A summary of what I learned about Bonds in Chem1010:

Bonds
In between atoms and molecules bonds are present to hold the substance together. There are three
forms of bonds that can occur: Covalent, Ionic and Polar Covalent (not including hydrogen
bonds). An important piece to understanding bonds is the valence shell, defined as the outermost
shell of an electron. When looking at a periodic table, you can locate the columns, A column is
commonly represents non-metals and column B represents metals. When looking above the
column you can locate a number; For example, above Hydrogen theres a 1 and Helium theres
an 8. These numbers represent the amount of electrons in the outermost shell. The amount of
electrons in the outermost valence shell can vary more in the B column, while the A column is
more straight forward. This means that all the elements in the first column have 1 electron in
their valance shell. Column 2 elements contain 2, 3 contains 3 etc... Once you get to the 8th
column there are now a total of 8 electrons in the outermost shell, these gases can contribute
electrons to other elements or exist independently due to the Octet Rule.

The Octet Rule

The universal understanding to this rule is that for an element to be stable it must contain 8
electrons in its outermost shell. The elements that do not follow this rule are H, He, B, Li and
occasionally Be since they follow the duet rule.
The Duet Rule
Atoms only need two valence electrons to be stable.

Covalent Bonds
When theres inconsequential variance in electronegativity, they create stronger bonds because it
directly bonds due to the negative and positive correspondence and usually form bonds of nonmetal to non-metal and metal to metal.
Polar Covalent
Have a moderate difference in electronegativity, form bonds with slightly negative atom or
slightly positive atom, these bonds are more likely to occur between polar molecules
Ionic Bonds
The variance in electronegativity is large, mostly occur between salts and metals, not as strong as
covalent bonds.
Electronegativity
Using the periodic table to determine the electronegativity by associating F being the highest.
The amount increases as you move left (low) to right (high) and bottom (low) to top (high).