Project On Pressure Vessel

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTEMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
PROJECT ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
APPARATUS DESIGN
Course code: (ChEg4191)
PROJECT TITLE:- PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN
PREPARED BY:-NETWORK -6SECTION -1Year -4th
List Name of Network Members
ID
1) Fanus Alemu.............RET 0485/06

2) Letebrhan Bahta............................................RET 0963/06
3) Rgbey Kiday.............................................RET 1242/06
4) Teame Gebretsadik.......RET 1406/06
5) Teklehaimanot Abraha.............RET 1443/06
6) Wasie Kebire................................................RET 1578/06
Submitted to Instructor
Submission Date
Zinabu H.
December 12/2016 G.C
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Declaration
We hereby declare that the report submitted are entirely our own work and have not been
Copied from any other student or past year reports. Relevant work was referred to and
Appropriate citations were made to acknowledge the author of such a work. . We also declare
that wehave adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not
misrepresented orfalsified any idea, source in our submission.
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Acknowledgment
We would like to extend our deepest appreciation to our remarkable instructor Zinabu H.
We have made it possible to write a project. In particular, we sincerely thank our god and the
Network six members, who help to develop ideas. Who have completed this project all of us
and We apologies for any errors and omissions.
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Executive summary
This technical paper can teach the concept of design, and analysis of pressure vessel. High
pressure rise is developed in the pressure vessel and pressure vessel has to withstand severe
forces. In the design of pressure vessel safety is the primary consideration, due the potential
impact of possible accident. Analyses were carried out on head, shell, nozzle and saddle. The
input parameters are type of material, pressure, temperature, diameter, and corrosion
allowance. Analysis performed the calculations of internal and external pressure, weight of
the element, allowable stresses, vessel longitudinal stress check, nozzle check and saddle
check.
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TABLE CONTENT
Contents
Page
Declaration............................................................................................................. i
Acknowledgment................................................................................................... ii
Executive summary............................................................................................... iii
List of Figures........................................................................................................ vi
List of Tables........................................................................................................ vii
Acronyms............................................................................................................ viii
Chapter -1.............................................................................................................. 1
Introduction........................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Back ground.................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of Problem...................................................................................... 3
1.3 Significant of studies....................................................................................... 3
1.4 Objectives........................................................................................................ 4
1.4.1 General objective.......................................................................................... 4
1.4.2 Specific objectives........................................................................................ 4
Chapter -2.............................................................................................................. 5
Literature review.................................................................................................... 5
2.1. NATURE OF DESIGN........................................................................................ 5
2.1.1. Pressure vessel............................................................................................ 5
2.1.2. DESIGN PARAMETER OF PRESSURE VESSEL.................................................6
2.2. Skirt and Base............................................................................................... 10
Chapter -3............................................................................................................ 12
Materials and Methods......................................................................................... 12
3.1. Materials....................................................................................................... 12
3.1.1 Assumptions............................................................................................... 12
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3.2 METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................. 12
3.2.1. Sieve Plate Column Design Specifications.................................................12
Chapter -4............................................................................................................ 25
Result and discussion.......................................................................................... 25
4.1. Calculation.................................................................................................... 26
4.2. Reinforcement of Openings..........................................................................32
4.2.1. Required Area of Reinforcement................................................................32
4.3. Nozzles and flanges...................................................................................... 36
4.4. Discussion..................................................................................................... 49
Chapter -5............................................................................................................ 50
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION................................................................50
5.1 CONCLUSION................................................................................................. 50
5.2. Recommendation.......................................................................................... 50
References........................................................................................................... 51
Appendix.............................................................................................................. 52
Appendix B.......................................................................................................... 52
Appendix C Typical design stress for plate...........................................................53
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List of Figures
Figures
Page
Figure4.1. Selected standard flange.25

Figure4.2. Standard ellipsoidal head26
Figure4.3. Schematic pressure vessel diagram.34
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List of Tables
Lists
Page
Table3.1. Column specification..8

Table3.2. Nozzles specifications.9
Table3.3. Other sieve plate column.9
Table4.1. Standard flange...................25
Table4.2. Final results of the data sheet..33
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Acronyms
1. ASME.American society mechanical engineering
2. BPVCBoiler and pressure vessel code
3. D.P....Design Pressure
4. D.TDesign Temperature
5. MAWP.Maximum allowable working pressure
6. MDMT.....Maximum and Minimum design temperatures
7. PsiPound square inch
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Chapter -1
Introduction
Pressure vessels are leak proof containers, as the name implies, their main purpose is to
contain a given medium under pressure and temperature. Pressure vessels are commonly used
in industry to carry both liquid and gases under required pressure and temperature limit. This
pressure and temperature comes from an external source or by the application of heat from a
direct or indirect source or any combination of them. Pressure vessels; commonly have the
cylindrical, spherical, ellipsoidal, conical or a combination of these shapes. However, some
pressure vessels are named after the type of function they required to perform. For example,
the distillation column is a vessel used in oil and petroleum refining process. The heat
exchanger used in many types of industries to transfer heat from one fluid to another fluid.
Also, reactor is a vessel, which is used for chemical reaction of contained substance. The
material comprising the vessel is subjected to pressure loading and hence stresses from all
direction. The normal stresses resulting from this pressure are functions of diameter of the
elements under consideration, the shape of the pressure vessel as well as the applied pressure.
Pressure vessels are usually spherical or cylindrical with dome end. The cylindrical vessels
are generally preferred because of they represent simple manufacturing problem and make
better use of the available space. Boiler, heat exchanger, chemical reactor and so on, are
generally cylindrical.
1.1. Back ground

The earliest design of pressure vessels is described by Leonardo da Vinci, in 1495, where
containers of pressurized air were theorized to lift heavy weights underwater. However
vessels resembling what are used today did not come about until the 1800s where steam was
generated in boilers helping to spur the However, with poor material quality and
manufacturing techniques along with improper knowledge of design, operation and
maintenance there was a large number of damaging and often fatal explosions associated with
these boilers and pressure vessels, with a death occurring on a nearly daily basis in the United
States Sieve plate column is one of the distillation columns with cross-flow trays, which is
widely used in various mass transfer operations, for instance, modern industrial nitric acid
plant. Sieve plates offer high capacity and efficiency, low pressure drop, ease of cleaning and
therefore, low capital cost.
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A column should be designed with a specific wall thickness to ensure it has sufficient rigidity
to be able to cope with the maximum amount of pressure which it is expected to be
susceptible to in operation. The minimum column wall thickness needed to withstand the
vessel weight itself as well as other incidental loads such as internal pressure is calculated
and shown in the following calculation section The design pressure for vessels under internal
pressure is conventionally taken as the pressure where the relief device is set. This is usually
about 5-10 % above the regular working pressure. This is done to avoid spurious operation
during minor process upsets. A cylindrical pressure vessel shell must be enclosed at both ends
by heads. Flat plates, formed flatheads, hemispherical heads, torispherical heads and
ellipsoidal heads are several principal types of heads used . Hemispherical, torispherical and
ellipsoidal are categorised as domed heads where the formation is by pressing or spinning
with large diameters fabricated from formed sections.Torispherical heads, on the other hand
also referred to as dished ends. Pressure vessels can theoretically be almost any shape, but
shapes made of sections of spheres, cylinders and cones are usually employed. More
complicated shapes have historically been much harder to analyse for safe operation and are
usually far harder to construct. Theoretically a sphere would be the optimal shape of a
pressure vessel. Unfortunately the sphere shape is difficult to manufacture, therefore more
expensive, so most of the pressure vessels are cylindrical shape with 2:1 semi elliptical heads
or end caps on each end. Smaller pressure vessels are arranged from a pipe and two covers.
Disadvantage of these vessels is the fact that larger diameters make them relatively more
expensive. Many pressure vessels are made of steel. To manufacture a spherical pressure
vessel, forged parts would have to be welded together. The design of pressure vessels is an
important and practical topic which has been explored for decades. Optimization techniques
have been extensively applied to design structures in general; few pieces of work can be
found which are directly related to optimal pressure vessel design. These few references are
mainly related to the design optimization of homogeneous and composite pressure vessels.
The pressure vessel meets international safety standards, carefully selected steel with a high
impact resistance & corrosion resistant material.
1.2 Statement of Problem

Vessels failure can be grouped into the following major categories, which describe why a
vessel failure occurs. Failures also grouped into types of failures, which describe how the
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failure occurs mean each failure contains its failure history, why and how it occurs. There are
many reasons of vessels failure such as:
Improper material selection, defected material.
Incorrect design data, incorrect or inaccurate design method or process, inadequate shop
testing.
Improper fabrication process, poor quality control, insufficient fabrication process
including welding, heat treatment and forming methods. In order to meet a safe design, a
designer must be familiar with the above mentioned failure and its causes. There have a few
main factors to design safe pressure vessel. This study is focusing on analysing the safety
parameters for allowable working pressure.
1.3 Significant of studies

For design of pressure vessel the selection of Code are important as a reference guide to
achieve the safety pressure vessel. The primary purpose of the preliminary column design,
materials of construction, fabrication, inspection, and testing. Improper vessel design and
maintenance increase the risk of vessel failure and may lead to serious safety hazard. Thus a
mechanical design of the column is highly important in essence of keeping the safety hazard
and maintenance cost at minimum. The significance of the study is not only the calculation of
the detailed dimensions of a member but rather is an all-inclusive term, incorporating:
1. The selection of pressure vessel orientation.
2. The selection of pressure vessel end closers.
3. The selection of suitable flanges.
4. The selection of suitable pressure vessel support.
5. The method of stress analysis employed and significance of results.
6. The selection of materials type and its environmental behaviour.
7. Understanding the application of the pressure vessel in different industry.
1.4 Objectives
1.4.1 General objective
To design pressure vessel according to input data and analyse the safety parameters of each
component for its allowable working pressure.
1.4.2 Specific objectives

i. To build an interactive system using auto cad design system to design pressure vessel.
ii. To compare results of design analysis in the system of design pressure calculation.
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iii. To validate the results in the system using theoretical calculation.
Chapter -2
Literature review
2.1. NATURE OF DESIGN
Design is a creative activity, and as such can be one of the most rewarding and satisfying
activities undertaken by an engineer. It is the synthesis, the putting together, of ideas to
achieve a desired purpose. The design does not exist at the commencement of the project. The
designer starts with a specific objective in mind, a need, and by developing and evaluating
possible designs, arrives at what he considers the best way of achieving that objective; be it a
better chair, a new bridge, or for the chemical engineer, a new chemical product or a stage in
the design of a production process.
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2.1.1. Pressure vessel

The term pressure vessel referred to those reservoirs or containers, which are subjected to
internal or external Pressure. The pressure vessels are used to store fluids under pressure.
The fluid being stored may undergo a change of state inside vessels as in case of steam
boilers or it may combine with other reagents as in chemical plants. High pressure is
developed in pressure vessel so pressure vessel has to withstand several forces developed due
to internal pressure, so selection of pressure vessel is most critical. ASME is most widely
used code for design & construction of pressure vessel. It does not consider harmonic
analysis. Consider biaxial state of stress combined in accordance with maximum stress
theory. When pressure of operating fluid increases, increase in thickness of vessel. These
Increases in thickness beyond a certain value possess fabrication difficulties and stronger
material for vessel construction.
The material of pressure vessel may be brittle such as cast iron or ductile such as mild steel.
Failure in Pressure vessel occurs due to improper selection of material, defects in material,
incorrect design data, design method, shop testing, improper or insufficient fabrication
process including welding. To obtain safety of pressure vessel and to design Pressure vessel
the selection of code is important. Corrosion allowance is the main consideration in vessel
design. Corrosion occurring over the life of the vessel.
During service, pressure vessel may be subjected to cyclic or repeated stresses. Fatigue in
pressure vessel occurs due to:
a) Fluctuation of pressure
b) Temperature transients,
c) Restriction of expansion or contraction during normal temperature variations,
d) Forced vibrations,
e) Variation in external load
2.1.2. DESIGN PARAMETER OF PRESSURE VESSEL

The following are design parameters of pressure vessel;
1. Design temperature
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Design temperature is the temperature that will be maintained in the metal of the part of the
vessel being considered for the specified operation of the vessel. The strength of metals
decreases with increasing temperature so the maximum allowable design stress will depend
on the material temperature. For most vessels, it is the temperature that corresponds to the
design pressure. However, there is a maximum design temperature and a minimum design
temperature (MDMT) for any given vessel. The MDMT shall be the lowest temperature
expected in service or the lowest allowable temperature as calculated or the individual parts.
Design temperature for vessels under external pressure shall not exceed the maximum
temperatures.
2. Design pressure
In the pressure vessels, three terms related to pressure are commonly used
Maximum working pressure is the maximum pressure to which the pressure vessel is
Subjected.
Design pressure is the pressure for which the pressure vessel designed.
Hydrostatic test pressure is the pressure at which the vessel is tested. The pressure vessel is
finally tested by the hydrostatic test before it is put into operation.
The pressure use in the design of a vessel is called design pressure. It is recommended to
design a vessel and its parts for a higher pressure than the operating pressure.
A design pressure higher than the operating pressure with 10%, whichever is the greater, will
satisfy the requirement. The pressure of the fluid will also be considering. The maximum
allowable working pressure (MAWP) for a vessel is the permissible pressure at the top of the
vessel in its normal operating position at a specific temperature. This pressure is based on
calculations for every element of the vessel using nominal thicknesses exclusive of corrosion
allowance. It is the basis for establishing the set pressures of any pressure relieving devices
protecting the vessel.
3. Corrosion Allowance
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The corrosion allowance is the additional thickness of metal added to allow for material
lost by corrosion and erosion, or scaling. The allowance to be used should be agreed between
the customer and manufacturer. The walls of the pressure vessel are subjected to thinning due
to corrosion which reduces the life of the pressure vessel. The corrosion in pressure vessel is
due to the following reasons:
Chemical attack by reagents on the inner wall surface of the vessel.
Rusting due to atmospheric air and moisture.
High temperature oxidation.
Erosion due to flow of reagent over the wall surface at high velocities.
Every attempt should be made avoid the corrosion. However, this may not be always
possible. An allowance is, therefore, required to be made by suitable increase in wall
thickness to compensate for the thinning due to corrosion. Corrosion allowance is an
additional thickness of the pressure vessel wall over and above that required to withstand the
internal pressure.
4. Materials
Several of materials have been use in pressure vessel fabrication. The selection of material is
based on the appropriateness of the design requirement. The materials used in the
manufacture of the receivers shall comply with the requirements of the relevant design code,
and be identifiable with mill sheets.
The selection of materials of the shell shall take into account the suitability of the materials
with the maximum working pressure and fabrication process.
Pressure vessels are constructed from plain carbon steels, low and high alloy steels, other
alloys, clad plate, and reinforced plastics. Selection of a suitable material must take into
account the suitability of the material for fabrication (particularly welding) as well as the
compatibility of the material with the process environment. The pressure vessel design codes
and standards include lists of acceptable materials; in accordance with the appropriate
material standards.
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5. Design stress (nominal design strength)

For design purposes it is necessary to decide a value for the maximum allowable stress
(nominal design strength) that can be accepted in the material of construction. This is
determined by applying a suitable design stress factor (factor of safety) to the maximum
stress that the material could be expected to withstand without failure under standard test
conditions. The design stress factor allows for any uncertainty in the design methods, the
loading, the quality of the materials, and the workmanship.
6. Welded joint efficiency, and construction categories
The strength of a welded joint will depend on the type of joint and the quality of the welding.
The soundness of welds is checked by visual inspection and by non-destructive testing
(radiography).
The possible lower strength of a welded joint compared with the virgin plate is usually
allowed for in design by multiplying the allowable design stress for the material by a welded
joint factor J. The value of the joint factor used in design will depend on the type of joint
and amount of radiography required by the design code. The use of lower joint factors in
design, though saving costs on radiography, will result in a thicker, heavier, vessel, and the
designer must balance any cost savings on inspection and fabrication against the increased
cost of materials. The standard specifies three construction categories.
Category 1: the highest class requires 100 per cent non-destructive testing of the welds; and
allows the use of all materials covered by the standard, with no restriction on the plate
thickness.
Category 2: requires less non-destructive testing but places some limitations on the materials
which can be used and the maximum plate thickness.
Category 3: the lowest class, requires only visual inspection of the welds, but is restricted to
carbon and carbon-manganese steels, and austenitic stainless steel; and limits are placed on
the plate thickness and the nominal design stress.
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7. Design loads
A structure must be designed to resist gross plastic deformation and collapse under all the
conditions of loading. The loads to which a process vessel will be subject in service are listed
below. They can be classified as major loads that must always be considered in vessel design
and subsidiary loads. Formal stress analysis to determine the effect of the subsidiary loads is
only required in the codes and standards where it is not possible to demonstrate the adequacy
of the proposed design by other means; such as by comparison with the known behaviour of
existing vessels.
A. Major loads
1. Design pressure: including any significant static head of liquid.
2. Maximum weight of the vessel and contents, under operating conditions.
3. Maximum weight of the vessel and contents under the hydraulic test conditions.
4. Wind loads.
5. Earthquake (seismic) loads.
6. Loads supported by, or reacting on, the vessel.
B. Subsidiary loads
1. Local stresses caused by supports, internal structures and connecting pipes.
2. Shock loads caused by water hammer, or by surging of the vessel contents.
3. Bending moments caused by eccentricity of the centre of the working pressure relative to
the neutral axis of the vessel.
4. Stresses due to temperature differences and differences in the coefficient expansion of
materials.
5. Loads caused by fluctuations in temperature and pressure. A vessel will not be subject to
all these loads simultaneously. The designer must determine what combination of possible
loads gives the worst situation, and design for that loading condition.
8. Minimum practical wall thickness
There will be a minimum wall thickness required to ensure that any vessel is sufficiently rigid
to withstand its own weight, and any incidental loads. As a general guide the wall thickness
of any vessel should not be less than the values given below; the values include a corrosion
allowance of 2 mm:
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2.2. Skirt and Base

Column supporting skirt and base ring
One of the most essential components of a distillation column would be its supports. By
convention, there are four types of vessel support structures which are typically used as
saddle supports for heat exchangers, skirt support for vertical columns, leg support for
spherical vessels, and lug/bracket support for other applications. These supporting columns
would have to be designed to handle the weight of the pressure vessel and its contents,
superimposed loads such as pressure and temperature as
well as wind loads while taking into account practicality factors like size and dimensions,
location and setup, attachments of fittings and flanges, as well as ease of access for inspection
and maintenance. This assignment demonstrates the guidelines required to design a skirt
support for a vertical column which was welded in place to the bottom of the pressure vessel,
taking into account the design of the skirt itself, base ring and the anchoring bolts.
Skirt supports
In this design, it was assumed that the skirt support used would consist of a conical shell
welded to the bottom dome of the pressure vessel. The flange, which was located at the
bottom of the skirt, transmits forces from the skirt itself to the foundation. Openings in the
skirt made with the purpose of creating access and pipe connections that would later be
reinforced.
To ensure a safe design of the skirt, it was important to take into account the load per unit
length, bending moment, bending stress, and dead weight loading stress without water.
Base ring/flange and anchor bolt design
The bottom of the skirt must be anchored to a concrete foundation by the means of anchor
bolts embedded in the concrete that help to prevent overturning from any sort of bending
moment that might induced by either wind and seismic loads. When either a compressive or
tensile load is applied to the anchor bolts, the load would be dispersed from the steel through
its bond to the concrete the materials used for the skirt was made entirely of carbon steel,
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silicon killed. Meaning, the anchor bolt formed from the steel rounds should be clean and free
of oil; ensuring that it will bond to the embedded surface of steel.
Chapter -3
Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
Materials that used to design this project are;
Stainless steel vessel, unsterilized (304).
Stainless steel nozzle, unsterilized (304).
Carbon Steel skirt support, silicon killed.
50 sieve plate
Access ladder with plat form.
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Insulation mineral wool.
3.1.1 Assumptions
In order to develop a preliminary design, some assumptions are made and listed below.
No significant loading from piping and external equipment.
Plates and plate supports design is negligible.
Material is double welded butt or equivalent and fully radiographed.
Assume flanges are standard flanges.
Earth quake loading need not be considered.
3.2 METHODOLOGY
3.2.1. Sieve Plate Column Design Specifications
The design specifications and requirements for column, nozzle, material of construction and
other specification are specified in Table below;
Required Specifications
The specification to calculate the column wall thickness is tabulated in Table 3.1below;
Table 3.1 Column Specification

Properties
Specifications
Length of cylindrical section, L

Internal diameter, Di
Heads
Number of sieve plates, n
Design temperature, T
Design pressure, Pi
Corrosion allowance, C
37 m
1.5 m
Standard ellipsoidal
50
150 0C
1200 KN/m2
2 mm
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Table3.2. Nozzles Specification

Properties
Feed
Vapor out
Specifications
At mid-point
At 0.7 m below top of cylindrical
200 mm inside diameter
Bottom
Section
At Centre of vessel head

Product
At 1.0 m below top of cylindrical 200 mm inside diameter

section
Table 3.3 other sieve plate column specification

Properties
Specifications
At 1.0 m above the
Diameter of Access ports
0.6 m
(manhole)
bottom
At 1.5 m below the top
of the
Column
Height of support skirt

Thickness of insulation
2.5 m
50 mm thick
Design Procedures
The minimum plate thickness to resist the internal pressure.
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e=
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PiDi
2 fjPi ...
(1)
Where,
e = minimum plate thickness (mm)
N
Pi = design pressure ( mm2 )
Di = internal diameter (mm)
J = joint efficient factor
N
f = maximum allowable working or design stress ( mm2 )
minimum wall thickness of torispherical and ellipsoidal heads
For
ellipsoidal;
PiDi
2 fj0.2 Pi
......................................................................................(2)
Torispherical;
e=
Pi R c C s
2 fj+Pi (Cs0.2)
.(3)
Where,
( )
1
Rc
Cs is stress concentration factor for torispherical heads Cs 4 3+ Rk
(4)
Rc =crown radius,
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Rk
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= knuckle radius.
J=joint factor
f=maximum allowable design stress
e=minimum wall thickness torispherical head
Dead Weight
For a steel vessel
Wv = 240 CvDm (Hv + 0.8 Dm)t..(5)
Dead weight of the plate
Pw
n plate A plate P liquid ,loading
....(6)
Where,
Pw = Weight of the plate, kN
n plate = Number of plate
A plate = Area of the plate m2
Pliquid ,loading = Pressure of liquid loading, kN/m2
Dead weight of the insulation materials
The weight of the insulation can be calculate by,
W I =insulation V insulation g
Whereby,
W I = Weight of the insulation material, kN
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insulation
= Density of insulation materials,
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kg
3
m
V insulation =Volume of the insulation materials, m3

m
g=gravitational force, s 2
Wind Loading Per linear, F x and the bending moment
w= Pw D eff
(7)
F
Mx
Where
Fw X
2
Mx
(8)
= Bending moment (Nm)
Pw = Wind Pressure(N/m2)
X = Length of cylindrical section (m)
Deff = Effective column diameter (m)
Stress Analysis
In the stress analysis of the column, , direct stress due to weight of vessel and bending
stress are considered. The resultant longitudinal stress and direct stress of cylindrical
vessel with water are also calculated. Coulson & Richardsons CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING VOLUME 6 Book was used as reference for the formula used in this
section.
Longitudinal and circumferential stress:
At bottom tangent line, the pressure stresses are given by:
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Pi
Longitudinal stress, L= 4 t (N/mm2) .
(9)
where,
L = Longitudinal stress,
Pi
=Design Pressure(N/mm2)
i=
D Internal Diameter, mm
w t = Wall thickness, mm
Pi
Circumferentialstresh= 2 t (N/mm2)
.(10)
Stress due to dead weight
Wv
w =
( Di+t b ) t b .....................................................................................(11)
Bending Stresses,
Di
+t
2 b
).................(12)
M
b = x
Iv
D o=Di +2 t b
I v=
...............(13)
( Do4 D4i ) ....................(14)

64
Where
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b
Mx
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N
=Bending stress ( mm2 )
=The bending moment (N.m)
i=
D Internal Diameter(mm)
t b =Bottom Tangent line thickness (mm)
Iv
= Second moment of area ( mm
I v=
( Do4 D4i )
64
i=
D Internal Diameter in mm
Do = Outer Diameter in mm
Resultant longitudinal stress is given by,

Z = L + W b .........................(15)
Critical buckling stress can be calculated as:
C =2 104 (
tb
)
Do
(16)
The maximum resultant compressive stress will occur when the vessel is not under pressure
given by,
Z = W + b (17)
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The bending moment, in skirt.

The effect of bending moment of skirt, Ms, can be calculated as follow.
M s=
Fw 2
x ..................(18)
2
x=H s + H v .....................(19)
Where,
MS = Bending moment at the base of the skirt
FW = Load per unit length
HS = Height of skirt
H V = Height of the vessel
The bending stress in the skirt.
The bending stress in the skirt is given by;
bs=
4 Ms
( Ds +ts ) Ds ts .....(20)
Where, Ds =Internal column diameter,

ts = Thickness of the skirt
bs=
Bending stress in the skirt
The dead weight stress for the test and operating conditions.
For test condition,
ws
Is given by,
ws (test )=
W water
( Ds+ts ) ts ......
(21)
Where,
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ws (test )=
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Dead weight stress in the skirt for test condition
W water = Total weight of the vessel with contents (water).

For operating condition , ws (operating) : is given by;
ws (operating)=
W operating
( Ds+ ts ) ts ........(22)
Where,
ws (operating)= Dead weight stress in the skirt for operating condition
W vessel = Total dead weight of vessel with heads.
The resultant bending stress in the skirt.
For maximum
s ( compresive ) =
test
) ..(23)
bs +
For minimum
operating
(
ws tensile )= bs + w )(24)
Number of bolts required N bolts given by the formula:
N
bolts=
Where;
D P
600
(25)
Ds
= Internal column diameter
D P = Pitch circle diameter
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The new required bolt area,
A b ,=
1
N bolts f
Ab,
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Section 1
is given by :
vessel
4 MS
(
W ...
Dp
(26)
Where,
N bolts= Number of bolts required
f b= Bolt design stress
M S= Bending moment in skirt
W vessel = Total dead weight of vessel with heads
D p= Pitch circle diameter
The bolt root diameter
Dbolt
Is given by the formula;
D bolt =
4 Ab
.....(27)
The total compressive load on each base ring per unit length,
Fbolt
is Given by:
Page | 21

4 MS
By Network-6
Section 1
W vessel
D
D
).(28)
F bolt =
2
s
Where,
Wvessel= Total dead weight of vessel with heads
Ms= Bending moment in skirt
Ds= Internal column diameter
The minimum width of base ring, Lb

L
Given by the formula:
b=
F bolt
fc
..............(29)
Where
Fbolt = Total compressive load on the base ring per unit length
f c =maximum allowable bearing pressure on the concrete foundation pad
The skirt base angle: s .
Skirt base angle, s given by,
s=tan 1 (
D 's
0.5 ( D' s Ds )
.............(30)
The bolt spacing.

Page | 22
By Network-6
Section 1
Bolt spacing is given by the formula:

bolt specing=
D bolt '
N bolt ' (31)
Where,
D bolt' = Bolt circle diameter
N bolt ' = Number of bolts
The total compressive load on each base ring per unit length, Fbolt.
Given the formula:
Fbolt =(
4 Ms
W
W vessel vessel ) ..(32)
D ' s
D 's
2
Where,
W vessel = Total dead weight of vessel with heads
M s=
Bending moment in skirt
D' s = Flared skirt bottom diameter

The actual bearing pressure on the concrete foundation,
Given the formula:
Page | 23

f ' c=
By Network-6
Section 1
F bolt '
Actual width (33)
Actual width =Lr + ts + ti(34)

Where,
ts = Skirt thickness
ti = Insulation thickness
Lr =Distance from the edge of the skirt to the outer edge of the ring = 178 mm (Sinnott.,
Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering 1999) : Using Bolt size 70 (BS 4190:1967)
The base ring thickness, tb.
The base ring thickness given by the formula:
t b=Lr
3f'c
f r ..(35)
Where,
Lr=Distance from the edge of the skirt to the outer edge of the ring = 127 mm (Sinnott.,
f r = Allowable design stress in the ring material = 140 N/mm2 (Typically)

f 'c
= Actual bearing pressure on the concrete foundation
Effective Column Diameter

To find the effective column diameter,
Page | 24

D eff
By Network-6
Section 1
= D s +2(t ave ,wall +t i) .(36)
Where, Deff = Effective column diameter (m)

Ds= Diameter (m)
t ave, wall = Average thickness of cylinder vessel wall (m)
t i = Thickness of insulation (m)
compensation area required
design skirt support
2
( Di H V ) W g
Approximate weight = 4
).......(37)
Total weight=
W V + Approximate weight
..............................(38)
Bending moment at the base of skirt

1
M S= F w (H v + H skirt ) (39)
,
2
Where
M s=bending moment the skirt
s
D s+ t D S
.(40)
4 MS
bs=
bs=bending stressthe skirt

Where
t s=skirt thickness
Dead weight stress in the skirt
s
D s +t t s
..
Approximate weight
ws (test )=
(41)
Page | 25

Where
ws
By Network-6
Section 1
= dead weight stress in the skirt
v
W
...(42)
weight of vessels
ws ( operating )=
Required Area of Reinforcement
1f r 1
A=dt r f +2 t n t r f )...........................(43)
A '1
r
1
=d(
(44)
1F r
E1 tF t 2 t n ( E 1 t F t r )
where:
A = total cross-sectional area of reinforcement required in the plane under consideration
A1 = area in excess thickness in the vessel wall available for reinforcement
A2 = area in excess thickness in the nozzle wall available for reinforcement
A3 = area available for reinforcement when the nozzle extends inside the vessel wall
S = design stress at design temperature
d = finished diameter of circular opening under consideration
E = joint efficiency factor
F = correction factor that compensates for the variation of in internal pressure stresses on
different planes with respect to the axis of the vessel
t = specified vessel wall thickness
ti = nominal thickness of internal projection of the nozzle wall
Page | 26
By Network-6
Section 1
tn = nozzle wall thickness

tr = required thickness of seamless shell based on circumferential stress
Chapter -4
Result and discussion
Mechanical design of the sieve plate column with;
Inner diameter of the column, Di = 1.5 m = 1500 mm
Design temperature = 150
Design stress of the material at 150 = 130 N/mm2
Material of construction = stainless steel 18Cr/8Ni unestablished (304).
2
Design stress of the material = 130 N/ mm
2
Youngs modulus = 200000 N/ mm

2
Design pressure = 1.2 N/ mm
Corrosion allowance = 2 mm
Inner diameter of the column = 1500 mm
Height of the column between the two tangent lines = 37000 mm
Skirt height = 2500 mm
No of plates = 50
Insulation = 50 mm thick
Mineral wool density = 130 kg/m3
Maximum wind velocity = 160KM/h
2
Access ladder with platforms = 1.7 k N/ m area,
1
2
3
4
Thickness calculation for the cylindrical shell

Selection and sizing calculation
Pressure calculation for the ellipsoidal shell and torispherical heads
Calculation for nozzle
Page | 27

5
By Network-6
Section 1
Calculation for legs and supports
4.1. Calculation
Thickness of Heads
Step1, determine Calculation of the minimum thickness
the column wall thickness to resist internal pressure
then Calculated using
e=
PiDi
2 fjPi
1.2 1500
=
6.955mm
2 130 11.2
Rounding off to 7 mm Take into consideration of 2 mm of corrosion allowance.

Therefore the final thickness is,
T 7mm +2 mm=9mm
Domed head
Step2, determine Calculation of the minimum thickness of the ellipsoidal and

torispherical head
Most standard ellipsoidal heads are manufactured with a major and minor axis ratio of 2:1.
For this ratio, the following equation can be used to calculate the minimum thickness
required:
e
PiDi
2 fj0.2 Pi
Page | 28

e
By Network-6
Section 1
1.2 1500
=
6.93mm
2 130 10.2 1.2
e=
PiRcCs
2 fj+Pi (Cs0.2)
( )
1
Rc
Where, Cs is stress concentration factor for torispherical heads Cs 4 3+ Rk
Rc
=crown radius,
Rk
= knuckle radius.
The ratio of the knuckle to crown radii should not be less than 0.06, to avoid buckling;and the
crown radius should not be greater than the diameter of the cylindrical section.
Crown radius,
Rc =
Knuckle radius
, Rk =
Di 1.5 m
6%
Rc =
0.09 m
A head of this size would be formed by pressing: no joints, so J 1.
( )
1
1.5
Cs 4 3+ 0.09 = 1.77m
1.2 1500 1.77

=
12.1657mm
2 130 1+1.2(1.770.2)
So an ellipsoidal head would probably be the most economical.

Step3,
Select the ellipsoidal head because it has minimum wall thickness.
Page | 29
By Network-6
Section 1
Mean Thickness of Column Wall

Since a vessel needs to withstand design loads such as wind and the dead weight loads, the
column wall has to be gradually thicker from the top to the bottom Thus, the pressure at the
vessel base is maintained at maximum and this requires greater thickness of the column wall
and also larger diameter for the column. This is crucial to prevent the vessel from collapsing
as well as to increase its capability to endure wind loading and dead weight of vessel and
content that contributed to the high stress from increase in pressure.Therefore, For stability of
the shell the column wall is divided into 5 sections with an increase of 2mm for each section
going downwards. The column wall thickness from top to bottom of the shell is 7mm , 9
mm, 11 mm, 13 mm and 15mm respectively. The mean thickness of Column wall can then
be calculated.
t s=
7+9+11 +13+15
=11 mm
5
For all other calculations, the average thickness is used.

Step4:Dead weight of vessel
For a steel vessel
Take Cv = 1.15, vessel with plates
Dm = 1.5 + 11 x 10-3 = 1.511m
Hv = 37 m
t = 11 mm
Wv = 240 CvDm (Hv + 0.8 Dm) t
Wv = 240 X 1.15 X 1.511 (37 + 0.8 X 1.511) 11
= 175,279 N
= 175.279kN
Page | 30
By Network-6
Section 1
Step5: Weight of plates

Plates area = /4 X 1.52 = 1.77 m2
Access ladder with platforms=1.7kN/m2 X 1.77 m2 = 3.009kN
50 plates = 50 X 3.009KN = 150.45kN
Step6: Weight of insulation
Mineral wool density = 130 kg/m3
Approximate volume of insulation = x 1.5 x 37 x 50 x 10-3 = 8.72 m3
Weight = 8.72 m3 x 130 kg/m3 x 9.81 m/s2 = 11,121 N
Double this to allow for fitting, etc. = 22.241 kN
Total weight:
Shell
Plates & contents
Insulation
175.279kN
150.45kN
22.241kN
Total
347.97kN
Step7:Wind loading
Take dynamic wind pressure as 1280 N/m2,corresponding to 160kph (100 mph) for
preliminary design studies.
Mean diameter including thickness and insulation
Dm
= Di + 2(ts +tins) x 10-3
= 1.5 + 2(11+50) x 10-3 =1.622 m

Loading (per linear meter),
Fw
= 1280 N/m2 x 1.622 m = 2076.16 N/m
Page | 31

Bending moment at bottom tangent line = Mx =
By Network-6
W
x Hv
2
Section 1
37 m
= 1421131.52Nm
2
2076.16 N /m
Step8: Analysis of stress

Longitudinal and circumferential stress:
At bottom tangent line, the pressure stresses are given by:
Longitudinal stress,
Pi
L= 4 t (N/mm2) =
1.2 1500
(N/mm2) = 30N/mm2
4 15
Circumferential stress,
Pi
h= 2 t (N/mm2) =
1.2 1500
(N/mm2) = 60N/mm2
2 15
Stresduetodeadweight,
w =
Wv
( Di+t b ) t b
Do = Di + 2 t = 1500 mm + 2 (15 mm) = 1530 mm = outer diameter of the column
Page | 32

Bending Stresses,
b =
By Network-6
Section 1
M x Di
( +t )
Iv 2 b
D o=Di +2 t b
I v=
4
4
( Do Di )
64
I v=
(15304 15004 )
64
b =
10
= 2.048 10 mm
1421131520 Nm 1500 mm
(
+15 mm)
= 53.084N/mm2
2
2.048 1010 mm
Resultantlongitudinal
Z = L + W b W
stress
is
given
by,
Is compressive therefore it is negative.
Z (up wind) = 30+ (2.455 ) +53.084=80.63 N /mm2

Z (down wind) = 30+ (2.455 )53.084=25.535 N /mm2
(Upwind)
Page | 33
By Network-6
80.63 N/mm2
60 N/mm2
Section 1
25.535 N/mm2
60N/mm2
(Downwind)
The greatest the difference between the principal stress will be on the down -wind side
60 (25.535)=85.535 N/mm2
Since both upwind (80.63 N/mm2) and downwind stress (25.535 N/mm2) are much more less
than the maximum allowable stress, S = 130 N/mm 2 this design with metal thickness of 15
mm is okay and satisfactory.
Step9: Check elastic stability (buckling).
Critical buckling stress can be calculated as:
C =2 104 (
tb
)
Do
C =2 104 (
15
)
2
1530 = 196.078 N/mm
The maximum resultant compressive stress will occur when the vessel is not under pressure
given by,
Z = W + b
Z =2.455+53.084= 55.539N/mm2
Page | 34
By Network-6
Section 1
Since the maximum resultant compressive resultant stress (55.539 N/mm 2) less than that of
critical buckling stress(196.078 N/mm2). So the design of the vessel is satisfactory.
4.2. Reinforcement of Openings

4.2.1. Required Area of Reinforcement
Pressure Vessel, for design of internal pressure, the total cross-sectional area of reinforcement
A required in any given plane through the opening for a shell or formed head under internal
pressure shall not be less than
A=dt r f +2 t n t r f (1f r 1 )
n
Preliminary Calculations for thickness ( t r ,t rn , t , t i , t distance (h)
A) The minimum required thickness under circumferential stress, tr, for seamless shell or
head is determined by:
t r=
PR
pk 1 D
=
SE0.6 P
SE0.6 P
Given
S = 130 N/mm2
E=1
P = 1.2 N/mm2
D = 600 mm = 0.6 m
K1 = 0.90
t r=
1.2 0.9 600

130 10.6 1.2 =5.012mm
B) a nozzle wall thickness of:
t n=50 mm
C) For the vessel wall thickness, t, it is determined as;
Page | 35
By Network-6
Section 1
D
1500
R= 2 =
= 750mm
2
1500
1.2
PR
2
t=
= 6.96 7 mm+2=9 mm
+ c=
sE0.6 p
1300.6 1.2
D) For the nominal thickness of internal projection of nozzle wall,
ti ,
it is determined
as follows:
t i =t
n2 c
= 50 2 2=46 mm
D) Distance nozzle projects beyond the inner surface of the vessel wall is as determined:
H = min(2.5t,
2.5 t i
t = 7mm
ti = 46 mm=min(2.5 9 ,2.5 46 )
=min(22.5,115)
E) The diameter of the finished opening, d, is determined as,

d=D +C=600+2=602mm
Note: The opening is in a corroded condition. Thus, a corrosion allowance is added to the
diameter of the opening.
Calculations of Area Required for Reinforcement
Given
d = D = 600 mm
t = 9 mm
Page | 36

ti
By Network-6
Section 1
= 46 mm
t r = 5.0123 mm
t n = 50mm
t r ,n = 7 mm
h = 12.5 mm
Assuming correction factor, F = 1 and d=D,

A=dt r f +2 t n t r f (1f r ) =600 5.0123 1 +2 50 5 ( 11 ) =3007.38 mm2
To determine whether additional reinforcement is necessary for the manhole, the actual area
available for reinforcement must be calculated and compare with the area required for
reinforcement.
The following condition must be satisfied if no additional reinforcement is required:
A Ai
Where,
Ai
A 1 + A 2 + A3 + A 41 + A 43
Thus, the following area (A1, A2, A3, A41, A43) is calculated as follows.
A1 (largest):
A '1
r
1
=d(
1F r
E1 tF t 2 t n (E 1 tF t r )
N
F
mm 2
,
F
r
=
=
=1
1
where
F
N
130
mm 2
130
Page | 37
By Network-6
Section 1
Since both the nozzle and the vessel are made up of the same material, Then the term
1
1F r
will be cancel out.
2t n ( E1 tF t r )
A ' 1=
A ' 1=
r
d ( E1 tF t ,
E1=F=1=E
r
d( tt =602 ( 95 )=2408 mm2
1
1F r
1
1F r
t+t n ( E1 tF t r )(2t n E 1 tF t r )
A ' ' 1=2
t+t n ( E1 tF t r )=2 ( 9+50 )( 95 )=472 mm

A ' ' 1=2
Since A<A, then A=
A '1
= 2408 mm
A 2 (Smallest)
A ' 2 :First of all , assuming , Fr 2=Fr 1 since they both have the same formula(
Sn
)
SV
A ' 2=5 ( t nt rn ) Fr 2 t=5 ( 507 ) ( 1 9 )=1935 mm2
Page | 38
By Network-6
Section 1
Then substituting the values,

A ' ' 2=5 ( t nt rn ) Fr 2 t n=5 ( 507 )=10750 mm 2
Since
'
''
'
A 2< A 2 ,Then , A2= A 2 =1935 mm2
A 3 (Smallest )
A ' 3=5 t(t i Fr 2)=( 5 9 )( 46 1 )=2070mm
Substituting the values,

A ' ' 3=5 t i (t i Fr2 )=( 5 46 ) ( 46 1 ) =10,580 mm
A ' ' ' 3=2h (t i Fr 2)=2 17.5 ( 46 1 )=1,610 mm2
Since A ' ' ' 3 < A ' 3< A ' ' 3
For areas
A 43
and
, Then,
A 41
A 3= A ' ' ' 3=1,610 mm2
they are not considered since the welds vary from fillet to
butt weld type

A 41= A 43=0
by adding of A 1 A3
Ai=2,408+1935+1,610=5953 mm 2
By comparing both the required area for reinforcement, A and the area available for
reinforcement,
Page | 39
By Network-6
Section 1
2
A=3007.38 mm
Ai=
2
5953 mm The condition Ai > A is satisfied
Then there is no additional reinforcement will be required.
4.3. Nozzles and flanges

Nozzles and flanges can be categorized into several categories depending on their sizes, types
and other attachments to vessels. A nozzle is a relatively simple device, a cylindrical
component that penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure vessel. The main function of
nozzles on the plates is to transport fluids and allow the liquids and gas to disperse
throughout the towers as the fluids flow through the nozzles. On the other hand, flanges
improve the strength of a structure and also apply as a guide for keeping a particular object in
place. Different column design requires different standards and designs of the nozzles and
flanges. Flanges are used for connecting pipe and instruments to vessels, for removable
vessel heads and manhole covers. For this particular design, then nozzle and flanges design is
strictly based on specification of nozzles provided in the project specification sheet. The
nozzles connecting the feed to column at the midpoint has a 200mm inside diameter and
vapour outlet diameter of 250 mm. The bottom product and reflux return have inside
diameter of 200mm.
Table4.1. Standard flanges
Pipe
Nominal
bolting
Flange
Raised
Output
Size
drilling
boss
face
diameter(mm)
D
d4
No
d2
Page | 40
d3
By Network-6
76.1
Section 1
M12
65
160
14
32
110
130
100
20
18
335
295
M12
20
273
375
22
44
312
Typical Standard Flanges;
Figure4.1. Selected Standard flange

4.3. Design of skirt support for the vessel
The height of the vessel including height of each ellipsoidal head.
Height of the vessel,
Hv
Given:
o Length of cylindrical section = 37 m
o Internal column diameter = 1.5 m
Height of each ellipsoidal head, h
Since the ellipsoidal heads used for this design are a standard measurement as shown below
in Figure 4.2, it is safe to assume that the heads are manufactured with a major and minor
axis ratio of 2:1(Coulson and Richardsons chemical engineering Vol.6).
Page | 41
By Network-6
Section 1
Figure4.2. Standard ellipsoidal head

The height of each ellipsoidal head, h =
The height of vessel,

Hv
D
4
1.5
=0.375 m=375 mm
4
Hv
= (Length of cylindrical section) + (Height of the two ellipsoidal heads)

=37+2(0.375)= 37.75m
Height of the vessel, Hv =length of cylindrical section + height of the two ellipsoidal head
37 m +20.375 m =37.75 m
Approximate weight =
Total weight=
( 4 1.5 m 37.75 m) 1000 Kgm 9.81 ms =654.42 K

2
175.279+654.42=829.72 K N
Page | 42
By Network-6
Section 1
As a first trial, take the skirt thickness as the same as that of the bottom of section
of the vessel,
t s=15 mm
Step1: The bending moment, in skirt.

The effect of bending moment of skirt, Ms, can be calculated as follow.
M s=
Fw 2
x
2
x=H s + H v
Where,
MS = Bending moment at the base of the skirt

FW = Load per unit length
HS = Height of skirt
H V = Height of the vessel
x=37.75+2.5=40.25 m
Ms=
2.076
( 40.252 )=1681.63 KNm
2
Step2: The bending stress in the skirt.
The bending stress in the skirt is given by;
bs=
4 Ms
( Ds +ts ) Ds ts
Assume as a first trial, take the skirt thickness as the same as that of the bottom
section of the vessel, 15 mm.
Where, Ds =Internal column diameter, =1.5m
ts = Thickness of the skirt = Thickness of the bottom section, =15mm
Page | 43
By Network-6
Section 1
bs = Bending stress in the skirt
Thus,
bs=
4 1681.63 106 mm
= 62.812N/mm2
( 1500+15 ) 1500 15
Step3: The dead weight stress for the test and operating conditions.
For test condition,
ws
ws (test )=
Is given by,
W water
( Ds+ts ) ts
Where,
ws (test )=
Dead weight stress in the skirt for test condition
W wat er = Total weight of the vessel with contents (water).
Thus,
ws (test )=
654422.7 N
=
9.166N/mm2
( 1500+15 ) 15
For operating condition , ws (operating) : is given b
ws (operating)=
W operating
( Ds+ ts ) ts
Where,
ws (operating)= Dead weight stress in the skirt for operating condition
W vessel = Total dead weight of vessel with heads.
3
Thus,
ws (operating)=
175.3 10
= 2.455 N/mm2
( 1500+15 ) 15
Page | 44
By Network-6
Section 1
Step4: The resultant bending stress in the skirt.

test
For maximum: s ( compresive ) = )
bs +
s ( compresive )=62.812+9.166= 71.978N/mm2 72 N /mm 2
For minimum:
operating
ws (tensile )= bs + w )
ws (tensile )=62.8122.455= 60.357N/mm2
Step5: Design criteria:
A straight type skirt support is selected, where = 90 Material of construction used is
plain carbon steel maximum allowable design stress, S =115 N/mm 2 and Youngs modulus,
E=200,000N/mm2
at
ambient
temperature.
The
welding
efficiency,
=0.85.
Maximum dead-weight load on the skirt will occur when the vessel is full of water.
Since hydrocarbon materials have density that is lower than water, then we use density of
water to complete our calculations.
For the maximum:

Given the formula,
71.978
s ( compresive ) 0.125 E(
ts
)sin s
Ds
N
15
0.125 200,000
sin 90
2
1500
mm
Page | 45

71.978
By Network-6
Section 1
N
250 N /mm2
2
(correct)
mm
For minimum:
Given the formula,
ws (tensile ) fsJ sin s
60.357
N
115 1 sin 90
mm2
60.357
N
N
115
2
mm
mm 2 (correct)
Since all the calculations and comparison above shows that all design criteria were
correct,add 2 mm for corrosion allowance, gives a design thickness of new skirt thickness,
ts
New skirt thickness,

ts =
ts
(Old thickness of the skirt) + (Corrosion allowance)

=15mm + 2mm = 17mm
Step6: Design Base ring/flange and anchor bolt

For
D' s
1.5 m
Determine the number of bolts required, N bolts

Since the measurements for the pitch diameter were not given, it was assumed that the
measurement of column diameter would be used to make an assumption for the pitch
diameter. An estimation of 10% allowance was then added to the pitch circle diameter
column.
Page | 46
By Network-6
Section 1
Number of bolts required N bolts given by the formula:

N
bolts=
Ds
D P
600
Where,
= Internal column diameter = 1.5 m
D P = Pitch circle diameter

Ds
+ (10
of D s
= 1.5 + 0.1 x 1.5 = 1.65 m = 1,650 mm

N bolts=
Thus,
1,650
=8.635 mm
600
By taking the closest multiple of 4, 12 is the nearest value to the number of bolts required,
N bolts
Determine the required bolt area,
Ab,
This is given by:
A b ,=
Where,
f b=
1
N bolts f
vessel
4 MS
(
W
Dp
N bolts=
Number of bolts required = 12 Bolts
N
Bolt design stress = 125 mm2
M S= Bending moment in skirt = 1681.63KNm

W vessel = Total dead weight of vessel with heads = 175.3KN
Page | 47
By Network-6
Section 1
D p= Pitch circle diameter = 1.6 5m = 1650 mm
A b ,=
1
N bolts f
vessel
4 MS
(
W
Dp
1
4 1681.63 106
(
175300) =2600.9mm2
12 125
1650
Dbolt ,
The bolt root diameter
Is given by the formula:
D bolt =
4 2600.9
D bolt =
4 Ab
=57.546 mm
With the addition of base rings, the bolt should be sufficient enough to distribute the total
compressive load to the foundation.
The total compressive load on each base ring per unit length,
Fbolt
4 MS
Is Given by:
Where,
W vessel
D
Ds
)
F bolt =
Wvessel= Total dead weight of vessel with heads = 175.3KN
Ms= Bending moment in skirt = 1681.63 103 Nm

Ds= Internal column diameter = 1.5m
Page | 48

Fbolt =(
Fbolt =
4 MS
D
2
s
By Network-6
Section 1
W vessel
)
D
s
4 1681.63 10 175300
2
( 1500 )
( 1500 )
=988.878N/mm
The minimum width of base ring, Lb
Given by the formula:
b=
F bolt
fc
Fbolt = Total compressive load on the base ring per unit length = 988878N/m
f c =maximum allowable bearing pressure on the concrete foundation pad bearing pressure
5N
b=
F bolt
3
f c 10
Lb=
988878
=
3
5 10
197.8 mm=0.1978m
Due to the large base ring width, a flared skirt shall be used as an alternative to the design.
Therefore, the requirements and assumptions for the new skirt are:
Flared skirt bottom diameter,
D s = 2.5 m
Bolt circle diameter, Dolt =
D s + (10% of
Ds )
Page | 49
By Network-6
Section 1
= 2.5 m + (1. 0.1)

= 2.5 m + 0.15 m = 2.65 m = 2650 mm
Number of bolt,
N ' bolts=
D ' p
600
D' p=D ' s+ ( 10 of D ' s )

D' p=2.5+ (10 of 2.5 )
= 2.75 m = 2750mm
(2,750)
N ' bolts=
= 14.39 14.4
600
The skirt base angle, s .
D' s
Skirt base angle, s (With
s=tan 1 (
s=tan (
=2.5 m) given by,
D 's
)
0.5 ( D' s Ds )
2.5
)=
78.69 0
0.5 ( 2.51.5 )
The bolt spacing.
Bolt spacing is given by the formula:
bolt specing=
D bolt '
N bolt '
Where,
D bolt' = Bolt circle diameter = 2650 mm
Page | 50
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Section 1
N bolt '= Number of bolts =14.39
bolt specing=
(2,650)
= 578.542 mm (satisfactory)
14.39
The required bolt area,
Is given by the formula:
Ab
f
4 Ms
N bolt ' ( b)(
W vessel )
D bolt '
1
Ab=
W vessel = Total dead weight of vessel with heads = 175.3KN

M s=
N bolt ' =
Bending moment in skirt

Number of bolts required = 14.39
D bolt' = Bolt circle diameter = 2.650m = 2650 mm

f b= Bolt design stress = 125 N/mm2
Ab=
4 ( 1681630 103 )
1
175300 = 256mm2
2,650
14.39 ( 125 )
The total compressive load on each base ring per unit length, Fbolt.
Given the formula:
Fbolt =(
4 Ms
W
W vessel vessel )
D ' s
D 's
2
Where,
W vessel = Total dead weight of vessel with heads =175.3KN
Page | 51

M s=
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Section 1
Bending moment in skirt = 1681.63kNm
D' s = Flared skirt bottom diameter =2.5m =2500mm
Fbolt =
4 1681.63 106 175300

+
= 364.89 N/mm=364890N/m
2
2500
( 2,500 )
The minimum width of base ring,
Given the formula:

fc=
Lb =
Lb
F ' bolt
fc
Maximum allowable bearing pressure on the concrete foundation pad Bearing
pressure = 5 N/mm2
Lb =
364890
= 72.978mm 73 mm
5
The actual bearing pressure on the concrete foundation,

Given the formula:
f ' c=
F bolt '
Actual width
Actual width =Lr + ts + ti

Where,
ts
= Skirt thickness = 17mm,
ti = Insulation thickness = 50mm
Lr =Distance from the edge of the skirt to the outer edge of the ring = 178 mm (Sinnott.,
Actual width = 178 + 17 +50 = 245 mm
Page | 52

f ' c=
By Network-6
Section 1
364.89
= 1.4893 N/mm2
245
The base ring thickness, tb.

The base ring thickness given by the formula:
3 (1.4893)
=
140
31.798mm 32 m
3f'c
t b=Lr
t =178
fr b
Equipment No
Data sheet
Tag pv-1
Fun. sieve plate column

Sheet No.1
Customer: ADU
Shell
Heads
torispherical
ellipsoidal
12.17mm
7mm
supports
Flanges
17mm
25mm
1200
10bar
Thickness
9mm
KN
D. pressure
1200 mm2
1200
KN
mm2
KN
1200 mm2
KN
mm2
Page | 53

D.
temperature
By Network-6
Section 1
150 c
150 c
150 c
150 c
150 c
ASME
ASME
ASME
ASME
Stainless
steel
Stainless steel
carbon
Stainless
steel
Design code
ASME
Material
construction
Stainless
steel
unestablished
(304)
Process
material
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Diameter
1500mm
1500mm
1500mm
1500mm
395mm
Length
37000mm
0.75mm
Design by: Network 6
Nozzle
Skirt carbon
Silicon killed
ID No:(0485,0963,1242,1406,1443,1578)/06
Section: 1
2mm
Corrosion
Date: 12/12/2016
Checked by: ____________?
allowance
Page | 54
By Network-6
Section 1
Distil ate
Feed
Bottom
Figure4.3. Schematic Pressure vessel diagram
Page | 55
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Section 1
4.4. Discussion
Since a vessel needs to withstand design loads such as wind and the dead weight loads, the
column wall has to be gradually thicker from the top to the bottom Thus, the pressure at the
vessel base is maintained at maximum and this requires greater thickness of the column wall
and also larger diameter for the column. This is crucial to prevent the vessel from collapsing
as well as to increase its capability to endure wind loading and dead weight of vessel and
content that contributed to the high stress from increase in pressure.
The ellipsoidal head is chosen to satisfy the specifications mentioned earlier. However, there
were also other factors considered when chosen the vessel head. Essentially, the best vessel
head should be able to withstand maximum stress with the least materials and economically
feasible (Sinott 2008) .From the calculated thickness of both heads previously, Ellipsoidal
head with smaller thickness compared to that of torispherical Head may suggested an
economically feasible head. The head resembles an ellipse with its radius varying
continuously in its cross section. The varying radius results in a smooth transition between
the dome and cylindrical section of the vessel. Its head is deeper than a comparable
torispherical head. When an opening and its reinforcement are in an ellipsoidal head, and
located entirely within a circle, the centre of which coincides with head. The diameter of the
circle is equal to 80% of the shell diameter. tr is the thickness required for a seamless sphere
of radius K1D, where D is the shell internal diameter and K1 is 0.9 (Steward and Lewis
2013). Assume no weld is used in the nozzle. The required reinforcement area is needed to
compare with the total area of nozzle in feed, vapour out, bottom product, 1 m above the
bottom of the column and 1.5 m below the top of the column to ensure the nozzle got
reinforcement. To obtain the total area, the area of excess thickness in shell or head, area
available in nozzle projecting outward and area available in nozzle projecting inward are
determined. If,
Ai A
.Opening is adequately reinforced; if
Ai< A .
Therefore ,
there will no additional reinforcements needed.
Page | 56
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Section 1
Chapter -5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
Generally, The design of pressure vessel is initialized with the specification requirements in
terms of standard technical specifications along with numerous requirements that lay hidden
from the market. The design of a pressure vessel is more of a selection procedure, selection of
its components to be more precise rather designing each and every component. Regarding
storage of fluid for a pressure vessel system should be preferred due to its simplicity, better
sensitivity, higher reliability, low maintenance, compactness for the same capacity. The
storage of fluid at high pressure in the pressure vessel is at the heart of its performance and is
the first step towards the design.
For pressure vessels, finite element analysis provides an additional tool for use in analysis.
However, it must be compared to other available data, not taken as being correct just because
it looks right. Used with this understanding, finite element analysis offers great insight into
the complex interactions found in pressure vessel design. With the help of finite element
analysis, we can study the actual maximum stress distributions in the different components of
pressure vessel and the actual behavior of pressure vessel.
5.2. Recommendation
To do this project many problems have been occurred. Those are the courses which are
related to AutoCAD, project writing, shortage of materials such as computer, shortage of
knowledge about how can we design, it takes many times to practice and understand.
So for next it should be given the courses of introduction to project, AutoCAD and more
practice of the course of chemical apparatus design before such big project is given and
simple projects must be given before doing such it.
Page | 57
By Network-6
Section 1
References
Vessel Design Handbook, AZBEL, D. S. and CHEREMISINOFF, N. P. (1982)
Chemical and Process Equipment Design: vessel design and selection (Ann Arbor
Science).
BEDNAR, H. H. (1990) Pressure 2nd edn (Krieger).

BHATTACHARYYA, B. C. (1976) Introduction to Chemical Equipment Design,
Mechanical Aspects (Indian Institute of Technology).
BERGMAN, D. J. (1963) Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng. (J. Eng. for Ind.) 85, 219.
Temperature gradients for skirt supports of hot vessels.
BIRCHALL, H. and LAKE, G. F. (1947) Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. 56, 349. An
alternative form of pressure vessel of novel construction.
MyChemE. Types of Vessel Head. 4 March, 2013. http://www.mycheme.com/types-ofvessel-head/ (accessed 29 October, 2015).
http://www.inspection-for-industry.com/pressure-vessel-heads.html
Sinnott, R.K. 2008. Coulson & Richardsons Chemical Engineering Volume 6:
Chemical Engineering Design, 3rd ed. Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann
Publications.
Section VIII, Division 1: Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessel, ASME Boiler
and Pressure Vessel Codes, 2010 edition, The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (New York, NY: ASME, 2010): pg. 13, 19, 38-43 & 54, accessed November
5, 2015, http://www.slideshare.net/AbdulKhalikMuhammadF/asme-section-viii-div12010
Page | 58
By Network-6
Section 1
Appendix
Appendix A: maximum allowable joint efficiency
Type of joint
degree of radiography
100persent
-double welded butt or
spot
non
1.0
0.85
0.7
0.9
0.8
0.65
Equivalent
-single weld butt joint
With bonding
Appendix B
The wall thickness of any vessel should not be less than the values given below.
Vessel diameter
Minimum thickness
5
1
7
1to2
2to2.5
2.5to3
9
10
12
3to3.5
Page | 59
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Section 1
Appendix C Typical design stress for plate

Material
tensile
Design stress at temperature (
N /mm2
2
Strength ( N /mm
0 to5 100 150 200 250 300 350
400 450 500

Carbon steel(silicon killed)
360
135 125 115 105 95 85
80
70
Carbon manganese steal
460
180 170
450
180
150 140 130 115 105
100
Carbon steel molybdenum
170 145 130 120 110 110
110
Low alloy steel (Ni,Cr,Mo)
550
240 240 240 235 230 230
Stainless steel unstablized(304) 510
165 145 130 115 110 105 100
190 170
95 90
Stain lesssteeltistablized(321)
540
165 150 140 135 130 125 120
120 115
Stain less steel (316)
520
175
150 135
120 115 110 105
105 100
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Section 1
Appendix D
Standard flange
Pipe
Nominal
bolting
Flange
Raised
Output
Size
drilling
boss
face
diameter(mm)
D
d4
76.1
65
No
d2
d3
130
100
20
18
335
295
M12
160
14
32
110
375
22
44
312
M12
20
273
Page | 61
By Network-6
Section 1
Page | 62

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PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

List Name of Network Members

1) Fanus Alemu.............RET 0485/06

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

Figure4.1. Selected standard flange.25

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

Table3.1. Column specification..8

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

1.1. Back ground

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

1.2 Statement of Problem

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

1.3 Significant of studies

1.4.2 Specific objectives

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

iii. To validate the results in the system using theoretical calculation.

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

2.1.1. Pressure vessel

2.1.2. DESIGN PARAMETER OF PRESSURE VESSEL

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

5. Design stress (nominal design strength)

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

2.2. Skirt and Base

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

Insulation mineral wool.

Table 3.1 Column Specification

Length of cylindrical section, L

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

Table3.2. Nozzles Specification

200 mm inside diameter

250 mm inside diameter

At 1.0 m below top of cylindrical 200 mm inside diameter

Table 3.3 other sieve plate column specification

Diameter of Access ports

Height of support skirt

The minimum plate thickness to resist the internal pressure.

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

n plate A plate P liquid ,loading

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

= Density of insulation materials,

V insulation =Volume of the insulation materials, m3

= Bending moment (Nm)

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

( Do4 D4i ) ....................(14)

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

=The bending moment (N.m)

= Second moment of area ( mm

Resultant longitudinal stress is given by,

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

The bending moment, in skirt.