Buoyancy

Archimedess 1st laws of buoyancy: A body immersed in a fluid experiences a vertical buoyant force
equaltotheweightofthefluiditdisplaces,seeFig.9and10.

Fig.9:animmersedbodyinafluid,experiencesaforceequaltotheweightofthefluiditdisplaces.
Thelineofactionofthebuoyantforcepassesthroughthecenterofvolumeofthedisplacedbody;i.e.,
thecenterofmassiscomputedasifithaduniformdensity.ThepointwhichFBactsiscalledthecenter
ofbuoyancy.
Bothliquidsandgasesexertbuoyancyforceonimmersedbodies.

Fig.10:Archimedesfirstlawofbuoyancy.

Thisequationassumesthatthebodyhasauniformspecificweight.
Afloatingbodydisplacesitsownweightinthefluidinwhichitfloats.
Inthecaseofafloatingbody,onlyaportionofthebodyissubmerged,thus:
weight of the floating body

M.Bahrami

FluidMechanics(S09)

Fluidstatics9

Fig.11:Archimedessecondlawofbuoyancy.

Example:Buoyancyforceonasubmergedobject
Asphericalbodyhasadiameterof1.5m,weighs8.5kN,andisanchoredtotheseafloorwithacableas
is shown in the figure. Calculate the tension of the cable when the body is completely immersed,
10.1
/ .
assume
Solution:
ThebuoyancyforceFBisshowninthefreebodydiagramwhereWistheweightofthebodyandTisthe
cabletension.Forequilibrium,wehave:

.Andthevolumeofthebodyis:

Thebuoyancyforceis;

Thecabletensionthenbecomes:
10.1

10

1.5
6

8.50

10

9.35

Seawater

FB

W
T
Cable

M.Bahrami

FluidMechanics(S09)

Fluidstatics10

Pressuredistributioninrigidbodymotion
Fluids move in rigidbody motion only when restrained by confining walls. In rigidbody motion, all
particles are in combined translation and rotation, and there is no relative motion between particles.
Theforcebalanceequationbecomes:

where a is the acceleration. The pressure gradient acts in the direction of g a and lines of constant
pressure (including the free surface, if any) are perpendicular to this direction and thus tilted at a
downwardangle(seeFig.11)suchthat:

Therateofincreaseofpressureinthedirectiongaisgreaterthaninordinaryhydrostatics:

Note: the results are independent of the size or shape of the container as long as the fluid is
continuouslyconnectedthroughoutthecontainer.

Fig.11:Rigidbodymotionofafluidcontainedinatank.

Rigidbodyrotation
Considerrotationofthefluidaboutthezaxiswithoutanytranslation,Fig.12.Thecontainerisassumed
toberotatingataconstantangularvelocityforalongtime.

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FluidMechanics(S09)

Fluidstatics11


Fig.12:Paraboloidconstantpressuresurfacesinafluidinrigidbodyrotation.
Theangularvelocityandpositionvectorsaregivenby:

Theaccelerationidgivenby:

Theforcedbalancebecomes:

Thepressurefieldcanbefoundbyequatinglikecomponents:

Afterintegrationwithrespecttorandz,andapplyingboundarycondition,p=p0at(r,z)=(0,0):
1
2

Thepressureislinearinzandparabolicinr.Theconstantpressuresurfacescanbecalculatedusing:

The position of the free surface is found by conserving the volume of fluid. Since the volume of a
paraboloidisonehalfthebaseareatimesitsheight,thestillwaterlevelisexactlyhalfwaybetweenthe
highandlowpointsofthefreesurface.
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FluidMechanics(S09)

Fluidstatics12


Fig.13:Determiningthefreesurfacepositionforrotationofacylinderoffluidaboutitsaxis.Thecenter
/4 ,andedgesriseanequalamount.
ofthefluiddropsanamount 2

Pressuremeasurement
Pressure is the force per unit area and can be imagined as the effects related to fluid molecular
bombardment of a surface. There are many devices for both a static fluid and moving fluid pressure
measurements. Manometer, barometer, Bourdon gage, McLeod gage, Knudsen gage are only a few
examples.

Fig.14:Bourdongage.

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FluidMechanics(S09)

Fluidstatics13