Plants and Pollinators

Plants and Pollinators

Name

Course
Tutor
Date

Plants and Pollinators

1 | Page

Plants and Pollinators

Contents
Symbiosis................................................................................................................... 2
Parasitism................................................................................................................ 3
Commensalism........................................................................................................ 3
Mutualism................................................................................................................ 3
Mutualism................................................................................................................... 3
How bees benefit Flores.......................................................................................... 4
How Flowers paybacks:........................................................................................... 4
Taxonomy and scientific naming of Organisms Involved in Mutualism.......................4
Honey Bee.................................................................................................................. 4
Taxonomy................................................................................................................ 5
Sunflower................................................................................................................... 5
Taxonomy................................................................................................................ 5
Life cycle of Organism Involved in Mutualism.............................................................6
Lifecycle of honey Bee............................................................................................ 6
Lifecycle of Sunflower................................................................................................. 7
Stages Vn................................................................................................................ 7
Reproductive (Bud stage)........................................................................................ 7
Flowering................................................................................................................. 8
Full bloom................................................................................................................ 8
Importance of Honeybee:........................................................................................... 8
Honeybee as Survivors:........................................................................................... 8
Medical Implications:............................................................................................... 9
References................................................................................................................ 10

2 | Page

Plants and Pollinators

Symbiosis
A association between two beings in which both of them get the benefit. There are three different
types of symbiosis:

Parasitism
It's the kind of relationship where one partner get the benefit and the other is harmed by his
symbioses.
For example:
Nematodes and cestodes in the gut of humans

Commensalism
In this type of benefit that the symbiont get the benefit while the host have no benefit or harm
For example:
List of Ramora fish and sharks

Mutualism
It's the kind of symbiosis in which both the host and symbiont get benefit from each other
For example:
Relationship between Bee and sunflower.
These are the three different types of symbiotic relationships in the body. I will speak of
"mutualism" in detail, taking the example of honey bees and sunflower

Mutualism
It is a type of association in which both the organism get benefit from each other and neither of
them get harmed.
3 | Page

Plants and Pollinators

For Example:
The relationship between Honeybee and Sunflower is a mutualistic relationship. The sunflower
provides nectar to honey bees which help them to make honey and in turn honey bees help
sunflower in pollination. Now i am going to discuss this process in detail.

How bees benefit Flores.

Is pollinating flowers, which means that transfer, made by a flower pollen from one plant to
another plant flower. Bees do not do this on purpose. Actually, bees try to gather pollen and carry
it to their hives. In the course of flying from one flower to another, because they gather pollen,
some pollen is collected from a flower and accidentally falls into another flower. A result of
pollination in seed formation. Bee pollen is covering his entire body. Yellow bee pollen does
seem to be yellowish.

How Flowers paybacks:

The flowers produce pollen that bees practice as food. Pollen offers the nutrients they need.
Besides honey bees, pollen is the one diet they eat.
The bees are perhaps the most important pollinator of many garden plants and most commercial
orchards. The most common species of bees are bumblebees and honeybees. Since bees can not
see the red pollinated flowers usually have shades of blue, yellow or other colors. Bees collect
pollen rich in energy or nectar for their survival needs and energy. They visit flowers that are
open during the day, they are brightly colored, have a strong scent or odor, and have a tubular
shape, usually with the presence of nectar guide. A nectar guide includes regions in flower petals
that are only visible to bees, which help guide the bees to the center of the flower, so the
pollination process more efficient. The pollen sticks to diffuse hair of bees; when visiting another
flower bee pollen some is transferred to the second flower. Recently, there have been many
reports on declining bee population. Many will remain without pollinate flowers, having no
seeds if bees disappear. The impact on commercial fruit growers could be devastating.

4 | Page

Plants and Pollinators

Taxonomy and scientific naming of Organisms Involved in
Mutualism
Honey Bee
Category: Bee
Common name: Wasps, Apis
Scientific name: Apis mellifera

Taxonomy
Kingdom: Animalia
Filo: Arthopoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Apidae
Genre: Apis
Species: mellifera

Sunflower
Common Name: Sunflower

Taxonomy
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Asterales

5 | Page

Plants and Pollinators

Family: Asteraceae
Gender: Helianthus
Species: Helianthus annuus

Life cycle of Organism Involved in Mutualism

Lifecycle of honey Bee
The life cycle of a bee is perennial. Each colony contains three adult castes: queens posture,
producing drones sperm and non-reproductive workers. The only job is to mate with drones
Queen during flight mating season, and shortly after unloading their sperm, drones die. Worker
bees are able to live for six weeks, while queens can survive up to five years.
The life cycle of honey bees begins when an egg is broken. During the first stage of
development, form the offspring digestive system, nervous system and the outer cover. Each
member of a colony develops into an adult of varying duration. Queens become adults fledged
within 16 days; develop drones within 24 working days and require 21 days during the
development of larvae and pupae.
Within each colony, a single queen governs their workers and drones. Future queens develop
within larger cells by the constant consumption of royal jelly, while workers and drones are fed
only royal jelly during the first days of his life.
When an existing queen dies or becomes unable to lay eggs, the worker bees raise a new queen.
As the new queen becomes a young adult, she attends a nuptial flight, mating with several
drones. With sperm stored from the mating flight, she begins to lay eggs inside the hive. Honey
bee queens are able to put unfertilized eggs, which become drones, and fertilized eggs, which
become workers or queens new generation.
For a colony to survive, the queen bee honey need to lay a fullness of fertilized eggs. These
workers forage for food, build a strong and well insulated hive, care for larvae and defend the
colony from enemies. The Queen inspects each egg carefully before placing it in a cell. Put an
egg takes only seconds, and a queen can lay up to 2,000 eggs in a single day.
6 | Page

Plants and Pollinators

When a young, healthy queen eggs, she packs closely within cells. As one ages queen, shops
sperm decrease. In turn, produce fewer eggs and egg pattern within each cell begins to appear
less ordered

Lifecycle of Sunflower
The total time necessary for the growth of a sunflower plant and the time between the various
phases of growth depend on the genomic family of the plant growing season environment. For
branched sunflower observations are usually drawn by taking in account the head or main
branch..
VE (vegetative emergency). Young seeds have appeared and the first leaf beyond the cotyledons
is less than 4 cm long. For development they require a time of about 11-13 days.

Stages Vn
V1, V2... Vn. These phases are observed by calculating the quantity of real leaves at least 4 cm
in length with those flaccid and fell.

Reproductive (It is Bud forming stage)

R1, R2 and R3 (In includes reproductive stages from 1-3):
Sunflower shoot shows heliotropisms: during the day, the faces of outbreaks move to follow the
directions of sun from rising (east) to setting (west), although at night they reappear to an
eastward location. The first effort of young heads to look the sun provides no photosynthetic
benefit of the plant owing to the low efficacy of photosynthesis in the flower. But, the lock after
open to address this could avoid warmness of the face at midday and, therefore, preserve pollen
viability and efficiency of fertilization heads. Similarly, more energy is stopped by plants in front
of eastward throughout the early morning hours to assist drying of the night dew and reducing
the option of fungal attack. The feeling of the head is beneficial at this phase.

R4 (reproductive stage 4):

At this stage the whorls start to open and immature flowers become more visibile. The flowers
start to look eastwards

7 | Page

Plants and Pollinators

Flowering
At this phase the flowers begin to appear and start to become mature

R6 (Reproductive phase Six):

Ray Flowers weaken. Bowing their heads at this stage reduces rainfall interception by the heads,
allowing drying more quickly and thereby reducing the possibility of fungal attack.

R7-R9:
The head of the flower slowly turns yellowish then brownish.

Importance of Honeybee:
The honey is one of the main pollinators of many of our food crops, almonds, apples, avocados,
blueberries, melons, cherries, blueberries, cucumbers, sunflowers, watermelon and many other
crops all rely on bees for pollination.

Honeybee as Survivors:
So if bees disappear and we find replacements that can make their work; then food we take for
granted decrease in supply and increase in price.
The main reason that the bees are important to our world is as simple as this; if no honey bee
pollinates crops, crops do not grow and produce food that is harvested and brought to the store
where we bought it and bring it home to feed ourselves and our families.
In other words, there is a direct connection between the bees that pollinate crops and our ability
to provide food for our families.
One thing about bees is that they are important. Important in human scale - is not only important
for beekeepers, or me, but important for the quality of life enjoyed by the beneficiaries of the
developed economies worldwide. This importance is not hanging on honey production, but
pollination - nothing less than our food supply.

Medical Implications:
In fact, the importance of medicinal honey has been recognized in the world's eldest medical
work, and from early times, has been recognized to have antimicrobial things and action of
8 | Page

Plants and Pollinators

wound healing. The honey healing property is because of the point that deals with antibacterial
action, keeps a wet wound situation and the high viscidness aids to deliver a defensive block to
avoid infection. Their immunomodulation properties relevant for wound repair as well. The
antimicrobial action in maximum of the honeys is because of the the enzymatic manufacture of
H2O2. Yet another type of honey, honey not called peroxide (i.e., Manuka honey), shows
significant antibacterial activity. Its contrivance may be linked to the low level pH in honey and
high content of glucose (sugar) in it (high osmolality) which is enough to stop the growth of
microbes. Medicinal evaluated honeys have strong bactericidal activity in vitro against
antibiotic-resistant infections that cause several life-threatening bacteria in humans. But there is
great difference in the anti-microbial action of certain natural honey, which is due to action and
progressive difference of honey bee juice reserves. Therefore, recognition and description of the
lively ingredient (s) can provide valuable information about the quality and the probable
beneficial prospective of honey (beside various health disorders humans), and therefore have
discussed the therapeutic stuff honeys with importance on their anti-bacterial actions.

References
1. MelndezRamrez, V., et al. "Mixed mating strategies and pollination by insects and
wind in coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.(Arecaceae)): importance in production and
selection." Agricultural and forest entomology 6.2 (2004): 155-163.
2. Smith, Sally E., and David J. Read. Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Academic press, 2010.

9 | Page

Plants and Pollinators

3. Mayo, M. A. "virology division news: ICTV at the Paris ICV: Results of the Plenary
Session and the Binomial Ballot." Archives of virology 147.11 (2002): 2254-2260.

10 | P a g e