Restraint Parameters for the soil model and Governing Equations

The restraint equations use these soil properties to generate ultimate loads and stiffnesses using the following
equations.
Initial restraint stiffness is estimated by assuming that the Ultimate Load is developed over a Yield
Displacement (YD). Axial Stiffness (KAX) on a per-length of pipe basis:

K AX =

F AX
YD AX

Transverse stiffness (

K TR =

K TR ) on a per-length of pipe basis:

F TR
YD TR

American Lifeline Alliance Clay Model

Lateral ultimate Load(FAX)per unit length

FAX = D a c
Y DAX =0.3 inches (stiff clay) or 0.4 inches (soft clay)
Where:

pipe diameter

soil adhesion factor (dimensionless)

0.608 0.123c

soil cohesion representative of soil backfill

0.274
2
c +1

Transverse Ultimate Load(FTR)per unit length

FTR

NCHcD

YDTR

0.04(H +

Where :

d
2 ) 0.1 D to 0.15D

0.695
3
c +1

c
A + BX + ( x +1 )

2 +

D
( x +1 )

NcH

H
D

6.752

0.065

-11.063

7.119

height of soil cover (meaured to centre of pipe,note CAESER ll

Requests distance to top of pipe)

Downward ultimate Load(FD)per unit length

FD

NCcD + NQ y HD

YDD

0.2D

NC

5.14

NQ

0.1(for clay)

defective density of soil(taking buoyancy into account)

Where :

Upward Ultimate Load (Fu),per unit length

FU

NCVcD

YDU

0.1H (stiff clay) to 0.2H (soft clay) < 0.2D

NCV

H
2 D

Where:

10

Axial Ultimate Load (FAX),per unit length

Where:

FAX

YDAX

DH

( 1+ k 0 )
2

tan

0.1inches (dense sand) or 0.2 inches (loose sand)

K0

= coefficient of pressure at rest (dimensionless) = 1 sin

= interface angle of friction for pipe and soil = f

= soil angle of internal friction,typical values are:

27 45 for sand
26 - 35 for silt

F = Coating dependant factor(dimensionless)typical values are:

Pipe coating

Concrete

1.0

Coal tar

0.9

Rough steel

0.8

Smooth steel

0.7

Fusion bonded epoxy

0.6

Polyethylene

0.5

Transverse Ultimate Load(FTR),per unit length

FTR

= NQHyHD

YDTR

0.04(H+

D
2

) 0.1 D to 0.15 D

Where:
NQH

A + BX + CX2 + DX3+ EX4

A,B,C,D,E based on , according to the following table:

20
25
30
35

A
2.399
3.332
4.565
6.816

B
0.439
0.839
1.234
2.019

C
-0.30
-0.090
-0.089
-0.146

D
1.059E-3
5.606E-3
4.275E-3
7.651E-3

E
-1.754E-5
-1.319E-4
-9.159E-5
-1.683E-4

40
45

10.959
17.658

1.783
3.309

-0.045
-0.048

5.425E-3
6.44E-3

-1.153E-4
-1.299E-4

Downward Ultimate Load (FD),per unit length

N y yD 2
2

FD

= NQyHD +

YDD

= 0.1D

NQ

= e(tan)tan2(45+ 2

Ny

= e(0.18-2.5)

Where:

= Density of dry soil

Upward Ultimate Load (Fu),per unit length

Fu

=NQVyHD

YDU

= 0.01H (dense sand)to 0.02H(loose sand) < 0.1D

NQV

Where:

H
44 D

NQ

Calculation for Lateral Bearing Length:

The length over which the pipe deflects laterally is termed the lateral bearing length (Lb) and can be
calculated by the equation:

EI
Lb

= 0.75 (4
K tr )1/4

Where:

E = pipe modulus of elasticity

I = pipe moment of inertia

Calculation for the Pipe from node..to .. is shown below:

Calculation for Virtual Anchor length:

Virtual Anchor Length (VAL): Since soil restraint capacity is a function of piping length, after a certain length,
the soil restraints will fully counteract the piping loads, acting as a virtual anchor. The piping need not be
modelled beyond this length. This length can be calculated as that length where the axial pipe force equals the
ultimate axial restraint load.
Axial pipe force consists of three types:

1.

Thermal Load = EatempDt

2.

Poisson effect (longitudinal shrinkagedue to hoop strain) = P D2 /2

3.

Longitudinal pressure load = PD2 /4

Using the (ALA sand Model),the Axial Ultimate Load(FAX) per unit length is:

FAX

1+k
y '( 0)
tan
= DH
2

1.Thermal Load = EatempDt

2.Poisson effect (longitudinal shrinkage due to hoop strain) = PD2/2
3.Longitudinal pressure load = PD2/4

Using the (ALA Sand Model),the Axial Ultimate Load (FAX) per unit length is:

1+k
y ' ( 0)
tan
FAX =DH
2

The ultimate restraint load therefore is the VAL * Fax,or:

1+k
y '( 0)
tan
Ultimate restraint load = VAL x DH
2

P D2
EatempD t -
2

P D2
2

1+k
y '( 0)
tan
=VAL x DH
2

Simplifying this gives

VAL =

PD
(0.5 )
2

( )

Ea temp t +

PD
Ea tempD t -
2

VAL =

1+K 0
)tan
2

Hy ' (

1+K 0
)tan
2

PD
2

PD
(0.5 )
2

( )

Ea temp t +

] [

Hy ' (

] [
/