INGLS GRAMTICA 3 ESO

Present simple presente simple, para cualquier verbo, en la forma negativa e interrogativa se usa
el auxiliar DO y en la forma afirmativa se le aade una S al verbo en la 3 persona. Se usa para hablar
de actividades que se hacen habitualmente en el presente.
Affirmative
I play
You play
He plays
She plays
It plays
We play
You play
They play

Negative
I do not play
I dont play
You do not play
You dont play
He does not play
He doesnt play
She does not play She doesnt play
It does not play
It doesnt play
We do not play
We dont play
You do not play
You dont play
They do not play
They dont play

Interrogative
Do I play?
Do you play?
Does he play?
Does she play?
Does it play?
Do we play?
Do you play?
Do they play?

Present continuous Presente continuo. Se forma con el verbo TO BE y con otro verbo terminado
en ING. Se usa para hablar de lo que est sucediendo en este momento, ahora mismo
Affirmative
Negative
I am playing
Im playing
I am not playing
I am not playing
You are playing
Youre playing
You are not playing
You arent playing
He is playing
Hes playing
He is not playing
He isnt playing
She is playing
Shes playing
She is not playing
She isnt playing
It is playing
Its playing
It is not playing
It isnt playing
We are playing
Were playing
We are not playing
We arent playing
You are playing
Youre playing
You are not playing
You arent playing
They are playing
Theyre playing They are not playing They arent playing
Interrogative
Am I playing?
Are you playing?
Is he playing?
Is she playing?
Is it playing?
Are we playing?
Are you playing?
Are they playing?
Comparative and superlative adjectives Adjetivos comparativos y superlativos. Se usan los
comparativos para comparar dos cosas y los adjetivos superlativos se usa para decir que algo es lo
ms. Examples: comparative Mary is taller than Max. / Mari es ms alta que Max.
Superlative John is the happiest boy / John es el chico ms alto

Adjetivos una sola

Adjective
Old
Safe

Comparative
Older than
Safer than

Superlative
The oldest
The safest

slaba
Adjetivos
terminados en -y
Adjetivos con 2 o
ms slabas
Adjetivos
irregulares

Big
Hot
Noisy
Dirty
Boring
Beautiful
Good
Bad
Far

Bigger than
Hotter than
Noisier than
Dirtier than
More boring than
More beautiful than
Better than
Worse than
Farther than

Quantifiers: too, too much, too many, not enough

Adverbio
Significado
Gramtica
Too
Muy
Too + adjetivo
Not enough

Insuficiente

Too much

Mucho/a

Too many

Muchos/as

Not + enough +
nombre
Not + adjetivo +
enough
Too much + nombre
incontable
Too many + nombre
contable

The biggest
The hottest
The noisiest
The dirtiest
The most boring
The most beautiful
The best
The worst
The farthest

Usos
Para hablar acerca de algo que existe en
ms de lo necesario o requerido
Lo opuesto de too, es para hablar de
algo que no hay en lo necesitado o
requerido
Para cuando se quiere expresar de algo que
est presente en exceso. Se usa con
sustantivos no contables.
Para cuando se quiere expresar de algo que
est presente en exceso. Se usa con
sustantivos contables.

Too

It's too hot today. (Est muy caliente hoy)

The red dress was too expensive. (El vestido rojo estaba muy caro)
I worked too hard to get results. (Trabaj muy duro para obtener resultados)

Not enough

There is not enough food for everyone. (No hay suficiente comida para todos)
She doesn't have enough money to buy the tablet. (Ella no tiene suficiente dinero para comprar la tablet)
Jimmy was not old enough for that game. (Jimmy no era lo suficientemente grande para ese juego)
We didn't have enough time to go shopping. (Nosotros no tuvimos suficiente tiempo para ir de
compras)

Too much

There's too much noise coming from that house. (Hay mucho ruido viniendo de esa casa)
My sister spends too much money buying online. (Mi hermana gasta mucho dinero comprando en
lnea)
Howard downloaded too much music to his MP3 player. (Howard descarg mucha msica a su
reproductor de MP3)
There was too much information about this topic. (Haba mucha informacin acerca de este tema)

Too many

There are too many people in the bank. (Hay muchas personas en el banco)
John has too many credit cards. (Juan tiene muchas tarjetas de crdito)

 There were too many apples in the fridge. (Haba muchas manzanas en el refrigerador)
I installed too many apps in my smartphone. (Instal muchas aplicaciones en mi telfono
inteligente)
Modal Verbs (Ability)- can, could, be able to
I can ski / puedo esquiar
Una de las funciones del verbo modal can es para expresar habilidad.
Podemos utilizar el can si decidimos ahora que vamos hacer en el futuro.
-I can have lunch with you tomorrow. / Puedo comer contigo maana.
-I cant see you this weekend. / No puedo verte esta fin de semana.
Nota:
Despus del can ponemos el infinitivo sin to
... can play tennis
... can't go tomorrow
La forma negativa completa se escribe como una sola palabra; cannot.
En otros casos, para expresar habilidad en el futuro utilizamos will be able to.
-Ej) Do you think England will be able to win the World Cup one day?
Piensas que Inglaterra pueda ganar el Mundial algun da?
El pasado de can y cant por habilidad es could y couldnt
-Ej) When I was young I could drink 10 or 12 pints of lager in one night.
Cuando era joven, poda beber 10 o 12 pintas de cerveza en una sola noche.
El can y el could tambin se utiliza para pedir a las personas que hagan algo.
-Ej) can/could you give me your phone number? / Puedes darme tu nmero de telefono?

Los verbos modales: Should y ought to

El verbo should se utiliza, por lo general, para dar consejos. Lo podramos parafrasear como creo
que es una buena / mala idea:
-You should talk to her.
-You shouldnt waste your money on so many presents.

Existe tambin otro verbo modal, ought to, que tiene el mismo significado, con una conotacin de
deber moral:
-You ought to visit your grandmother more often.
-You oughtnt drive so fast.

Obligation: must and have to

La obligacin se expresa con el verbo modal must y con la perfrasis verbal have to. Must expresa
la obligacin que siente el locutor por hacer alguna cosa, mientras que have to se refiere a una
obligacin que viene de fuera, impuesta por una institucin, una ley, una autoridad:
-You have to be 18 to take the driving test in Spain.
-I must study harder if I want to pass all my exams.
En la forma negativa, must y have to tienen significados muy distintos:
-You mustnt drink and drive. = obligacin de no beber y conducir
-You dont have to come if you are tired. = no hay obligacin de venir, es opcional.
Necessity: need
Need es a la vez un verbo comn y un verbo modal.
Cuando need se utiliza como un verbo regular -no modal- se conjuga del modo habitual: Do you
need help? Yes, please / No, I don't. Thanks (Necesitas ayuda? S, por favor / No, gracias).

Pero cuando se usa como verbo modal, las oraciones interrogativas y negativas se construyen sin el
auxiliar do. y en lugar de "necesitar" suele traducirse como "es necesario que" o "tener la necesidad
de".

Ejemplos:
Need I go there again?
(Es necesario que vaya all de nuevo?)
Need we buy the ticket in advance?
(Es necesario que compremos la entrada de antemano?)
Needn't you bring your own towels?
(No es necesario llevar al club tus propias toallas?)

Past simple Affirmative Pasado simple afirmativo. Se usa para hablar de acciones que se hacen en
el pasado. Estas frases incluyen complementos circunstanciales de tiempo en pasado. Se forma con
un sujeto y el verbo regular terminado en ed o un verbo irregular (2 columna de la lista de verbos).
Para las frases negativas e interogativas se usa el auxiliar do pero en pasado DID.
Affirmative
I played
You played
He played
She played
It played
We played
You played
They played

Negative
I did not play
I didnt play
You did not play
You didnt play
He did not play
He didnt play
She did not play
She didnt play
It did not play
It didnt play
We did not play
We didnt play
You did not play
You didnt play
They did not play
They didnt play

Interrogative
Did I play?
Did you play?
Did he play?
Did she play?
Did it play?
Did we play?
Did you play?
Did they play?

Past continuous Pasado continuo. El "past continuous" describe acciones o eventos situados en un
tiempo anterior al presente, cuyo comienzo se sita en el pasado y que todava no ha concluido en
el momento de hablar. Dicho de otro modo, expresa una accin incompleta o inconclusa del pasado.
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I was playing
I was not playing
I wasnt playing
Was I playing?
You were playing You were not playing
You werent playing
Were you playing?
He was playing
He was not playing
He wasnt playing
Was he playing?
She was playing
She was not playing
She wasnt playing
Was she playing?
It was playing
It was not playing
It wasnt playing
Was it playing?
We were playing
We were not playing
We werent playing
Were we playing?
You were playing You were not playing
You werent playing
Were you playing?
They were playing They were not playing They werent playing Were they playing?

Present perfect affirmative, negative and interrogative El presente perfecto equivale ms o

menos al pretrito perfecto del espaol. Veremos las diferencias en la seccin sobre usos. En
general, es una mezcla entre el presente y el pasado. Lo usamos para acciones en el pasado que
tienen importancia en el presente.
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to have) + participio pasado 3 columna o terminados ed
Affirmative
Negative
I have talked
Ive talked
I have not talked
I havent talked
You have talked
Youve talked You have not talked
You havent talked
He has talked
Hes talked
He has not talked
He hasnt talked
She has talked
Shes talked
She has not talked
She hasnt talked
It has talked
Its
It has not talked
It hasnt talked
We have talked
Weve talked
We have not talked
We havent talked
You have talked
Youve talked You have not talked
You havent talked
They have talked
Theyve talked They have not talked They havent talked
Interrogative
Have I talked?
Have you talked?
Has he talked?
Has she talked?
Has it talked?
Have we talked?
Have you talked?
Have they talked?
For and since
SINCE: Usamos since para referirnos cundo la accin tuvo su comienzo, es decir desde qu
ao, fecha, mes, semana, da, etc. viene ocurriendo la accin.
Ejemplos: My father has had that car since February. = Mi pap tiene ese coche desde febrero.

FOR: Usamos for para mencionar el periodo total de tiempo que una accin viene ocurriendo, es
decir aqu calculamos el tiempo desde el inicio de la accin hasta ahora, puede ser: hace dos aos,
hace siete meses, hace seis semanas, etc.
Ejemplos: My father has had that car for seven months. Mi pap tiene ese coche hace siete
meses.

Already/Still/Yet
Utilizamos los adverbios already, still y yet ms a menudo en el presente perfecto, aunque
podemos usarlos en otros tiempos verbales. Estos adverbios se utilizan en referencia a tiempo y su
posicin dentro de la oracin depende de cul de ellos estemos utilizando.
Already

Already se refiere a algo que ha pasado antes o ms pronto de lo que se esperaba y es traducido
como ya en espaol. Already generalmente va entre el verbo auxiliar y el verbo.
Ejemplos:
They have already finished their homework. (Ya han acabado sus deberes.)
Jacob has already left work. (Jacob ya se ha ido del trabajo.)
The train has already arrived. (El tren ya ha llegado.)
Still
Usamos still para acciones o acontecimientos que no han pasado o no han terminado, sobre todo
cuando esperamos que las acciones o acontecimientos hayan pasado ms pronto. Puede ser
traducido como an o todava. Es con frecuencia usado tambin con otros tiempos verbales,
pero still siempre va antes del verbo, independientemente del tiempo verbal que utilicemos.
Ejemplos:
I took two pills, but I still have a headache. (He tomado dos pastillas, pero todava tengo dolor de
cabeza.)
Is Jacob still working at the hospital? (Jacob an trabaja en el hospital?)
They still havent finished their homework. (Todava no han acabado sus deberes.)
Yet
Yet es usado para algo que esperamos que hubiera pasado ya pero todava no ha pasado.
Tendemos a usarlo en frases negativas e interrogativas. En frases negativas puede ser traducido
como "an" o todava y en preguntas como ya. En contraste con los otros adverbios de esta
leccin, yet va al final de la frase.
Ejemplos:
Im really hungry. I havent eaten yet. (Tengo mucha hambre. Todava no he comido.)
Jacob hasnt left his job at the hospital yet. (Jacob todava no se ha ido de su trabajo en el
hospital.)
Have they finished their homework yet? (Ya han terminado sus deberes?)
Has the train arrived yet? (Ya ha llegado el tren?)