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=PA
where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the area in mm 2. The maximum
stress in tension or compression occurs over a section normal to the load.
Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress. Members subject to pure
tension (or tensile force) is under tensile stress, while compression members (members
subject to compressive force) are under compressive stress.
Compressive force will tend to shorten the member. Tension force on the other hand will
tend to lengthen the member.
Problem 104
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of 400
kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m 2.
Solution 104
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P=A
where:
P=400kN
=400000N
=120M
Pa
A=14D2
14(1002)
A=14(D210000)
Thus,
400000=120[14(D210000)]
400000=30D2300000
D2=400000+30000030
D=119.35 mm
answer
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Solution 105
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By symmetry:
Pbr=Pst=12(7848)
Pbr=3924 N
Pst=3924 N
Pbr=brAbr
3924=90Abr
Abr=43.6mm2
answer
Pst=stAst
3924=120Ast
Ast=32.7mm2
answer
its diameter is 0.6 inch and the bar weighs 6000 lb.
Solution 106
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MC=0
5T+10(334T)=5(6000)
T=2957.13lb
T=A
2957.13=[14(0.62)]
=10458.72 psi
answer
Solution 107
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For steel:
stAst=Pst
st(0.5)=12
st=24 ksi
answer
For aluminum:
alAal=Pal
al(0.5)=12
al=24 ksi
answer
For bronze:
brAbr=Pbr
br(0.5)=9
br=18 ksi
answer
Solution 108
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For bronze:
brAbr=2P
100(200)=2P
P=10000N
For aluminum:
alAal=P
90(400)=P
P=36000N
For Steel:
stAst=5P
P=14000N
answer
Solution 109
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Free body diagram of Joint A
TABsin40=Wsin80
TAB=0.6527W
ABAAB=0.6527W
30(0.4)=0.6527W
W=18.4kips
TACsin60=Wsin80
TAC=0.8794W
TAC=ACAAC
0.8794W=30(0.5)
W=17.1kips
W=17.1 kips
answer
Problem 110
A 12-inches square steel bearing plate lies between an 8-inches diameter wooden post
and a concrete footing as shown in Fig. P-110. Determine the maximum value of the
load P if the stress in wood is limited to 1800 psi and that in concrete to 650 psi.
Solution 110
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For wood:
Pw=wAw
Pw=1800[14(82)]
Pw=90477.9lb
P=Pw=90477.9lb
For concrete:
Pc=cAc
Pc=650(122)
Pc=93600lb
P=Pc=93600lb
P=90478lb
answer
Solution 111
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From the FBD of the truss:
MA=0
24RF=16(30)
RF=20k
At joint F:
FV=0
35DF=20
DF=3313k(Compression)
At joint D:
By symmetry
BD=DF=3313k(Compression)
FV=0
DE=35BD+35DF
DE=35(3313)+35(3313)
DE=40k(Tension)
At joint E:
FV=0
35CE+30=40
CE=1623k(Tension)
CE=16231.8=9.26ksi (Tension)
answer
DE=401.8=22.22ksi (Tension)
answer
DF=33131.8=18.52ksi (Compression)
answer
Solution 112
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FV=0
RAV=40+25=65k
AV=0
18RD=8(25)+4(40)
RD=20k
FH=0
RAH=RD=20k
Check:
MD=0
12RAV=18(RAH)+4(25)+8(40)
12(65)=18(20)+4(25)+8(40)
FV=0
313AB=65
AB=78.12k
FH=0
AG+20=213AB
AG=20.33kTension
AG=tensionAAG
20.33=20AAG
AAG=1.17in2
answer
MF=0
6(213BC)=12(20)
BC=72.11k Compression
BC=compressionABC
72.11=14ABC
ABC=5.15in2
answer
FH=0
213CD=20
CD=36.06k
FV=0
DE=313CD=313(36.06)=30k
At joint E:
FV=0
313EF=30
EF=36.06k
FH=0
CE=213EF=213(36.06)=20k Compression
CF=compressionACE
20=14ACE
ACE=1.43in2
answer
Solution 113
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For member BD: (See FBD 01)
MC=0
3(45BD)=3(60)
BD=75kN Tension
BD=BDA
75(1000)=BD(1600)
BD=46.875MPa (Tension)
answer
MD=0
4(12CF)=4(90)+7(60)
CF=275.77kN Compression
CF=CFA
275.77(1000)=CF(1600)
CF=172.357MPa (Compression)
answer
MD=0
4BC=7(60)
BC=105kN Compression
BC=BCA
105(1000)=BC(1600)
BC=65.625MPa (Compression)
answer
Solution 114
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FH=0
TABcos30=RDsin50
RD=1.1305TAB
FV=0
TABsin30+TAB+TC+RDcos50=W
TABsin30+TAB+TC+(1.1305TAB)cos50=W
2.2267TAB+TC=W
TC=W2.2267TAB
MD=0
6(TABsin30)+4TAB+2TC=3W
7TAB+2(W2.2267TAB)=3W
2.5466TAB=W
TAB=0.3927W
TC=W2.2267TAB
TC=W2.2267(0.3927W)
TC=0.1256W
TAB=ABAAB
0.3927W=100(250)
W=63661.83N
Based on cable at C:
T2=CAC
0.1256W=100(300)
W=238853.50N
Sfave value of W
W=63669.92N
W=mg
63669.92=m(9.81)
m=6490kg
m=6.49Mg
answer
Shear Stress
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=VA
where V is the resultant shearing force which passes through the centroid of the area A
being sheared.
Solution 115
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The resisting area is the shaded area along the perimeter and the shear force
equal to the punching force
V is
P.
V=A
P=350[(20)(25)]
P=549778.7N
P=549.8kN
answer
thickness of plate in which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can be punched. (b) If the
plate is 0.25 inch thick, determine the diameter of the smallest hole that can be
punched.
Solution 116
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(a) Maximum thickness of plate:
Based on puncher strength:
P=A
P=50[14(2.52)]
P=78.125kips
V=A V=P
78.125=40[(2.5t)]
t=0.781inch
answer
P=A
P=50(14d2)
P=12.5d2
V=A V=P
12.5d2=40[d(0.25)]
d=0.8in
answer
Solution 117
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The bolt is subject to double shear.
V=A
400(1000)=300[2(14d2)]
d=29.13mm
answer
Solution 118
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T=0.03F
2.2=0.03F
F=73.33kN
V=A
Where:
V=F=73.33kN
A=70b
=60MPa
Thus,
73.33(1000)=60(70b)
b=17.46mm
answer
Solution 119
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From the FBD:
MC=0
0.25RBV=0.25(40sin35)+0.2(40cos35)
RBV=49.156kN
FH=0
RBH=40cos35
RBH=32.766kN
RB=RBH2+RBV2
RB=32.7662+49.1562
RB=59.076kN
VB=BA
double shear
59.076(1000)=B{2[14(202)]}
B=94.02 MPa
answer
Solution 120
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For member AB:
Length,
LAB=42+42=5.66ft
Weight,
WAB=5.66(200)=1132lb
MA=0
4RBH+4RBV=2WAB
4RBH+4RBV=2(1132)
RBH+RBV=566
Equation (1)
Length,
LBC=32+62=6.71ft
Weight,
WBC=6.71(200)=WBC=1342lb
MC=0
6RBH=1.5WBC+3RBV
6RBH3RBV=1.5(1342)
2RBHRBV=671
Equation (2)
RBH+RBV=566
Equation (1)
2RBHRBV=671
Equation (2)
3RBH=1237
RBH=412.33lb
412.33+RBV=566
RBV=153.67lb
FH=0
RAH=RBH=412.33lb
FV=0
RAV+RBV=WAB
RAV+153.67=1132
RAV=978.33lb
RA=R2AH+R2AV
RA=412.332+978.332
RA=1061.67lb
V=A
1061.67=5000(14d2)
d=0.520in
answer
Solution 121
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MB=0
6P=2Tsin10
3P=Tsin10
Equation (1)
FH=0
BH=Tcos10
T=3Psin10
Thus,
BH=(3Psin10)cos10
BH=3cot10P
FV=0
BV=Tsin10+P
Tsin10=3P
Thus,
BV=3P+P
BV=4P
RB2=BH2+BV2
RB2=(3cot10P)2+(4P)2
R2B=305.47P2
RB=17.48P
P=RB17.48
Equation (2)
P=13Tsin10
P=13[500014(0.5)2]sin10
P=56.83lb
P=4000[14(0.25)2]17.48
P=11.23lb
Safe load P,
P=11.23 lb
answer
Solution 122
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Shear area,
Ashear=t(wcsc)
Ashear=twcsc
Ashear=Acsc
Shear force,
V=Pcos
V=Ashear
Pcos=(Acsc)
=PsincosA
=P(2sincos)2A
=Psin22A
(okay!)
20 with the horizontal, as shown. (Hint: Use the results in Problem 122.)
Solution 123
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Based on maximum compressive stress:
Normal force:
N=Pcos20
Normal area:
AN=50(100sec20)
AN=5320.89mm2
N=AN
Pcos20=20(5320.89)
P=113247N
P=133.25kN
V=Psin20
Shear area:
AV=AN
AV=5320.89mm2
V=AV
Psin20=5(5320.89)
P=77786N
P=77.79kN
P=77.79 kN
answer
Bearing Stress
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b=PbAb
Problem 125
In Fig. 1-12, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110
mm wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60
MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and (b)
the largest average tensile stress in the plates.
Solution 125
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Part (a):
From shearing of rivet:
P=Arivets
P=60[14(202)]
P=6000N
P=bAb
6000=120(20t)
t=7.85mm
answer
P=A
6000=[7.85(11020)]
=26.67MPa
answer
Problem 126
The lap joint shown in Fig. P-126 is fastened by four -in.-diameter rivets. Calculate
the maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is
limited to 14 ksi and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume the
applied load is uniformly distributed among the four rivets.
Solution 126
P=A
P=14[4(14)(34)2]
P=24.74kips
P=bAb
P=18[4(34)(78)]
P=47.25kips
Safe load P,
P=24.74kips
answer
Problem 127
In the clevis shown in Fig. 1-11b, find the minimum bolt diameter and the minimum
thickness of each yoke that will support a load P = 14 kips without exceeding a
shearing stress of 12 ksi and a bearing stress of 20 ksi.
Solution 127
P=A
14=12[2(14d2)]
d=0.8618in diameter of bolt
answer
P=bAb
14=20[2(0.8618t)]
t=0.4061in thickness of yoke
answer
Problem 128
A W18 86 beam is riveted to a W24 117 girder by a connection similar to that in
Fig. 1-13. The diameter of the rivets is 7/8 in., and the angles are each L4 3-1/2
3/8 in.. For each rivet, assume that the allowable stresses are = 15 ksi and b = 32
ksi. Find the allowable load on the connection.
Required:
Allowable load on the connection
Solution 128
Web thickness
W18 86
0.480 in
W24 117
0.550 in
V=A=15[14(78)2(8)]
V=72.16 kips
P=bAb=32[78(0.375)(8)]
P=84 kips
P=bAb=32[78(0.480)(4)]
P=53.76 kips
P=53.76kips
answer
Problem 129
A 7/8-in.-diameter bolt, having a diameter at the root of the threads of 0.731 in., is
used to fasten two timbers together as shown in Fig. P-129. The nut is tightened to
cause a tensile stress of 18 ksi in the bolt. Compute the shearing stress in the head of
the bolt and in the threads. Also, determine the outside diameter of the washers if their
inside diameter is 9/8 in. and the bearing stress is limited to 800 psi.
Required:
Shearing stress in the head of the bolt
Shearing stress in threads of the bolt
Outside diameter of the washer
Solution 129
P=A=18[14(78)2]
P=10.82kips
=PA=10.82(78)(12)
=7.872 ksi
answer
=PA=10.82(0.731)(58)
=7.538 ksi
answer
P=bAb
10.82(1000)=800{14[d2(98)2]}
d=4.3inch
answer
Problem 130
Figure P-130 shows a roof truss and the detail of the riveted connection at joint B.
Using allowable stresses of = 70 MPa and b= 140 MPa, how many 19-mm-diameter
rivets are required to fasten member BC to the gusset plate? Member BE? What is the
largest average tensile or compressive stress in BC and BE?
Solution 130
FV=0
BC=96kN (Tension)
MA=0
8(35BE)=4(96)
BE=80kN (Compression)
answer
80000=70[14(192)n]
n=4.03 say 5 rivets
answer
Relevant data from the table (Appendix B of textbook): Properties of Equal Angle
Sections: SI Units
Designation
Area
L75 75 6
864 mm2
L75 75 13
1780 mm2
=PA=96(1000)86419(6)
=128Mpa
answer
=PA=80(1000)1780
=44.94Mpa
answer
Problem 131
Repeat Problem 130 if the rivet diameter is 22 mm and all other data remain
unchanged.
Solution 131
P=96kN (Tension)
Based on shearing of rivets:
P=A
96000=70[14(222)n]
n=3.6 say 4 rivets
P=bAb
96000=140[22(6)n]
n=5.2 say 6 rivets
Tensile stress:
=PA=96(1000)86422(6)
=131.15MPa
answer
answer
P=80kN (Compression)
Based on shearing of rivets:
P=A
80000=70[14(222)n]
n=3.01 say 4 rivets
P=bAb
80000=140[22(13)n]
n=1.998 say 2 rivets
Compressive stress:
=PA=80(1000)1780
=44.94MPa
answer
answer