SOUTH WESTERN UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF LAW
COPYRIGHT LECTURE NOTES
I.
Concept Intellectual property Intellectual property (IP) refers to
creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols,
names,
images,
and
designs
used
in
commerce.
[WIPO,
http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/]
Intellectual Property Rights - property rights which result from the physical
manifestation of original thought (Ballentine's Legal Dictionary, 3rd edition)
Classification of Intellectual Property Rights:
a.) Copyright Copyright is the legal protection extended to the owner
of
the
rights
in
an
original
work.
[IPO
http://www.ipophil.gov.ph/index.php/copyright/about-ownership-andrights]
A property right in an original work of authorship (such as a literary,
musical, artistic, photographic, or film work) fixed in any tangible medium
of expression, giving the holder the exclusive right to reproduce, adapt,
distribute, perform and display the work [Blacks Law Dictionary, 7 th
edition Abridged]
The scope of copyright is confined to literary or artistic works which are
original intellectual creations in the literary and artistic domain protected
from the moment of their intellectual creation [Elidad Kho vs Court of
Appeals]
b.)Trademarks "any visible sign capable of distinguishing goods or
services [Sec. 121.1, R.A. 8293]
A "trademark" is defined under R.A. 166, the Trademark Law, as including
"any word, name, symbol, emblem, sign or device or any combination
thereof adopted and used by a manufacturer or merchant to identify his
goods and distinguish them from those manufactured, sold or dealt in by
others [Mirpuri vs CA, G.R. No. 114508. November 19, 1999]
c.) Patents - A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention,
which is a product or a process that provides, in general, a new way of
doing something, or offers a new technical solution to a problem. In order
to be patentable, the invention must fulfil certain conditions[WIPO
http://www.wipo.int/patentscope/en/patents]
Patentable inventions - refer to any technical solution of a problem in any
field of human activity which is new, involves an inventive step and is
industrially applicable [ Elidad Kho vs Court of Appeals]
II. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
OFFICE
Read: Sec. 1 to 19 of R.A. 8293 as amended by R.A. 10372
7 Bureaus in the IPO:
a.)The Bureau of Patents; b.)The Bureau of Trademarks; c.)The Bureau of
Legal Affairs; d.) The Documentation, Information and Technology Transfer
Bureau; e)The Management Information System and EDP Bureau; f) The
Administrative, Financial and Personnel Services, g.) Bureau of Copyright
(added under R.A. 10372)
III. SOURCES OF COPYRIGHT/IP LAWS:
a.)Constitution (Article XIV, Sec. 13 of the Constitution)
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Section 13. The State shall protect and secure the

exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists, and other
gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations,
particularly when beneficial to the people, for such period
as may be provided by law.
b.)Civil Code
b.1) Article 721 of the Civil Code
By intellectual creation, the following persons acquire ownership:
(1) The author with regard to his literary, dramatic, historical,
legal,
philosophical, scientific or other work;
(2) The composer; as to his musical composition;
(3) The painter, sculptor, or other artist, with respect to the
product of his
art;
(4) The scientist or technologist or any other person with regard
to his
discovery or invention [this refers to patents]
b.2. Art. 722 of the Civil Code
Article 722. The author and the composer, mentioned in Nos. 1
and 2 of the preceding article, shall have the ownership of their
creations even before the publication of the same. Once their
works are published, their rights are governed by the Copyright
laws.
The painter, sculptor or other artist shall have dominion over the
product of his art even before it is copyrighted.
The scientist or technologist has the ownership of his discovery
or invention even
before
it is patented. (n)
b.3. Article 723 of the Civil Code
Art. 723. Letters and other private communications in
writing are owned by the person to whom they are
addressed and delivered, but they cannot be published or
disseminated without the consent of the writer or his heirs.
However, the court may authorize their publication or
dissemination if the public good or the interest of justice so
requires
c. R.A. 8293 - Intellectual Property Code as amended by R.A.
10372
d. International Treaties/Conventions: Berne Convention for the
Protection of Literary or Artistic Works, Rome Convention, Paris
Convention, TRIPS (TRADE RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY RIGHTS) Madrid Protocol/Agreement etc.
IV. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE (R.A. 8293 as amended by R.A.
10372)
A. Subsistence of rights.
Sec. 172.1 copyright subsists from the moment of intellectual
creation
-Publication is not necessary for a literary work to be protected.
-Deposit to the National Library is not a required formality. It is not
required under
R.A.8293.
Moreover, the Berne Convention provides that the enjoyment and the
exercise of these rights shall NOT be subject to any formality.
B. Protection. Sec. 172.2

172.2. Works are protected by the sole fact of their creation,

irrespective of their mode or form of expression, as wells of their
content, quality and purpose.
C. When is a (literary or artistic) work created?
-A copyrightable work is created when there is expression (fixed in a
tangible medium, not necessarily publication) and originality (the work
can be attributed to be an independent creation of the author or artist)
D. Subjects of Copyright (Sec. 172)
Sec. 172.1 Literary and Artistic works such as:
(a) Books, pamphlets, articles and other writings;
(b) Periodicals and newspapers;
(c) Lectures, sermons, addresses, dissertations prepared for oral
delivery, whether or not reduced in writing or other material
form;
(d) Letters;
(e) Dramatic or dramatico-musical compositions; choreographic
works or entertainment in dumb shows;
(f) Musical compositions, with or without words;
(g) Works of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture,
engraving, lithography or other works of art; models or designs
for works of art;
(h) Original ornamental designs or models for articles of
manufacture, whether or not registrable as an industrial design,
and other works of applied art;
(i) Illustrations, maps, plans, sketches, charts and three
dimensional works relative to geography, topography,
architecture or science;
(j) Drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character;
(k) Photographic works including works produced by a process
analogous to photography; lantern slides;
(l) Audiovisual works and cinematographic works and works
produced by a process analogous to cinematography or any
process for making audiovisual recordings;
(m) Pictorial illustrations and advertisements;
(n) Computer programs; and
(o) Other literary, scholarly, scientific and artistic works.
STUDY THE FOLLOWING CASES:
1.) COLUMBIA PICTURES VS CA 261 SCRA 144 (1996)
"This means that under the present state of the law, the
copyright for a work is acquired by an intellectual creator from
the moment of creation even in the absence of registration and
deposit. As has been authoritatively clarified:
The registration and deposit of two complete copies or
reproductions of the work with the National Library
within three weeks after the first public dissemination or
performance of the work, as provided for in Section 26
(P.D. No. 49, as amended), is not for the purpose of
securing a copyright of the work, but rather to avoid the
penalty for non-compliance of the deposit of said two
copies and in order to recover damages in an
infringement suit."
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2.) Ching vs. Salinas, G.R. No. 161295, June 29, 2005
-utility model vs copyright
3.) LAKTAW VS PAGLINAWAN 44 PHIL 855 (1918)
subject: Spanish -Tagalog Dictionary
- "nobody may reproduce another person's work, without
the consent of his owner, or even to annotate or add
something to it or to improve any edition thereof"
E. What is NOT protected nor a subject of copyright? Sec. 175
1.ideas
2. procedure, system, method, operation,
4.concept, principle, discovery or mere data as such, even if they are
expressed, explained, illustrated or embodied in a work;
5. news of the day and other miscellaneous facts having the character
of mere items of press information;
6. or any official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, as
well as any official
translation thereof
7. works of the government (sec 178)
CASES: - Joaquin, Jr. vs. Drilon, 302 SCRA 225 (1999)
Legal issue: Whether or not a format of a game show is copyrightable
F. Exclusive rights of a copyright owner/holder
Economic Rights vs Moral Rights
Economic rights - Sec. 177
xxx copyright or economic rights shall consist of the exclusive right to
carry out, authorize or prevent the following acts:
1. Reproduction of the work or substantial portion of the work;
2. Dramatization, translation, adaptation, abridgment, arrangement or
other transformation of the work;
3. The first public distribution of the original and each copy of the work
by sale or other forms of transfer of ownership;
4. Rental of the original or a copy of an audiovisual or cinematographic
work, a work
embodied in a sound recording, a computer program, a
compilation of data and
other materials or a musical work in graphic
form, irrespective of the ownership of
the original or the copy which is
the subject of the rental;
5. Public display of the original or a copy of the work;
6. Public performance of the work; and
7. Other communication to the public of the work
CASES:
- Pearl & Dean Inc. vs. Shoemart Inc., G.R. No. 148222, August
15, 2003
subject: light box
differentiate copyright vs patents, utility models
Old doctrines
-Filipino Society of Composers vs. Tan, 148 SCRA 461 (1987)
: "it is beyond question that the playing and singing of the
combo in defendantappellee's restaurant constituted performance
for profit contemplated by the
Copyright Law."
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take note :unfortunately in this case the S.C. ruled that the song "Dahil
sa Iyo" had long become public property. The ruling is not applicable
under our current
laws.
-Maglalang Santos vs., McCullough Printing, 12 SCRA 321
(1964)
:requirement of previous registration not applicable under the
new laws (R.A.8293)
Moral rights Sec. 193
1. Right of Attribution - right to be recognized as author of a literary
work - To require that the authorship of the works be attributed to him,
in particular, the right that his name, as far as practicable, be indicated
in a prominent
way on the copies, and in connection with the
public use of his work;
2. Right to Alteration - right to make alterations of his work prior to
publication or
to withhold it from publication.
3. Right to Integrity - right to object to distortion, mutilation or other
modification
of his literary or artistic work, or other derogatory actions
which would prejudice his honor or reputation
4. Right to prohibit the use of his name - this applies to work not
of his own creation or to a distorted version of his work.
G. Limitations to the exercise of copyright
Read: Sec. 184 and 185
What is not considered copyright infringement? Some examples:
1. Performance or recitation of a work if done privately or for religious or
charitable purposes
2. making some quotations of a published work provided that the source and
name of the author is acknowledged.
3.
dissemination of information to the public through newspapers,
magazines, t.v. broadcasts etc.
4. Fair use as defined under Sec. 185
-a legal doctrine that provides that portions of copyrighted materials
may be used without permission of the copyright owner provided the
use is fair and reasonable, does not substantially impair the value of
the materials, and does not curtail the profits reasonably expected by
the owner [http://www.merriam-webster.com]
"Fair use" can be simply defined as a limited and legally sanctioned
use of a copyrighted work even without the authors consent or
permission provided that the use falls under the allowed use under
Sec. 185
-

e.g. for criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching including multiple

copies for classroom use, scholarship, research, and similar purposes
Factors to be considered for the fair use of a copyrighted material:
1.) purpose and character of the use (must be for non-profit
educational purposes and not for commercial uses)
(2) The nature of the copyrighted work;
(3) The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the
copyrighted work as a whole; and
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(d) The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the
copyrighted work (must not have an injurious effect)
CASES: - Habana vs. Robles G.R. No. 131522, July 19, 1999
: "respondent Robles act of lifting from the book of petitioners
substantial portions of discussions and examples, and her failure to
acknowledge the same in her book is an infringement of petitioners
copyright"
H. Ownership
General Rule: copyright is owned by the creator of the literary or artistic
work
Exceptions:
a. IF AUTHOR/ARTIST IS AN EMPLOYEE
Sec. 178.3
EMPLOYER OWNS COPYRIGHT:
If copyrightable work is part of his regular duties as employee
EMPLOYEE OWNS COPYRIGHT:
If the intellectual creation is NOT part of employee's regular duties
even if it was created during company time
b. IF AUTHOR/ARTIST WAS COMMISSIONED BY THIRD PERSON
- Sec. 178.4
The created work itself shall belong to the person who commissioned
it; however the artist/author retains the copyright thereto unless there
is a contrary stipulation.
c. audiovisual work (e.g. movies)
-the copyright shall belong to the producer, scriptwriter, composer (for
music), film
director, and original author (in case of literary work
adapted to audiovisual media)
Producer shall be the one who will mainly exercise the right in order to
exhibit the audio visual work.
d. letters (Article 723 of the Civil Code)
COPYRIGHT RETAINED BY THE AUTHOR but the actual letter itself
is owned by
the addressee if the letter is delivered.
I. ASSIGNMENT of rights to copyright
**** Read the case of Jerome Siegel and Joe Shuster the creators of
superman.
I.1 Rights of an Assignee Sec. 180
I.2. Factors to be considered in assignment of copyright:
a. copyright rights can be assigned in whole or in part. (Sec. 180)
b. assignment of copyright is separate from the actual object.
(Sec. 181)
-assignment of copyright does not necessarily mean assignment of the
actual object
c. assignment must be in writing (Sec. 180.2)
d. deed of assignment or exclusive license may (not mandatory) be
filed in duplicate with the National Library upon payment of the prescribed
fee. (Sec. 182)
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J. TERMS/PERIOD OF COPYRIGHT PROTECTION

a.)lifetime plus 50 years after death of author Sec. 213
-applies to literary/artistic works as well as derivative works
b.)50 years from date which work was lawfully published
1.)if author of copyrighted material is unknown (Sec. 213.3)
2.)photographic works (Sec. 213.5)
3.)audiovisual work (Sec. 213.6
c.)50 years from making
1.unpublished photographic works (Sec. 213.5)
2. unpublished audiovisual work (Sec. 213.6)
d.)25 years from date of making
-applied art (sec. 213.4)
e.)4 years from the time the cause of action arose
-recovery of damages for violation of R.A. 8293 (Sec. 226)
K. Rights of performers
-Read the Rome Convention
A typical song enjoys triple protection under the Intellectual
Property Code:
a.)The lyrics of a song - protected by copyright in favor of author
b.)The melody of a song/musical arrangement - likewise
protected by
copyright in favor of composer
c.)The performer (singer, musician) who was authorized to
perform the song also enjoys intellectual protection over his or her
performance.
A.)Economic Rights of performers (e.g. singers, rock bands, theatre
actors) as to their performance (concerts, theatre performance etc.)
1. As to their performance: Sec. 203.1
(a)Right to the broadcasting and other communication to
the public of their
performance
e.g. live broadcast of a concert
(b)The fixation of their unfixed performance
e.g. recording the performance into a DVD,
QUESTION: Is it legal to capture a live concert with your video
recorder/video phone and then upload the video on YouTube?
2. The right of authorizing the direct or indirect
reproduction of their
performances fixed in sound
recordings, in any manner or form;
(Sec. 203.2)
e.g. rock band recording their music into music CDs, mp3s, DVDs
3. the right of authorizing the first public distribution of
the original
and copies of their performance fixed in the
sound recording through sale or rental or other forms of
transfer of ownership (Sec. 203.3)
e.g. bands can enter into contracts with sound producers with
respect to the
distribution of their music CDs
4. The right of authorizing the commercial rental to the
public of the original and copies
of their
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performances fixed in sound recordings, even after

distribution of them by, or pursuant to the authorization
by the performer (Sec. 203.4)
5. The right of authorizing the making available to the
public of their performances fixed in sound recordings, by
wire or wireless means, in
such a way that members of
the public may access them from a place and time individually
chosen by them. [Sec. 203.5)
e.g. bands have the sole right to authorize radios to air their
music, and to
stream their music in YouTube.
6. right to remuneration for the subsequent broadcast of
their
performance after the first
broadcast/communication of their
performance (Sec. 206)
" in every communication to the public or broadcast of a
performance
subsequent to the first communication or
broadcast thereof by the
broadcasting
organization, the
performer shall be entitled to an
additional
remuneration
equivalent to at least five percent (5%) of
the
original
compensation he or she received for the first communication
or broadcast."
B.) Moral Rights of Performers
- performers have the right to claim to be identified as the performer of
his performances, except where the omission is dictated by the
manner of the use of the performance, and to object to any distortion,
mutilation or other modification of his performances that would be
prejudicial to his reputation [Sec. 204.1]
L. TERM OF PROTECTION FOR PERFORMER'S RIGHTS
a.)NOT RECORDED: 50 years from the end of the year in which the
performance
took place(Sec. 215 a)
b)IF RECORDED: 50 years from the end of the year in which the
recording took place
(Sec. 215 b)
M. RIGHTS OF PRODUCERS OF SOUND RECORDINGS
-who are the producers of sound recordings? usually recording
studios/companies that record the songs/music of an artist/band
USUAL PROCESS:
a.)performer/recording artists enter into contracts with recording studios to
record their music/performance into musical CDS - Production of a music
album
b.) Producers also help the performer produce and distribute/sell his albums
c.)the performer and the producer enter into an agreement wherein
performers are paid a fixed royalty fee for each music album produced and
sold
-If there is no agreement? - they share equally in the remuneration Sec. 209
RIGHTS OF SOUND/MUSIC PRODUCERS:
a.) The right to authorize the direct or indirect reproduction of their
sound
recordings, in any manner or form; the placing of these
reproductions in the market and the right of rental or lending; Sec. 208.1
b.)The right to authorize the first public distribution of the original and
copies of
their sound recordings through sale or rental or other forms of
transferring
ownership; Sec. 208.2

c.) The right to authorize the commercial rental to the public of the
original and
copies of their sound recordings, even after distribution by
them by or pursuant to authorization by the producer Sec. 208.3
N. BROADCASTER'S RIGHTS
-e.g. TV stations, radio stations
RIGHTS OF BROADCASTERS: broadcasters have the right to authorize
or prevent the following acts:
1. rebroadcasting of their broadcasts Sec. 211.1
2. the recording in any manner, including the making of films or the
use of video tape, of their
broadcasts for the purpose of
communication to the public of television broadcasts of the same;
211.2
3. the use of such records for fresh transmissions or for fresh recording
Sec. 211.3
O. TERM OF PROTECTION FOR BROADCASTERS
- 20 years from the date the broadcast took place (Sec. 215.2)
P. LIMITATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF PERFORMERS, PRODUCERS,
BROADCASTERS
-subject to the same limitations as provided under Sec. 184 and Sec. 185
(Fair Use), and Sec. 212
"Section 212.Limitations on Rights. - Sections 203, 208 and 209 shall
not apply where the acts referred to in those Sections are related to:
212.1.
The use by a natural person exclusively for his own
personal purposes;
212.2.
Using short excerpts for reporting current events;
212.3.
Use solely for the purpose of teaching or for scientific
research; and
212.4.
Fair use of the broadcast subject to the conditions under
Section 185."
CASES TO READ:
-ABS-CBN vs. Phil. Multi-Media System Inc., G.R. No. 175769-70, Jan.
19, 2009
: NTC's "must carry rule"
V. COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
Concept: the unauthorized use of a copyrighted material.
Examples of copyright infringement commonly committed in the modern
world:
photocopying a whole textbook; making and selling illegal copies of DVDs or
computer programs; downloading and uploading illegal mp3s and movies;
posting photos of other people in your facebook (exception if you were the
one who took the pictures with the consent of the person); uploading
YouTube covers of yourself singing a song you did NOT compose;

CASES:

1.)Microsoft Corp. vs. Hwang, G.R. No. 147043, June 21, 2005
citing the Columbia case:
" Infringement of a copyright is a trespass on a private domain owned
and occupied by the owner of the copyright, and, therefore, protected by
law, and infringement of copyright, or piracy, which is a synonymous term in
this connection, consists in the doing by any person, without the consent of
the owner of the copyright, of anything the sole right to do which is conferred
by statute on the owner of the copyright."
2.)Microsoft Corp. vs. Maxicorp Inc., 438 SCRA 224
A. REMEDIES FOR COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT UNDER R.A. 8293
"Section 216. Remedies for Infringement. - 216.1. Any person infringing a
right protected under this law shall be liable:
(a)
To an injunction restraining such infringement. The court
may also order the defendant to desist from an infringement,
among others, to prevent the entry into the channels of
commerce of imported goods that involve an infringement,
immediately after customs clearance of such goods.
(b)
Pay to the copyright proprietor or his assigns or heirs such
actual damages, including legal costs and other expenses, as he
may have incurred due to the infringement as well as the profits
the infringer may have made due to such infringement, and in
proving profits the plaintiff shall be required to prove sales only
and the defendant shall be required to prove every element of
cost which he claims, or, in lieu of actual damages and profits,
such damages which to the court shall appear to be just and
shall not be regarded as penalty.
(c)
Deliver under oath, for impounding during the pendency of
the action, upon such terms and conditions as the court may
prescribe, sales invoices and other documents evidencing sales,
all articles and their packaging alleged to infringe a copyright
and implements for making them.
(d)
Deliver under oath for destruction without any
compensation all infringing copies or devices, as well as all
plates, molds, or other means for making such infringing copies
as the court may order.
(e)
Such other terms and conditions, including the payment of
moral and exemplary damages, which the court may deem
proper, wise and equitable and the destruction of infringing
copies of the work even in the event of acquittal in a criminal
case
CASES: - Habana vs. Robles, 310 SCRA 522 (1999)
Columbia Pictures Inc. vs. CA, supra
B. CRIMINAL PENALTY:
Section 217.Criminal Penalties. - 217.1. Any person infringing any right
secured by provisions of Part IV of this Act or aiding or abetting such
infringement shall be guilty of a crime punishable by:
(a)
Imprisonment of one (1) year to three (3) years plus a fine
ranging from Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000) to One hundred fifty
thousand pesos (P150,000) for the first offense.
(b)
Imprisonment of three (3) years and one (1) day to six (6) years
plus a fine ranging from One hundred fifty thousand pesos (P150,000)
to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000) for the second offense.
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(c)
Imprisonment of six (6) years and one (1) day to nine (9) years
plus a fine ranging from five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000) to
One million five hundred thousand pesos (P1,500,000) for the third and
subsequent offenses.
(d)
In all cases, subsidiary imprisonment in cases of insolvency.
C. JURISDICTION - RTC
Samson vs. Daway, G.R. Nos. 160054-55, 21 July 2004
D. RECOVERY OF DAMAGES - PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD: 4 YEARS FROM
THE TIME THE CAUSE OF ACTION AROSE (SEC. 226)
E. SCOPE OF APPLICATION:
1.) The protection afforded by this R.A. 8293 to copyrightable works
under Sections 172 [Literary Artistic Works] and 173 [Derivative Works]
shall apply to: [Sec 221]
(a)
Works of authors who are nationals of, or have their habitual
residence in, the Philippines;
(b)
Audio-visual works the producer of which has his headquarters or
habitual residence in the Philippines;
(c)
Works of architecture erected in the Philippines or other artistic
works incorporated in a building or other structure located in the
Philippines;
(d)
Works first published in the Philippines; and
(e)
Works first published in another country but also published in the
Philippines within thirty days, irrespective of the nationality or
residence of the authors.
(f) citizens of countries which are members of international
conventions or other international agreement to which the Philippines
is a party (Sec. 221.2) e.g. Berne Convention
2.) The provisions of this Act on the protection of performers shall
apply to [Sec. 222]
a.)
Performers who are nationals of the Philippines;
b.)
Performers who are not nationals of the Philippines but whose
performances:
b.1 Take place in the Philippines; or
b.2 Are incorporated in sound recordings that are protected
under this
Act; or
b.3 Which has not been fixed in sound recording but are
carried by
broadcast qualifying for protection under this Act.
b.4
performers are citizens of countries which are members
of
international
conventions or other international
agreements to which the
Philippines is a party e.g. ROME
CONVENTION
3.) The provisions of this Act on the protection of sound recordings
shall apply to[Sec. 223]
a.)
Sound recordings the producers of which are nationals of the
Philippines;
and
b)
Sound recordings that were first published in the Philippines.
c.)
producers of countries which are members of international
conventions or
other international agreements to which the
Philippines is a party
e.g. ROME CONVENTION
4.) The provisions of this Act on the protection of broadcasts shall
apply to: [Sec. 224]
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(a)Broadcasts of broadcasting organizations the headquarters of

which are
situated in the Philippines;
(b)Broadcasts transmitted from transmitters situated in the
Philippines.
(c)
Broadcasting organizations belong to countries which are
members of international conventions or other international
agreements to which the Philippines is a party e.g. ROME
CONVENTION

D.
SPECIAL
PENAL
LAWS
RELATED
TO
COPYRIGHT
INFRINGEMENT:
1.) REPUBLIC ACT 9239 - AN ACT REGULATING OPTICAL MEDIA,
REORGANIZING FOR THIS PURPOSE
THE
VIDEOGRAM
REGULATORY
BOARD, PROVIDING
PENALTIES THEREFORE,
AND
FOR
OTHER
PURPOSES
2.)REPUBLIC ACT 10088 -ANTI CAMCORDING ACT
3.)R.A. 10175 - CYBERCRIME PREVENTION ACT

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