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Hydromechanics VVR090
Governing equation:
dy So S f
=
dx 1 Fr 2
(previously Sf = 0 was studied)
u2
H = z+ y+
2g
Differentiating with respect to distance:
dH dz dy
=
+ +
dx dx dx
d (u 2 / 2g )
dx
dH
= S f
dx
dz
= So
dx
(bottom slope)
d (u 2 / 2g )
dx
Q 2 dA dy
Q 2T dy
dy
= 3
= 3
= Fr 2
gA dy dx
gA dx
dx
Resulting equation:
dy So S f
=
dx 1 Fr 2
n 2u 2
S f = 4/3
R
The slope of the channel is small
No air entrainment
Fixed velocity distribution
Resistance coefficient constant in the reach under
consideration
Profile categories:
M (mild)
0 < So < Sc
S (steep)
So > Sc > 0
C (critical)
So = Sc
A (adverse)
So < 0
dy So S f
=
dx 1 Fr 2
Flow Controls
Locations in the channel where the relationship between the
water depth and flow rate is known (or controllable).
Controls:
determine the depth in channel either upstream or
downstream such points.
usually feature a change from subcritical to supercritical
flow
occur at physical barriers, for example, sluice gates,
dams, weirs, drop structures, or changes in channel
slope
dy So S f
=
dx 1 Fr 2
Uniform Channel
Prismatic channel with constant slope and resistance coefficient.
Apply energy equation over a small distance Dx:
d
u2
y+
= So S f
dx
2g
Express the equation in difference form:
u2
y +
= ( So S f ) x
2g
n 2u 2
S f = 4/3
R
The equation to be solved may be written:
x =
( y + u 2 / 2g )
So ( n 2u 2 / R 4 / 3 )
mean
yi
yi+1
Reach i
ui
ui+1
Dxi
xi =
2
y
+
u
/ 2g )
(
i +1
2 2
( y + u2 / 2g )
So ( n u / R 4 / 3 )
i +1/ 2
Example 6.1
A trapezoidal channel with b = 6.1 m, n = 0.025, z = 2, and So =
0.001 carries a discharge of 28 m3/s. If this channel terminates in
a free overfall, determine the gradually varied flow profile by the
step method.
yN
1
2
b = 6.1 m
Solution:
Compute normal water depth.
1
Q = AR 2 / 3 So
n
A = ( b + zy N ) y N
P = b + 2 yN 1 + z 2
R=
( b + zyN ) yN
b + 2 yN 1 + z 2
yN = 1.91 m
Fr = 1 =
u
Q
=
gD Ac gAc / Tc
Ac = ( b + zyc ) yc
T = b + 2 zyc
yc = 1.14 m
yN > y > yc
Mild slope (yN > yc)
M2 profile
u2/2g
Sf
1.14
9.55
11.20
0.85
2.93
0.438
0.0067
1.24
1.32
10.64
11.54
11.64
12.00
0.91
0.96
2.63
2.43
and so on
xi =
S f ,i +1/ 2
1
= ( S f ,i +1 + S f ,i )
2
n 2u 2
S f = 4/3
R
0.353
0.300
2
y
+
u
/ 2g )
(
Sfav
Dx
S (Dx)
0.0058 3
0.0044 9.3
12.3
0.0049
0.0039
i +1
( y + u2 / 2g )
So S f ,i +1/ 2
finite difference
Semi-Analytic Approach
Find solution in terms of closed-form functions (integrals).
Employ suitable approximations to these functions or
some look-up tables.
Trial-and-Error Approach
Well-suited for computations in non-prismatic channels.
Channel properties (e.g., resistance coefficient and
shape) are a function of longitudinal distance.
Depth is obtained at specific x-locations.
Apply energy equation between two stations located Dx
apart (z is the elevation of the water surface):
u2
z +
= S f x he
2g
u12
u22
z1 +
= z2 +
+ S f x + he
2g
2g
1
S f = (S f1 + S f 2 )
2
Equation is solved by trial-and-error (from 2 to 1):
1. Assume y1 u1 (continuity equation)
2. Compute Sf (and he, if needed)
3. Compute y1 from governing equation. If this value agrees
with the assumed y1, the solution has been found.
Otherwise continue calculations.
Example 6.4
A trapezoidal channel with b = 20 ft, n = 0.025, z = 2, and So =
0.001 carries a discharge of 1000 ft3/s. If this channel terminates
in a free overfall and there are no eddy losses, determine the
gradually varied flow profile by the trial-and-error step method.
yN
1
2
b = 20 ft
Solution Table
Stn.
u2/2g
H1
Sf
Sfav
Dx
hf
H2
105.20
6.85 0.73
6.33 0.62
5.78 0.52
5.71
u2
y +
= ( So S f ) x
2g
Lake
Critical
section
Hydraulic
jump
Lake
No critical section
Lake
uniform flow
Lake
non-uniform flow
Mild slope and long channel implies that normal water depth
occurs with yN > ycr. Normal water depth is also attained in
the inflow section to the channel. Non-uniform flow develops
in the downstream part of the channel before discharge to
the lake.
Q depends on H1 and yN in the inflow section.
Lake
Non-uniform flow
Sluice gate (Q a
function of y)
Lake
Lake
Jump
Lake
ucr2
H1 = ycr +
2g
ucr
Fr = 1 =
gycr
uniform flow
non-uniform flow
u N2
H1 = y N +
2g
1
u N = RN2 / 3 So1/ 2
n
Lake
non-uniform flow
Non-uniform flow
Hydraulic
Jump
Non-uniform
flow
y2 1
=
y1 2
1 + 8 Fr12 1
y1 1
=
y2 2
1 + 8 Fr22 1