CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS

Microbiology Department Faculty of Medicine University of Brawijaya

is the study of evolutionary history of organisms . especially the classification of living forms.
to establish the relationship between one group of organisms and another and to differentiate
between them Systematics. The science of classification.to classify living organisms that is .
is called taxonomy The objective of taxonomy is . or phylogeny.
proposed that bacteria and fungi were placed in the Plant Kingdom . and fungi. Ernst
Haeckel proposed the Kingdom Protista to include bacteria. From the time of Aristotle living
organisms Plants or Animals . . protozoa. Carl von Ngeli. algae. Carolus Linnaeus Formal
system of classification kingdom Plantae and Animalia .
Edouard Chatton.Whittaker founded the Five Kingdom System in which prokaryotes were
placed in the Kingdom Prokaryotae or Monera. and eukaryotes comprised the other four
kingdom . the term of Prokaryote was introduced to distinguish cells having no nucleus from
nucleated cells of plants and animals . Robert H. Robert G.E.Murray proposed the Kingdom
Prokaryotae . Fungi were placed in their own kingdom in .
The Three Domains The Kingdom Prokaryotae had been based on microscopic observations
New techniques in molecular biology revealed that there are actually two types of prokaryotic
cells and one type of eukaryotic cell The discovery of three cell types was based on the
observation that ribosome are not the same in all cell In . Carl R. called domain .Woese
proposed elevating the three cell types to a level above kingdom.
fungi and protists The Domain Bacteria includes all of the pathogenic prokaryotes as well as
many of the nonpathogenic prokaryotes found in soil and water The Domain Archaea
includes prokaryotes that do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls . . The Domain
Eukarya animals. plants.The Three Domains . .
The Three Domains .
The Taxonomy Hierarchy Similar species are grouped into a genus Similar genera are
grouped into a family Families into an order Order into a class Classes into a division or
phylum Phyla into a kingdom Kingdoms into a domain .
The Taxonomy Hierarchy DOMAIN BACTERIA Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
PROTEOBACTERIA Gammaproteobacteria Enterobacteriales Enterobacteriaceae
Escherichia Escherichia coli .
respectively . The species name is lowercase and is usually an adjective Both names are
printed underlined or italicized Streptococcus pneumoniae Scientific names are to be taken
from Latin Suffixes for order and family are ales and aceae. or binomial binomial
nomenclature These names are the genus name and specific epithet species The genus
name is always capitalized and always a noun.Scientific Nomenclature Was established in by
Carolus Linnaeus Every organism is assigned two names.
from Greek words meaning prenucleus include both the bacteria and the archaea Bergeys
Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is the standard reference on bacterial classification A
group of bacteria derived from a single cell is called a strain Closely related strains constitute
a bacterial species .Classification of Prokaryotes Prokaryotes.
of cells . Nucleic Acid Hybridization Southern blotting . The polymerase chain reaction PCR .
or DNA fingerprints . The presence of various enzymes biochemical tests . Fatty acid
profiles . Bergeys Manual of Determinative Bacteriology is the standard reference for
laboratory identification of bacteria . Flow cytometry measures physical amp chemical
charact. Phage typing . The percentage of GC base pairs in the nucleic acid of cells can be

used in the classification of organisms .Methods of Classifying and Identifying

Microorganisms . The sequence of bases in rRNA . Morphological characteristics differential
staining techniques . The number and sizes of DNA fragments. Serological tests
serotypes/serovars slide agglutination test. Western blotting . ELISA.