You are on page 1of 21

Jevan B.

Cielo
DAT 2-A

Ruminants Management

1. Develop maintenance plan


a. Tools and equipment
Tools
Hoof trimmer
Regular hoof trimming is an essential part of raising small ruminants. Depending on the
environment the sheep or goats live in and the diet they are fed, some animals require that
their feet be trimmed every 6 weeks to 2 months.
Hot iron dehorner
Dehorning is the process of removing the fully grown horns of livestock. Cattle, sheep,
and goats are sometimes dehorned for economic and safety reasons.
Weighing scale (1000 kg. cap.)

Garden hose

Small ruminants -200 kg capacity

Planting tools

Tattoo pliers, hammer


Syringes (5 to 20ml cap.)
Elastrator

Shovel, wheel barrow


Mineral boxes, waterer, feeding
trough

Knife cutter

Milking pails

Burdizzo

Ear applicator

Carpentry tools
Equipment
Feed Bunks

The main requirements for feed bunks are that they are
practical, good quality, rugged, and economical. The bunk
length and capacity should meet livestock requirements.

Portable Hay Feeders

This portable feeder is a proven hay-saving design for freechoice supplementary hay feeding in a field, feedlot, or loose
housing barn. The sloping spacers allow cattle of varying sizes
to feed comfortably with their heads inside the feeder. This helps
to reduce waste since cattle do not have to withdraw their heads
to stand and chew.

Round and big bale feed racks are easy to load, move, and also
prevent hay wastage. The round version requires a bender to
reform the square tube rails, but the round shape makes it easier
to roll it from place to place. The square version is easier to
build in the farm shop, and it can be completely collapsed for
transport in a pickup truck. Important feed- saving features are
the solid lower section and the slanted divider bars above.

Water Equipment

Many watering equipment system options are available. Different systems may be used throughout the
year. If you are grazing animals, you may want portable water tanks to reduce the impact of cattle in one
location. In the winter, depending upon your climate, you may need heated units for use in pasture. There
are many things to consider when selecting a system for use on your farm. The most important factor to
understand your livestock water needs and ensure that the current system can meet those requirements.
Headgate
The headgate is the most important part of the entire working facility. It should
be sturdy, safe, easy to operate, and work smoothly and quietly. Headgates
come in four basic types; self catching, scissors-stanchion, positive-control
and fully opening stanchion. The self-catching headgate closes automatically
due to the movement of the animal. The scissors-stanchion type has biparting
halves that pivot at the bottom. The positive-control type locks firmly around
the animals neck. The fully opening stanchion consists of two biparting
halves that work like a pair of sliding doors. The self-catching, scissor-stanchion and the fully opening
stanchion are available with either straight or curved stanchion bars. The straight-bar stanchion is
extremely safe and will rarely choke an animal. The disadvantage is animals can move their heads up and
down unless a nose bar is used. The curved-bar stanchion offers more control of the animals head but is
more likely to choke the animal than the straight-bar type. Both types are safer than the positive-control
headgate. No matter which type of headgate is selected, proper adjustment for the type of cattle being
worked is necessary to prevent injury to the animals.
Holding Chute
`
The holding chute is secured to the head gate and located immediately behind it. The holding
chute should generally not be any wider than 26 inches but should be adjustable in order to compensate
for different-size animals. The sides should be solid so that animals are not able to look out and be scared
by their surroundings.

Working Chute
The working chute connects the holding chute with the holding pen. It should be long enough to
hold five to six animals at a time.
Crowding Pen
The crowding pen is located at the back of the working chute. Size should be about 150 square
feet. This area will hold five or six head of cattle.
Holding Pens

Holding pens should mesh conveniently with the rest of the facility. Each holding pen should
provide approximately 20 square feet of space per animal.
Scales
Scales are optional depending on your size operation but can be useful in weighing cattle. The
scales should be located so cattle can be easily moved on and off. Do not locate scales in highly trafficked
areas.
Loading Chute
The loading chute may be optional if a trailer is used to transport animals. The loading chute should be
located directly off the crowding pen.
Electric disbudder

Water system

Electric shearer

Water system

Hoof grinder

Forage chopp

Stancheon

b. Safety and standard


a.

b.

c.
d.
e.

f.
g.

Removal of Animal Waste


Animal waste is removed from the habitat as often as necessary to prevent
contamination of the ruminants contained therein, to minimize disease hazards and to
reduce odors. This also enables caregivers to collect fecal samples in a timely manner.
Soiled bedding material and substrate are removed and replaced with fresh materials
daily, or as needed to prevent buildup. If odorous, bedding is changed regardless of how
long in place.
Damaged and soiled enrichment items are removed regularly.
Efforts are made to prevent native wildlife getting access to ruminant waste.
Tools
Each enclosure has dedicated tools to prevent cross contamination between enclosures.
When resources restrict the ability to have dedicated tools, tools are disinfected between
enclosures to prevent the spread of parasites and disease.
Tools are labeled when use is restricted to specific areas.
Sanitation tools or equipment, including wheelbarrows, are not used for transport or
storage of foodstuffs or bedding.

Cleaning and Disinfection


Feeding areas, automatic water devices, water and food containers are cleaned and
disinfected daily.
i. Care is taken to minimize overspray of waste, directly or via aerosolizing, into adjacent
cages during cleaning.
j. Animals are not present in enclosures being cleaned using power hoses. Care is taken to
prevent accidental spraying of animals in adjacent enclosures when power hoses are used
for cleaning.
k. Concrete floored enclosures are dried with a squeegee, and as needed fans, to ensure
floors are dry before bedding material is replaced.
l. All hard surfaces including walls, floors, ceiling, benches, fencing/cage mesh and
caregiver work areas are sanitized regularly to the extent possible. Note that in large
outside enclosures with plenty of exposure to sunshine and rain, there may not be a need
for scrubbing and cleaning but areas must be monitored for potential sanitation
problems.
m. Cleaning and Disinfection Standard Operating Procedures are developed and followed to
address:
safe disinfectant use to prevent hazards to the animals, caregivers and the environment;
cleaning and disinfecting protocols for food preparation and veterinary care areas using
more powerful disinfectants on hard surfaces;
h.

daily, weekly, monthly and quarterly cleaning schedules for all hard surfaces including
walls, floors, ceiling, benches, cage mesh and staff work areas designed to minimize the
risk of disease transmission;
disinfectants and other cleaning products stored separately from foodstuffs.
a. A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or equivalent is readily available for all cleaning
products in use and all containers are properly labeled as to contents.

c. Site selection

d. Types of roofing
Open sided, single slope roof shed

This type of housing is most typical of structures used and


is suitable for all cattle on the farm. This is the least
expensive of new structures and very easy to build. Open
sheds should face the south for winter sun and block the
prevailing winds. Pole barns of this design can be
partitioned for groups of animals without complicated interior construction.

Open sided, clear span pole shed

The clear span provides more space for equipment to remove manure and thus any side of the building
can be open to the environment. The gable end of the barn is recommended to be open so that the

discharge of rain and snow is not over the open side of the
building. When the gable end is open, the bays areas are
usually deeper and provide more protection from the wind.
The back end of the structure may be dark and damp and
may need additional design attention for ventilation and
lighting. This type of housing is more practical for smaller
sized herds (under 20 head of cattle).

e. Types of pens
Bull Pens
A bull pen should have a shaded resting area of 12
to 15m and a large exercise area of 20 to 30m.
The walls of the pen must be strong. Eight
horizontal rails of minimum 100mm round timber
or 50mm galvanised steel tubes to a total height of
1.5m and fixed to 200mm timber posts not more
than 2m apart will be sufficient. The gate must be
designed so that the bull cannot lift it off its hinges
and there should be at least two exits where the herdsman can
escape.

A service stall where the cow can be tethered prior to and during service is usually provided
close to the bull pen. The stall can have ramps at the sides to support the bull's front feet.
Calf Pens
Calf mortality is often high in tropical countries, but
proper management and suitable housing that
protects the calf from climatic stress, infections and
parasites can reduce this.
Individual pens for calves from birth to 2 to 3
months of age are often built with an elevated
slatted floor. This floor, which is best constructed from 37 to 50mm by 75 to 100mm sawn
timber boards leaving a 25 to 30mm slat between each board, will ensure that the calf is
always dry and clean. The required minimum internal dimensions for an individual calf pen
are 1200 by 800mm for a pen where the calf is kept to two weeks of age, 1200 by l000mm
where the calf is kept to 6 to 8 weeks of age and 1500 by 1 200mm where the calf is kept
from 6 to 14 weeks of age. Three sides of the pens should be tight to prevent contact with
other calves and* to prevent draughts. Draughts through the slatted floor may be prevented
by covering the floor with litter until the calf is at least one month of age. The front of the pen
should be made so that the calf can be fed milk, concentrates and water easily from buckets
or a trough fixed to the outside of the pen and so that the calf can be moved out of the pen
without lifting. The milk or milk substitute fed to the calf will not provide it with enough
liquid and therefore it should be given fresh, clean water daily or preferably have continuous
access to water in a drinking nipple. All calves, but especially those which are weaned early,
should have access to good quality forage as soon as possible to stimulate rumen
development. Forage can be supplied in a rack placed above the side wall of the pen.

f. Types of flooring
In practice, creating a hexagonal pattern in concrete
is difficult to properly accomplish. Orienting
parallel grooves perpendicular to the length of an
alley will maximize their effectiveness for cows,
but may compromise manure removal. Graves et
al. (1997) recommends installing 3/8 to 1/2 inch
wide by 3/8 to 1/2 inch deep grooves spaced 2 to 3
inches on center parallel to the direction of scraper
travel.

Parallel grooves can be created while concrete is setting up


or after it has initially cured. Stamped patterns are created
while the concrete is still green.

Cut Grooves
New concrete floors can also be grooved after initial curing takes place. Older concrete floors
can be re-grooved as needed to enhance traction. A saw similar to that used to cut expansion
joints in concrete roadways can be adapted with a series of diamond dato blades to cut grooves
in cured concrete.
Cutting grooves in hardened concrete eliminates the need for the concrete contractor to have
experience with grooving wet concrete and the requirement for time-sensitive completion.
Concrete slabs-on-grade for use as barn alleys can be placed, screeded, floated, and lightly
troweled to provide satisfactory results by readily available concrete finishing crews. Then,
another contractor that specializes in grooving concrete alleys can be hired.
Dairy producers report that the cost to have parallel grooves cut into initially cured concrete is 40
cents per square foot for grooving in one direction and 80 cents per square foot for twodirectional grooving.

Stamped Patterns
Diamond and hexagonal patterns can be created in green concrete by using a metal stamp. Usually, the
metal stamp is fabricated from round stock material that is cut and meticulously welded together.

Epoxy Floor Coatings


A carefully selected epoxy flooring system, which is appropriate for the application, can be employed to
improve cow traction. Epoxy flooring is most applicable as a surface rejuvenation agent to relatively
small areas that can be made free of cow traffic for a few consecutive days. Ample time is needed to
properly prepare the existing floor (which is crucial to final product durability), apply the product, and
allow for proper curing. Additionally, the cost normally associated with an appropriate quality epoxy
flooring material is usually high and hinders its use on a wide-scale basis.
Cow decks in milking centers that operate less than 12 hours per day are the primary candidates for
installing an epoxy flooring system. The epoxy coating works well for this application since it can be
cleanly installed around the structural support post for each milking stall. To facilitate installation, cows
can be milked on one side of the parlor while work is undertaken on the other side. After the first side is
completed, milking sides can be switched and the other side can be treated.
Rubber Mats
Rubber mats

are many times identical in composition to rolled rubber flooring if


produced from the same manufacturer. Mat sizes are typically available in
either rectangular or square configurations with dimensions ranging from 4 to 6
feet. Some mats are puzzle cut on the ends with a water jet cutting tool at the factory.
Both the square cut end and the puzzle cut end need to be secured to a base material to
ensure they remain in place.
Rolled Rubber Flooring

g. DENR guidelines waste disposal


A NEW administrative order providing the ground rules for establishments keen to open and manage a
waste-to-energy (WTE) facility for municipal solid wastes has been released by the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) over the weekend.
The rules are contained in National Solid Waste Management Commission Resolution (NSWMC) 669
entitled Adopting the Guidelines Governing the Establishment and Operation of Waste to Energy
Technologies for Municipal Solid Wastes, signed on June 9 by the NSWMC and adopted by the DENR.
NSWMC Resolution 669 aims to protect public health and the environment and sets guidelines and
targets for minimizing solid wastes through measures such as composting, recycling, reusing, recovery,
green charcoal process, and others before the wastes are collected and disposed of.
A WTE facility is defined as an area where waste-to-energy operations are housed. Waste-to-energy
refers to the process of converting non-recyclable waste materials into usable energy such as heat,
electricity, or fuel.
The resolution lays down the registration and permit requirements, standards, and procedures for
establishing and operating commercial-scale WTE technologies for managing municipal solid wastes.
It covers the WTE facilitys pre-operational phase; waste delivery, quality, and operational control;
pollution abatement; environmental monitoring; documentation and monitoring; social safeguards; and
decommissioning or closure.
Under the guidelines, all necessary permits, registrations, and other legal documents must be secured and
an environment/health risk assessment conducted before the facility can be constructed and operated.
Because they will be a source of air pollution, WTE facilities are also required to register beforehand with
the DENRs Environmental Management Bureau (EMB).
They must also submit to the NSWMC a certified true copy of the Environmental Compliance Certificate
(ECC); all permits, plans, and legal documents required by the ECC; business permit from the local
government where the facility is to be located; and Commission resolutions on the approval of the 10year solid waste management plan of the host and of those intending to provide feedstock to the facility.

The order prohibits the use of non-segregated municipal solid wastes and hazardous wastes as WTE
materials.
Once the WTE facility is operational, it is required to submit quarterly self-monitoring reports, document
all aspects of operations and make all records available for inspection, and maintain a billboard
containing updated information on its air emissions and wastewater effluents, among others.
If the establishment is to be decommissioned or closed, it has to file an abandonment plan at least a year
before, which should include rehabilitation and remedial measures, cleanup activities, and proposed
alternative projects in the area.

2. Industry procedure
a. Types of pests
CATTLE
The insects and related pests that attack cattle include:

Horn Fly
This small, bloodsucking parasite remains on the animal most of the time. The female lays eggs in fresh
cattle droppings. The larvae develop there, and the adult fly then migrates to host animals.
Control may be achieved by the use of dust bags, sprays, oilers, and mineral or feed additives. Selfapplicators are most effective when cattle are forced to use them daily. Cattle sprayed by ground sprayer
or aerial ULV (ultra low volume) sprayer
require repeated treatments.

Face Fly
The face fly also develops in single fresh droppings. Adult face flies cluster around the eyes and noses of
animals. These flies feed on animal secretions. nectar and dung liquids. The life cycle from ego to adult is
completed in 2 to 3 weeks in favorable weather.
Control is difficult due to the mobility of the flies and short effective life of insecticides. Daily hand
treatment of animals or daily forced use of dust bags or oilers give the best results. Daily feedings of
systemic insecticides as feed supplements may aid in control.

Heel Fly
These flies have one generation each year. They lay eggs on the host animals. The larvae (grubs) enter the
skin at the base of the hairs. After migrating to the gullet or spinal canal, the larvae move to the loin area.
Here they cut breathing holes through the hide and produce cysts (warbles). The fully grown grubs
emerge through the breathing holes, drop to the ground, and pupate in the soil. Adults emerge in warm
weather.
Systemic insecticides provide the best grub control. They can be applied as sprays, dips, pour-one, spot
treatments. and as feed supplements. To avoid harm to the treated animal, the systemic insecticide must
be applied only at certain times during the fly's life cycle. Follow the treatment cutoff dates for the region
as listed on the label. Post-treatment symptoms from incorrect treatment may include bloat, inability to
eat or take water, diarrhea, staggering, excessive salivation. and partial hindquarter paralysis. Systemics
cannot be used on milking dairy cattle.

House Fly
Houseflies can transmit many animal diseases. Houseflies feed on manure and animal secretions through
mouthparts. Large numbers of flies may annoy feeder and dairy cattle. causing reduced efficiency or
production and increased bacterial counts in milk.

Stable Fly
The stable fly is similar to the housefly but sucks blood through piercing mouthparts which protrude
spearlike from under the head of the adult.
Both house and stable flies develop in decaying silage, spilled feeds, animal bedding, manure, moist hay
and other forage, and aquatic plants. Sanitation is the key step in control of these flies. Disposal of anirnal
wastes and organic debris is essential.
Chemical control works only when used in conjunction with good sanitation practices. Use directed
sprays to apply persistent insecticides to fly resting areas, such as fences, feed bunks, buildings, and

vegetation. Space sprays by ground of aerial application may also be effective. Milk regulations limit
pesticides that may be used at dairies.
Horse and Deer Flies
Horse and deer flies are common biting flies of came and horses. The females are strong fliers with
painful bites. The bites usually continue to bleed after the fly leaves.
The life cycle takes from 70 days to 2 years. Immature stages live in aquatic or semiaquatic places.
Control of these flies is difficult because they may migrate over long distances and do not stay on the host
long enough to be killed by residual sprays. Some repellents give 2- to 5-day control.

Chewing and
Sucking Lice

Lice spend their entire life cycle on the animal. They hatch from eggs deposited on
the hair. They feed by sucking blood or chewing on the skin. Most louse
populations are greatest during cold weather months. Cattle tail lice are more
numerous during summer. Lice are spread chiefly by contact with infested animals.
The use of insecticides will control louse populations. More than one application
may be necessary at 2- to 3-week intervals. The use of dust bags and oilers aids in
louse control.

Mosquitoes transmit diseases of animals and man and may affect efficiency of
animal meat and milk production. Life cycle of mosquitoes vary greatly, depending
on the type of mosquito and the environment. The female lays eggs on water or in
areas subject to flooding. The larval and pupal stages develop in water and the adult
stage emerges from the pupa.

Mosquito
The best control method is to eliminate or minimize standing-water areas, such as potholes, water tanks,
unused receptacles, and other manmade containers. Insecticides are available to control both larvae and
adults. You can control mosquitoes with directed sprays or by use of foggers and ULV applicators. Use
them in mosquito resting areas, such as open barns and sheds, weeds, grass, trees, and shrubbery.

Hard Tick
Ticks are parasites of cattle. They can transmit diseases. In addition, loss of blood and injection of toxins
during tick feeding affect animal health, weight gains, and milk production.

Correct identification of ticks is important for economical and effective control. To control ear-infesting
ticks (such as Gulf Coast and spinose ear ticks), apply pesticides directly to the ear as sprays, smears, or
dusts. To control species infesting the body (such as the lone star tick), treat the entire body with high
pressure sprays or dips. Treatment must be repeated for some tick species. Tick control may be required
during any season of the year.

Cattle Scabie
Scabies is caused by an infestation of a specific mite. These mites tunnel in the skin, causing a mange.
Scabies cause:

skin irritation,

excessive hair, skin, and water loss,

severe weight loss, and

reduced milk production.

They also make the animal more susceptible to other diseases. Transmission is by contact with infested
animals or mite-contaminated material.
Treat infested animals by spraying or dipping them in insecticides registered for this purpose. Scabies
treatment is regulated by Federal quarantine laws.

SHEEP AND GOATS


The insects and related pests that attack sheep and goats include:
Sheep Ked

The sheep ked adult is a wingless fly which spends its entire life cycle on sheep. It is occasionally found
on goats.
The nearly mature larvae are deposited on wool strands. where they pupate almost immediately. The adult
emerges and begins to feed on blood.
The sheep ked reduces efficiency of sheep and causes a damaging hide condition called "cockle". Apply
insecticides as sprays, dusts, or dips. Application at shearing gives the most efficient control.
Chewing and Sucking Lice
Sheep and goat lice cause:

intense skin irritation, resulting in reduced quality and quantity of fleeces, and

blood loss, resulting in anemia.

Transmission is by contact with infested animals. Insecticides applied as dips. sprays, or dusts will
provide louse control.
Sheep Scabies
This pest is under Federal quarantine regulations.
Nose Bot
Living fly larvae are deposited in or around the nostrils of the sheep. The larvae migrate to head sinuses,
where they develop. At maturity. they migrate back down the nasal passages and drop to the ground,
where they pupate and become adults. Migration of the larvae irritates the nasal membranes and is often
followed by secondary infections. No registered treatment is currently available.

Wool Maggot (Black Blow Fly)


This fly lays eggs in dirty wool or on wounds. After hatching, the fly maggots spread over the animal and
feed on dead tissue under the fleece. Their damage sometimes causes death.
Early shearing and medication of wounds before blow fly season is an effective preventive measure.
Clipping and cleaning the fleece will help prevent infestations. Insecticide sprays, dips, or smears are
effective in controlling this pest

Spinose Ear Tick


This is the only tick which normally poses a problem to sheep. Its feeding on the inner folds of the ear
produces much discomfort and results in a breakdown of the ears.
The spinose ear tick can be controlled by applying insecticide dusts or liquid insecticides in oil to the
inner folds of the sheep's ear.

b. Housing fixture
Ventilation
The purposes of ventilation are to supply adequate oxygen; remove thermal loads caused by
animal respiration, lights, and equipment; dilute gaseous and particulate contaminants; adjust the
moisture content of room air; and, where
Tie-Stall Sheds
Milking Parlors
Milking parlor design also is important for control of mastitis. It is the time around milking
when the udder is most at risk of becoming infected. The milking machine is housed in the parlor
and the milking process occurs in the parlor (see Milking Machine and Milking Process
resources). In most parlors the milkers are standing in a "pit" so that the cow's udder is elevated
and easier to reach without kneeling down (as when milking in a flat barn). Originally, many
parlors were single sided, that is milking machines on only one side of the pit. Most parlors today
are double, that is milking machines line both sides of the pit.
Bedding
When a cow lies down, her udder and teats come into contact with whatever she is lying on.
The type of bedding and how that bedding is kept clean are critical issues for control
ofenvironmental mastitis. The ideal beeding for limiting environmental mastitis would be a clean

inorganic material. Sand is the only such material available is substantial quantities. If kept clean,
sand allows urine to drain down away from the cow. And sand is less likely to have bacteria
growing in it than an organic bedding. However, sand can be expensive and it is more difficult to
eliminate the feces-spoiled waste, compared with organic forms of bedding.

c.
1.
2.

3.

4.
5.
6.
7.

Protective Personal Equipment (PPE) and uses


General Responsibilities
The employer shall ensure that PPE is used where appropriate.
The employer shall provide information, instruction and supervision to workers on the proper
use and maintenance of PPE. Instruction should include, but not be limited to:
how to properly fit and wear PPE;
when PPE should be worn;
how to care for PPE and identify when it requires repair, cleaning or disposal;
how PPE provides protection and the consequences of not wearing it.
The employer should assess each work process and job task on the farm and determine
where PPEmay be needed to protect workers. PPE should be used as a last resort if the hazard
cannot be controlled by other means such as engineering controls, (for example, ventilation),
redesign of work processes, or using less toxic substances.
The worker shall use PPE provided by, and as required by, the employer.
Where a chemical or other hazardous product endangers the health or safety of a
worker, PPEshould be worn according to the product manufacturer's instructions on either a
warning label or MSDS.
The employer should monitor the use of PPE to ensure that it provides adequate protection for
the worker and does not cause undue discomfort or create new hazards while being used.
The worker shall inform the employer of any defects in the PPE, which the worker is aware of
and which could endanger the worker.

Types of Personal Protective Equipment


Hearing Protection
1. Hearing protection should be worn in work environments where noise levels exceed 85
decibels.
In limited circumstances, a worker may be exposed to noise levels above 85 decibels without
wearing hearing protection, but the acceptable duration of such an exposure will vary
depending upon the noise level (in decibels).
2. There are many types of hearing protection, including earplugs or muffs. Hearing protection
that is suitable for the work environment and provides adequate noise reduction should be
chosen.
Respiratory Protection

There are many types of respirators available to protect against a variety of atmospheric hazards. It is
important that the respirator being used for a particular job protects against the hazard in question. Using
the wrong respirator can be as dangerous as not wearing one at all. All respirators must fit well and
provide a proper seal with the wearer's face in order to provide adequate protection.
1. Disposable respirators should be used where dusts, mists and fumes may be present. They
must not be used in oxygen deficient atmospheres.
2. Chemical cartridge respirators should be used to filter out gases and organic vapours. These
respirators are hazard-specific, meaning that a cartridge designed to filter out a particular gas
will not protect a worker from exposure to a different gas. They must not be used in oxygen
deficient atmospheres.
3. Powered air purifying respirators should be used where there may be excessive dust levels or
pesticides. These respirators:
have replaceable cartridges that are hazard-specific
are operated by battery
have a constant air flow, facilitating breathing
must not be used in oxygen deficient atmospheres.
4. Gas masks should be used for high concentrations of specific gases. They usually have a full
face piece and canister attached. They must not be used in oxygen deficient atmospheres.
5. Supplied air respirators should be used in highly toxic and oxygen deficient atmospheres.
Users should be well trained. Such equipment:
comes with the air supply in a tank
comes with a small emergency bottle
has positive pressure for use in toxic atmospheres
should never be used alone
should be used according to confined space entry procedures. (See Guideline
on Hazardous Atmospheres and Confined Spaces)
Eye Protection
Eye protection should be used where there is a danger of flying objects, particles, liquids, sprays or
other matter entering the eyes. Protection can take many forms including:

safety glasses,

goggles, or
full face protection.
Foot Protection
Foot protection is usually in the form of steel-toed work boots, with a steel shank to protect the bottom
of the foot from puncture wounds. In wet environments, steel-toed boots that are waterproof and slipresistant may be necessary. The hazards that workers are exposed to will determine what type of foot
protection is most appropriate for the job.
Hand Protection
Gloves offer good protection for the hands. They may be made of many different materials--cotton,
leather, rubber, or other materials impervious to liquids. Gloves should be chosen for the specific
hazard and job task.
Head Protection
Hard hats, bump caps, or helmets are types of protection that should be considered if there is a hazard
of head injury. Head injuries can occur under various circumstances including as the result of a slip or

fall, working with unpredictable animals, working in confined areas or where there are low ceilings or
where there may be falling objects.
Body Protection
Body protection may be required in various situations including dusty environments or when spraying
liquid pesticides or handling dangerous chemicals. The hazard to be controlled will determine the type
of protection that is most appropriate, for example, an apron, coveralls or a full rain suit.
When using a chainsaw, protective chaps or leg protection should be worn.
Fall Protection
Fall protection includes the use of safety belts, harnesses and lifelines to prevent injury due to a fall
from a height. (See Guideline on Fall, Slips and Trips )

3. Terminologies of Ruminants
Buck male breeder goat
Buckling young male breeder ruminant
Bull - an adult male bovine mammal.
Cage Housing a type or system of poultry housing where layers could be kept alone, by two or in big
groups in cage
Calf a newly born male or female cattle or buffalo
Calving the act or process of delivering young cattle or buffalo
Castration act of removing testicles from male animals
Chevon meat of goat
Colostrum first milk from a female animal after giving birth
Cow a mature female cattle
Crossbreed a group of animals produced by mating two or more different breeds or strains of animals
Culling is the removal of undesirable or inferior animals in the herd based on important economic traits
and overall performance
Doe female goat that has given birth, usually more than 1 year old
Doeling female goat that has not given birth, usually less than one (1) year old
Estrus period of time when the female will accept male. Also known as heat period
Ewe (pronounced as you) female sheep that has already given birth, usually more than one (1) year
old
Ewe lamb female sheep that has not given birth usually less than 1 year old
Gestation period refers to the period of carrying the young in the womb
Heifer a young female cattle or buffalo
Hogget meat of sheep more than one (1) year old but less than two (2) years old
Immunization prevention of diseases by providing appropriate vaccines to animals
Inbreeding mating of closely related animals in a herd
Lamb young goat usually less than 1 year old. Also refers to meat of sheep less than one (1 ) year old
Lambing act of giving birth in sheep
Livestock domestic animals kept for use on a farm and raised for sale and profit
Mutton meat of sheep more than 2 years old

Nutrients food elements or substance found in the feeds such as protein, carbohydrates, fats and others
Purebreeding is the mating of the unrelated individuals in the same breed
Ram male breeder sheep
Ration the total amount of feeds taken in by an animal during a 24 hour period
Ruminants refers to animals with complex digestive system e.g. cattle, carabao, goats and sheep
Selection refers to the process of choosing males and females with desirable characteristics either for
breeding or replacement stocks
Simple stomach/non-ruminant animals animals that possess simple digestive system e.g. poultry,
horse and pigs
Steer a young male calf one year to 18 months old
Swine a collective term for hogs
Vaccination a preventive measure to inoculate an animal with a mildly toxic preparation of bacteria or a
virus of specific disease to prevent or to lessen the effects of the disease
Waterer equipment used in providing water to animals
Weanling refers to a young animal of either sex which has been separated from the mother at the end of
the lactation period
Yearling - An animal that is one year old or has not completed its second year.

You might also like