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specifically the Sadducees and the Pharisees. Lecture 14 begins a series of four lectures
concerning another sect that emerged during the Late Second Temple period, the Essenes, and
the scrolls left behind by their community at Qumran. We discuss the discovery of the Dead Sea
Scrolls, tour the settlement at Qumran, and look at some of my own research on the archaeology
there. The sectarian settlement at Qumran was established during the Hasmonean period and
was occupied through the period of the Roman takeover and the reign of Herod the Great. In
Lecture 18, we consider the important transition from the Hasmonean period to the reign of
Herod. As we'll see in Lectures 19 and 20, Herod may have been a ruthless king, but he is
known among archaeologists as the single greatest builder in the history of Palestine. We'll see
his rebuilding of the Second Temple and the area of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem and his
construction of another important city, Caesarea Maritima. Having looked at the archeological
landscape created by Herod, in Lecture 21, we talk about his final days, his death, and the
events after his death, leading up to and including the governorship of Pontius Pilate.
In Lectures 22 and 23, we study the smaller towns and villages, such as Bethlehem and
Nazareth, that formed the backdrop to the life of Jesus. We also attempt to understand the
socioeconomic environment of Galilee, which was polarized between an elite upper class and
the majority of the population who lived at the subsistence level. Although Jesus apparently spent
most of his life in Galilee, much of the information we have about him concerns his final days in
Jerusalem. In Lecture 24, we review what is known from archaeology to learn what Jerusalem
looked like in those last days. In Lectures 25 and 26, we explore the topic of ancient Jewish
tombs and burials, setting the stage for a discussion, in Lecture 27, of Gospel accounts of the
death and burial of Jesus and his brother, James.
The death of James highlights the instability in the Holy Land from the time of Herod's death until
A.D. 66, when the First Jewish Revolt broke out against the Romans. As we'll see in Lecture 28,
this revolt officially ended with the destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple in A.D. 70,
but in Lectures 29 and 30, we follow the continued fighting of the Jews against the Romans,
specifically in the fortresses of Herodium, Peraea, and Masada. In the decades after 70, the
Jews lived in expectation of rebuilding the temple, but the decision of Emperor Hadrian to
rebuild Jerusalem as a pagan city led to the outbreak of additional revolts. Lecture 31 looks at
these rebellions, culminating in the Second Jewish Revolt, or the Bar-Kokhba Revolt, the end of
which seems to mark the parting of the ways between Judaism and Christianity. In Lecture 32,
we explore Hadrian's rebuilding of Jerusalem as Aelia Capitolina before moving on, in Lecture
33, to the Byzantine period to consider how Christianity literally transformed the appearance of
the Holy Land. In Lecture 34, we look at what happened to the Jewish population of Palestine
during the course of this transformation, and in Lecture 35, we see the impact of the arrival of
Islam. Finally, we close this lecture series with an overview of scientific archaeological
excavation and a look at the promise of even greater understanding of the past held by
advances in technology, genetics, and other sciences.
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Professor Recommend Links
http://orion.mscc.huji.ac.il
http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/philo.html
http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0.htm
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Condensed Bibliography
These selected titles from the reading list are now available on Amazon.com. Click on a title for
more information and/or to order the title.
Digging for God and Country, Exploration in the Holy Land, 1799-1917. Silberman, N
A highly readable account of the rediscovery of the Holy Land by Western (European and
American) explorers in the nineteenth century.
From Eden to Exile, Unraveling Mysteries of the Bible. Cline, E
An authoritative and highly readable account of the archaeological evidence for
various biblical (Old Testament) stories such as Noah's Ark, the Ark of the Covenant,
and the Exodus.
In some cases the only available book from Amazon is a newer edition than the one used by the
professor. The edition used by the professor may be available on the used market.
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