 6 + 4
(2)
3 8 + 0.52 3 6 + 2
(4)
T : -119.4 C
P : 2.5 Bar
B-101
13
R-101
T : 510 C
P : 5.28 Bar
T : 580 C
P : 5.13 Bar
Fuel Gas
21
T : -26 C
P : 2.4 Bar
H-101
Fuel gas
I-17
20
22
I-14
15
23
I-11
T : -32.4 C
P : 2.6 Bar
T : 150 C
P : 3.13 Bar
Propene
Air
D-302
3
R-102
11
EA-201
I-12
T : 250 C
P : 5.38 Bar
C-201
10
T : 10 C
P : 2.8 Bar
EA-202
oxygen
D-303
14
T : 580 C
P : 5.13 Bar
T : -23 C
P : 2.5 Bar
T : 430 C
P : 4.13 Bar
D-301
T : 128 C
P : 2.6 Bar
T:5C
P : 5.5 Bar
16
T : -19 C
P : 2.5 Bar
I-18
12
Waste
water
18
propane
T:5C
P : 5.5 Bar
1
I-13
19
17
T:5C
P : 5.5 Bar
H-301
T : -19 C
P : 5.6 Bar
P-301
Boiler feed
Water
EQUIPMENT LIST
B 101
EA 201
D 302
: BOILER
: HEAT EXCHANGER
: ETHANIZER
R 101
EA 202
D-303
: REFORMER REACTOR
: HEAT EXCHANGER
: PROPANIZER
R 102
C 201
P 301
: OXYREACTOR
: COOLER
: PUMP
H 101
D 301
H 301
: HEATER
: DISTILATION COLUMN
: HEATER
PRODUCTION OF 250,000
OF
PROPYLENE PLANT
STEAM
IN
1
13
2
q4
M-101
8
EA-201
R-102
6
Q1
4
H-101
R101
9
EA-202
C-201
10
Q7
11
STEAM
OUT
Q5
Q8
Q3
Q6
Q2
T-100
Q9
'
.
D-301
14
15
12
3
Q10
T-101
P-301
16
Q11
17
Q12
H-301
19
18
Recycle
10
11
0.8601
0.8099
4.995
4.995
250
510
-164.1
580
580
429.6
150
10
-32.4
Pressure
Bar
5.5
5.5
5.38
5.28
5.13
5.13
5.13
4.13
3.13
2.83
2.6
Molar Flow
Mole/h
739.2
1373
1373
1373
149.7
2055
2085
2085
2085
2085
1786
Mass Flow
Kg/h
6.05e4
6.05e4
6.5e4
6.05e4
4789
6.05e4
6.53e4
6.53e4
6.53e4
6.53e4
5.99e4
L.Vol. Flow
M3/h
119.5
119.5
133.3
119.5
4.209
135.8
133.3
133.3
133.3
133.3
127.9
Heat Flow
KJ/h
-6.5e7
-7.9e7
-1.13e8
-6.5e7
-8.3e5
3.6e7
-3.13e7
-6.35e7
-1.13e8
-1.44e8
-6.85e7
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Steam in
Steam out
128.7
-119.4
-23.16
-26.30
-19.34
-19.11
4.994
4.994
30
110
Pressure
Bar
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.5
5.6
5.5
5.5
1.5
1.35
Molar Flow
Mole/h
299.3
464
1322
689.9
632.2
632.2
632.2
633.3
1048
1048
Mass Flow
Kg/h
5392
2988
5.69e4
2.91e4
2.79e4
2.79e4
2.79e4
2.793e4
1.89e4
1.89e4
L .Vol. Flow
M3/h
5.403
17.04
110.8
55.81
55.02
55.02
55.02
55.12
18.92
18.92
Heat Flow
KJ/h
-8.32e7
-5.11e6
-8.1e7
-2.01e6
-7.91e7
-7.90e7
-6.71e7
-7.72e7
-2.51e8
-2.51e8
Vapour Frac.
Temperature
Vapour Frac.
Temperature
10
11
Methane
0.0246
0.0242
0.0242
0.0242
0.0242
0.0283
Ethane
0.0069
0.0068
0.0068
0.0068
0.0068
0.0079
Propane
1.0000
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.3289
0.3096
0.3096
0.3096
0.3096
0.3614
Propene
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.3144
0.3244
0.3244
0.3244
0.3244
0.3788
Ethylene
0.0177
0.0175
0.0175
0.0175
0.0175
0.0204
Hydrogen
0.3075
0.1741
0.1741
0.1741
0.1741
0.2032
Oxygen
1.0000
H20
0.1435
0.1435
0.1435
0.1435
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Steam in
Steam out
Methane
0.1089
Ethane
0.0304
Propane
0.4883
0.0195
0.9998
0.9998
0.9998
0.9998
0.0243
0.9999
Propene
0.5117
0.9805
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.9757
0.0001
Ethylene
0.0785
Hydrogen
0.7822
Oxygen
H20
1.000
Heat Flow
Heat flow
KJ/h
KJ/h
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
4.839x107
1.01x108
-6.645x107
3.138x107
1.236x108
1.158x108
Q7
Q8
Q9
Q10
Q11
Q12
2.7x108
2.52x108
1.246x1011
1.245x1011
2.08x104
1.198x107
1
2
LEGENDS
Calgary, Alberta
CANADA
3
4
5
Case Name:
Unit Set:
NewUser
Date/Time:
7
8
9
Energy Streams
10
11
Name
12
Heat Flow
13
Name
14
Heat Flow
15
Name
16
Heat Flow
Q1
(kJ/h)
Q2
4.840e+007
Q6
(kJ/h)
(kJ/h)
Q3
1.010e+008
Q8
1.158e+008
Q11
Fluid Pkg:
q4
-6.645e+007
Q7
2.523e+008
Q5
3.139e+007
Q9
2.700e+008
All
1.235e+008
Q10
1.246e+011
1.246e+011
Q12
2.082e+004
1.199e+007
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
Hyprotech Ltd.
Licensed to: LEGENDS
Page 1 of 1
* Specified by user.
1
2
LEGENDS
Calgary, Alberta
CANADA
3
4
5
Case Name:
Unit Set:
NewUser
Date/Time:
7
8
9
Material Streams
10
11
Name
12
Vapour Fraction
13
Temperature
14
Pressure
15
Fluid Pkg:
6
All
7
1.0000 *
1.0000 *
4.992
510.0 *
580.0 *
580.0
580.0 *
(bar)
5.500 *
5.280
5.130
5.130
5.130
Molar Flow
(kgmole/h)
739.2 *
1373
2055
0.0000
2085
16
Mass Flow
(kg/h)
6.053e+004
6.053e+004
0.0000
6.531e+004
17
18
Heat Flow
19
Name
20
Vapour Fraction
21
Temperature
22
Pressure
23
(C)
3.260e+004
1.0000
0.0000
1.0000
(m3/h)
64.33
119.5
135.8
0.0000
133.3
(kJ/h)
-7.842e+007
-6.504e+007
3.597e+007
0.0000
-3.131e+007
'
0.0000
1.0000 *
1.0000
(C)
580.0
-164.1
429.6
250.0 *
150.0 *
(bar)
5.130
5.130 *
4.130
5.380
3.130
Molar Flow
(kgmole/h)
0.0000
149.7 *
2085
1373
2085
24
Mass Flow
(kg/h)
0.0000
4789
6.531e+004
6.053e+004
6.531e+004
25
(m3/h)
0.0000
4.209
133.3
119.5
133.3
26
Heat Flow
(kJ/h)
0.0000
-8.321e+005
-6.348e+007
-1.134e+008
-1.125e+008
27
Name
28
Vapour Fraction
29
Temperature
30
Pressure
31
Molar Flow
32
Mass Flow
33
34
Heat Flow
35
Name
36
Vapour Fraction
37
Temperature
38
Pressure
39
STEAM IN
STEAM OUT
0.0000
10
1.0000
1.0000
11
0.8601
1.0000
12
0.8102
0.0000
-32.39
128.7
(C)
30.00 *
110.0 *
10.00 *
(bar)
1.500 *
1.350
2.830
2.600
2.600
(kgmole/h)
1048
1048
2085
1786
299.3
(kg/h)
1.888e+004
1.888e+004
6.531e+004
5.992e+004
5392
(m3/h)
18.92
18.92
133.3
127.9
5.403
-2.995e+008
(kJ/h)
13
-2.505e+008
14
-1.439e+008
15
-6.845e+007
16
-8.322e+007
2
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
1.0000
(C)
-119.4
-23.16
-26.30
-19.34
4.995
(bar)
2.500
2.500
2.400
2.500
5.500
Molar Flow
(kgmole/h)
464.0
1322
689.9
632.1
1373
40
Mass Flow
(kg/h)
2988
5.693e+004
2.906e+004
2.787e+004
6.053e+004
41
42
Heat Flow
43
Name
44
Vapour Fraction
45
Temperature
46
Pressure
47
Molar Flow
48
Mass Flow
49
50
Heat Flow
(m3/h)
17.04
110.8
55.81
55.01
119.5
(kJ/h)
-5.112e+006
-8.100e+007
-2.018e+006
-7.905e+007
-1.456e+008
17
18
19
0.0000 *
1.0000 *
-19.11
4.994
4.994 *
5.600 *
5.500
5.500 *
(kgmole/h)
632.1
632.1
(kg/h)
2.787e+004
2.787e+004
(C)
(bar)
1.0000
633.3 *
2.793e+004
(m3/h)
55.01
55.01
55.12
(kJ/h)
-7.903e+007
-6.705e+007
-6.718e+007
51
Compositions
52
Fluid Pkg:
All
53
Name
54
0.0000 *
0.0000
0.0246
0.0246
0.0242
55
0.0000 *
0.0000
0.0069
0.0069
0.0068
56
1.0000 *
0.9999
0.3289
0.3288
0.3096
57
0.0000 *
0.0001
0.3144
0.3144
0.3244
58
0.0000 *
0.0000
0.0177
0.0177
0.0175
59
0.0000 *
0.0000
0.3075
0.3076
0.1741
60
0.0000 *
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
61
0.0000 *
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.1435
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
Hyprotech Ltd.
Licensed to: LEGENDS
Page 1 of 2
* Specified by user.
1
2
LEGENDS
Calgary, Alberta
CANADA
3
4
5
Case Name:
Unit Set:
NewUser
Date/Time:
7
8
9
Compositions (continued)
10
Fluid Pkg:
All
11
Name
12
0.0242
0.0000 *
0.0242
0.0000
0.0242
13
0.0068
0.0000 *
0.0068
0.0000
0.0068
14
0.3096
0.0000 *
0.3096
0.9999
0.3096
15
0.3244
0.0000 *
0.3244
0.0001
0.3244
16
0.0175
0.0000 *
0.0175
0.0000
0.0175
17
0.1741
0.0000 *
0.1741
0.0000
0.1741
18
0.0000
1.0000 *
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
19
0.1435
0.0000 *
0.1435
0.0000
20
Name
21
0.0000 *
0.0000
0.0242
0.0283
0.0000
22
0.0000 *
0.0000
0.0068
0.0079
0.0000
23
0.0000 *
0.0000
0.3096
0.3614
0.0000
24
0.0000 *
0.0000
0.3244
0.3788
0.0000
25
0.0000 *
0.0000
0.0175
0.0204
0.0000
26
0.0000 *
0.0000
0.1741
0.2032
0.0000
27
0.0000 *
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
28
1.0000 *
1.0000
0.1435
0.0000
29
Name
30
0.1089
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
31
0.0304
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
32
0.0000
0.4883
0.0196
0.9998
0.9999
33
0.0000
0.5117
0.9804
0.0002
0.0001
34
0.0785
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
35
0.7823
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
36
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
37
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
38
Name
39
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000 *
40
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000 *
41
0.9998
0.9998
0.9998 *
42
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002 *
43
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000 *
44
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000 *
45
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000 *
46
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000 *
'
STEAM IN
STEAM OUT
13
14
17
10
11
15
18
0.1435
12
16
1.0000
2
19
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
Hyprotech Ltd.
Licensed to: LEGENDS
Page 2 of 2
* Specified by user.
APPENDIX
B
( PRICE OF MATERIAL LIST)
Quantity
January - September
Country
0 -- World -
Rank
1 Vietnam
2 Philippines
3 Hong Kong
4 Korea, South
5
6
7
8
Malaysia
Macau
Cambodia
lndonesia
9 Australia
10 New Caledonia
-KG
-2011
360s16797
1494A3673
80455032
59627596
34758762
23031155
3932404
743287
0
0
-l(G
-2912
-Kc
-2013
% Chanse
-tilL}-
408;t249o5
13ffi348sr0
3ss183876
L34600904
979t-7855 97s88629
62572217
78794158
18220686
@85741"
224oV42
&24G93
o
o
o
WorldTradeAtlas
-13.1
-1.05
4.34
9282186
2.73
287r96L3
-53.55
10117010
s636880
3298141
3153000
2301000
2000000
44.48
-19.31
47.t9
55.73
o
0
,anuary- Sept'mbr
%
Rank
World
1 Vietnam
2 Philippines
3 Hong Kong
4 Korea, South
5
6
7
8
Malaysia
Macau
Cambodia
lndonesia
9 Australia
10 New Caledonia
KG -2011
2.58
2.47
2.66
2.73
2.58
2.68
2.37
2.65
0
0
0
KG -2012
2.96
2,73
2.89
2.9s
3.48
2.78
2.81
2.69
KG -2013
3
1.35
2.99
9.52
0
2.89
2.85
2.W
0
0
llYorld Trade Atlas
-3.39
3.85
2.9L
2.82
10.63
2.96
10.04
2.46
4.58
0.36
2.9L
3.05
2.94
,anuary - September
% Change
Rank Country
0 - World
1 Vietnam
2 Philippines
3 Hong Kong
4 Korea, South
5
5
7
8
Malaysia
Macau
Cambodia
lndonesia
9 Australia
10 New Caledonia
2011
2472
2013
931.16807
368.61656
213.99377
1208.262339
371.2543134
282.898A42
184:560675
274.s926237
50.77202566
19.6503s547
6.019884518
5.75055006s
1066.160066
1,62.54949
89.832727
61.8L5314
9.3318471
1.97231?2
0
0
0
0
-73h2-1L.76
402.566ts82
8.43
281.5595862
182.9L42342
-o.47
-0.89
-59.69
11.0.6950@5
42.03
29.407tO542
L5.87979719
9.7s2960335
9.t87257075
-19.19
52.Ot
59.76
7.@7110334
5.881595043
0
0
WorldTradeAtlas
China - Exports -Total-
- KG - 2011
208/.7542
20832542
2 Thailand
3 Hong Kong
4 Vietnam
0
0
0
o
0
o
5 lran
6 Argentina
7 Greece
lndia
9 United States
10 Mexico
- KG -
2012 - KG - 2013
10618471 1O29t673
10601574 90417ss
o
225
672
0
00
00
00
oo
00
t2-3.08
t24u47
-r4.71
0
699
27A.67
672
0
0
100
o
0
0
0
lanuary - Septcfiber
Country
0 - World -
Rank
L Korea, South
2 Thailand
3 Hong Kong
4 Vietnam
5 lran
6 Argentina
7 Greece
8 lndia
9 United States
10 Mexico
-lKG -aOLt
-lKG -2m2
-/KG
-2013
% Chanse
-L3lLz-
4.57
4.57
4.62
4.59
3.23
-30.09
3.2s
-29.I9
3.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.76
29.55
0
0
0
0
44.64
3s7.38
29.65
43.63
0
0
'0
0
0
WorldTradeAtlas
China - Exports -Total-
Rank Country
0 -World
2072
2017
1 Korea, South
2 Thailand
5 lran
0
0
6 Argentina
7 Greece
8 lndia
9 United States
49.04062054 33.29004559
,18.65543671 29.36886169
9s.20963
95.18L72
0
3 Hong Kong
4 Vietnam
0.031205608
0.019925049 0.01992408
0.004362917
-!31!2-32.t2
-39.64
3.86569r.297
0.00219563
1,320.61
0
00
o0
00
00
o0
0
0
0
10 Mexico
20!3
0
0
0
0
o
World,Trade Atlas
China - Exports -Tota!-
lanuary - September
% Chanse
Rank Countrv
0 -World
1 Japan
2 Pakistan
3 Netherlands
4 Korea, South
5 Thailand
5 Brazil
7 Taiwan
8 lran
9 Australia
10 Vietnam
- KG -2011
2s40931.
485178
207550
180950
228820
149000
134000
!75260
30020
40500
17803L
- KG -2012
- t(G -
1894625
492875
?420po
178000
181000
84500
120fi)0
234m0
570q)
20250
105000
201.3 -t3lr2-
228s0s0
397100
388000
332000
20.61
-19.43
60.33
86.52
189200
4.53
169000
L57000
30.83
100
!49250
94m0
-36.22
76475
74000
277.65
u.97
-29.s2
lanuary - September
- World -
12.39
t2.3
to.4
1 Japan
2 Pakistan
t4.42
13.53
11.39
11.18
11.75
3 Netherlands
t2.02
9.64
9.49
4 Korea, South
12.35
72.75
1.1.49
1.0.51
5 Thailand
5 Brazil
t2.9
lo.44
L4.72
12.08
10.55
1:0.24
-15.45
-15.82
-17.96
-21.05
-8.53
-1.59
-15.23
7 Taiwan
8 lran
9 Australia
10 Vietnam
t2.t5
t1,78
5.8
12.8
10.25
11.66
-8.91.
12.53
1.2.34
10.15
-t7.75
11.85
12.79
11.31
-L7.57
-72.9
% Change
Rank Country
O
World
1 Japan
2 Pakistan
3 Netherlands
4 Korea, South
5 Thailand
6 Brazil
7 Taiwan
8 lran
9 Australia
10 Vietnam
2?rt
2A!2
2073-13/7237.477944 23.3080715 23.77395A64
2
6.80342L4 6.667901036 4.52378782 -32.t6
2.32080s7 2.843516903 3.74225682 31.61
2.2346851 2.14ffi72L82 3.L52246648 47.3
2.916975s 2.078940309 1.9891A4774 4.32
Ls2t8321 0.905887159 1.782683698 96.79
1.3986662 t.4p.W77922 1.507690494 r.0.95
2.t287997 2.757320759 1.531884429 44.44
0.1740969 9.7293@4t 1.095980695 50.27
0.507512 A.24W79368 0.775868282 210.37
2.1o8a272 r.342654927 0.83569215 -37.58
WorldTradeAtlas
lmporti -Total27 tLLl Prapne, tiqFtefi d
China -
country
% Change
-/KG -2011
- World -
-/ l(G
2.62
2.62
1 Qatar
2.65
2.74
2.67
00
-/ KG - 2013
2012
'
-L3lL2-
2.65
2.52
2.58
2.7L
2.U
2.65
2.73
2.74
-2.94
2.26
6.75
6.2
-3.87
2.69
2.74
3.4
2.72
2.67
2.@
2.M
2.3t
2.77
19.91
10.33
10.36
2.51
-75.77
2.47
3.49
3.06
-t2.32
2.55
WorldTrade Atlas
china - lmports -Total-
27tltzFrcnane thuefied
Millions of Malays'ran Ringgit
tanuarv - Seotember
% Change
Rank Country
0 - World
1 Qatar
2 United Arab Emirate
3 Kuwait .
4 Saudi Arabia
5 Algeria
6 Nigeria
7 Australia
8 United States
9 Korea, South
10 Norway
2011
20tz
3604.6823
4463.!79724
u9.23468
956.3804311
755.70184
437.33184
363.8979s
0
566.7659347
940.7263735
u3.663979
0
t68.Zs20t73
89.516857
o.4743966
90.s22881
0.313037384
230.4086121
175.1810'MG
-t3lt24531.250901 13.98
1t49.o76t32 20.75
r1s5.146757 36.92
s52.7294456 -2.48
546.4820462 41.9L
234-2792693
0
278.4044461 29.81
215.4274156 22.97
2O\3
189,7110s48
t8/..296/,494
58.7236t941
60503.32
-20.0L
0
WorldTradeAtlas
27
lanuary *August
% Chanse
Rank
5 Dominican
7 Panama
8 Honduras
Republic
Venezuela
9
10 Ecuador
4083000
8258
3978289
773748
22228r';9
2&1447
5146L4/'
4922583
3408197
30O
1651919
312305L
89.06
1051.020
2913.25
1886100
-35.27
29.35
2,733.83
31.01
IBBL-2011
-/
-IBBL-2O12
% hanee
121.37
- L3i12 -16.39
184.67
1.L9.32
-1.9.36
1.84.15
146.4
119.6
182.35
\r8.29
-18.31
-8
-18.56
-13.84
-7.24
119.92
L2d.24
4 Japan
5 Chite
6 Dominican Republic
1.85.84
1.80.33
128.58
142.77
13s.69
132.3s
7 Panama
187.57
to7.47
8 Honduras
185.13
208.83
150.29
135.03
146.46
9 Venezuela
10 Ecuador
2o1s
145.16
L47.97
t83.77
173.68
BBL -
1.15.78
116.91
122.77
t22.L
11.58
-14.o7
-70.24
124.82
-14.78
World TradeAtlas
United States - Exports
January -Augu$t
Rank Country
0 -World
Mexico
2 Brazil
3 Netherlands
4 Japan
5
6
7
8
Chile
Dominican Republic
Panama
Honduras
9 Venezuela
1O Ecuador
zAIt
5813.1797
1542.5363
498.4035s
11s3.8153
0
670.880s1
736.27678
1.5485559
4tL.st702
0.0626483
t82.5MU
% Change
2A].2
5625.580816
1369.s35849
513.1950585
235.3619514
230.sE6s012
639.5174839
s26.5119537
18.6682186
390.9794206
224.7A27683
426.7617t37
2073
7616.986376
1108.26s83s
1089.501506
-73/t235.4
-19.08
112.3
942.39377t
300.4
205.04
705.708426
564.163832
63L.8080987
590.328066
4/;O.4773t98
381.3189834
235.4215L29
3.85
20
3,062.21
12.66
69.7
44.84
WorldTradeAtlas
United States - Exports
280440Oryten
quantity
January - August
Rank Country
0 - World
- KM3 -
4 Hong Kong
5
5
7
8
87456
407t7
1 Canada
2 Mexico
3 Djibouti
201r
Dominican Republic
Colombia
Bahamas
Panama
9 Saudi Arabia
10 Philippines
6735
0
0
20355
332
% Chanse
- t(M3 - 2012
- KM3 -
78561
38536
2013
-73112-
90556
37682
15.27
-2.22
10811
735L
5882
5721
-32
0
47.41
78.98
3881
3126
5595
4307
1522
238
2832
1458
1499
4252
3593
t26
to4
t798
146.36
1,628.85
o
WorldTradeAtlas
1564
1,709.66
50.14
KM3 - 201
- World -
1 Canada
2 Mexico
3 Djibouti
4 Hong Kong
5 Dominican Republic
6 Colombia
7 Bahamas
8 Panama
9 Saudi Arabia
1O Philippines
223.94
256.74
399.32
xM3 - 2012
291.03
263.99
300.28
KM3 - 2013
-1
310.M
6.67
265.96
274.67
0.75
-8.53
278.55
0
134.01
395.8s
268.93
96.67
259.02
0
267.53
1216.62
267-a
283.8s
740.51
268.06
266.t\
253.77
8.53
-39.13
0.1
-4.86
ias.re
279.67
267.2s
109.98
3,5
258.22
0
1055.69
Rank Country
0
World
1 Canada
2 Mexico
3 Djibouti
4 Hong Kong
3.24633501.7
0
0
L0150r7033
2.7277872
5 Colombia
o.t3t42tL
7 Bahamas
8 Panama
0.4093119
0.140941
0.0326358
0
9 Saudi Arabia
10 Philippines
22.86385982 28.L1195286
19.584913
]:o.453777
2.6894L48
5 Dominican Republic
% Change
2073 - 131t2 -
2At2
2Ar1
to.t7296d'gt
22.95
-t.49
74.a21a6372
2.019075303
1.638449991
1.623916789
-37.8
0
59.99
8.94
3.803155336 4.!4312729L
0.063736334 1..154530569
0.73362473
0.199605902
0.026854656
1.076493651
1.032s9s552
t,7L1,.42
42.84
417.32
A.48A522s57
1,689.35
1.666739691
WorldTradeAdas
United States - Exports
281910 Chromium Trbxide
Quantity
January - August
,
-KG
-2013
96Change
- KG -2012
10546305
1 China
- KG -2011
8612224
249943
1i145198
2639874
2 Brazil
1838693
1396314
1638000
3 Japan
t4526t8
9 France
4882sO
1205789
678696
638290
428868
388784
378000
274500
-16.99
7 Germany
8 lndonesia
86538
747000
740127
540000
347499
450000
10 Turkey
90000
2700o/O
25
Rank Country
0 - World
..
4 United Kingdom
5 Korea, South
6 lndia
-131L2-7.49
10389260
566962
905882
5gll(no
327952
288900
191250
216000
82.66
17.3L
t9.7L
-29.54
-27.8
18.55
30.84
43.53
lanuary - August
% Change
- World
1 China
2 Brazil
3.8
3 Japan
4 United Kingdom
5 Korea, South
5 lndia
7 Germany
8 lndonesia
France
1-0
Turkey
5.14
15.46
5.12
3.77
3.U
3.77
5.09
3.77
3.78
3.77
6.75
11.33
4.22
5.43
9.81
11.53
6.5
1.1.75
4.12
8.2L
6.3
9.13
8.71
12.58
5.32
1o.44
r.3.49
67.85
132.46
1t2.34
8A.77
153.4
64.3L
]]o.25
tt.7L
62.7
28.26
1.3.22
5!.78
t2
4.67
1'2.57
136.28
WorldTradeAtlas
t nitd State$ - Exports
281910 hromium Trioxide
Millions ol Malaysian Ringgit
January - August
% Change
Rank Country
* World
1 China
2 Erazil
3 Japan
4 United Kingdom
5
6
7
8
9
2011
44.23s24?
3.8635831
6.9849268
0.4433835
2.8199198
Korea, South
2.6875\94
lndia
Germany
lndonesia
2.0352172
1.7385s94
1.6972832
France
10 Turkey
1..844508
0.33900s3
2At2
2073 - t3112 -
71.237428s
6.095573967
t!7.6811174
6s.2
25.8U54994
324.&
7.587634t42
18.8929861.3
9.441956535
2.338188243
7.43784595
3.74496457
2.993s01583
2.515262745
2.406428589
1.14867693
14.17064667
7.482943922
8.611214574
4.395260306
4.55211799
4.995724865
L49
50.08
202.92
15.78
17.36
52.O7
3.29462369:7
98.62
36.91
3.394429ss7
195.51
RankCountry
O - World l Colombia
2 Canada
3 Brazil
1602727
24704.8
4 Mexico
14151169
7Z3ttffi
5 Greece
503159
392214
s28008
405461
L77M
54190
335793
650s17
282122
5M634
113961.
t26o77l
92829
52283
6 Taiwan
7 Australia
8 Venezuela
9 Korea, South
10 Singapore
-76.91
-50.52
-97.4
-66.4
-70.42
-79.08
471404
210940
188020
477212
t19944
374926
13!'625
-92.U
-86.06
-58.16
444ffi
WorldTradeAtlas
woddTradAtlas
United States - Exports
290122 Propcne (Propytenel
Avg Price (Malaysian Ringgit)
Janpary-August
Rank
country
0 -World
% Change
-l KG -2011
-lRG
3 Brazil
4 Mexico
5.2
5 Greece
3.88
3.38
2.63
3.91
3.97
3.91
6 Taiwan
7 Australia
8 Venezuela
9 Korea, South
10 Singapore
KG
4.03
3.82
4.05
7.16
4.46
7.04
5.25
6.s6
5.29
5.16
7.55
4.74
4.77
2.67
3.9
1 Colombia
2 Canada
./
-mtz
-2013 -L3lt24.48
4.13
71.L7
74.32
253.58
27.68
16.43
286.59
268.39
130.4
8.t2
1,6.22
26.94
24.28
331.04
25.34
379.02
270.12
27.58
434.5
22.44
196.83
WorldTradeAtlas
UnitedStates - Exports
290122 Propene (Propylene)
Rank Country
0 - World -1 Colombia
2 Canada.
3 Brazil
4 Mexico
5 Greece
6 Taiwan
7 Australia
8 Venezuela
9 Korea, South
10 Singapore
2071
46t.39372
32t.O3957
4.2742201
0.96331s7
73.630778
1.9st428
1.3275798
o.r4272!3
1.3118551
2.5524462
LLAfi944
2At2
362.8031499
287.200572L
8.27629276
3.059941589
32.2408924
3.716086568
2.53348076
3.57035567
6.564258968
1.9355rt4399
1.055395136
2Ot3
368.6456729
332.8197826
6.748t5!622
5.8386370d'7
3.089357501
2.877316349
3.231609851
2.766835964
2.3s2030663
-!3/L21.61
15.88
-18.46
90.81
-9A.42
-22.57
27.56
-22.51
-64.7L
1.r1421.50618
-25.49
0.997479983
-5.49
WorldTradeAtlas
China - Exports -Total-
280tt40 Oxygen
Quamity
January - September
% Change
Country
0 - World -
Rank
1 Macau
2 Hong Kong
3 Papua NewGuinea
4 Russia
5 Thailand
6 Mongolia
7 Kenya
Korea, North
9 Singapore
-M3
-2011
-M3
-2012
-M3
L42A8t5
st4?.7L
1005789
584061
409500
46
188738
42
4A7297
0
0
24
4952
43
0
29413
5159
-2013 -L3lt21L92034
18.4
18.33
691094
462686
13.6
13300
0
taB77
0
9173
85.24
2188 4988.37
94/.0
-85.84
732
624
0
1258
10 Vietnam
43
818.5
395
28g40Oxygen
Avg Price (Malaysian Ringeitl
lanuary - September
% Chanae
Rank Country
0 - World
1 Macau
-l M3
-z0t'.
-l M? -2At2
-/ M3
2013
- L3ILZ -
1.5
1.69
1.81
7.1
t.tz
0.97
1.89
o.94
2.58
3.19
8.91
0
0
2.26
Russia
2174.37
o.62
5 Thailand
tt77.55
6.01
222.33
2 Hong Kong
3 Papua NewGuinea
6 Mongolia
7 Kenya
8 Korea, North
9 Singapore
10 Vietnam
295.O7
2.8L
1.11
-73.38
-98.64
1..6
3.03
18.59
L.57
3.45
1,2.19
5.6
58.04
56.77
40.2L
253.33
-29.L7
lanuarv - September
% Change
Rank Country
0 - World
1 Japan
2 Pakistan
3 Netherlands
4 Korea, South
5 Thailand
6 Brazil
7 Taiwan
8 lran
9 Australia
10 Vietnam
'2at2
201!
2a'3-13./123]-.4779M 23.3080715 23.77395064
2
6.80U274 6.657901036 4.52378782 .32.t6
23208457 2.843515903 3.74225682 31.61
2.23468sr 2.140072782 3.t52246608 47.3
2.9L69755 2.078940309 7.9891U774 4.32
1.92t832t 0.905887159 1.782583698 96.79
1.3986552 7.M9o77922 1.607690494 10.95
2.1287997 2.757320759 1.53r8U429 -M.M
0.1740969 0.72936041 1..09598059s 50.27
0.507512 0.249979568 A.775858282 210.37
2.1088272 t.3/.265492t 0.83669216 -37.68
World Trade Atlas
China - Exports -Total280440 Oxygen
t3h2-
20t7
20t2
!.70151773
2.76087?'L88
1 Macau
2 Hong Kong
3 Papua NewGuinea
2.7242733
o.5743753
4.7740456
0.1000182
0.551779465
0.671666638
27
21.73
1.@.9979127
1.29863t02
23.68
Russia
0.11.53339
5 Thailand
0.0494s69
0.0070818
0
0.030112814
o.01207218L
0.o14539698
0.006619789
o.017s473
0.008920539
0.003494802
0.015883555
Rank Country
O
- World -
6 Mongolia
7 Kenya
8 Korea, North
9 Singapore
10 Vietnam
o.M6243
0
0.0730119
0
o.o297590/.
0.009559978
o
o.01784087
0
o.4o244a934
2073 -
0
-50.81
-30.76
0
-50
0
550.72
280tl40Oxygen
Rank Country
0 - World
1 Taiwan
2 United Kingdom
3 Hong Kong
4 Singapore
5 United Statds
6 Japan
7 China
8 Korea, South
9 Macau
1O
Thailand
20!2
2011
4.2935524
0.0555871
0.0178519
4.o2L2229
0.0210483
0.1085147
0.0584994
0
2Ot3 -
t3/72-t8.2
o.278689293
0.096513784
0.o57752841
o.00534s37s
0.01584037
o.2279ffi607
o.M4465424
-2.54
o.031948655
0.016359279
44.69
t57.8L
0.m7066202
-55.39
o.0371838!18
0.071715178
o.00680s859
0
0
0.065033731
0
o
0
o
0
97.87
-89.53
0
0
0
o
0
0
WorldTradeAtlas
China- lmport'-?otal280440Orrygpn
qrantity
,anuary- Sefitember
Rank C,ountry
0 * World
1 Taiwan
2 United Kingdom
3 Hong Kong
4 Singapore
5 United States
6 Japan
7 China
8 Korea, South
9 Macau
10 Thailand
- M3 - 2011
1594
386
339
235
-M3
Y"Change
-mrl
- M3 -
1814
26860
1,380.71
362
25727
20o5.91
44.43
763
424
130
358
205
139
'
235
199
72
00
00
00
00
2013 -t3lt2-
252
94
272
175.38
-18.25
47.87
-97.77
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
WorldTmdeAtlas
lnports -Total-
China -
280tt40o'(ygen
416 Price (Malaysian Ringgit)
January - September
%
0 -World
l Taiwan
2
3
4
5
M3 -2(n2
M3 - 201:
Rank
United Kingdom
Hong Kopg
Singapore
United States
6 Japan
7 China
8 Korea, South
9 Macau
184.16
169.91
52.66
90.31
89,57
54s.8
812.49
0
M3 - 2013
153.63
8.49
-94.47
266.6t
3.56
75.35
-98.63
-0.46
75.7
48.81
62.86
395.57
305.76
0
-6.37
45.43
515.94
30.43
269.77
1134.31
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10 Thailand
45.7
34.3
0
0
WorldTradeAtlas
China -
lmport'-Total-
Quantity
January - September
Rank Country
0 - World
1 United States
2 Turkey
3 South Africa
4 lndia
5 Kazakhstan
6 Taiwan
7 Japan
8 China
9 Germany
10 Korea, South
-KG -2011
-KG
- t(G - 2012
-2013
3918r.14
2959
340600
7477600
4688996
1531469
1656000
1439800
144000
1692000
19000
34155
1200
50
5300
5940@
7200rA
72S00
1739000
377ffi
75726
s00
5000
600
6163743
28tt274
31608
7976
500
460
1'23
% Chanse
-!31'.231.45
83.57
t27.t6
-17.27
0
-87.88
-16.16
49.28
0
-90.8
-79.t7
lanuarv - September
% Change
Rank Country
0 - World 1 United States
41.O03334
2AL2
53.69456948
0.168060s
1.7.15080278
2 Turkey
3.33].24t2
3 South Africa
4 lndia
5 Kazakhstan'
5 Taiwan
7 Japan
15.O2434t
8.18730191
19.58609643
8 China
9 Germany
10 Korea, South
2011.
00
18.s32607
0.4331905
1.0458313
0.0111903
0.@24047
0.0795941
2Ot3
65.11430152
23.9737682
18.40543456
-t3lt221.27
39.78
124.8
{.04
19.57829184.
1.217L924
0.69ss72021
0.759786048
0.43151508
6.45t4477A8
0.8838:t8083
0.948686322
0.007611
0.038463913
0.038250912
-89.22
-14.04
-54.51
0.007601.7s
-o.72
0.025183102
0.0199s6s06
-34.53
-47.83
World TradeAilas
United States- lmports
27 tL12 PJ opae, Liquefi ed
Quantiry
lanuary- August
% Chanee
Rank Country
0 -World
1 Canada
2 Trinidad & Tobago
- BBL - 2011
27313128
20831067
977617
3 Dominican Republic
525433
4 United Kingdom
5 Germany
62
BBL-2013
25091680 26128609
2!92074L 24517007
331196 920801
&34:216 690789
-08
04
- Bgr - 2012
0
0
6 Venezuela
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
WorldTrade Atlas
7 Belgium
8 France
9 lreland
10 Malta
-L31720.14
11.84
178.02
-L7.L9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rank Country
0 - World
1 Canada
2 Trinidad &Tobago
3 Dominic4n Republic
4 United Kingdom
5 Germany
6 Venezuela
7 Belgium
8 France
9 lreland
1O Malta
-/
BBL-201! -l BgL-2Ot2
-/ BBr-
2013 -t3lt2-
168.88
t44.93
119.63
L60.67
139.99
t18.74
198.45
203.2
t47.2
131.47
-7.55
167.81
-19.25
135.5
2087.O2
204.67
478r.97
0
0
o
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
World Trade Atlas
United States - lmports
z7Lllz?rcno,ne, Uquefied
Millions of Malaysian Ringgit
-L7.46
-15.18
0
0
0
0
,anuary - August
% Change
Rank Country
0 - World
1 Canada
2 Trinidad & Tobago
3 Dominican Republic
4 United Kingdom
20tL
20tz
46t2.7011
3781.44794
31,25.759437
3346.9157
194.01288
106.76896
3468.777946
2911.068385
-17.34
-5.14
47.fr96@.245
121..0550666
157.44
139.9892668
-33.14
0
0
93.60020844
0.016548176
5 Germany
o.olz44t6
6 Venezuela
0
0
o
0
0
7 Belgium
8 France
9 lreland
10 Malta
2Ot3 - t3/12 -
0
0
0
o
0.0191.27893
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
APPENDIX
C
( MSDS OF CHEMICALS )
: Ethylene
: AIRGAS INC., on behalf of its subsidiaries
259 North Radnor-Chester Road
Suite 100
Radnor, PA 19087-5283
1-610-687-5253
Product use
Synonym
: Synthetic/Analytical chemistry.
: ACETENE ;ATHYLEN (GERMAN) ; BICARBURRETTED HYDROGEN ; ELAYL ;
ETHENE ; ETHYLENE (ACGIH, DOT, OSHA) ; ETHYLENE, REFRIGERATED
LIQUID (CRYOGENIC LIQUID) (UN1038) (DOT) ; LIQUID ETHYLENE ; OLEFIANT
GAS UN1038 (DOT) ; UN1962 (DOT)
: 001022
: 5/11/2011.
MSDS #
Date of
Preparation/Revision
In case of emergency
: 1-866-734-3438
: Gas or Liquid.
: WARNING!
GAS:
CONTENTS UNDER PRESURE.
Extremely flammable
Do not puncture or incinerate container.
Can cause rapid suffocation.
May cause severe frostbite.
LIQUID:
Extremely flammable
Extremely cold liquid and gas under pressure.
Can cause rapid suffocation.
May cause severe frostbite.
Keep away from heat, sparks and flame. Do not puncture or incinerate container. May
cause target organ damage, based on animal data. Use only with adequate ventilation.
Keep container closed.
Contact with rapidly expanding gases can cause frostbite.
: May cause damage to the following organs: lungs, heart, muscle tissue.
: Inhalation
Target organs
Routes of entry
Potential acute health effects
Eyes
: Contact with rapidly expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite.Contact with cryogenic
liquid can cause frostbite and cryogenic burns.
Skin
: Contact with rapidly expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite.Contact with cryogenic
liquid can cause frostbite and cryogenic burns.
Inhalation
: Acts as a simple asphyxiant.
: Ingestion is not a normal route of exposure for gases.Contact with cryogenic liquid can
cause frostbite and cryogenic burns.
Potential chronic health effects
Chronic effects
: May cause target organ damage, based on animal data.
Target organs
: May cause damage to the following organs: lungs, heart, muscle tissue.
Ingestion
Medical conditions
aggravated by overexposure
Build 1.1
: Pre-existing disorders involving any target organs mentioned in this MSDS as being at
risk may be aggravated by over-exposure to this product.
Page: 1/7
Ethylene
See toxicological information (Section 11)
CAS number
74-85-1
% Volume
100
Exposure limits
ACGIH TLV (United States, 2/2010).
TWA: 200 ppm 8 hour(s).
Ingestion
:
:
:
:
:
Flammable.
490C (914F)
Closed cup: -135.85C (-212.5F).
Lower: 2.7% Upper: 36%
Decomposition products may include the following materials:
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
Fire hazards in the presence : Extremely flammable in the presence of the following materials or conditions: oxidizing
materials.
of various substances
Fire-fighting media and
instructions
Special protective
equipment for fire-fighters
Environmental precautions
Methods for cleaning up
Build 1.1
Ethylene
: Use only with adequate ventilation. Use explosion-proof electrical (ventilating, lighting
and material handling) equipment. High pressure gas. Do not puncture or incinerate
container. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Close valve after each use and
when empty. Keep container closed. Keep away from heat, sparks and flame. To avoid
fire, eliminate ignition sources. Protect cylinders from physical damage; do not drag, roll,
slide, or drop. Use a suitable hand truck for cylinder movement.
Storage
: Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Keep container tightly closed and sealed
until ready for use. Avoid all possible sources of ignition (spark or flame). Segregate
from oxidizing materials. Cylinders should be stored upright, with valve protection cap in
place, and firmly secured to prevent falling or being knocked over. Cylinder temperatures
should not exceed 52 C (125 F).
Personal protection
Eyes
Skin
Respiratory
Hands
: Use only with adequate ventilation. Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation or
other engineering controls to keep worker exposure to airborne contaminants below any
recommended or statutory limits. The engineering controls also need to keep gas, vapor
or dust concentrations below any lower explosive limits. Use explosion-proof ventilation
equipment.
: Safety eyewear complying with an approved standard should be used when a risk
assessment indicates this is necessary to avoid exposure to liquid splashes, mists or
dusts.
: Personal protective equipment for the body should be selected based on the task being
performed and the risks involved and should be approved by a specialist before handling
this product.
: Use a properly fitted, air-purifying or air-fed respirator complying with an approved
standard if a risk assessment indicates this is necessary. Respirator selection must be
based on known or anticipated exposure levels, the hazards of the product and the safe
working limits of the selected respirator.
The applicable standards are (US) 29 CFR 1910.134 and (Canada) Z94.4-93
: Chemical-resistant, impervious gloves complying with an approved standard should be
worn at all times when handling chemical products if a risk assessment indicates this is
necessary.
: Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) should be used to avoid inhalation of the
product.
Product name
Ethylene
Build 1.1
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
28.06 g/mole
C2-H4
-104C (-155.2F)
-169.2C (-272.6F)
10C (50F)
1 (Air = 1)
Liquid Density@BP: 35.3 lb/ft3 (566 kg/m3)
13.8007
0.07246
Page: 3/7
Ethylene
:
:
:
:
UN number
Proper shipping
name
Class
Packing group
DOT Classification
UN1962
ETHYLENE,
COMPRESSED
2.1
UN1038
ETHYLENE,
REFRIGERATED
LIQUID
2.1
Label
Additional
information
Limited
quantity
Yes.
Packaging
instruction
Passenger
aircraft
Quantity
limitation:
Forbidden.
Cargo aircraft
Quantity
limitation:
Forbidden.
Special
provisions
Build 1.1
Page: 4/7
Ethylene
T75, TP5
TDG Classification
UN1962
ETHYLENE,
COMPRESSED
2.1
UN1038
ETHYLENE,
REFRIGERATED
LIQUID
2.1
Explosive
Limit and
Limited
Quantity
Index
0.125
ERAP Index
3000
Passenger
Carrying Ship
Index
Forbidden
Passenger
Carrying
Road or Rail
Index
Forbidden
Mexico
Classification
UN1962
ETHYLENE,
COMPRESSED
2.1
UN1038
ETHYLENE,
REFRIGERATED
LIQUID
2.1
Refer to CFR 49 (or authority having jurisdiction) to determine the information required for shipment of the
product.
SARA 313
Form R - Reporting
requirements
Supplier notification
Product name
: Ethylene
CAS number
74-85-1
Concentration
100
: Ethylene
74-85-1
100
SARA 313 notifications must not be detached from the MSDS and any copying and redistribution of the MSDS shall
include copying and redistribution of the notice attached to copies of the MSDS subsequently redistributed.
Build 1.1
Page: 5/7
Ethylene
State regulations
Canada
WHMIS (Canada)
Canada
Label requirements
Hazardous Material
Information System (U.S.A.)
: GAS:
CONTENTS UNDER PRESURE.
Extremely flammable
Do not puncture or incinerate container.
Can cause rapid suffocation.
May cause severe frostbite.
LIQUID:
Extremely flammable
Extremely cold liquid and gas under pressure.
Can cause rapid suffocation.
May cause severe frostbite.
: Class A: Compressed gas.
Class B-1: Flammable gas.
Class D-2B: Material causing other toxic effects (Toxic).
: Health
Flammability
Physical hazards
liquid:
Health
Build 1.1
3
Page: 6/7
Ethylene
Fire hazard
Reactivity
Personal protection
National Fire Protection
Association (U.S.A.)
Flammability
4
Health
Instability
Special
liquid:
Flammability
4
Health
Instability
Special
Notice to reader
To the best of our knowledge, the information contained herein is accurate. However, neither the above-named
supplier, nor any of its subsidiaries, assumes any liability whatsoever for the accuracy or completeness of the
information contained herein.
Final determination of suitability of any material is the sole responsibility of the user. All materials may present
unknown hazards and should be used with caution. Although certain hazards are described herein, we cannot
guarantee that these are the only hazards that exist.
Build 1.1
Page: 7/7
: Ethane
: AIRGAS INC., on behalf of its subsidiaries
259 North Radnor-Chester Road
Suite 100
Radnor, PA 19087-5283
1-610-687-5253
Product use
Synonym
MSDS #
Date of
Preparation/Revision
In case of emergency
:
:
:
:
Synthetic/Analytical chemistry.
Bimethyl; Dimethyl; Ethyl hydride; Methylmethane; C2H6; UN 1035; UN 1961, R170
001024
10/23/2012.
: 1-866-734-3438
Target organs
Routes of entry
Potential acute health effects
Eyes
: Contact with rapidly expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite. Contact with cryogenic
liquid can cause frostbite and cryogenic burns.
Skin
: Contact with rapidly expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite. Contact with cryogenic
liquid can cause frostbite and cryogenic burns.
Inhalation
: Acts as a simple asphyxiant.
: Ingestion is not a normal route of exposure for gases. Contact with cryogenic liquid can
cause frostbite and cryogenic burns.
Potential chronic health effects
Chronic effects
: May cause target organ damage, based on animal data.
Target organs
: May cause damage to the following organs: heart, central nervous system (CNS).
Ingestion
Medical conditions
aggravated by overexposure
: Pre-existing disorders involving any target organs mentioned in this MSDS as being at
risk may be aggravated by over-exposure to this product.
Page: 1/7
Ethane
CAS number
74-84-0
% Volume
100
Exposure limits
ACGIH TLV (United States, 2/2010).
TWA: 1000 ppm 8 hour(s).
Ingestion
:
:
:
:
:
Flammable.
472C (881.6F)
Closed cup: -135.15C (-211.3F).
Lower: 3% Upper: 12.5%
Decomposition products may include the following materials:
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
Fire hazards in the presence : Extremely flammable in the presence of the following materials or conditions: oxidizing
materials.
of various substances
Fire-fighting media and
: In case of fire, use water spray (fog), foam or dry chemical.
instructions
In case of fire, allow gas to burn if flow cannot be shut off immediately. Apply water from
a safe distance to cool container and protect surrounding area. If involved in fire, shut
off flow immediately if it can be done without risk.
Special protective
equipment for fire-fighters
Environmental precautions
Methods for cleaning up
Build 1.1
Page: 2/7
Ethane
: Use only with adequate ventilation. Use explosion-proof electrical (ventilating, lighting
and material handling) equipment. High pressure gas. Do not puncture or incinerate
container. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Close valve after each use and
when empty. Keep container closed. Keep away from heat, sparks and flame. To avoid
fire, eliminate ignition sources. Protect cylinders from physical damage; do not drag, roll,
slide, or drop. Use a suitable hand truck for cylinder movement.
Never allow any unprotected part of the body to touch uninsulated pipes or vessels that
contain cryogenic liquids. Prevent entrapment of liquid in closed systems or piping
without pressure relief devices. Some materials may become brittle at low temperatures
and will easily fracture.
Storage
: Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Keep container tightly closed and sealed
until ready for use. Avoid all possible sources of ignition (spark or flame). Segregate
from oxidizing materials. Cylinders should be stored upright, with valve protection cap in
place, and firmly secured to prevent falling or being knocked over. Cylinder temperatures
should not exceed 52 C (125 F).
For additional information concerning storage and handling refer to Compressed Gas
Association pamphlets P-1 Safe Handling of Compressed Gases in Containers and P12 Safe Handling of Cryogenic Liquids available from the Compressed Gas Association,
Inc.
Personal protection
Eyes
Skin
Respiratory
Hands
: Use only with adequate ventilation. Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation or
other engineering controls to keep worker exposure to airborne contaminants below any
recommended or statutory limits. The engineering controls also need to keep gas, vapor
or dust concentrations below any lower explosive limits. Use explosion-proof ventilation
equipment.
: Safety eyewear complying with an approved standard should be used when a risk
assessment indicates this is necessary to avoid exposure to liquid splashes, mists or
dusts.
When working with cryogenic liquids, wear a full face shield.
: Personal protective equipment for the body should be selected based on the task being
performed and the risks involved and should be approved by a specialist before handling
this product.
: Use a properly fitted, air-purifying or air-fed respirator complying with an approved
standard if a risk assessment indicates this is necessary. Respirator selection must be
based on known or anticipated exposure levels, the hazards of the product and the safe
working limits of the selected respirator.
The applicable standards are (US) 29 CFR 1910.134 and (Canada) Z94.4-93
: Chemical-resistant, impervious gloves complying with an approved standard should be
worn at all times when handling chemical products if a risk assessment indicates this is
necessary.
Insulated gloves suitable for low temperatures
: Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) should be used to avoid inhalation of the
product.
Build 1.1
Page: 3/7
Ethane
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
30.08 g/mole
C2-H6
-89C (-128.2F)
-183C (-297.4F)
32.4C (90.3F)
543 (psig)
1.1 (Air = 1)
Liquid Density: BP@34.1 lb/ft3 (546 kg/m3)
12.6582
0.079
: May cause damage to the following organs: heart, central nervous system (CNS).
: No specific information is available in our database regarding the other toxic effects of
this material to humans.
: No known significant effects or critical hazards.
: No known significant effects or critical hazards.
: No known significant effects or critical hazards.
:
:
:
:
Build 1.1
UN number
Proper shipping
name
Class
Packing group
Label
Additional
information
Page: 4/7
Ethane
DOT Classification
UN1035
ETHANE
UN1961
Ethane, refrigerated
liquid
2.1
Limited
quantity
Yes.
Packaging
instruction
Passenger
aircraft
Quantity
limitation:
Forbidden.
Cargo aircraft
Quantity
limitation:
150 kg
TDG Classification
UN1035
ETHANE
UN1961
Ethane, refrigerated
liquid
2.1
Explosive
Limit and
Limited
Quantity
Index
0.125
ERAP Index
3000
Passenger
Carrying Ship
Index
Forbidden
Passenger
Carrying
Road or Rail
Index
Forbidden
Mexico
Classification
UN1035
ETHANE
UN1961
Ethane, refrigerated
liquid
2.1
Refer to CFR 49 (or authority having jurisdiction) to determine the information required for shipment of the
product.
Build 1.1
Page: 5/7
Ethane
Clean Air Act (CAA) 112 regulated flammable substances: ethane
State regulations
Canada
WHMIS (Canada)
Canada
Label requirements
Hazardous Material
Information System (U.S.A.)
: GAS:
CONTENTS UNDER PRESURE.
Extremely flammable.
May cause flash fire.
Do not puncture or incinerate container.
Can cause rapid suffocation.
May cause severe frostbite.
LIQUID:
Extremely flammable.
Extremely cold liquid and gas under pressure.
Can cause rapid suffocation.
May cause severe frostbite.
: Class A: Compressed gas.
Class B-1: Flammable gas.
: Health
Flammability
Physical hazards
liquid:
Health
Build 1.1
3
Page: 6/7
Ethane
Fire hazard
Reactivity
Personal protection
National Fire Protection
Association (U.S.A.)
Flammability
4
Health
Instability
Special
liquid:
Flammability
4
Health
Instability
Special
Notice to reader
To the best of our knowledge, the information contained herein is accurate. However, neither the above-named
supplier, nor any of its subsidiaries, assumes any liability whatsoever for the accuracy or completeness of the
information contained herein.
Final determination of suitability of any material is the sole responsibility of the user. All materials may present
unknown hazards and should be used with caution. Although certain hazards are described herein, we cannot
guarantee that these are the only hazards that exist.
Build 1.1
Page: 7/7
: Hydrogen
: AIRGAS INC., on behalf of its subsidiaries
259 North Radnor-Chester Road
Suite 100
Radnor, PA 19087-5283
1-610-687-5253
Product use
Synonym
: Synthetic/Analytical chemistry.
: Dihydrogen; o-Hydrogen; p-Hydrogen; Molecular hydrogen; H2; UN 1049; UN 1966;
Liquid hydrogen (LH2 or LH2)
: 001026
: 3/7/2013.
MSDS #
Date of
Preparation/Revision
In case of emergency
: 1-866-734-3438
: Gas or Liquid.
: WARNING!
GAS:
CONTENTS UNDER PRESURE.
Extremely flammable
Do not puncture or incinerate container.
Can cause rapid suffocation.
May cause severe frostbite.
LIQUID:
Extremely flammable
Extremely cold liquid and gas under pressure.
Can cause rapid suffocation.
May cause severe frostbite.
Do not puncture or incinerate container. May cause target organ damage, based on
animal data.
Contact with rapidly expanding gases or liquids can cause frostbite.
: May cause damage to the following organs: lungs.
: Inhalation
Target organs
Routes of entry
Potential acute health effects
Eyes
: Contact with rapidly expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite. Contact with cryogenic
liquid can cause frostbite and cryogenic burns.
Skin
: Contact with rapidly expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite. Contact with cryogenic
liquid can cause frostbite and cryogenic burns.
Inhalation
: Acts as a simple asphyxiant.
: Ingestion is not a normal route of exposure for gases Contact with cryogenic liquid can
cause frostbite and cryogenic burns.
Potential chronic health effects
Chronic effects
: May cause target organ damage, based on animal data.
Target organs
: May cause damage to the following organs: lungs.
Ingestion
Medical conditions
aggravated by overexposure
: Pre-existing disorders involving any target organs mentioned in this MSDS as being at
risk may be aggravated by over-exposure to this product.
Build 1.1
Page: 1/6
Hydrogen
CAS number
1333-74-0
% Volume
100
Exposure limits
Oxygen Depletion [Asphyxiant]
Special protective
equipment for fire-fighters
:
:
:
:
:
Flammable.
500 to 571C (932 to 1059.8F)
Lower: 4% Upper: 76%
No specific data.
Extremely flammable in the presence of the following materials or conditions: oxidizing
materials.
Environmental precautions
: Avoid dispersal of spilled material and runoff and contact with soil, waterways, drains
and sewers.
: Immediately contact emergency personnel. Stop leak if without risk. Note: see section 1
for emergency contact information and section 13 for waste disposal.
Build 1.1
: High pressure gas. Do not puncture or incinerate container. Use equipment rated for
cylinder pressure. Close valve after each use and when empty. Protect cylinders from
physical damage; do not drag, roll, slide, or drop. Use a suitable hand truck for cylinder
movement.
Never allow any unprotected part of the body to touch uninsulated pipes or vessels that
contain cryogenic liquids. Prevent entrapment of liquid in closed systems or piping
without pressure relief devices. Some materials may become brittle at low temperatures
and will easily fracture.
Page: 2/6
Hydrogen
Storage
: Cylinders should be stored upright, with valve protection cap in place, and firmly secured
to prevent falling or being knocked over. Cylinder temperatures should not exceed 52 C
(125 F).
For additional information concerning storage and handling refer to Compressed Gas
Association pamphlets P-1 Safe Handling of Compressed Gases in Containers and P12 Safe Handling of Cryogenic Liquids available from the Compressed Gas Association,
Inc.
Personal protection
Eyes
Skin
Respiratory
Hands
: Use only with adequate ventilation. Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation or
other engineering controls to keep worker exposure to airborne contaminants below any
recommended or statutory limits.
: Safety eyewear complying with an approved standard should be used when a risk
assessment indicates this is necessary to avoid exposure to liquid splashes, mists or
dusts.
When working with cryogenic liquids, wear a full face shield.
: Personal protective equipment for the body should be selected based on the task being
performed and the risks involved and should be approved by a specialist before handling
this product.
: Use a properly fitted, air-purifying or air-fed respirator complying with an approved
standard if a risk assessment indicates this is necessary. Respirator selection must be
based on known or anticipated exposure levels, the hazards of the product and the safe
working limits of the selected respirator.
The applicable standards are (US) 29 CFR 1910.134 and (Canada) Z94.4-93
: Chemical-resistant, impervious gloves complying with an approved standard should be
worn at all times when handling chemical products if a risk assessment indicates this is
necessary.
Insulated gloves suitable for low temperatures
: Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) should be used to avoid inhalation of the
product.
Product name
hydrogen
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
2.02 g/mole
H2
-253C (-423.4F)
-259.15C (-434.5F)
-240.15C (-400.3F)
0.07 (Air = 1)
Liquid Density@BP: 4.43 lb/ft3 (70.96 kg/m3)
191.9386
0.00521
Hazardous decomposition
products
: Under normal conditions of storage and use, hazardous decomposition products should
not be produced.
Hazardous polymerization
: Under normal conditions of storage and use, hazardous polymerization will not occur.
Build 1.1
Page: 3/6
Hydrogen
: Not available.
: No known significant effects or critical hazards.
: Not available.
UN number
Proper shipping
name
Class
Packing group
DOT Classification
UN1049
HYDROGEN,
COMPRESSED
2.1
UN1966
Hydrogen,
refrigerated liquid
Label
Additional
information
Limited
quantity
Yes.
Packaging
instruction
Passenger
aircraft
Quantity
limitation:
Forbidden.
Cargo aircraft
Quantity
limitation:
150 kg
TDG Classification
UN1049
HYDROGEN,
COMPRESSED
UN1966
Hydrogen,
refrigerated liquid
2.1
Explosive
Limit and
Limited
Quantity
Index
0.125
ERAP Index
3000
Passenger
Carrying Ship
Index
Forbidden
Build 1.1
Page: 4/6
Hydrogen
Passenger
Carrying
Road or Rail
Index
Forbidden
Mexico
Classification
UN1049
HYDROGEN,
COMPRESSED
UN1966
Hydrogen,
refrigerated liquid
2.1
Refer to CFR 49 (or authority having jurisdiction) to determine the information required for shipment of the
product.
State regulations
Canada
WHMIS (Canada)
Build 1.1
Page: 5/6
Hydrogen
Canada
Label requirements
Hazardous Material
Information System (U.S.A.)
: GAS:
CONTENTS UNDER PRESURE.
Extremely flammable
Do not puncture or incinerate container.
Can cause rapid suffocation.
May cause severe frostbite.
LIQUID:
Extremely flammable
Extremely cold liquid and gas under pressure.
Can cause rapid suffocation.
May cause severe frostbite.
: Class A: Compressed gas.
Class B-1: Flammable gas.
: Health
Flammability
Physical hazards
liquid:
Health
Fire hazard
Reactivity
Personal protection
National Fire Protection
Association (U.S.A.)
Flammability
4
Health
Instability
Special
liquid:
Flammability
4
Health
Instability
Special
Notice to reader
To the best of our knowledge, the information contained herein is accurate. However, neither the above-named
supplier, nor any of its subsidiaries, assumes any liability whatsoever for the accuracy or completeness of the
information contained herein.
Final determination of suitability of any material is the sole responsibility of the user. All materials may present
unknown hazards and should be used with caution. Although certain hazards are described herein, we cannot
guarantee that these are the only hazards that exist.
Build 1.1
Page: 6/6
: Methane
: AIRGAS INC., on behalf of its subsidiaries
259 North Radnor-Chester Road
Suite 100
Radnor, PA 19087-5283
1-610-687-5253
Product use
Synonym
MSDS #
Date of
Preparation/Revision
In case of emergency
:
:
:
:
Synthetic/Analytical chemistry.
fire damp; marsh gas; methane (dot); methyl hydride
001033
4/1/2013.
: 1-866-734-3438
Routes of entry
Potential acute health effects
Eyes
: Contact with rapidly expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite. Contact with cryogenic
liquid can cause frostbite and cryogenic burns.
Skin
: Contact with rapidly expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite. Contact with cryogenic
liquid can cause frostbite and cryogenic burns.
Inhalation
: Acts as a simple asphyxiant.
Ingestion
Medical conditions
aggravated by overexposure
: Ingestion is not a normal route of exposure for gases. Contact with cryogenic liquid can
cause frostbite and cryogenic burns.
: Acute or chronic respiratory conditions may be aggravated by overexposure to this gas.
Build 1.1
Page: 1/7
Methane
CAS number
74-82-8
% Volume
100
Exposure limits
ACGIH TLV (United States, 1/2009).
TWA: 1000 ppm 8 hour(s).
Ingestion
:
:
:
:
:
Flammable.
539.85C (1003.7F)
Closed cup: -188.15C (-306.7F).
Lower: 5% Upper: 15%
Decomposition products may include the following materials:
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
Fire hazards in the presence : Extremely flammable in the presence of the following materials or conditions: open
flames, sparks and static discharge and oxidizing materials.
of various substances
Fire-fighting media and
: In case of fire, use water spray (fog), foam or dry chemical.
instructions
In case of fire, allow gas to burn if flow cannot be shut off immediately. Apply water from
a safe distance to cool container and protect surrounding area. If involved in fire, shut
off flow immediately if it can be done without risk.
Special protective
equipment for fire-fighters
Environmental precautions
Methods for cleaning up
Build 1.1
Page: 2/7
Methane
: Use only with adequate ventilation. Use explosion-proof electrical (ventilating, lighting
and material handling) equipment. High pressure gas. Do not puncture or incinerate
container. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Close valve after each use and
when empty. Keep container closed. Keep away from heat, sparks and flame. To avoid
fire, eliminate ignition sources. Protect cylinders from physical damage; do not drag, roll,
slide, or drop. Use a suitable hand truck for cylinder movement.
Never allow any unprotected part of the body to touch uninsulated pipes or vessels that
contain cryogenic liquids. Prevent entrapment of liquid in closed systems or piping
without pressure relief devices. Some materials may become brittle at low temperatures
and will easily fracture.
Storage
: Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Keep container tightly closed and sealed
until ready for use. Avoid all possible sources of ignition (spark or flame). Segregate
from oxidizing materials. Cylinders should be stored upright, with valve protection cap in
place, and firmly secured to prevent falling or being knocked over. Cylinder temperatures
should not exceed 52 C (125 F).
For additional information concerning storage and handling refer to Compressed Gas
Association pamphlets P-1 Safe Handling of Compressed Gases in Containers and P12 Safe Handling of Cryogenic Liquids available from the Compressed Gas Association,
Inc.
Personal protection
Eyes
Skin
Respiratory
Hands
: Use only with adequate ventilation. Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation or
other engineering controls to keep worker exposure to airborne contaminants below any
recommended or statutory limits. The engineering controls also need to keep gas, vapor
or dust concentrations below any lower explosive limits. Use explosion-proof ventilation
equipment.
: Safety eyewear complying with an approved standard should be used when a risk
assessment indicates this is necessary to avoid exposure to liquid splashes, mists or
dusts.
When working with cryogenic liquids, wear a full face shield.
: Personal protective equipment for the body should be selected based on the task being
performed and the risks involved and should be approved by a specialist before handling
this product.
: Use a properly fitted, air-purifying or air-fed respirator complying with an approved
standard if a risk assessment indicates this is necessary. Respirator selection must be
based on known or anticipated exposure levels, the hazards of the product and the safe
working limits of the selected respirator.
The applicable standards are (US) 29 CFR 1910.134 and (Canada) Z94.4-93
: Chemical-resistant, impervious gloves complying with an approved standard should be
worn at all times when handling chemical products if a risk assessment indicates this is
necessary.
Insulated gloves suitable for low temperatures
: Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) should be used to avoid inhalation of the
product.
Build 1.1
Page: 3/7
Methane
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
16.05 g/mole
C-H4
-161.6C (-258.9F)
-182.6C (-296.7F)
-82.4C (-116.3F)
0.55 (Air = 1)
Liquid Density@BP: 26.5 lb/ft3 (424.5 kg/m3)
23.6128
0.04235
: No specific information is available in our database regarding the other toxic effects of
this material to humans.
: No known significant effects or critical hazards.
: No known significant effects or critical hazards.
: No known significant effects or critical hazards.
:
:
:
:
UN number
Proper shipping
name
DOT Classification
UN1971
UN1972
Methane, refrigerated
liquid
Build 1.1
Class
Packing group
Not applicable (gas).
Label
Additional
information
-
Page: 4/7
Methane
TDG Classification
UN1971
UN1972
(Methane)Methane,
compressed or
Methane or Natural
gas, compressed
(with high methane
content)
2.1
Explosive
Limit and
Limited
Quantity
Index
0.125
ERAP Index
3000
Methane, refrigerated
liquid
Passenger
Carrying Ship
Index
Forbidden
Passenger
Carrying
Road or Rail
Index
Forbidden
Mexico
Classification
UN1971
UN1972
(Methane)Methane,
compressed or
Methane or Natural
gas, compressed
(with high methane
content)
2.1
Methane, refrigerated
liquid
Refer to CFR 49 (or authority having jurisdiction) to determine the information required for shipment of the
product.
State regulations
Build 1.1
Methane
New Jersey Spill: This material is not listed.
New Jersey Toxic Catastrophe Prevention Act: This material is not listed.
New York Acutely Hazardous Substances: This material is not listed.
New York Toxic Chemical Release Reporting: This material is not listed.
Pennsylvania RTK Hazardous Substances: This material is listed.
Rhode Island Hazardous Substances: This material is not listed.
Canada
WHMIS (Canada)
Canada
Label requirements
Hazardous Material
Information System (U.S.A.)
: GAS:
CONTENTS UNDER PRESURE.
Extremely flammable.
May cause flash fire.
Do not puncture or incinerate container.
Can cause rapid suffocation.
May cause severe frostbite.
LIQUID:
Extremely flammable.
Extremely cold liquid and gas under pressure.
Can cause rapid suffocation.
May cause severe frostbite.
: Class A: Compressed gas.
Class B-1: Flammable gas.
: Health
Flammability
Physical hazards
liquid:
Health
Fire hazard
Reactivity
Personal protection
National Fire Protection
Association (U.S.A.)
Flammability
4
Health
Instability
Special
Build 1.1
Page: 6/7
Methane
liquid:
Flammability
4
Health
Instability
Special
Notice to reader
To the best of our knowledge, the information contained herein is accurate. However, neither the above-named
supplier, nor any of its subsidiaries, assumes any liability whatsoever for the accuracy or completeness of the
information contained herein.
Final determination of suitability of any material is the sole responsibility of the user. All materials may present
unknown hazards and should be used with caution. Although certain hazards are described herein, we cannot
guarantee that these are the only hazards that exist.
Build 1.1
Page: 7/7
: Oxygen
Supplier
Product use
Synonym
MSDS #
: Molecular oxygen; Oxygen molecule; Pure oxygen; O2; UN 1072; Dioxygen; Oxygen
USP, Aviators Breathing Oxygen (ABO)
: 001043
Date of Preparation/
Revision
: 9/24/2013.
In case of emergency
: 1-866-734-3438
Routes of entry
: May cause eye irritation. Contact with rapidly expanding gas may cause burns or
frostbite. Contact with cryogenic liquid can cause frostbite and cryogenic burns.
: May cause skin irritation. Contact with rapidly expanding gas may cause burns or
frostbite. Contact with cryogenic liquid can cause frostbite and cryogenic burns.
: Respiratory system irritation after overexposure to high oxygen concentrations.
: Ingestion is not a normal route of exposure for gases. Contact with cryogenic liquid can
cause frostbite and cryogenic burns.
: Acute or chronic respiratory conditions may be aggravated by overexposure to this gas.
Build 1.1
Page: 1/7
Oxygen
CAS number
7782-44-7
% Volume
100
Exposure limits
Ingestion
: Non-flammable.
: No specific data.
Special protective
equipment for fire-fighters
Apply water from a safe distance to cool container and protect surrounding area. If
involved in fire, shut off flow immediately if it can be done without risk.
Contains gas under pressure. Contact with combustible material may cause fire. This
material increases the risk of fire and may aid combustion. In a fire or if heated, a
pressure increase will occur and the container may burst or explode.
: Fire-fighters should wear appropriate protective equipment and self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA) with a full face-piece operated in positive pressure mode.
Environmental precautions
Methods for cleaning up
Build 1.1
: High pressure gas. Do not puncture or incinerate container. Use equipment rated for
cylinder pressure. Close valve after each use and when empty. Store in tightly-closed
container. Avoid contact with combustible materials. Protect cylinders from physical
damage; do not drag, roll, slide, or drop. Use a suitable hand truck for cylinder
movement.
Never allow any unprotected part of the body to touch uninsulated pipes or vessels that
contain cryogenic liquids. Prevent entrapment of liquid in closed systems or piping
without pressure relief devices. Some materials may become brittle at low temperatures
Page: 2/7
Oxygen
and will easily fracture.
: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Separate
from acids, alkalies, reducing agents and combustibles. Cylinders should be stored
upright, with valve protection cap in place, and firmly secured to prevent falling or being
knocked over. Cylinder temperatures should not exceed 52 C (125 F).
Storage
: Use only with adequate ventilation. Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation or
other engineering controls to keep worker exposure to airborne contaminants below any
recommended or statutory limits.
Personal protection
Eyes
Skin
Respiratory
Hands
: Safety eyewear complying with an approved standard should be used when a risk
assessment indicates this is necessary to avoid exposure to liquid splashes, mists or
dusts.
When working with cryogenic liquids, wear a full face shield.
: Personal protective equipment for the body should be selected based on the task being
performed and the risks involved and should be approved by a specialist before
handling this product.
: Use a properly fitted, air-purifying or air-fed respirator complying with an approved
standard if a risk assessment indicates this is necessary. Respirator selection must be
based on known or anticipated exposure levels, the hazards of the product and the safe
working limits of the selected respirator.
The applicable standards are (US) 29 CFR 1910.134 and (Canada) Z94.4-93
: Chemical-resistant, impervious gloves complying with an approved standard should be
worn at all times when handling chemical products if a risk assessment indicates this is
necessary.
Insulated gloves suitable for low temperatures
: Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) should be used to avoid inhalation of the
product.
Product name
Oxygen
Consult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits.
: 32 g/mole
Molecular formula
: O2
Boiling/condensation point
Melting/freezing point
: -183C (-297.4F)
: -218.4C (-361.1F)
Critical temperature
: -118.15C (-180.7F)
Vapor density
: 1.1 (Air = 1)
: 12.0482
: 0.083
Hazardous decomposition
products
: Under normal conditions of storage and use, hazardous decomposition products should
not be produced.
Hazardous polymerization
: Under normal conditions of storage and use, hazardous polymerization will not occur.
Build 1.1
Page: 3/7
Oxygen
: No specific information is available in our database regarding the other toxic effects of
this material to humans.
Specific effects
Carcinogenic effects
Mutagenic effects
Reproduction toxicity
: Not available.
Environmental hazards
: Not available.
UN number
Proper shipping
name
Class
Packing group
DOT Classification
UN1072
OXYGEN,
COMPRESSED
2.2
UN1073
Oxygen, refrigerated
liquid
Label
Additional
information
Limited
quantity
Yes.
Packaging
instruction
Passenger
aircraft
Quantity
limitation: 75
kg
Cargo aircraft
Quantity
limitation: 150
kg
Special
provisions
A52
Build 1.1
Page: 4/7
Oxygen
TDG Classification
UN1072
OXYGEN,
COMPRESSED
UN1073
Oxygen, refrigerated
liquid
2.2
Explosive
Limit and
Limited
Quantity
Index
0.125
ERAP Index
3000
Passenger
Carrying Ship
Index
50
Passenger
Carrying
Road or Rail
Index
75
Special
provisions
42
Mexico
Classification
UN1072
OXYGEN,
COMPRESSED
UN1073
Oxygen, refrigerated
liquid
2.2
Refer to CFR 49 (or authority having jurisdiction) to determine the information required for shipment of the
product.
State regulations
Build 1.1
Oxygen
Rhode Island Hazardous Substances: This material is not listed.
Canada
WHMIS (Canada)
: GAS:
OXIDIZER.
CONTACT WITH COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL MAY CAUSE FIRE.
CONTENTS UNDER PRESURE.
Do not puncture or incinerate container.
May cause severe frostbite.
LIQUID:
OXIDIZER.
CONTACT WITH COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL MAY CAUSE FIRE.
Extremely cold liquid and gas under pressure.
May cause severe frostbite.
Canada
Label requirements
Hazardous Material
Information System (U.S.A.)
: Health
Flammability
Physical hazards
liquid:
Health
Fire hazard
Reactivity
Personal protection
National Fire Protection
Association (U.S.A.)
Flammability
0
Health
Instability
Special
liquid:
Build 1.1
Page: 6/7
Oxygen
Flammability
0
Health
Instability
Special
Notice to reader
To the best of our knowledge, the information contained herein is accurate. However, neither the above-named
supplier, nor any of its subsidiaries, assumes any liability whatsoever for the accuracy or completeness of the
information contained herein.
Final determination of suitability of any material is the sole responsibility of the user. All materials may present
unknown hazards and should be used with caution. Although certain hazards are described herein, we cannot
guarantee that these are the only hazards that exist.
Build 1.1
Page: 7/7
: Propane
: AIRGAS INC., on behalf of its subsidiaries
259 North Radnor-Chester Road
Suite 100
Radnor, PA 19087-5283
1-610-687-5253
Product use
Synonym
: Synthetic/Analytical chemistry.
: n-Propane; Dimethylmethane; Freon 290; Liquefied petroleum gas; Lpg; Propyl
hydride; R 290; C3H8; UN 1075; UN 1978; A-108; Hydrocarbon propellant.
: 001045
: 8/19/2013.
MSDS #
Date of
Preparation/Revision
In case of emergency
: 1-866-734-3438
Target organs
Routes of entry
Potential acute health effects
Eyes
: Contact with rapidly expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite.
Skin
: Contact with rapidly expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite.
Inhalation
: Acts as a simple asphyxiant.
: Pre-existing disorders involving any target organs mentioned in this MSDS as being at
risk may be aggravated by over-exposure to this product.
Build 1.1
Page: 1/7
Propane
CAS number
74-98-6
% Volume
100
Exposure limits
ACGIH TLV (United States, 3/2012).
TWA: 1000 ppm 8 hour(s).
NIOSH REL (United States, 1/2013).
TWA: 1800 mg/m 10 hour(s).
TWA: 1000 ppm 10 hour(s).
OSHA PEL (United States, 6/2010).
TWA: 1800 mg/m 8 hour(s).
TWA: 1000 ppm 8 hour(s).
OSHA PEL 1989 (United States, 3/1989).
TWA: 1800 mg/m 8 hour(s).
TWA: 1000 ppm 8 hour(s).
Ingestion
:
:
:
:
:
Flammable.
450C (842F)
Closed cup: -104C (-155.2F). Open cup: -104C (-155.2F).
Lower: 2.1% Upper: 9.5%
Decomposition products may include the following materials:
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
Fire hazards in the presence : Extremely flammable in the presence of the following materials or conditions: open
flames, sparks and static discharge and oxidizing materials.
of various substances
Fire-fighting media and
: In case of fire, use water spray (fog), foam or dry chemical.
instructions
In case of fire, allow gas to burn if flow cannot be shut off immediately. Apply water from
a safe distance to cool container and protect surrounding area. If involved in fire, shut
off flow immediately if it can be done without risk.
Special protective
equipment for fire-fighters
Build 1.1
Page: 2/7
Propane
Environmental precautions
Methods for cleaning up
: Use only with adequate ventilation. Use explosion-proof electrical (ventilating, lighting
and material handling) equipment. High pressure gas. Do not puncture or incinerate
container. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Close valve after each use and
when empty. Keep container closed. Keep away from heat, sparks and flame. To avoid
fire, eliminate ignition sources. Protect cylinders from physical damage; do not drag, roll,
slide, or drop. Use a suitable hand truck for cylinder movement.
Storage
: Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Keep container tightly closed and sealed
until ready for use. Avoid all possible sources of ignition (spark or flame). Segregate
from oxidizing materials. Cylinders should be stored upright, with valve protection cap in
place, and firmly secured to prevent falling or being knocked over. Cylinder temperatures
should not exceed 52 C (125 F).
Personal protection
Eyes
Skin
: Use only with adequate ventilation. Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation or
other engineering controls to keep worker exposure to airborne contaminants below any
recommended or statutory limits. The engineering controls also need to keep gas, vapor
or dust concentrations below any lower explosive limits. Use explosion-proof ventilation
equipment.
: Safety eyewear complying with an approved standard should be used when a risk
assessment indicates this is necessary to avoid exposure to liquid splashes, mists or
dusts.
Respiratory
: Personal protective equipment for the body should be selected based on the task being
performed and the risks involved and should be approved by a specialist before handling
this product.
: Use a properly fitted, air-purifying or air-fed respirator complying with an approved
standard if a risk assessment indicates this is necessary. Respirator selection must be
based on known or anticipated exposure levels, the hazards of the product and the safe
working limits of the selected respirator.
Hands
The applicable standards are (US) 29 CFR 1910.134 and (Canada) Z94.4-93
: Chemical-resistant, impervious gloves complying with an approved standard should be
worn at all times when handling chemical products if a risk assessment indicates this is
necessary.
Build 1.1
Propane
TWA: 1000 ppm 8 hour(s).
Consult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits.
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
44.11 g/mole
C3-H8
-42C (-43.6F)
-189.7C (-309.5F)
96.6C (205.9F)
109 (psig)
1.6 (Air = 1)
8.6206
0.116
Hazardous decomposition
products
: Under normal conditions of storage and use, hazardous decomposition products should
not be produced.
Hazardous polymerization
: Under normal conditions of storage and use, hazardous polymerization will not occur.
Result
Species
Dose
Exposure
LC50 Inhalation
Rat
>800000 ppm
15 minutes
Gas.
: 2100 ppm
: May cause damage to the following organs: the nervous system, heart, central nervous
system (CNS).
: No specific information is available in our database regarding the other toxic effects of
this material to humans.
Specific effects
Carcinogenic effects
Mutagenic effects
Reproduction toxicity
Build 1.1
:
:
:
:
Page: 4/7
Propane
UN number
Proper shipping
name
Class
Packing group
DOT Classification
UN1978
PROPANE
2.1
Label
Additional
information
Limited
quantity
Yes.
Packaging
instruction
Passenger
aircraft
Quantity
limitation:
Forbidden.
Cargo aircraft
Quantity
limitation:
150 kg
Special
provisions
19, T50
TDG Classification
UN1978
PROPANE
2.1
Explosive
Limit and
Limited
Quantity
Index
0.125
ERAP Index
3000
Passenger
Carrying Ship
Index
65
Passenger
Carrying
Road or Rail
Index
Forbidden
Special
provisions
29, 42
Mexico
Classification
UN1978
PROPANE
2.1
Refer to CFR 49 (or authority having jurisdiction) to determine the information required for shipment of the
product.
Build 1.1
Page: 5/7
Propane
State regulations
Canada
WHMIS (Canada)
Canada
Label requirements
Build 1.1
: FLAMMABLE GAS.
MAY CAUSE FLASH FIRE.
MAY CAUSE TARGET ORGAN DAMAGE, BASED ON ANIMAL DATA.
CONTENTS UNDER PRESSURE.
: Class A: Compressed gas.
Class B-1: Flammable gas.
Page: 6/7
Propane
Hazardous Material
Information System (U.S.A.)
: Health
Flammability
Physical hazards
Flammability
4
Health
Instability
Special
Notice to reader
To the best of our knowledge, the information contained herein is accurate. However, neither the above-named
supplier, nor any of its subsidiaries, assumes any liability whatsoever for the accuracy or completeness of the
information contained herein.
Final determination of suitability of any material is the sole responsibility of the user. All materials may present
unknown hazards and should be used with caution. Although certain hazards are described herein, we cannot
guarantee that these are the only hazards that exist.
Build 1.1
Page: 7/7
: Propylene
: AIRGAS INC., on behalf of its subsidiaries
259 North Radnor-Chester Road
Suite 100
Radnor, PA 19087-5283
1-610-687-5253
Product use
Synonym
: Synthetic/Analytical chemistry.
: Propene, methylethene, methylethylene, 1-propene, 1-propylene, refrigerant gas
R1270
: 001046
: 5/23/2013.
MSDS #
Date of
Preparation/Revision
In case of emergency
: 1-866-734-3438
Routes of entry
Potential acute health effects
Eyes
: Contact with rapidly expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite.
Skin
: Contact with rapidly expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite.
Inhalation
: Acts as a simple asphyxiant.
Ingestion
Medical conditions
aggravated by overexposure
CAS number
115-07-1
% Volume
100
Exposure limits
ACGIH TLV (United States, 1/2005).
TWA: 500 ppm 8 hour(s). Form: All forms
ACGIH TLV (United States, 3/2012).
TWA: 500 ppm 8 hour(s).
Build 1.1
Page: 1/6
Propylene
Skin contact
: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes
while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. To avoid the risk of static discharges
and gas ignition, soak contaminated clothing thoroughly with water before removing it.
Wash clothing before reuse. Clean shoes thoroughly before reuse. Get medical
attention immediately.
Frostbite
Inhalation
Ingestion
:
:
:
:
:
Flammable.
454.85 to 459.85C (850.7 to 859.7F)
Closed cup: -108.15C (-162.7F).
Lower: 2.4% Upper: 11%
Decomposition products may include the following materials:
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
Fire hazards in the presence : Extremely flammable in the presence of the following materials or conditions: open
flames, sparks and static discharge and oxidizing materials.
of various substances
Fire-fighting media and
instructions
Special protective
equipment for fire-fighters
Environmental precautions
Methods for cleaning up
: Use only with adequate ventilation. Use explosion-proof electrical (ventilating, lighting
and material handling) equipment. High pressure gas. Do not puncture or incinerate
container. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Close valve after each use and
when empty. Keep container closed. Keep away from heat, sparks and flame. To avoid
fire, eliminate ignition sources. Protect cylinders from physical damage; do not drag, roll,
slide, or drop. Use a suitable hand truck for cylinder movement.
Storage
: Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Keep container tightly closed and sealed
until ready for use. Avoid all possible sources of ignition (spark or flame). Segregate
from oxidizing materials. Cylinders should be stored upright, with valve protection cap in
place, and firmly secured to prevent falling or being knocked over. Cylinder temperatures
should not exceed 52 C (125 F).
Build 1.1
Page: 2/6
Propylene
Personal protection
Eyes
Skin
Respiratory
Hands
: Use only with adequate ventilation. Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation or
other engineering controls to keep worker exposure to airborne contaminants below any
recommended or statutory limits. The engineering controls also need to keep gas, vapor
or dust concentrations below any lower explosive limits. Use explosion-proof ventilation
equipment.
: Safety eyewear complying with an approved standard should be used when a risk
assessment indicates this is necessary to avoid exposure to liquid splashes, mists or
dusts.
: Personal protective equipment for the body should be selected based on the task being
performed and the risks involved and should be approved by a specialist before handling
this product.
: Use a properly fitted, air-purifying or air-fed respirator complying with an approved
standard if a risk assessment indicates this is necessary. Respirator selection must be
based on known or anticipated exposure levels, the hazards of the product and the safe
working limits of the selected respirator.
The applicable standards are (US) 29 CFR 1910.134 and (Canada) Z94.4-93
: Chemical-resistant, impervious gloves complying with an approved standard should be
worn at all times when handling chemical products if a risk assessment indicates this is
necessary.
: Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) should be used to avoid inhalation of the
product.
ACGIH TLV (United States, 1/2005).
TWA: 500 ppm 8 hour(s). Form: All forms
ACGIH TLV (United States, 3/2012).
TWA: 500 ppm 8 hour(s).
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
42.09 g/mole
C3-H6
-47.7C (-53.9F)
-185C (-301F)
91.9C (197.4F)
136.6 (psig)
1.4 (Air = 1)
9.0909
0.11
Build 1.1
Page: 3/6
Propylene
:
:
:
:
UN number
Proper shipping
name
Class
Packing group
DOT Classification
UN1077
PROPYLENE SEE
ALSO PETROLEUM
GASES, LIQUEFIED
2.1
Label
Additional
information
Limited
quantity
Yes.
Packaging
instruction
Passenger
aircraft
Quantity
limitation:
Forbidden.
Cargo aircraft
Quantity
limitation:
150 kg
Special
provisions
19, T50
TDG Classification
UN1077
PROPYLENE
2.1
Explosive
Limit and
Limited
Quantity
Index
0.125
ERAP Index
Build 1.1
Page: 4/6
Propylene
3000
Passenger
Carrying Ship
Index
Forbidden
Passenger
Carrying
Road or Rail
Index
Forbidden
Special
provisions
29
Mexico
Classification
UN1077
PROPYLENE SEE
ALSO PETROLEUM
GASES, LIQUEFIED
2.1
Refer to CFR 49 (or authority having jurisdiction) to determine the information required for shipment of the
product.
SARA 313
Form R - Reporting
requirements
Supplier notification
Product name
: Propylene
CAS number
115-07-1
Concentration
100
: Propylene
115-07-1
100
SARA 313 notifications must not be detached from the MSDS and any copying and redistribution of the MSDS shall
include copying and redistribution of the notice attached to copies of the MSDS subsequently redistributed.
State regulations
: Connecticut Carcinogen Reporting: This material is not listed.
Connecticut Hazardous Material Survey: This material is not listed.
Florida substances: This material is not listed.
Illinois Chemical Safety Act: This material is not listed.
Illinois Toxic Substances Disclosure to Employee Act: This material is not listed.
Louisiana Reporting: This material is not listed.
Louisiana Spill: This material is not listed.
Massachusetts Spill: This material is not listed.
Massachusetts Substances: This material is listed.
Michigan Critical Material: This material is not listed.
Minnesota Hazardous Substances: This material is not listed.
New Jersey Hazardous Substances: This material is listed.
New Jersey Spill: This material is not listed.
New Jersey Toxic Catastrophe Prevention Act: This material is not listed.
Build 1.1
Page: 5/6
Propylene
New York Acutely Hazardous Substances: This material is not listed.
New York Toxic Chemical Release Reporting: This material is not listed.
Pennsylvania RTK Hazardous Substances: This material is listed.
Rhode Island Hazardous Substances: This material is not listed.
Canada
WHMIS (Canada)
Canada
Label requirements
Hazardous Material
Information System (U.S.A.)
: FLAMMABLE GAS.
MAY CAUSE FLASH FIRE.
CONTENTS UNDER PRESSURE.
: Class A: Compressed gas.
Class B-1: Flammable gas.
Class D-2B: Material causing other toxic effects (Toxic).
: Health
Flammability
Physical hazards
Flammability
4
Health
Instability
Special
Notice to reader
To the best of our knowledge, the information contained herein is accurate. However, neither the above-named
supplier, nor any of its subsidiaries, assumes any liability whatsoever for the accuracy or completeness of the
information contained herein.
Final determination of suitability of any material is the sole responsibility of the user. All materials may present
unknown hazards and should be used with caution. Although certain hazards are described herein, we cannot
guarantee that these are the only hazards that exist.
Build 1.1
Page: 6/6
APPENDIX
D
( SUMMARY OF MASS BALANCE)
Stream Number
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
Temperature (C)
5.0
5.0
250.0
510.0
-164.1
580.0
580.0
429.6
Pressure (bar)
5.5
5.5
5.4
5.3
5.1
5.1
5.1
4.1
Vapor Fraction
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
38202.7
60390.4
60390.4
60390.4
4788.79
60390.4
65179.1
65179.1
Propylene, CH
30518.4
31526.4
31526.4
Propane, CH
38202.7
60390.4
60390.4
60390.4
24156.1
23100.1
23100.1
Hydrogen, H
1259.5
708.9
708.9
Methane, CH
1550.03
1550.03
1550.03
Ethane, CH
2906.31
2906.31
2906.31
Water, HO
5387.39
5387.39
Oxygen, O
4788.79
Stream Number
S9
S10
S11
S12
S13
S14
S15
S16
150.0
10
-32.4
128.7
-119.4
-23.2
-26.3
-19.3
Pressure (bar)
3.1
2.8
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.5
Vapor Fraction
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.0
65179.1
65179.1
59193.8
5985.3
6195.2
52998.6
30505.1
22493.5
Temperature (C)
Propylene, CH
31526.4
31526.4
31211.1
315.26
624.22
30586.9
30281
305.87
Propane, CH
23100.1
23100.1
22869.1
231
457.38
22411.8
224.118
22187.6
Hydrogen, H
708.9
708.9
701.81
7.09
701.81
Methane, CH
1550.03
1550.03
1534.53
15.5
1534.53
Ethane, CH
2906.31
2906.31
2877.25
29.06
2877.25
Water, HO
5387.39
5387.39
5387.39
Oxygen, O
Stream Number
S17
S18
S19
-19.11
5.0
5.0
Pressure (bar)
5.6
5.5
5.5
Vapor Fraction
1.0
22493.5
22493.5
22493.5
Temperature (C)
305.87
305.87
305.87
Propane, CH
22187.6
22187.6
22187.6
Hydrogen, H
Methane, CH
Ethane, CH
Water, HO
Oxygen, O
APPENDIX
E
( ENERGY BALANCE MANUAL CALCULATION )
NOTE:
*HEAT
COMPOUNDS
MOLECULAR BOILING
HEAT OF
SYMBOL
WEIGHT
POINT
VAPORIZATION
(Hi)
(g/mol)
(oC)
(kJ/mol)
CH4
H1
16.040
-161.5
8.179
C2H6
H2
30.070
-88.6
14.720
C2H4
H3
28.050
-103.7
13.540
C3H8
H4
44.090
-42.07
-42.070
C3H6
H5
42.080
-47.71
-47.700
H2
H6
2.016
-60.30
0.904
H2O
H7
18.016
100
40.656
O2
H8
32.000
-182.97
6.820
*Heat Symbol (Hi) is denoted for each compound and for each equipment.
(A 1)
Since there are three reactions involved in the reactor, so there will be three
heat of reaction with respect to each response. The reaction involved is as follows:
Reaction 1: C3H8
C3H6 + H2
Reaction 2: C3H8
C2H4 + CH4
Reaction 3: C3H8 + H2
C2H6 + CH4
(out ) ( )
(A 2)
C3H8
-103.85
C3H6
20.41
C2H6
-84.667
CH4
-74.84
C2H4
52.283
H2
H for Reaction 1
r
H reaction 1
H for Reaction 2
r
H reaction 2
H for Reaction 3
r
H reaction 3
Hr
Reaction 1:
2 C3H8
O2
2 C3H6
O2
2 H2O
Reaction 2:
H2
H for Reaction 1, r1
r1
= l(657.5585 - 700.7852) / 2l
= 21.6134 kmol/h
H for Reaction 2, r2
r2
= [(2) (-241.83) - 0]
= -483.66 kJ/mol
= l(0 655.3332) / 2l
= 327.667 x103 mol/h
2 H2O
Component C3H8:
4
4a
4b
C3H8 (v, 250C, 1 atm)
4a
250
= 21644 J/mol
= 21.644 kJ/mol
Density, =
28466 kg /h
= 56.183 m /h
= 506.678 kg/m
= 506678 g/ m
4b
1cm
44 g
mol
= 0.038 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b
= 21.644 kJ/mol + 0.038 kJ/mol
= 21.682 kJ/mol
H4
Component C3H6:
5
C3H6 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
5a
5b
C3H6 (v, 250C, 1 atm)
5a
250
= 18379 J/mol
= 18.379 kJ/mol
Density, =
28467 kg /h
= 54.644 m /h
= 520.955 kg/m
= 520955 g/ m
6b
1cm
42 g
mol
= 0.035269 kJ/mol
6
= 6a + 6b
= 18.379 kJ/mol + 0.035269 kJ/mol
= 18.414 kJ/mol
H6
Component O2 :
8
O2 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
8a
8b
O2 (v, -164 C, 1 atm)
8a
164
=25
= -5344 J/mol
= -5.344 kJ/mol
Density, =
0.000048 kg /h
= 4.21E08 m /h
8b
1cm
32 g
mol
= 0.0116 kJ/mol
8
= 8a + 8b
= -5.344 kJ/mol + 0.0116 kJ/mol
= -5.332 kJ/mol
H8
Component CH4 :
1
CH4 (v, 298 K, 1 atm)
1a
1a
108
= 28.1034 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
810.424 kg /h
2.71 m /h
= 16.04 kg/m
= 16040 g/ m
1b
1cm
16 g
mol
= 0.4112 kJ/mol
1
= 1a + 1b
= 28.1034 kJ/mol + 0.4112 kJ/mol
= 28.553 kJ/mol
H1
Component C2H6 :
2
C2H6 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
2a
2b
C2H6 (v, 580 C, 1 atm)
2a
580
= 47193.97 J/mol
= 47.194 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
424.218 kg /h
1.1926 m /h
= 30.0699 kg/m
= 30069.9 g/ m
2b
1cm
30 g
mol
= 0.4116 kJ/mol
2
= 2a + 2b
= 47.194 kJ/mol + 0.4116 kJ/mol
= 47.605 kJ/mol
H2
Component C2H4 :
3
C2H4 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
3a
3b
C2H4 (v, 580C, 1 atm)
3a
580
= 37.891 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
1021 .392 kg /h
2.665 m /h
= 44.097 kg/m
= 44097 g/ m
3b
1cm
28 g
mol
= 0.2618 kJ/mol
3
= 3a + 3b
= 37.891 kJ/mol + 0.2618 kJ/mol
= 38.153 kJ/mol
H3
Component C3H8:
4
4a
4b
C3H8 (v, 580C, 1 atm)
4a
580
= 68054.95 J/mol
= 68.055 kJ/mol
Density, =
29802 kg /h
= 58.819 m /h
= 42.0806 kg/m
= 42081 g/ m
4b
1cm
44 g
mol
= 0.431 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b
= 68.055 kJ/mol + 0.431 kJ/mol
= 68.486 kJ/mol
H4
Component C3H6:
5
C3H6 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
5a
5b
C3H6 (v, 580C, 1 atm)
5a
580
= 56881.97 J/mol
= 56.882 kJ/mol
Density, =
27192 kg /h
= 52.198 m /h
= 28.054 kg/m
= 28054 g/ m
5b
1cm
42 g
mol
= 0.6174 kJ/mol
5
= 5a + 5b
= 56.882 kJ/mol + 0.6174 kJ/mol
= 57.499 kJ/mol
H5
Component H2 :
6
H2 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
6a
H2 (v, 580C, 1 atm)
6a
580
= 16.2083 kJ/mol
Density, =
1274 kg /h
= 18.238 m /h
= 2.016 kg/m
= 201.6 g/ m
6b
1cm
2g
= 6a + 6b
= 16.2083 kJ/mol + 0.4116 kJ/mol
= 16.6199 kJ/mol
H6
Component CH4 :
1
CH4 (v, 298 k, 1 atm)
1a
1b
CH4 (v, 853 K, 1 atm)
1a
853
= 28.1034 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
810.424 kg /h
2.71 m /h
= 299.394 kg/m
= 2994 g/ m
1b
1cm
16 g
mol
= 0.4112 kJ/mol
1
= 1a + 1b
= 28.1034 kJ/mol + 0.4112 kJ/mol
= 28.553 kJ/mol
H1
Component C2H6 :
2
C2H6 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
2a
2b
C2H6 (v, 580 C, 1 atm)
2a
580
= 47193.97 J/mol
= 47.194 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
424.218 kg /h
1.1926 m /h
= 355.683 kg/m
= 3557 g/ m
2b
1cm
30 g
mol
= 0.4116 kJ/mol
2
= 2a + 2b
= 47.194 kJ/mol + 0.4116 kJ/mol
= 47.605 kJ/mol
H2
Component C2H4 :
3
C2H4 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
3a
3b
C2H4 (v, 580 C, 1 atm)
3a
580
= 37.891 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
1021 .392 kg /h
2.665 m /h
= 383.26 kg/m
= 383260 g/ m
3b
1cm
28 g
mol
= 0.03 kJ/mol
3
= 3a + 3b
= 37.891 kJ/mol + 0.03 kJ/mol
= 37.921 kJ/mol
H3
Component C3H8:
4
C3H8 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
4a
4b
C3H8 (v, 580 C, 1 atm)
4a
580
= 68054.95 J/mol
= 68.055 kJ/mol
Density, =
28466 kg /h
= 56.183 m /h
= 506.678 kg/m
= 506678 g/ m
4b
1cm
44 g
mol
= 0.03581 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b
= 68.055 kJ/mol + 0.03581 kJ/mol
= 68.090 kJ/mol
H4
Component C3H6:
5
C3H6 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
5a
5b
C3H6 (v, 580 C, 1 atm)
5a
580
= 56881.97 J/mol
= 56.882 kJ/mol
Density, =
28467 kg /h
= 54.644 m /h
= 520.955 kg/m
= 520995 g/ m
5b
1cm
42 g
mol
= 0.0333 kJ/mol
5
= 5a + 5b
= 56.882 kJ/mol + 0.0333 kJ/mol
= 56.915 kJ/mol
H5
Component H2 :
6
H2 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
6a
6b
H2 (v, 580 C, 1 atm)
6a
580
= 16.2083 kJ/mol
Density, =
731.7 kg /h
= 10.474 m /h
= 69.8591 kg/m
= 699859.1 g/ m
6b
1cm
2g
= 0.0119 kJ/mol
6
= 6a + 6b
= 16.2083 kJ/mol + 0.0119 kJ/mol
= 16.220 kJ/mol
H6
Component H20 :
7
H2 O (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
7a
7b
H2O (v, 580 C, 1 atm)
7a
580
= 20118.22 J/mol
= 20.1182 kJ/mol
Density, =
5392 kg /h
= 5.40 m /h
= 997.986 kg/m
= 997986 g/ m
7b
1cm
2g
= 0.0074 kJ/mol
7
= 7a + 7b
= 20.1182 kJ/mol + 0.0074 kJ/mol
= 20.126 kJ/mol
H7
Component CH4 :
1
CH4 (v, 298K, 1 atm)
1a
1b
CH4 (v, 703 K, 1 atm)
1a
703
= 19.060 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
810.424 kg /h
2.71 m /h
= 299.394 kg/m
= 299394 g/ m
1b
1cm
16 g
mol
= 0.4112 kJ/mol
1
= 1a + 1b
= 19.060kJ/mol + 0.4112 kJ/mol
= 19.471 kJ /mol
H1
Component C2H6 :
2
2a
2b
C2H6 (v, 430 C, 1 atm)
2a
430
= 31370 J/mol
= 31.370 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
424.218 kg /h
1.1926 m /h
= 355.683 kg/m
= 355683 g/ m
2b
1cm
30 g
mol
= 0.0263 kJ/mol
2
= 2a + 2b
= 31.370 kJ/mol + 0.0263 kJ/mol
= 31.397 kJ/mol
H2
Component C2H4 :
3
3a
3b
C2H6 (v, 430 C, 1 atm)
3a
430
= 25.420 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
1021 .392 kg /h
2.665 m /h
= 383.26 kg/m
= 383260 g/ m
3b
1cm
28 g
mol
= 0.0228 kJ/mol
3
= 3a + 3b
= 25.420 kJ/mol + 0.0228 kJ/mol
= 25.443 kJ/mol
H3
Component C3H8:
4
C3H8 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
4a
4b
C3H8 (v, 430 C, 1 atm)
4a
430
= 45206 J/mol
= 45.206 kJ/mol
Density, =
28466 kg /h
= 56.183 m /h
= 506.678 kg/m
= 506678 g/ m
4b
1cm
44 g
mol
= 0.02712 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b
= 45.206 kJ/mol + 0.02712 kJ/mol
= 45.233 kJ/mol
H4
Component C3H6:
5
5a
C3H6 (v, 430 C, 1 atm)
5a
430
= 37998 J/mol
= 37.998 kJ/mol
Density, =
28467 kg /h
= 54.644 m /h
= 520.955 kg/m
= 520955 g/ m
5b
1cm
42 g
mol
= 0.0252 kJ/mol
5
= 5a + 5b
= 37.998 kJ/mol + 0.0252 kJ/mol
= 38.023 kJ/mol
H5
Component H2 :
6
H2 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
6a
6b
H2 (v, 430 C, 1 atm)
6a
430
= 11.775 kJ/mol
Density, =
731.7 kg /h
= 10.474 m /h
= 69.8591 kg/m
= 69859.1 g/ m
6b
1cm
2g
= 0.00899 kJ/mol
6
= 6a + 6b
= 11.775 kJ/mol + 0.00899 kJ/mol
= 11.784 kJ/mol
H6
Component H20 :
7
7a
7b
H2O (v, 430 C, 1 atm)
7a
430
= 14367 J/mol
= 14.367 kJ/mol
Density, =
5392 kg /h
= 5.40 m /h
= 997.986 kg/m
= 998986 g/ m
7b
1cm
2g
= 0.00563 kJ/mol
7
= 7a + 7b
= 14.367 kJ/mol + 0.00563 kJ/mol
= 14.372 kJ/mol
H7
Component CH4 :
1
1a
CH4 (v, 423 K, 1 atm)
1a
423
Density, =
=
810.424 kg /h
2.71 m /h
= 299.394 kg/m
= 299394 g/ m
1b
1cm
16 g
mol
= 0.011067 kJ/mol
1
= 1a + 1b
= 4.888 kJ/mol + 0.011067 kJ/mol
= 4.899 kJ /mol
H1
Component C2H6 :
2
2a
2b
C2H6 (v, 150 C, 1 atm)
2a
150
= 7629 J/mol
= 7.629 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
424.218 kg/h
1.1926 m /h
= 355.683 kg/m
= 355683 g/ m
2b
1cm
30 g
mol
= 0.01746 kJ/mol
2
= 2a + 2b
= 7.629 kJ/mol + 0.01746 kJ/mol
= 7.647 kJ/mol
H2
Component C2H4 :
3
3a
3b
C2H4 (v, 150 C, 1 atm)
3a
150
= 6.273 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
1021.392 kg/h
2.665 m /h
= 383.26 kg/m
= 383260 g/ m
3b
1cm
28 g
mol
= 0.01512 kJ/mol
3
= 3a + 3b
= 6.273 kJ/mol + 0.01512 kJ/mol
= 6.288 kJ/mol
H3
Component C3H8:
4
4a
4b
C3H8 (v, 150 C, 1 atm)
4a
150
= 10831 J/mol
= 10.831 kJ/mol
Density, =
28466 kg/h
= 56.183 m /h
= 506.678 kg/m
= 506678 g/ m
4b
1cm
44 g
mol
= 0.01797 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b
= 10.831 kJ/mol + 0.01797 kJ/mol
= 10.849 kJ/mol
H4
Component C3H6:
5
5a
5b
C3H6 (v, 150 C, 1 atm)
5a
150
= 37998 J/mol
= 37.998 kJ/mol
Density, =
28467 kg/h
= 54.644 m /h
= 520.955 kg/m
= 520955 g/ m
5b
1cm
42 g
mol
= 0.0252 kJ/mol
5
= 5a + 5b
= 37.998 kJ/mol + 0.0252 kJ/mol
= 9.290 kJ/mol
H5
Component H2 :
6
H2 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
6a
6b
H2 (v, 150 C, 1 atm)
6a
150
= 3.609 kJ/mol
Density, =
731.7 kg/h
= 10.474 m /h
= 69.8591 kg/m
= 69859.1 g/ m
6b
1cm
2g
= 0.005961 kJ/mol
6
= 6a + 6b
= 3.609 kJ/mol + 0.005961 kJ/mol
= 3.615 kJ/mol
H6
Component H20 :
7
H2O (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
7a
7b
H2O (v, 150 C, 1 atm)
7a
150
= 4265 J/mol
= 4.265 kJ/mol
Density, =
5392 kg/h
= 5.40 m /h
= 997.986 kg/m
= 997986 g/ m
7b
1cm
2g
= 0.00373 kJ/mol
7
= 7a + 7b
= 4.265 kJ/mol + 0.00373 kJ/mol
= 4.269 kJ/mol
H7
GAS PHASE
Component CH4 :
1
CH4 (v, 298 K, 1 atm)
1a
1b
CH4 (v, 283 K, 1 atm)
1a
283
= -0.52885 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
810.424 kg/h
2.71 m /h
= 299.394 kg/m
= 299394 g/ m
1b
1cm
16 g
mol
= 0.0097 kJ/mol
1
= 1a + 1b
= -0.52885 kJ/mol + 0.0097 kJ/mol
= -0.529 kJ /mol
H1
Component C2H6 :
2
C2H6 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
2a
2b
C2H6 (v, 10 C, 1 atm)
2a
10
= -776.81 J/mol
= -0.7768 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
424.218 kg/h
1.1926 m /h
= 355.683 kg/m
= 355683 g/ m
2b
1cm
30 g
mol
= 0.01536 kJ/mol
2
= 2a + 2b
= -0.7768 kJ/mol + 0.01536 kJ/mol
= -0.7614 kJ/mol
H2
Component C2H4 :
3
C2H4 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
3a
3b
C2H4 (v, 10 C, 1 atm)
3a
10
= -0.641 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
1021.392 kg/h
2.665 m /h
= 383.26 kg/m
= 383260 g/ m
3b
1cm
28 g
mol
= 0.01329 kJ/mol
3
= 3a + 3b
= -0.641 kJ/mol + 0.01329 kJ/mol
= -0.6277 kJ/mol
H3
Component C3H8:
4
4a
4b
C3H8 (v, 10 C, 1 atm)
4a
10
= -1079 J/mol
= -1.079 kJ/mol
Density, =
28466 kg/h
= 56.183 m /h
= 506.678 kg/m
= 506678 g/ m
4b
1cm
44 g
mol
= 0.0158 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b
= -1.079 kJ/mol + 0.0158 kJ/mol
= -1.063 kJ/mol
H4
Component C3H6:
5
C3H6 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
5a
5b
C3H6 (v, 10 C, 1 atm)
5a
10
= -939.695 J/mol
= -0.9397 kJ/mol
Density, =
28467 kg/h
= 54.644 m /h
= 520.955 kg/m
= 520955 g/ m
5b
1cm
42 g
mol
= 0.01467 kJ/mol
5
= 5a + 5b
= -0.9397 kJ/mol + 0.01467 kJ/mol
= -0.925 kJ/mol
H5
Component H2 :
6
H2 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
6a
6b
H2 (v, 10 C, 1 atm)
6a
10
= -0.4326 kJ/mol
Density, =
731.7 kg/h
= 10.474 m /h
= 69.8591 kg/m
= 69859 g/ m
6b
1cm
2g
= 0.00524 kJ/mol
6
= 6a + 6b
= 0.00524 kJ/mol + -0.4326 kJ/mol
= -0.427 kJ/mol
H6
Component H20 :
7
H2O (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
7a
H2O (v, 10 C, 1 atm)
7a
10
= -0.5037 kJ/mol
Density, =
5392 kg/h
= 5.40 m /h
= 997.986 kg/m
= 997986 g/ m
7b
1cm
2g
= 0.00328 kJ/mol
7
= 7a + 7b
= -0.5037 kJ/mol + 0.00328 kJ/mol
= -0.500 kJ/mol
H7
2.
LIQUID PHASE
Component H2O:
7
H2 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
7a
H2 (v,100oC, 1 atm)
7a
7c
H2 (l,100 oC, 1 atm)
7d
H2 (l,10 oC, 1 atm)
100
= -503.742 J/mol
= -0.50374 kJ/mol
7b
7c
10
= 2544.16 J/mol
= 2.544 kJ/mol
Density, =
299 kg/h
= 7.5775 m /h
= 39.5 kg/m
= 39500 g/ m
7d
1cm
2g
= 39500 kJ/mol
7
= 7a + 7b + 7c + 7d
= (-0.5037 kJ/mol) +(-40.656 kJ/mol) +(2.544 kJ/mol) + 0.0829 kJ/mol
= -38.5 kJ/mol
H7
Component C3H8:
4
C3H8 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
4a
C3H8 (v, -19.34 C, 1 atm)
4a
19.34
=25
= -4429 J/mol
= -4.429 kJ/mol
Density, =
28466 kg/h
= 56.183 m /h
= 506.678 kg/m
= 506678 g/ m
4b
1cm
44 g
mol
= 506678 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b
= -4.429 kJ/mol + 42.1 kJ/mol
= 39.0 kJ/mol
H4
Component C3H6:
5
5a
C3H6 (v, -19.1 C, 1 atm)
5a
19.34
=25
= -4181 J/mol
= -4.181 kJ/mol
Density, =
28467 kg/h
= 54.644 m /h
= 520.955 kg/m
= 520955 g/ m
5b
1cm
42 g
mol
= 47.7 kJ/mol
5
= 5a + 5b
= -4.181 kJ/mol + 47.7 kJ/mol
= 45.0 kJ/mol
H5
Component C3H8:
4
C3H8 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
4a
4b
C3H8 (v, -19.1 C, 1 atm)
4a
19.1
=25
= -4429 J/mol
= -4.429 kJ/mol
Density, =
28466 kg/h
= 56.183 m /h
= 506.678 kg/m
= 506678 g/ m
4b
1cm
44 g
mol
= 42.07 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b
= -4.429 kJ/mol + 42.07 kJ/mol
= 39.1 kJ/mol
H4
Component C3H6:
5
C3H6 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
5a
5b
C3H6 (v, -19.1 C, 1 atm)
5a
19.1
=25
= -4181 J/mol
= -4.181 kJ/mol
Density, =
28467 kg/h
= 54.644 m /h
= 520.955 kg/m
= 520955 g/ m
5b
1cm
42 g
mol
= 47.7 kJ/mol
5
= 5a + 5b
= -4.181 kJ/mol + 47.7 kJ/mol
= 45.0 kJ/mol
H5
Component C3H8:
4
C3H8 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
4a
4b
C3H8 (v, 4.996 C, 1 atm)
4a
4.996
=25
= -1428 J/mol
= -1.428 kJ/mol
Density, =
28466 kg/h
= 56.183 m /h
= 506.678 kg/m
= 506678 g/ m
4b
1cm
44 g
mol
= 0.039039 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b
= -1.428 kJ/mol + 0.039039 kJ/mol
= -1.388 kJ/mol
H4
Component C3H6:
5
C3H6 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
5a
5b
C3H6 (v, 4.995 C, 1 atm)
5a
4.995
=25
= -1244 J/mol
= -1.244 kJ/mol
Density, =
28467 kg/h
= 54.644 m /h
= 520.955 kg/m
= 520955 g/ m
5b
1cm
42 g
mol
= 0.03623 kJ/mol
5
= 5a + 5b
= -1.244 kJ/mol + 0.03623 kJ/mol
= -1.208 kJ/mol
H5
Component CH4 :
1
CH4 (v, 298K, 1 atm)
1a
1b
CH4 (v, 378 K, 1 atm)
1a
378
= -0.5288 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
810.424 kg /h
2.71 m /h
= 299.394 kg/m
= 299394 g/ m
1b
1cm
16 g
mol
= 0.0085 kJ/mol
1
= 1a + 1b
= -0.5288 kJ/mol + 0.0085 kJ/mol
= -0.5203 kJ /mol
H1
Component C2H6 :
2
2a
2b
C2H6 (v, 107 C, 1 atm)
2a
107
= 4772 J/mol
= 4.772 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
424.218 kg /h
1.1926 m /h
= 355.683 kg/m
= 355683 g/ m
2b
1cm
30 g
mol
= 0.013413 kJ/mol
2
= 2a + 2b
= 4.772 kJ/mol + 0.013413 kJ/mol
= 4.785 kJ/mol
H2
Component C2H4 :
3
C2H4 (v, 107 C, 2.6 atm)
3b
C2H6 (v, 107 C, 1 atm)
3a
107
= 3.929 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
1021 .392 kg /h
2.665 m /h
= 383.26 kg/m
= 383260 g/ m
3b
1cm
28 g
mol
= 0.01163 kJ/mol
3
= 3a + 3b
= 3.929 kJ/mol + 0.01163 kJ/mol
= 3.941 kJ/mol
H3
Component C3H8:
4
C3H8 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
4a
4b
C3H8 (v, 107 C, 1 atm)
4a
107
= 6740 J/mol
= 6.740 kJ/mol
Density, =
28466 kg /h
= 56.183 m /h
= 506.678 kg/m
= 506678 g/ m
4b
1cm
44 g
mol
= 0.0138 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b
= 6.740 kJ/mol + 0.0138 kJ/mol
= 6.754 kJ/mol
H4
Component C3H6:
5
C3H6 (v, 25C, 1 atm)
5a
5b
C3H6 (v, 107 C, 1 atm)
5a
107
= 5796 J/mol
= 5.796 kJ/mol
Density, =
28467 kg /h
= 54.644 m /h
= 520.955 kg/m
= 520955 g/ m
5b
1cm
42 g
mol
= 0.01281 kJ/mol
5
= 5a + 5b
= 5.796 kJ/mol + 0.01281 kJ/mol
= 5.808 kJ/mol
H5
Component H2 :
6
H2 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
6a
6b
H2 (v, 107 C, 1 atm)
6a
107
= 2.363 kJ/mol
Density, =
731.7 kg /h
= 10.474 m /h
= 69.8591 kg/m
= 0.0699 g/ m
6b
1cm
2g
= 0.00457 kJ/mol
6
= 6a + 6b
= 2.363 kJ/mol + 0.00457 kJ/mol
= 2.368 kJ/mol
H6
Component H20 :
7
7a
7b
H2O (v, 107 C, 1 atm)
7a
107
= 2780 J/mol
= 2.780 kJ/mol
Density, =
5392 kg /h
= 5.40 m /h
= 997.986 kg/m
= 997.986 g/ m
7b
1cm
2g
= 0.00286 kJ/mol
7
= 7a + 7b
= 2.780 kJ/mol + 0.00286 kJ/mol
= 2.783 kJ/mol
H7
Component O2 :
8
O2 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
8a
8b
O2 (v, 107 C, 1 atm)
8a
107
= 2.443 kJ/mol
Density, =
0.000048 kg /h
= 4.21E08 m /h
8b
1cm
32 g
mol
= 0.004462 kJ/mol
8
= 8a + 8b
= 2.443 kJ/mol + 0.004462
= 2.45 kJ/mol
H8
Component CH4 :
1
CH4 (v, 298K, 1 atm)
1a
1b
CH4 (v, -378 K, 1 atm)
1a
378
= -4239 J/mol
= -4.239 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
810.424 kg /h
2.71 m /h
= 299.394 kg/m
= 0.2994 g/ m
1b
1cm
16 g
mol
= 0.0085 kJ/mol
1
= 1a + 1b
= -4.239 kJ/mol + 0.0085 kJ/mol
= -4.230 kJ /mol
H1
Component C2H6 :
2
2a
2b
C2H6 (v, -107 C, 1 atm)
2a
107
=25
= -5745 J/mol
= -5.745 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
424.218 kg /h
1.1926 m /h
= 355.683 kg/m
= 0.3557 g/ m
2b
1cm
30 g
mol
= 0.013413 kJ/mol
2
= 2a + 2b
= -5.745 kJ/mol + 0.013413 kJ/mol
= -5.732 kJ/mol
H2
Component C2H4 :
3
C2H4 (v, -107 C, 2.6 atm)
3b
C2H6 (v, -107 C, 1 atm)
3a
107
=25
= -4734 J/mol
= -4.734 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
1021 .392 kg /h
2.665 m /h
= 383.26 kg/m
= 383260 g/ m
3b
1cm
28 g
mol
= 0.01163 kJ/mol
3
= 3a + 3b
= -4.734 kJ/mol + 0.01163 kJ/mol
= -4.723 kJ/mol
H3
Component C3H8:
4
C3H8 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
4a
4b
C3H8 (v, -107 C, 1 atm)
4a
107
=25
= -7710 J/mol
= -7.710 kJ/mol
Density, =
28466 kg /h
= 56.183 m /h
= 506.678 kg/m
= 0.5067 g/ m
4b
1cm
44 g
mol
= 0.0138 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b
= -7.710 kJ/mol + 0.0138 kJ/mol
= -7.697 kJ/mol
H4
Component C3H6:
5
C3H6 (v, 25C, 1 atm)
5a
5b
C3H6 (v, -107 C, 1 atm)
5a
107
=25
= -6871 J/mol
= -6.871 kJ/mol
Density, =
28467 kg /h
= 54.644 m /h
= 520.955 kg/m
= 0.521 g/ m
5b
1cm
42 g
mol
= 0.01281 kJ/mol
5
= 5a + 5b
= -6.871 kJ/mol + 0.01281 kJ/mol
= -6.858 kJ/mol
H5
Component H2 :
6
H2 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
6a
6b
H2 (v, -107 C, 1 atm)
6a
107
=25
= -3813 J/mol
= -3.813 kJ/mol
Density, =
731.7 kg /h
= 10.474 m /h
= 69.8591 kg/m
= 69859 g/ m
6b
1cm
2g
= 0.00457 kJ/mol
6
= 6a + 6b
= -3.813 kJ/mol + 0.00457 kJ/mol
= -3.809 kJ/mol
H6
Component H20 :
7
7a
7b
H2O (v, -107 C, 1 atm)
7a
107
=25
= -4389 J/mol
= -4.389 kJ/mol
Density, =
5392 kg /h
= 5.40 m /h
= 997.986 kg/m
= 997986 g/ m
7b
1cm
2g
= 0.00286 kJ/mol
7
= 7a + 7b
= -4.389 kJ/mol + 0.00286 kJ/mol
= -4.386 kJ/mol
H7
Component O2 :
8
O2 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
8a
8b
O2 (v, -107 C, 1 atm)
8a
107
=25
= -3781 J/mol
= -3.781 kJ/mol
Density, =
0.000048 kg /h
= 4.21E08 m /h
8b
1cm
32 g
mol
= 0.004462 kJ/mol
8
= 8a + 8b
= -3.781 kJ/mol + 0.004462
= -3.777 kJ/mol
H8
Component H2O:
7
H2 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
7a
H2 (v,100oC, 1 atm)
7a
7c
H2 (l,100 oC, 1 atm)
7d
H2 (l,07 oC, 1 atm)
100
= 4336.3 J/mol
= 4.336 kJ/mol
7b
7c
29
= -6933.47 kJ/mol
= -6.933 kJ/mol
Density, =
32175 kg/h
= 32.34 m /h
= 998 kg/m
= 99800 g/ m
7d
1cm
2g
= 2.864x10-3 kJ/mol
7
= 7a + 7b + 7c + 7d
= (4.336 kJ/mol) +(-40.656 kJ/mol) +(-6.933 kJ/mol) + 2.864x10-3 kJ/mol
= -4.33x106 kJ/mol
H7
Component H2O:
7
H2 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
7a
H2 (v,100oC, 1 atm)
7a
7c
H2 (l,100 oC, 1 atm)
7d
H2 (l,29 oC, 1 atm)
100
= 2544.16 J/mol
= 2.544 kJ/mol
7b
7c
29
= 985.593J/mol
= 0.986 kJ/mol
Density, =
58067 kg/h
= 58.185 m /h
= 997.972 kg/m
= 997972 g/ m
7d
1cm
2g
= 2.864 kJ/mol
7
= 7a + 7b + 7c + 7d
= (2.544 kJ/mol) +(-40.656 kJ/mol) +(0.986 kJ/mol) + 2.864 kJ/mol
= -37.12 kJ/mol
H7
Component H2O:
7
H2 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
7a
H2 (v,100oC, 1 atm)
7a
7c
H2 (l,100 oC, 1 atm)
7d
H2 (l,29 oC, 1 atm)
100
= 2544.16 J/mol
= 2.544 kJ/mol
7b
7c
29
= 985.593J/mol
= 0.986 kJ/mol
Density, =
5391.9kg/h
= 5.4028 m /h
= 997.98 kg/m
= 997980 g/ m
7d
1cm
2g
= 2.864 kJ/mol
7
= 7a + 7b + 7c + 7d
= (2.544 kJ/mol) +(-40.656 kJ/mol) +(0.986 kJ/mol) + 2.864 kJ/mol
= -37.12 kJ/mol
H7
Component H20 :
1
1a
1b
H2O (v, 129 C, 1 atm)
1a
129
= 3529 J/mol
= 3.529 kJ/mol
Density, =
5392 kg /h
= 5.40 m /h
= 997.986 kg/m
= 997986 g/ m
1b
1cm
2g
= 0.00286 kJ/mol
1
= 1a + 1b
= 3.529 kJ/mol + 0.00286 kJ/mol
= 3.532 kJ/mol
H1
Component CH4:
1
CH4 (v, 298K, 1 atm)
1a
1b
CH4 (v, 195 K, 1 atm)
1a
195
= -3381 J/mol
= -3.381 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
810.424 kg /h
2.71 m /h
= 299.394 kg/m
= 299394 g/ m
1b
1cm
16 g
mol
= 0.00796 kJ/mol
1
= 1a + 1b
= -3.381 kJ/mol+ 0.00796 kJ/mol
= -3.37 kJ /mol
H1
Component C2H6 :
2
2a
2b
C2H6 (v, -78 C, 1 atm)
2a
78
= -4691 J/mol
= -4.691 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
424.218 kg /h
1.1926 m /h
= 355.683 kg/m
= 355683 g/ m
2b
1cm
30 g
mol
= 0.0126 kJ/mol
2
= 2a + 2b
= -4.691 kJ/mol + 0.0126 kJ/mol
= -4.68 kJ/mol
H2
Component C2H4 :
3
C2H4 (v, -78 C, 2.5 atm)
3b
C2H6 (v, -78 C, 1 atm)
3a
78
= -3869 J/mol
= -3.869 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
1021 .392 kg /h
2.665 m /h
= 383.26 kg/m
= 383260 g/ m
3b
1cm
28 g
mol
= 0.0109 kJ/mol
3
= 3a + 3b
= -3.869 kJ/mol + 0.0109 kJ/mol
= -3.86 kJ/mol
H3
Component C3H8:
4
C3H8 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
4a
4b
C3H8 (v, -78 C, 1 atm)
4a
78
= -6364 J/mol
= -6.364 kJ/mol
Density, =
28466 kg /h
= 56.183 m /h
= 506.678 kg/m
= 506678 g/ m
4b
1cm
44 g
mol
= 0.0129 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b
= -6.364 kJ/mol + 0.0129 kJ/mol
= -6.35 kJ/mol
H4
Component C3H6:
5
C3H6 (v, 25C, 1 atm)
5a
5b
C3H6 (v, -78 C, 1 atm)
5a
78
= -5631 J/mol
= -5.631 kJ/mol
Density, =
28467 kg /h
= 54.644 m /h
= 520.955 kg/m
= 520955 g/ m
5b
1cm
42 g
mol
= 0.0120 kJ/mol
5
= 5a + 5b
= -5.631 kJ/mol + 0.0120 kJ/mol
= -5.62 kJ/mol
H5
Component H2 :
6
H2 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
6a
6b
H2 (v, -78 C, 1 atm)
6a
78
= -2.967 kJ/mol
Density, =
731.7 kg /h
= 10.474 m /h
= 69.8591 kg/m
= 69859 g/ m
6b
1cm
2g
= 0.00429 kJ/mol
6
= 6a + 6b
= -2.967 kJ/mol + 0.00429 kJ/mol
= -2.96 kJ/mol
H6
Component H20 :
7
7a
7b
H2O (v, -78 C, 1 atm)
7a
78
= -3.425 kJ/mol
Density, =
5392 kg /h
= 5.40 m /h
= 997.986 kg/m
= 997986 g/ m
7b
1cm
2g
= 0.00268 kJ/mol
7
= 7a + 7b
= -3.425 kJ/mol + 0.00286 kJ/mol
= -3.42 kJ/mol
H7
Component O2 :
8
O2 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
8a
8b
O2 (v, -78 C, 1 atm)
8a
78
= -2.961 kJ/mol
Density, =
0.000048 kg /h
= 4.21E08 m /h
8b
1cm
32 g
mol
= 0.00418 kJ/mol
8
= 8a + 8b
= -2.961 kJ/mol + 0.00418
= -2.96 kJ/mol
H8
Component CH4 :
1
CH4 (v, 298K, 1 atm)
1a
1b
CH4 (v, 195 K, 1 atm)
1a
195
= -4487 J/mol
= -4.487 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
810.424 kg /h
2.71 m /h
= 299.394 kg/m
= 299394 g/ m
1b
1cm
16 g
mol
= 0.00796 kJ/mol
1
= 1a + 1b
= -4.487 kJ/mol + 0.00796 kJ/mol
= -4.48 kJ /mol
H1
Component C2H6 :
2
C2H6 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
2a
C2H6 (v, -78 C, 1 atm)
2a
78
= -6037 J/mol
= -6.037 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
424.218 kg /h
1.1926 m /h
= 355.683 kg/m
= 355683 g/ m
2b
1cm
30 g
mol
= 0.0126 kJ/mol
2
= 2a + 2b
= -6.037 kJ/mol + 0.0126 kJ/mol
= -6.02 kJ/mol
H2
Component C2H4 :
3
C2H4 (v, -78 C, 2.5 atm)
3b
C2H6 (v, -78 C, 1 atm)
3a
78
= -4972 J/mol
= -4.972 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
1021 .392 kg /h
2.665 m /h
= 383.26 kg/m
= 383260 g/ m
3b
1cm
28 g
mol
= 0.0109 kJ/mol
3
= 3a + 3b
= -4.972 kJ/mol + 0.0109 kJ/mol
= -4.96 kJ/mol
H3
Component C3H8:
4
C3H8 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
4a
4b
C3H8 (v, -78 C, 1 atm)
4a
78
= -8072 J/mol
= -8.072 kJ/mol
Density, =
28466 kg /h
= 56.183 m /h
= 506.678 kg/m
= 0.5067 g/ m
4b
1cm
44 g
mol
= 0.0129 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b
= -8.072 kJ/mol+ 0.0129 kJ/mol
= -8.06 kJ/mol
H4
Component C3H6:
5
C3H6 (v, 25C, 1 atm)
5a
5b
C3H6 (v, -78 C, 1 atm)
5a
78
=-7210 J/mol
= -7.210 kJ/mol
Density, =
28467 kg /h
= 54.644 m /h
= 520.955 kg/m
= 0.521 g/ m
5b
1cm
42 g
mol
= 0.0120 kJ/mol
5
= 5a + 5b
= -7.210 kJ/mol+ 0.0120 kJ/mol
= -7.20 kJ/mol
H5
Component H2 :
6
H2 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
6a
6b
H2 (v, -78 C, 1 atm)
6a
78
= -4.067 kJ/mol
Density, =
731.7 kg /h
= 10.474 m /h
= 69.8591 kg/m
= 69859 g/ m
6b
1cm
2g
= 0.00429 kJ/mol
6
= 6a + 6b
= -4.067 kJ/mol + 0.00429 kJ/mol
= -4.06 kJ/mol
H6
Component H20 :
7
7a
7b
H2O (v, -78 C, 1 atm)
7a
78
= -4.677 kJ/mol
Density, =
5392 kg /h
= 5.40 m /h
= 997.986 kg/m
= 997986 g/ m
7b
1cm
2g
= 0.00268 kJ/mol
7
= 7a + 7b
= -4.677 kJ/mol + 0.00268 kJ/mol
= -4.68 kJ/mol
H7
Component O2 :
8
O2 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
8a
8b
O2 (v, -78 C, 1 atm)
8a
78
= -4.025 kJ/mol
Density, =
0.000048 kg /h
= 4.21E08 m /h
8b
1cm
32 g
mol
= 0.00418 kJ/mol
8
= 8a + 8b
= -4.025 kJ/mol + 0.00418
= -4.02 kJ/mol
H8
Component CH4:
1
CH4 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
1a
1a
162
=25
1c
CH4 (l,-162 oC, 1 atm)
1d
CH4 (l,-116 oC, 1 atm)
= -5707 J/mol
= -5.707 kJ/mol
1b
1c
= 25
116
= 1220 J/mol
= 1.220 kJ/mol
Density, =
4.54x10 7 kg /h
= 1.2810 9 m /h
= 356kg/m
= 356000 g/ m
1d
1cm
30 g
mol
= 0.00796 kJ/mol
1
= 1a + 1b + 1c + 1d
= -5.707 kJ/mol + -8.179 kJ/mol + 1.220 kJ/mol + 0.00796 kJ/mol
= -12.7 kJ/mol
H1
Component C2H6:
2
C2H6 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
2a
2a
2c
C2H6 (l,-89 oC, 1 atm)
2d
C2H6 (l,-116 oC, 1 atm)
89
= -5091 J/mol
= -5.091 kJ/mol
2b
2c
= 25
116
= -945.563 J/mol
= -945.5 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
260452 x10 5 kg /h
732.26 m /h
= 356 kg/m
= 0.356 g/ m
2d
1cm
30 g
mol
= 0.0126 kJ/mol
2
= 2a + 2b + 2c + 2d
= -5.091 kJ/mol + -14.720 kJ/mol + -0.9455 kJ/mol + 0.0126 kJ/mol
= -20.7 kJ/mol
H2
Component C2H4:
3
C2H4 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
3a
3a
104
=25
3c
C2H4 (l,-104 oC, 1 atm)
3d
C2H4 (l,-116 oC, 1 atm)
= -4637 J/mol
= -4.637 kJ/mol
3b
3c
= 25
116
= -335.72 J/mol
= -0.33572 kJ/mol
Density, =
4.54x10 7 kg /h
= 1.2810 9 m /h
= 356kg/m
= 356000 g/ m
3d
1cm
30 g
mol
= 0.0109 kJ/mol
3
= 3a + 3b + 3c + 3d
= -4.637 kJ/mol + -13.540 kJ/mol + -0.33572 kJ/mol + 0.0109 kJ/mol
= -18.5 kJ/mol
H3
Component C3H8:
4
C3H8 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
4a
4a
4c
C3H8 (l,-42 oC, 1 atm)
4d
C3H8 (l,-116 oC, 1 atm)
42
= -4429 J/mol
= -4.429 kJ/mol
4b
4c
= 25
116
= -3643 J/mol
= -3.643 kJ/mol
Density, =
1.07x10 5 kg /h
= 2.10 10 8 m /h
= 507 kg/m
= 507000 g/ m
4d
1cm
30 g
mol
= 0.0129 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b + 4c + 4d
= -4.429 kJ/mol + 42.070 kJ/mol + -3.643 kJ/mol + 0.0129 kJ/mol
= 34.0 kJ/mol
H4
Component C3H6:
5
C23H6 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
5a
5a
5c
C3H6 (l,-48 oC, 1 atm)
5d
C3H6 (l,-116 oC, 1 atm)
48
= -4181 J/mol
= -4.181 kJ/mol
5b
5c
= 25
116
= -3028 J/mol
= -3.028 kJ/mol
Density, =
6.90x10 4 kg /h
= 1.32 10 6 m /h
= 521 kg/m
= 0. 521 g/ m
5d
1cm
30 g
mol
= 0.0120 kJ/mol
5
= 5a + 5b + 5c + 5d
= -4.181 kJ/mol + 47.700 kJ/mol + -3.028 kJ/mol + 0.0120 kJ/mol
= 40.5 kJ/mol
H5
Component H2:
6
H2 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
6a
6c
H2 (l,-60 oC, 1 atm)
6d
H2 (l,-116 oC, 1 atm)
60
= -2460 J/mol
= -2.460 kJ/mol
6b
6c
= 25
116
= -1607 J/mol
= -1.607 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
760.27 kg /h
10.88 m /h
= 69.9 kg/m
= 69900 g/ m
6d
1cm
= 069900
2g
= 0.00429 kJ/mol
6
= 6a + 6b + 6c + 6d
= -2.460 kJ/mol + -0.904 kJ/mol + -1.607 kJ/mol + 0.00429 kJ/mol
= -4.97 kJ/mol
H6
Component H2O:
7
H2O (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
7a
7a
7c
H2O (l,100 oC, 1 atm)
7d
H2O (l,-116 oC, 1 atm)
100
= 4336 J/mol
= 4.336 kJ/mol
7b
7c
= 25
116
= -7222 J/mol
= -7.222 kJ/mol
Density, =
1.59 x10 2 kg /h
= 1.59 10 5 m /h
= 998 kg/m
= 4 x10 g/ m4
7d
1cm
18 g
mol
= 0.00268 kJ/mol
7
= 7a + 7b + 7c + 7d
= 4.336 kJ/mol + -40.656 kJ/mol + -7.222 kJ/mol + 0.00268 kJ/mol
= -43.5 kJ/mol
H7
Component O2:
8
O2 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
8a
183
=25
8c
O2 (l,-183 oC, 1 atm)
8d
O2 (l,-116oC, 1 atm)
= -5848 J/mol
= -5.848 kJ/mol
8b
8c
= 25
116
= 1823 J/mol
= 1.823 kJ/mol
Density, =
1.49x10 4 kg /h
= 1.3110 7 m /h
= 1140 kg/m
= 1.140 g/ m
8d
1cm
32 g
mol
= 0.00418 kJ/mol
8
= 8a + 8b + 8c + 8d
= -5.848 kJ/mol + -6.820 kJ/mol + 1.823 kJ/mol + 0.00418 kJ/mol
= -10.8 kJ/mol
H8
Component C2H6:
1
C2H6 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
1a
1a
1c
C2H6 (l,-89 oC, 1 atm)
1d
C2H6 (l,-23 oC, 1 atm)
89
= -5091 J/mol
= -5.091 kJ/mol
1b
1c
23
= 2693 J/mol
= 2.693 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
260452 x10 5 kg /h
732.26 m /h
= 356 kg/m
= 0.356 g/ m
1d
1cm
30 g
mol
= 0.0126 kJ/mol
1
= 1a + 1b + 1c + 1d
= -5.091 kJ/mol + -1.472 kJ/mol + 2.693 kJ/mol + 0.0126 kJ/mol
= -3.86 kJ/mol
H1
Component C2H4:
2
C2H4 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
2a
104
=25
2c
C2H4 (l,-104 oC, 1 atm)
2d
C2H4 (l,-23 oC, 1 atm)
= -4637 J/mol
= -4.637 kJ/mol
2b
2c
23
= 2658 J/mol
= 2.658 kJ/mol
Density, =
4.54x10 7 kg /h
= 1.2810 9 m /h
= 356 kg/m
= 356000 g/ m
2d
1cm
28 g
mol
= 0.0109 kJ/mol
2
= 2a + 2b + 2c + 2d
= -4.637 kJ/mol + -1.354 kJ/mol + 2.658kJ/mol + 0.0109 kJ/mol
= -3.32 kJ/mol
H2
Component C3H8:
3
C3H8 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
3a
3a
3c
C3H8 (l,-42 oC, 1 atm)
3d
C3H8 (l,-23 oC, 1 atm)
42
= -4429 J/mol
= -4.429 kJ/mol
3b
3c
23
= 1124 J/mol
= 1.124 kJ/mol
Density, =
1.07x10 5 kg /h
= 2.10 10 8 m /h
= 507 kg/m
= 507000 g/ m
3d
1cm
32 g
mol
= 0.0129 kJ/mol
3
= 3a + 3b + 3c + 3d
= -4.429 kJ/mol + 4.207 kJ/mol + 1.124 kJ/mol + 0.0129 kJ/mol
= 0.915 kJ/mol
H3
Component C3H6:
4
C23H6 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
4a
4c
C3H6 (l,-48 oC, 1 atm)
4d
C3H6 (l,-23 oC, 1 atm)
48
= -4181 J/mol
= -4.181 kJ/mol
4b
4c
23
= 1288 J/mol
= 1.288 kJ/mol
Density, =
6.90x10 4 kg /h
= 1.32 10 6 m /h
= 521 kg/m
= 521000 g/ m
4d
1cm
30 g
mol
= 0.0120 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b + 4c + 4d
= -4.181 kJ/mol + 4.770 kJ/mol + 1.288 kJ/mol + 0.0120 kJ/mol
= 1.89 kJ/mol
H4
Component C3H8:
1
C3H8 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
1a
1a
1c
C3H8 (l,-42 oC, 1 atm)
1d
C3H8 (l,-23oC, 1 atm)
42
= -4429 J/mol
= -4.429 kJ/mol
1b
1c
23
= 1124 J/mol
= 1.124 kJ/mol
Density, =
1.07x10 5 kg /h
= 2.10 10 8 m /h
= 507 kg/m
= 507000 g/ m
1d
1cm
32 g
mol
= 0.0129 kJ/mol
1
= 1a + 1b + 1c + 1d
= -4.429 kJ/mol + 4.207 kJ/mol + 1.124 kJ/mol + 0.0129 kJ/mol
= 0.915 kJ/mol
H1
Component C3H6:
2
C23H6 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
2a
2a
2c
C3H6 (l,-48 oC, 1 atm)
2d
C3H6 (l,-23 oC, 1 atm)
48
= -4181 J/mol
= -4.181 kJ/mol
2b
2c
23
= 1288 J/mol
= 1.288 kJ/mol
Density, =
6.90x10 4 kg /h
= 1.32 10 6 m /h
= 521 kg/m
= 521000 g/ m
2d
1cm
g
x (2.5 1) atm x
30 g
mol
= 0.0120 kJ/mol
2
= 2a + 2b + 2c + 2d
= -4.181 kJ/mol + 4.770 kJ/mol + 1.288 kJ/mol + 0.0120 kJ/mol
= 1.89 kJ/mol
H2
Component C2H6 :
1
1a
1b
C2H6 (v, -23 C, 1 atm)
1a
23
= -2385 J/mol
= -2.385 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
424.218 kg /h
1.1926 m /h
= 355.683 kg/m
= 355683 g/ m
1b
1cm
30 g
mol
= 0.0126 kJ/mol
1
= 1a + 1b
= -2.385 kJ/mol + 0.0126 kJ/mol
= -2.37 kJ/mol
H1
Component C2H4 :
2
C2H4 (v, -23 C, 2.5 atm)
2b
C2H6 (v, -23 C, 1 atm)
2a
23
= -1968 J/mol
= -1.968 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
1021 .392 kg /h
2.665 m /h
= 383.26 kg/m
= 3833260 g/ m
2b
1cm
28 g
mol
= 0.0109 kJ/mol
2
= 2a + 2b
= -1.968 kJ/mol + 0.0109 kJ/mol
= -1.96 kJ/mol
H2
Component C3H8:
3
C3H8 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
3a
3b
C3H8 (v, -23 C, 1 atm)
23
= -3287 J/mol
= -3.287 kJ/mol
Density, =
28466 kg /h
= 56.183 m /h
= 506.678 kg/m
= 506683 g/ m
3b
1cm
44 g
mol
= 0.0129 kJ/mol
3
= 3a + 3b
= -3.287 kJ/mol + 0.0129 kJ/mol
= -3.27 kJ/mol
H3
Component C3H6:
4
C3H6 (v, 25C, 1 atm)
4a
4b
C3H6 (v, -23 C, 1 atm)
4a
23
= -2878 J/mol
= -2.878 kJ/mol
Density, =
28467 kg /h
= 54.644 m /h
= 520.955 kg/m
= 520955 g/ m
4b
1cm
42 g
mol
= 0.0120 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b
= -2.878 kJ/mol + 0.0120 kJ/mol
= -2.87 kJ/mol
H4
Component C2H6:
2
2a
2b
C2H6 (v, -26.28 C, 1 atm)
2a
26.28
=25
= -2526.47 J/mol
= -2.526 kJ/mol
Density, =
0.468 kg/h
= 1.3210 5 m /h
= 356kg/m
= 356000 g/ m
2b
1cm
30 g
mol
= 0.0117 kJ/mol
2
= 2a + 2b
= -2.526 kJ/mol + 0.0117 kJ/mol
= -2.5143 kJ/mol
H2
Component C3H8 :
4
C3H8 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
4a
4b
C3H8 (v, -26.28 C, 1 atm)
4a
26.28
=25
= -3479.79 J/mol
= -3.479 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
6.1210 6 kg/h
12083 .1 m /h
= 507 kg/m
= 507000 g/ m
4b
1cm
44 g
mol
= 0.0121 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b
= -3.479 kJ/mol + 0.0121 kJ/mol
= -3.467 kJ/mol
H4
Component C3H6:
5
C3H6 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
5a
5b
C3H6 (v, -26.28 C, 1 atm)
5a
26.28
=25
= -3048.30 J/mol
= -3.039 kJ/mol
Density, =
2.9310 8 kg/h
= 5.6310 5 m /h
= 520.426 kg/m
= 0.520 g/ m
5b
1cm
42 g
mol
= 0.0112 kJ/mol
5
= 5a + 5b
= -3.039 kJ/mol + 0.0112 kJ/mol
= -3.0278kJ/mol
H5
Component C2H6:
2
C2H6 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
2a
2a
88.6
=25
2c
C2H6 (l,-88.6 oC, 1 atm)
2d
C2H6 (l,-26.28 oC, 1 atm)
= -3778.06 J/mol
= -3.778 kJ/mol
2b
= - v (C2H6,-88.6oC) = -14.72kJ/mol
2c
26.28
= 2062.4 J/mol
= 2.062 kJ/mol
Density, =
4.54x10 7 kg/h
= 1.2810 9 m /h
= 356kg/m
= 356000 g/ m
2d
1cm
30 g
mol
= 0.0117 kJ/mol
2
= 2a + 2b + 2c + 2d
= -3.778 kJ/mol + -14.72 kJ/mol + 2.062 kJ/mol + 0.0117 kJ/mol
= -16.4 kJ/mol
H2
Component C3H8 :
4
C3H8 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
4a
4a
42.07
=25
4c
C3H8 (l,-42.07 oC, 1 atm)
4d
C3H8 (l,-26.28 oC, 1 atm)
= -2240.45 J/mol
= -2.240 kJ/mol
4b
4c
26.28
= 524.77 J/mol
= 0.525 kJ/mol
Density, =
594.33 kg/h
= 1.17299 m /h
= 507 kg/m
= 507000 g/ m
4d
1cm
44 g
mol
= 0.0138 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b + 4c + 4d
= -2.24 kJ/mol + 42.07 kJ/mol +0.525 kJ/mol + 0.0138 kJ/mol
= 40.4 kJ/mol
H4
Component C3H6:
5
C3H6 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
5a
5a
47.71
=25
5c
C3H6 (l,-47.71 oC, 1 atm)
5d
C3H6 (l,-26.28 oC, 1 atm)
= -2427.52 J/mol
= -2.428 kJ/mol
5b
5c
26.28
= 711.83 J/mol
= 0.712 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
28463 .04kg/h
54.636 m /h
= 521.00 kg/m
= 521000 g/ m
5d
1cm
42 g
mol
= 0.0128 kJ/mol
5
= 5a + 5b + 5c + 5d
= -2.428 kJ/mol + 47.70 kJ/mol + 0.521kJ/mol + 0.0128 kJ/mol
= 45.81 kJ/mol
H5
Component C2H6:
2
C2H6 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
2a
2a
88.6
=25
2c
C2H6 (l,-88.6 oC, 1 atm)
2d
C2H6 (l,-26.28 oC, 1 atm)
= -3778.06 J/mol
= -3.778 kJ/mol
2b
= - v (C2H6,-88.6oC) = -14.72kJ/mol
2c
26.28
= 2062.4 J/mol
= 2.062 kJ/mol
Density, =
4.68x10 3 kg/h
= 1.32810 5 m /h
= 356kg/m
= 356000 g/ m
2d
1cm
30 g
mol
= 0.0117 kJ/mol
2
= 2a + 2b + 2c + 2d
= -3.778 kJ/mol + -14.72 kJ/mol + 2.062 kJ/mol + 0.0117 kJ/mol
= -16.4 kJ/mol
H2
Component C3H8 :
4
C3H8 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
4a
4a
42.07
=25
4c
C3H8 (l,-42.07 oC, 1 atm)
4d
C3H8 (l,-26.28 oC, 1 atm)
= -2240.45 J/mol
= -2.240 kJ/mol
4b
4c
26.28
= 524.77 J/mol
= 0.525 kJ/mol
Density, =
6.12x10 6 kg/h
= 12081 .88 m /h
= 507 kg/m
= 507000 g/ m
4d
1cm
44 g
mol
= 0.0121 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b + 4c + 4d
= -2.24 kJ/mol + 42.07 kJ/mol +0.525 kJ/mol + 0.0138 kJ/mol
= 40.4 kJ/mol
H4
Component C3H6:
5
C3H6 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
5a
5a
47.71
=25
5c
C3H6 (l,-47.71 oC, 1 atm)
5d
C3H6 (l,-26.28 oC, 1 atm)
= -2427.52 J/mol
= -2.428 kJ/mol
5b
5c
26.28
= 711.83 J/mol
= 0.712 kJ/mol
Density, =
2.93 kg/h
= 5.6310 5 m /h
= 521.00 kg/m
= 521000 g/ m
5d
1cm
42 g
mol
= 0.0112 kJ/mol
5
= 5a + 5b + 5c + 5d
= -2.428 kJ/mol + 47.70 kJ/mol + 0.521kJ/mol + 0.0112 kJ/mol
= 45.81 kJ/mol
H5
4a
4a
42.07
=25
4c
C3H8 (l,-42.07 oC, 1 atm)
4d
C3H8 (l,-19.34 oC, 1 atm)
= -4429.63 J/mol
= -4.430 kJ/mol
4b
4c
19.348
= 1385.75 J/mol
= 1.386 kJ/mol
Density, =
3.11x10 8 kg/h
= 6.13 x10 5 m /h
= 507 kg/m
= 507000 g/ m
4d
1cm
44 g
mol
= 0.0129 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b + 4c + 4d
= -4.430 kJ/mol + 42.07 kJ/mol +1.386 kJ/mol + 0.0129 kJ/mol
= 39 kJ/mol
H4
Component C3H6:
5
C3H6 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
5a
5a
47.71
=25
5c
C3H6 (l,-47.71 oC, 1 atm)
5d
C3H6 (l,-19.34 oC, 1 atm)
= -4181.6 J/mol
= -4.182 kJ/mol
5b
5c
19.34
= 1518.38 J/mol
6.01 kg/h
= 1.1510 2 m /h
= 521.00 kg/m
= 521000 g/ m
5d
1cm
42 g
mol
= 0.012 kJ/mol
5
= 5a + 5b + 5c + 5d
= -4.182 kJ/mol + 47.70 kJ/mol + 1.518kJ/mol + 0.012 kJ/mol
= 45 kJ/mol
H5
Component C3H8:
4
C3H8 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
4a
42.07
=25
4c
C3H8 (l,-42.07 oC, 1 atm)
4d
C3H8 (l,-19.34 oC, 1 atm)
= -4429.63 J/mol
= -4.430 kJ/mol
4b
4c
19.348
= 1385.75 J/mol
= 1.386 kJ/mol
Density, =
3.11x10 8 kg/h
= 6.13 x10 5 m /h
= 507 kg/m
= 507000 g/ m
4d
1cm
44 g
mol
= 0.0129 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b + 4c + 4d
= -4.430 kJ/mol + 42.07 kJ/mol +1.386 kJ/mol + 0.0129 kJ/mol
= 39 kJ/mol
H4
Component C3H6:
5
C3H6 (v, 25 C, 1 atm)
5a
5a
47.71
=25
5c
C3H6 (l,-47.71 oC, 1 atm)
5d
C3H6 (l,-19.34 oC, 1 atm)
= -4181.6 J/mol
= -4.182 kJ/mol
5b
5c
19.34
= 1518.38 J/mol
= 1.518 kJ/mol
Density, =
6.01 kg/h
= 1.1510 2 m /h
= 521.00 kg/m
= 521000g/ m
5d
1cm
42 g
mol
= 0.012 kJ/mol
5
= 5a + 5b + 5c + 5d
= -4.182 kJ/mol + 47.70 kJ/mol + 1.518kJ/mol + 0.012 kJ/mol
= 45 kJ/mol
H5
Component C3H8 :
4
C3H8 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
4a
4b
C3H8 (v, -19.34 C, 1 atm)
4a
19.34
=25
= -3043.9 J/mol
= -3.044 kJ/mol
Density, =
=
3.1010 8 kg/h
6.1310 5 m /h
= 507 kg/m
= 507000 g/ m
4b
1cm
44 g
mol
= 0.0129 kJ/mol
4
= 4a + 4b
= -3.044 kJ/mol + 0.0129 kJ/mol
= -3.03 kJ/mol
H4
Component C3H6:
5
C3H6 (v, 25 , C, 1 atm)
5a
5b
C3H6 (v, -26.28 C, 1 atm)
5a
26.28
=25
= -19645 J/mol
= -19.65 kJ/mol
Density, =
6.0110 4 kg/h
= 1.1510 2 m /h
= 521kg/m
= 521000 g/ m
5b
1cm
42 g
mol
= 0.012 kJ/mol
5
= 5a + 5b
= -19.65 kJ/mol + 0.012 kJ/mol
= -19.6/mol
H5