Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 42 (2015) 234239

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Potential of tilapia oil and waste in biodiesel production

Gislaine Iastiaque Martins, Deonir Secco, Luciene Kazue Tokura n,
Reinaldo Aparecido Bariccatti, Bruna Dresch Dolci, Reginaldo Ferreira Santos
College of Agriculture Engineering, Post-Graduation Program of Energy in Agriculture, Western Paran State University, UNIOESTE, Cascavel, PR, Brazil

art ic l e i nf o

a b s t r a c t

Article history:
Received 24 January 2014
Received in revised form
8 August 2014
Accepted 5 October 2014
Available online 28 October 2014

Fish oil shows up as an alternative for the recovery of waste from processing of tilapia as a way of adding
value to this raw material for biodiesel production. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the yield and acid
number of tilapia oil according to the type of waste used as well as to estimate its potential for biodiesel
production as a function of the oil obtained. The waste consisted of sh viscera, ns, heads, skin, scales
and mix of all residues mentioned. Such residues were provided by COPACOLs (Consolata Agro industrial
Cooperative) sh refrigerator and kept refrigerated for 24 h. Then oil was obtained by means of cooking
and waste pressing. It was not possible to obtain oil from the scales and skin of tilapia by the method
used. Fish viscera presented oil content of 22% and the mix of residues had a content of 6.12%. The oil
obtained from the viscera showed unsuitable acidity for the production of biodiesel by transesterication, requiring a process of neutralization in order to be processed into biodiesel. The remaining residues,
except waste mix, were suitable for the acid transesterication and biodiesel production. Fish oil has
potential for biodiesel production from tilapia processing waste. The oil obtained from the viscera
presented the highest potential to produce biodiesel per ton of waste processed (217 l), followed by the
oil obtained from sh heads (91 l) and mixed waste (60 l), showing that it is possible to convert waste
into biodiesel, which can totally or partially replace the use of diesel.
& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords:
Acid number
Oil content
Energy source

Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . .
2. Material and methods . .
3. Results and discussions .
4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

1. Introduction
The production and use of biodiesel in Brazil favor the development of a sustainable energy source under the environmental,
economic and social aspects, and also bring the perspective of
reducing diesel imports [1]. The biodiesel when used in diesel
engines reduces in 50% particulate and sulfur in 98%, when
compared with petroleum diesel. In addition, the biodiesel is

Corresponding author. Tel.: 55 45 3220 3155.

E-mail addresses: deonir.secco@unioeste.br (D. Secco),
lucienetokura@agronoma.eng.br (L. Kazue Tokura).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.020
1364-0321/& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

234
235
236
238
238

biodegradable and nontoxic. It can also be used pure or in blend

with conventional engines [2].
The production of this biodiesel in Brazil, in general, will not
compete with food for resources during their production and the
prices or during marketing, as will be produced from sh waste.
Thus, the development of alternative fuels from renewable
sources, has received considerable attention and an alternative is
the use of industrial waste generated in the tilapias processing, for
biodiesel production [3].
In countries such as Honduras, approximately 8000 t of wastes
tilapia per year is converted in 1.4 million liters of biodiesel from
recovered oil, in other words, 0.18 l of biodiesel produced per
kilogram of sh waste [4].

G. Iastiaque Martins et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 42 (2015) 234239

The production of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in 2009

represented 39% of the sh production from continental shfarming [5]. According to Ref. [3], such species is one of the most
indicated for intensive sh-farming for presenting typical requirements of the consumer market favorite sh, such as white meat
with rm texture, delicate avor and absence of interspersed
shbone, as well as productive features, as high growth rate and
adaptability in several climatic conditions and also great national
and international consumer market acceptance [6].
The state of Paran is the fth largest sh producer in Brazil. Its
west region concentrates the highest production and is responsible for more than 50% of the total volume of sh production in
the state. Tilapia represents approximately 75% of the total sh
production in Paran, which is also one of the pioneers in the
production of tilapia llet. The Copacol tilapia slaughterhouse is
the largest of Brazil with current production capacity of 20 t per
day, but it can reach capacity of 50 t per day [7].
The processes of commercialization and industrialization of sh
for human nourishment in the world utilize 25% to 70% of the
feedstock as edible products. Unusable parts reach up to millions
of tons and there is also a considerable amount of sh that is not
used for human consumption [6].
According to Ref. [8], the production of waste from sh
processing factories, mainly from the tilapia lleting industry
represents from 62.5% to 66.5% of feedstock, what requires the
processing of such residues in order to reduce environmental
impact.
According to Ref. [9], 68% of these residues were forwarded to
the feed industries, 23% to the municipal landll and 9% discharged directly into rivers, thus constituting a serious environmental impact. In this scenario were sought value-added
alternative enabling the management of tilapia waste for the
biodiesel production.
The term waste refers to residues and sub-products from the
processing of foods that have relatively low value [10]. Fish heads,
ns, skin, scales and viscera are characterized as waste [11,12].
The expansion of the shing activity resulted in the production
of large quantities of sh waste, especially viscera, which represent 7.5% to 15% of sh weight and 35% to 45% of the production of
oil that can be used in biodiesel production [3], what makes the
use of residues an economical and environmental alternative for
the sector.
Proper disposal of residues provides additional income to
processing units with the insertion of new products in the market,
avoiding losses and environmental impact. Thus, it is necessary to
search for viable alternatives that utilize the residues generated
both in large and small scales. In that sense, sh oil arises as an
alternative for biodiesel production [10].
Fish waste oil presents large potential for being used as a
substratum in biodiesel production, not only due to its lipid composition, which is rich in long-chain fatty acids [1316,12,17], but also
for being an abundant feedstock in Brazil.
The percentage of tilapia oil obtained after the processing of
residues depends on several factors, such as sh size and production system, which are the ones that inuence the most in the nal
results [18].
Another parameter that might inuence in the nal product is
the sh oil quality, mainly because of acidity increase. Acid
number is a very important analysis for oil or biodiesel production,
given that high acidity complicates the transesterication reaction
and an acid biodiesel may cause engine corrosion or biofuel
deterioration. Thus, it becomes important to analyze physicchemically the acidity of oil for biodiesel production and compare
the results with the parameters pre-set by National Agency of Oil,
Gas and Biofuels (ANP). In Brazil, biodiesel production is regulated
by ANP. The physic-chemical characteristics is made in accordance

235

with national standards of Brazilian Standard (NBR), by Brazilian

Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), by international standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), by
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the
Comit Europen de Normalisation (CEN).
Transesterication consists of a process in which the triglycerides react with an alcohol forming esters and glycerin [1921]. In
order to be properly used, the oil must present a maximum acid
number of 0.50 mg KOH/g according to Resolution 07 of the
Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels
(ANP) [22].
In that sense, the aim of this work was to assess the oil yield
and acid number of tilapia oil according to the type of sh waste
and estimate its potential for biodiesel production.

2. Material and methods

The experiment was conducted at the Biofuel Laboratory of
UNIOESTE (State University of West Paran), Cascavel campus. The
material used was acquired from COPACOL (Consolata Agro industrial Cooperative) sh slaughterhouse, located in the Nova Aurora
County, in the west region of Paran state.
Tilapia waste (heads, ns, skin, scales, viscera and mix of all
residues) was provided by COPACOL, in samples with an average of
5 kg of each residue in clean recipients, which were processed in
the factory on the day the sh were slaughtered and kept
refrigerated until the beginning of the experiment, what happened
on the following morning.
Residue samples were assessed individually, as shown in Fig. 1.
An amount of 1 kg of residue was used for oil production. It was
cooked in a pressure cooker, at high temperature (110 710 1C) for
an average time of 1 h and 30 min. After cooking, the material was
pressed (Fig. 2) provided with a screw or auger that crushes the
material, releasing the oil. From the pressed material was obtained
oil and press cake, which was discarded according to the methodology proposed by Ref. [23]. According to Ref. [24], the cooking
residue is essential for the release of water and oil material while
pressing its purpose is to remove the liquid portion of the material,
which is subjected to centrifugation followed by ltration, giving
rise to liquid and solid portion. The liquid portion, known as the
press liquor is composed of water-soluble solids and crude oil. The
solid portion, known as press cake is composed of wet solid and
can be used as feedstock for the production of feed for cats. After
the obtainment of oil the material was taken to a greenhouse at
607 10 1C for 24 h for water excess removal. All analyses were
performed in quadruplicate.
The sh oil was assessed in what concerns to residue oil yield
and content of free fatty acids (acid number).
The yield of tilapia oil extracted after drying in the greenhouse
and separation by centrifugation was calculated based on the
relation between oil mass (mo) and residue mass (mr). It was
expressed in percentage, as shown in Eq. (1).
R

mo
 100 %
mr

in which R oil residue yield, in %, mo oil mass, g, mr residue

mass, g.
Average values obtained for sh residue oil yield were used to
describe the potential for oil and biodiesel production from wastes
generated from tilapia processing.
The acid number assessment was performed according to the
analytic norms of Ref. [25]. In the analytical procedure, the
samples were homogeneous and completely liquid. An amount
of 2 g of sample were weighed into Erlenmeyer ask. Was added
25 ml of ether-alcohol (2:1) neutral. Was added two drops of

236

G. Iastiaque Martins et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 42 (2015) 234239

Fig. 1. Fish residues: (A) heads, (B) ns, (C) skin, (D) scales and (E) viscera.

via base catalysis and followed the recommendation of Resolution

No. 07 of the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and
Biofuels [22], which determines the standards national the quality
and recommends that the acid must have a limit of 0.50 mg KOH/g,
to be turned into biodiesel.
The statistical design used in the experiment was completely
random with six treatments (heads, ns, skin, scales, viscera and
mix of all residues) and four replications for each treatment.
Means were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and
compared by Tukeys test, at 5% of signicance.

3. Results and discussions

Fig. 2. Pressing of cooked residues for oil extraction.

phenolphthalein indicator. Was titrated with a solution of 0.1 M

sodium hydroxide, until the appearance of pink color, which
persisted for 30 seconds. For the calculation of the acid number
(IA), was used Eq. (2).


mg KOH
56; 11
IA
V M F 
2
g
m
where IAacid number, V volume (ml) of 0.1 M NaOH spent in
the sample titration, Mmolarity of 0.1 M NaOH, Fcorrection
factor solution of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M, m mass (g) of the
sample (oil).
The methodology for the extraction of biodiesel from waste
tilapia was performed according to the transesterication process

Table 1 presents the mean values of tilapia oil content according to the type of residue processed.
According to the results obtained the type of residue interfered
in the oil content. Viscera presented the highest oil content
(22.02%), differing statistically from the means of other treatments. Oil contents obtained from heads (9.23%) and mix of
residues (6.12%) did not differ statistically from each other. The
lowest oil content was found in ns (4.33%). It was not possible to
obtain oil after cooking and pressing scales (0.00%) and skin
(0.00%).
Based on these results one can observe that the mix of residues
with oil yield of 6.12% presented a slightly inferior result to
those of other studies found in the literature, what may be
explained by the composition of the sampled mix, which must
have presented a higher amount of skin, scales and ns, which
showed low oil yield. Authors such as Ref. [23] applied the
technique of cooking and pressing for tilapia oil extraction (mix
of residues) and obtained yield of 15%. While Ref. [26] obtained a
11% extraction yield of oil from the sh waste.
Ref. [27] evaluating the oil viscera curimbata (Prochilodus spp.),
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) obtained a yield of 13.75%, 27.58% and 42.53% oil,
respectively in the processing of the sh viscera.
Ref. [28] evaluated the oil from Pangasius hypophthalmus and
Pangasius bocourti (Tra and Basa catsh) for the production of
biodiesel by transesterication reaction by ultrasound. According
to the authors, the sh oil present levels of unsaturated fatty acid
of 57.97% and 64.17%, respectively for Pangasius hypophthalmus
and Pangasius bocourti and there was an increase in the conversion
efciency of 91.66% when the molar ratio methane/oil was 12/1.
Still based on the results obtained, sh viscera are amenable to
enzymatic activity, what favors the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol,

G. Iastiaque Martins et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 42 (2015) 234239

Table 1
Oil content according to the type of residue.
Residues

Oil content (%)

C.V. (%)

M.S.D.

Viscera
Heads
Mix
Fins
Skin
Scales

22.02 a
9.23 b
6.12 b
4.33 c
0.00 c
0.00 c

13.52
1.04
55.17
24.09
0.00
0.00

2.05
0.06
2.49
0.73
0.00
0.00

* Treatment means followed by the same letter do not differ from each other
signicantly by Tukeys test at 5% of signicance. C.V.: Coefcient of Variation;
M.S.D.: Minimum Signicant Difference.

Table 2
Acidity of tilapia oil obtained from different residues.
Residues

Acidity (mg KOH/g)

C.V. (%)

M.S.D.

Fins
Heads
Mix
Viscera

0.10 a
0.10 a
0.86 b
2.67 c

15.12
10.87
45.68
5.25

0.010
0.008
0.276
0.107

*Treatment means followed by the same letter do not differ from each other
signicantly by Tukeys test at 5% of signicance. C.V.: Coefcient of Variation;
M.S.D.: Minimum Signicant Difference.

which releases fatty acids and elevates oil acidity [12]. Thus, an
alternative for the treatment of this oil would be a preliminary
stage of sterilization in order to inactivate the endogenous
enzymes present in the animals stomach. The process normally
occurs at room temperature with the homogenization of the
material [29,10,12]. It is applied for the obtainment of oils with
lower acid values.
One of the concerns related to the production of biodiesel from
sh waste is related to the quality of the oil produced, especially
with regard to low-lubrication, higher viscosity, ash point [17],
water content and high acidity [30,12].
Table 2 presents mean values for the tilapia residue oil acidity.
One can observe that there was no signicant difference in the
acid number of oils obtained from ns (0.10 mg KOH/g) and heads
(0.10 mg KOH/g), which differed signicantly from the acidity
index of the mix of residues (0.86 mg KOH/g) and viscera
(2.67 mg KOH/g), which presented signicant difference from
each other.
As the transesterication reaction is directly inuenced by oil
quality and the maximum acidity established by Resolution 07 of
the Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and
Biofuels (ANP) [22] is 0.50 mg KOH/g, the oil extracted from heads
and ns by transesterication can be recommended with no need
for neutralization, once the values found in this study are within
these limits. However, oils obtained from tilapia viscera and mix of
residues presented high acid values, what required a neutralization process for the oil to go through transesterication.
Some authors found acidity values superior to those observed
in this study, as those observed by Ref. [31], who veried acidity of
5.8 mg KOH/g for tilapia oil under the process of cooking and
pressing extraction. Other authors, such as Ref. [32] found results
lower than the work, when studied marine sh species.
Regarding oil extraction temperature, Ref. [33] veried that
crude tilapia oil presented higher acid values when extracted at
high temperatures in comparison to oil extracted at low temperatures, obtained by means of pressing, which was 1.23 mg KOH/g,
what indicates that the extraction at higher temperatures interferes in lipid fraction quality, due to the fact that sh oils
may easily suffer from oxidative deterioration, mainly when
heated [34].

237

Biodiesel production from vegetal oil or animal fat may occur

by transesterication or acid esterication. What process to apply
will depend on how the oil is going to be used. Transesterication
is a process in which the triglycerides react with alcohol and form
esters and glycerin [21].
Thus, one can observe that the extraction of oil contained in
sh residues, except for scales and skins which did not produce
oil constitutes an alternative for biodiesel production once these
residues are mostly discarded, what may contaminate soil, air and
groundwater. It also represents an income complement for shermen and boosts the biofuel industry due to the low cost of sh oil.
However, the remaining waste of scales and skin, after the
extraction of tilapia oil can still be used as feedstock in the
extraction of the collagen for the pharmaceutical and food industry [35], and other by-products production chain of aquaculture,
such as leather tanning for the furniture industry, clothing and
crafts; composting; sh meal and silage [23].
Another important parameter related to biodiesel quality is the
specic mass at 20 1C, which is determined by the ratio between
mass and volume of a substance at specic temperature and
pressure, also called density. The aim of such parameter is to
restrict the use of some feedstocks in biodiesel production because
these characteristics have great inuence on processes such as fuel
injection and preparation for automatic ignition. So in order to
estimate the extraction potential of tilapia oil it was necessary to
take into account a research performed by Ref. [36], in which the
authors found specic mass of 914 kg m  3 for tilapia oil and the
oil contents for each residue analyzed in this experiment.
The transesterication reaction by base catalysis of oils with
high acidity was considered for estimating biodiesel production
potential (Table 3).
In this work, was found that per liter of tilapia waste oil from
viscera was produced 0.9 l of biodiesel, as shown in Table 3. In Iran,
[26] working with extraction of oil from sh waste for the
production of biodiesel by transesterication process, obtained
similar values.
A large amount of the sh production ends up becoming
industrial waste. The survival of the sh industry is related to
the ability of treating or nding new functions for wastes. This
search for new nalities not only meets the needs of consumption,
but also new attitudes of consumption [32]. In that sense, one can
observe that with the improvement in residue selection, extraction
and processing it is possible to obtain quality oil that may be used
as human or animal nourishment. Also, by neutralizing its acidity
it can be used as feedstock in the production of biofuels, such as
biodiesel.
Checking the efciency the biodiesel of tilapia in diesel engines,
Ref. [37] compared the performance of an engine generator set
with power of 7.36 kW (10 hp) coupled to a generator 5.0 kWe
using biodiesel tilapia in the proportions of 100% biodiesel (B100),
20% biodiesel blended with petroleum diesel (B20) and pure
mineral diesel (B0) and found that using 100% biodiesel tilapia
(B100) engine generator showed higher performance when
Table 3
Tilapia oil extraction potential and estimate biodiesel production according to each
type of residue.
Residues

Production capacity
(l oil.ton residue  1)

Production capacity
(l biodiesel.ton residue  1)

Viscera
Heads
Mix
Fins

220.2
92.3
61.2
43.3

198.3
83.3
54.8
35.0

The estimate of the biodiesel production capacity (l oil.ton residue  1) was obtained
by the proportion of oil content into each residue, showed in Table 1.

238

G. Iastiaque Martins et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 42 (2015) 234239

Table 4
Total costs per liter of biodiesel for each feedstock.
Products
Biodiesel
Biodiesel
Biodiesel
Biodiesel
a

of
of
of
of

tallow
chicken
soybean
sunower

U$ l  1 of biodiesela

Authors

0.89
0.97
1.43
1.48

[36]

US$ 1 R$ 2.26.

compared to pure diesel (B0) and B20, reaching an efciency of

21.6% at a loading of 2.6 kW, while the efciency of B0 and B20 to
the same load was 18%. According to the authors, lower specic
fuel consumption (SFC) was obtained for B20 and B100 blend
compared to pure diesel (B0). The B20 mixture (473.6 g kW  1)
showed a reduction of 1.5% of SFC, when compared to B0
(480.9 g kW h  1). For B100 (457 g kW h  1) the reduction was
5%, when compared to B0.
Ref. [38] evaluated the reuse of beef tallow for biodiesel
production through methylic and ethylic routes and observed that
the biodiesel samples when subjected to analyzes of density,
viscosity, ash point, acid number, water content, power heat
and gas chromatography, showed results within the limits established by the ANP. The authors also comment that the ethyl
biodiesel showed the greater potential for work generation in
engines, increased security by presenting high ash point. Furthermore, biodiesel methyl demonstrated to be more resistant to
oxidation and methyl route showed higher yield of biodiesel.
Considering the relevance of the production costs of biodiesel
compared to diesel, Ref. [39] assessed the cost of producing
biodiesel from soybean, sunower, chicken and beef tallow relative to commercial diesel and found that overall the best value
(variable costs xed costs) per liter of biodiesel produced was
obtained for biodiesel from tallow, followed by chicken, soybean
and sunower, respectively (Table 4). According to the authors, the
methodology showed that the costs go beyond the because of
production expenses, and procurement, because the consumption
of each fuel is distinct, as has happened with gasoline and ethanol.

4. Conclusion
Higher oil yields were obtained with the use of tilapia viscera,
which presented the highest biodiesel production potential among
the residues studied. However, its acidity was not adequate for
biodiesel production by means of transesterication, the process
neutralization is necessary improve for quality of acidity, whereas
the other residues except the mix of residues showed adequate
acid values.
The oils extracted from the mix of residues, ns and heads meet
the requirements of the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas
and Biofuels (ANP), regarding oil acidity for biodiesel production.
Higher capacity of producing biodiesel per ton of processed
residues was obtained with the oil from viscera (217 l), followed by
sh heads (91 l) and mix of residues (60 l).
References
[1] Conceio MM, Candeia RA, Dantas HJ, Soledade LEB, Fernandes Jr VJ, Souza
AG. Rheological behavior of castor oil biodiesel. Energy Fuels 2005;19:21858.
[2] Aranda DAG, Rosa LP, Oliveira LB, Costa AO, Pimenteira CAP, Mattos LBR,
Henriques RM, Moreira JR. Gerao de energia a partir de resduos do lixo e
leos vegetais: Fontes Renovveis de Energia no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro:
Intercincia; 2003.
[3] Santos FFP, Malveira JQ, Cruz MGA, Fernandez FAN. Production of biodiesel by
ultrasound assisted esterication of Oreochromis niloticus oil. Fuel 2010;89
(2):2759.

[4] Piccolo T. Framework analysis of sh waste to biodiesel productionAquanca. Case study. Aquatic 2009;39(338):197184.
[5] BRASILMinistrio da Pesca e Agricultura. Boletim estatstico da pesca e
aqicultura Brasil 20082009. Braslia, Brasil, Ministrio da Pesca e Agricultura; 2010. 101p.
[6] Vasconcelos MMM, Mesquita MSC, Albuquerque SP. Padres fsico-qumicos e
rendimentos de silagem cida de tilpia. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia de
Pesca 2011;6(1):2737.
[7] EMATER. Instituto Paranaense de Assistncia Tcnica e Extenso Rural.
Piscicultura;
2012.
http://www.emater.pr.gov.br/modules/conteudo/con
teudo.php?conteudo=71. (accessed 22.11.13).
[8] Boscolo WR, Hayashi C, Soares CM. Desempenho e caractersticas de carcaa
de machos revertidos de tilpias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), linhagens
tailandesa e comum, nas fases iniciais e de crescimento. Revista Brasileira de
Zootecnia 2001;30(5):13916.
[9] Stori FT, Bonilha LEC, Pessatti ML. Proposta de aproveitamento dos resduos
das indstrias de beneciamento de pescado de Santa Catarina com base num
sistema gerencial de bolsa de resduos. In: Garcia BG, editor. Responsabilidade
Social das empresas: uma contribuio das Universidades. So Paulo: Peirpolis; 2003. p. 373406.
[10] Arruda LF, Borghesi R, Brum A, Regitano Darce M, Oetterer M. Nutritional
aspects of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) silage. Cincia e Tecnologia de
Alimentos 2006;26(4):74956.
[11] Contreras-Guzmn ES. Bioqumica de pescados e derivados. Jaboticabal:
FUNEP; 1994; 409.
[12] Feltes MMC, Correia JFG, Beiro LH, Block JM, Ninow JL, Spiller VR. Alternativas
para a agregao de valor aos resduos da industrializao de peixe. Revista
Brasileira de Engenharia Agrcola e Ambiental 2010;14(6):66977.
[13] Ankade GR. Technical note: improved utilization of studed tilapia spp. J Food
Sci Technol Int 1989;24(1):206.
[14] Gunstone FD, Harwood JL, Padley FB. Marine oils: sh and whale oils. In:
Gunstone FD, editor. The lipid handbook. London: Chapman & Hall; 1994.
p. 16771.
[15] Aro T, Tahvonen R, Mattila T, Nurmi J, Sivonen T, Kallio H. Effects of season and
processing on oil content and fatty acids of baltic herring (Clupea harengus
membras). J Agric Food Chem 2000;48(12):608593.
[16] Pessatti ML. Aproveitamento dos subprodutos do pescado. Itaja: Mapa/
Univali; 2001; 130.
[17] Jayasinghe P, Hawboldt K. A review of bio-oil from waste biomass: focus on
sh processing waste. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 2012;16:798821.
[18] Vidotti RM, Borini MSM. Aparas da letagem da tilpia se transformam em
polpa condimentada. Panorama da Aquicultura 2006;16(96):3841.
[19] Naik SN, Vidya SD, Meher LC. Technical aspects of biodiesel production by
transestericationa review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 2006;10:
24868.
[20] Sanli H, Canakci M. Biodiesel production from various feedstocks and
their effects on the fuel properties. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008;35:
43141.
[21] Feltes MMC, Oliveira D de, Ninow JL, Oliveira JV de. An overview of enzymecatalyzed reactions and alternative feedstock for biodiesel production. Alternative fuel. . Crocia: InTech; 2011; 2147.
[22] ANP Agncia Nacional do Petrleo, Gs Natural e Biocombustveis. Resoluo
n.7, de 19.3.2008 Dirio Ocial da Unio. Braslia: Governo Federal; 2008
http://www.anp.gov.br. (accessed 23.11.13).
[23] Vidotti RM, Gonalves GS. Produo e caracterizao de silagem, farinha e leo
de Tilpia e sua utilizao na alimentao animal; 2006. ftp://ftp.sp.gov.br/
ftppesca/producao_caracterizacao.pdf. (accessed 02.05.10).
[24] Lee CF. Processing sh meal and oil. In: Stansby EM, editor. Industrial shery
technology. New York: Reinhold Publishing; 1963. p. 21935 (Corporation).
[25] IALInstituto Adolfo Lutz. Normas Analticas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz: Mtodos fsicos e qumicos para anlises de alimentos. Zenebon O, Pascuet NS,
Tiglea P. (Coord).4th ed. So Paulo: Instituto Adolfo Lutz; 2008. p.1020.
[26] Yahyaee R, Ghobadian B, Naja G. Waste sh oil biodiesel as a source of
renewable fuel in Iran. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 2013;17:3129.
[27] Guerra-Segura J. Extrao e caracterizao de leos de resduos de peixes de
gua doce. Dissertao de mestrado, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de
Alimentos da Universidade de So Paulo, 2012, So Paulo, Brasil.
[28] Huong LTT, Tan PM, Hoa TTV. Biodiesel production from fat of Tra catsh via
heterogeneous basic-catalyzed transesterication using ultrasonic mixing. e-J
Surf Sci Nanotech 2011;9:47781.
[29] Seibel NF, Soares LA de S. Produo de silagem qumica com resduos de
pescado marinho. Braz J Food Technol 2003;6(2):3337.
[30] Knothe G, Dunn RO. Biodiesel: an alternative diesel fuel from vegetable oils or
animal fats. Industrial uses of vegetable oils. AOCS Press; 2005; 4289.
[31] Oliveira LE, Barboza JCS, Da Silva MLCP. Production of ethylic biodiesel from
Tilapia visceral oil. Renewable Energy Power Qual J 2013;11(5):4125.
[32] Bery CC de S, Nunes ML, Silva GF da, Santos JAB dos, Bery C de S. Estudo da
viabilidade do leo de vsceras de peixes marinhos (Seriola Dumerlii (Arabaiana), Thunnusspp (Atum), Scomberomorus cavala (Cavala) e carcharrhinusspp
(Cao)) comercializados em Aracaju para a produo de biodiesel. Revista
Gesto, Inovao e Tecnologias Geintec 2012;2(3):297306.
[33] Aguiar GP, Goulart GAS. Utilizao de material residual da indstria de
pescado para obteno de leo e farinha. Tecnologia & Cincia Agropecuria
2013;7(4):5560.
[34] Shahidi F. Lpds y protenas funcionales del pescado. In: MAZZA G, editor.
Alimentos funcionales. Zaragoza: Acribia; 1998.

G. Iastiaque Martins et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 42 (2015) 234239

[35] Bordignon AC, Franco MLR de S, Gasparino E, Yajima EM, APD Vesco,
Visentainer JV, JMG Mikcha. Aproveitamento de peles de tilpia-do-nilo
congeladas e salgadas para extrao de gelatina em processo batelada. Revista
Brasileira de Zootecnia 2012;41(3):4738.
[36] Melo GO, Drummond AR, Pereira FSG, Melo JA, Alencar R, Dantas DMM,
Glvez AO. Biodiesel de leo de peixe uma alternativa para regies semiridas. In: IV Congresso Brasileiro de Mamona e I Simpsio Internacional de
Oleaginosas Energticas, 1, 2010, Joo Pessoa. Incluso Social e Energia:
Anais Campina Grande: Embrapa Algodo; 2010. p. 30-35.
[37] Klaus OL, Villetti L, Siqueira JAC, Souza SNM de, Santos RF, Nogueira CEC,
Rosseto C. Efciency and fuel specic consumption of an engine running o sh
biodiesel. Sci Res Essays 2013;8(42):21202.

239

[38] Peres S, Paiva TMN, Miro RMF, Ferreira AL, Campos TAM. Caracterizao do
biodiesel de sebo bovino utilizando rotas metlicas e etlicas. In: Congresso
Brasileiro de plantas oleaginosas, leos, gorduras e biodiesel, 5, 2008, Lavras,
MG. Anais Lavras: [S.n.]; 2008. p. 1728-40.
[39] Fiorese DA, Gomes LFS, Souza SNM de, Dallmeyer AU, Romano LN. Metodologia experimental para avaliao de custos de produo e utilizao de
biodiesel: estudo de caso de quatro steres metlicos e leo diesel comercial.
Cincia Rural 2011;41(11):19216.