Project Report on OP-AMP

Aim: - To design an oscillator and Comparator circuit with the help of

operational amplifier.

Components Required

3 Op-Amp TL081Cp
Resistors of different values
Capacitor
Potentiometer
Connecting wires
Breadboard
15V power supply
Digital multi meter
Oscilloscope

Circuit Diagrams:-

Circuit of square wave and triangular wave generator

Circuit of comparator
Working:-

Make the square wave circuit according to the circuit shown in figure
carefully on the breadboard. Next step is to check the output, apply
voltage from voltage source than with the help of oscilloscope check
the waveform. After completing this first step proceed further for the
generation of triangular wave. The output of the first step given as a
input to the second Op-Amp and further make the circuit according
to the diagram after completing the circuit on breadboard repeat the
checking process again and get the result. In final step we have to
compare the waveform using another op amp. Again we follow the
circuit diagram of comparator and implement on the bread board.
Finally check the output. Below I am showing the final
implementation of all the circuits on the breadboard successfully.

Final Circuit on Breadboard

Result and Discussion:-

Final Result on oscilloscope

Finally we get the desired result on the oscilloscope. If everything is
done carefully and correctly we can get this result. From this circuit
we learn to generate the square wave and triangular wave
generation. This experiment helps me in learning the practical
aspects of the wave generation and how it works in real world and
we can play with different parameters of the wave. By this
experiment I learn to generate my own waveform according to the
requirement of my research need. This experiment is really helpful in
my future research work.

Buck Convertor:A buck converter (step-down converter) is a DC-to-DC power

converter which steps down voltage (while stepping up current) from
its input (supply) to its output (load). It is a class of switched-mode
power
supply (SMPS)
typically
containing
at
least
two
semiconductors (a diode and a transistor, although modern buck
converters frequently replace the diode with a second transistor used
for synchronous rectification) and at least one energy storage
element, a capacitor, inductor, or the two in combination. To reduce
voltage ripple, filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination
with inductors) are normally added to such a converter's output
(load-side filter) and input (supply-side filter)
Components Required

3 Op-Amp TL081Cp
Resistors of different values
Capacitor
Potentiometer
Connecting wires
Breadboard
15V power supply
Digital multi meter
Oscilloscope
Diode
Switch

Working
The basic operation of the buck converter has the current in
an inductor controlled by two switches (usually a transistor and
a diode). In the idealised converter, all the components are
considered to be perfect. Specifically, the switch and the diode
have zero voltage drop when on and zero current flow when off
and the inductor has zero series resistance. Further, it is assumed

that the input and output voltages do not change over the course
of a cycle (this would imply the output capacitance as
being infinite).

Final Circuit on Breadboard

Result and Discussion:-

A duty cycle is the fraction of one period in which a signal or

system is active.[1][2][3] Duty cycle is commonly expressed as a
percentage or a ratio. A period is the time it takes for a signal to
complete an on-and-off cycle.
Thus, a 60% duty cycle means the signal is on 60% of the
time but off 40% of the time. The "on time" for a 60% duty
cycle could be a fraction of a second, a day, or even a week,
depending on the length of the period.
Duty cycles can be used to describe the percent time of an
active signal in an electrical device such as the power switch
in a switching power supply or the firing of action
potentials by a living system such as a neuron.

The duty factor for periodic signal expresses the same

notion, but is usually scaled to a maximum of one rather
than 100%.
Capacitors tend to keep the voltage constant. An ideal capacitor
with infinite capacitance acts as a constant voltage source. Thus, a
capacitor cannot be connected in parallel with a voltage source or a
switch.
Inductors tend to keep the current constant. An ideal inductor with
infinite inductance acts as a constant current source. Thus, an
inductor cannot be connected in series with a current source or a
switch.

I would like to acknowledge Dr. Rim to engage us in such a good

activity which will help us in our future.

PID Controller:A proportionalintegralderivative

controller (PID
controller)
is
a control loop feedback mechanism (controller) commonly used
in industrial control systems.

A PID controller continuously calculates an error value

style e(t)}

{\display

as the difference between a desired set point and a

measured process variable and applies a correction based

on proportional, integral,
and derivative terms,
(sometimes
denoted P, I, and D respectively) which give their name to the
controller type.
P-I-D controller has the optimum control dynamics including zero
steady state error, fast response (short rise time), no oscillations and
higher stability. The necessity of using a derivative gain component
in addition to the PI controller is to eliminate the overshoot and the
oscillations occurring in the output response of the system. One of
the main advantages of the P-I-D controller is that it can be used with
higher order processes including more than single energy storage. In
order to observe the basic impacts, described above, of the
proportional, integrative and derivative gain to the system response.
Components Required

5 Op-Amp TL081Cp
Resistors of different values
Capacitor
Potentiometer
Connecting wires
Breadboard
15V power supply
Digital multi meter
Oscilloscope

Working and circuit diagram:-

Schematic Circuit Diagram

for PID controller

Circuit on Bread Board

for PID