Salt Analysis 12

DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL
Indirapuram, Ghaziabad
SALT ANALYSIS BOOKLET

(Classes XI & XII : CHEMISTRY)
QUALITATIVE INORGANIC ANALYSIS

Compound / Unknown Sample Consists:
(a)
(b)
Acidic radical / Anion

Basic radical / Cation
The systematic procedure of a mixture of inorganic salts involves the following steps.
(a)
Preliminary tests
(i)
(iii)
(v)
(vii)
(b)
(c)
Physical examina+tion
Flame test
Charcoal cavity test
Concentrated sulphuric acid test
(ii)
(iv)
(vi)
(viii)
Dry heating
Borax bead test
Dilute acid test
Individual ions test
Confirmatory tests for Acid radicals

Confirmatory tests / Wet tests (group analysis) for Basic radicals.
Physical Examination
Experiment
(a) Colour
(b) Smell
Take a pinch of the
mixture between your
fingers and rub with a
drop of water.
Observations
Blue or Bluish green
Greenish
Light green
Dark green
Dark brown
Pink violet
Light pink, flesh colour or dull
earthy colour
White
Inference
Cu2+ or Ni2+
Ni2+
Fe2+
Cr3+
Fe3+
CO2+
Mn2+
Ammoniacal smell
Vinegar like smell
Smell like that of rotton eggs
NH4+
CH3COOS2-
(c) Density
(i) Heavy
(ii) Light fluffy powder
(d) Deliquescence
Mixture absorbs moisture and

becomes paste like
Note : (i)
Salt of Hg2+, Pb2+ or

Ba2+ Carbonate
(i) If coloured may be
Cu(NO3)2, FeCl3
(ii) If colourless, may
be Zn2+, Mg2+ etc.
If you have touched the mixture, wash your hands at once.
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(ii)

Never taste any mixture, it may be poisonous.

Dry Heating Test
This test is performed by heating a small amount of the mixture in a dry test tube.
Observations
Inference
1. Gas evolved
(a)
Colourless and odourless gas CO2 gasturns lime water milky

Colourless gas with odour
(b)
(i)
H2S gas Smells like rotten eggs, turns

lead acetate paper black.
(ii) SO2 gas characteristic suffocationg
smell, turns acidified potassium
dichromate solution or paper green.
(iii) HCl gas Pungent smell, white fumes
with ammonia, white ppt. with silver
nitrate solution.
(iv) Acetic acid vapours- Characteristic
vinegar like smell.
(v) NH3 gas Characteristic smell, turns
Nesslers solution brown.
(c)
CO32 Or C2O42
Hydrated S2
SO32
Cl
CH3COO
NH4+
Coloured gases Pungent smell

(i)
NO2 gas Reddish brown, turns

ferrous sulphate solution black
(ii) Cl2 gas Greenish yellow, turns starch
iodide paper blue
(iii) Br2 vapours Reddish brown, turns
starch paper orange yellow
(iv) I2 vapours Dark violet, turns starch
paper blue.
2.
White sublimate
Black sublimate accompanied by
violet vapours
Decrepitation
Br
I
NH4+
I
The mixture decrepitates (crackling noise).

4.
Cl
Sublimate formed
(a)
(b)
3.
NO2 or NO3
Fusion
A salt having no water of

crystallization. For example,
(Pb(NO3)2, NaCl, KBr, SrCl2.
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The mixture fuses.

5. Swelling
6.
The mixture swells up into voluminous mass.

Residue
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Yellow when hot white when cold

Brown when hot and yellow when cold
Brown when hot as well as when cold
White salt becomes black on heating
White residue, glows on heating
Original salt blue becomes white on
heating
(vii) Coloured salt becomes brown or black
on heating.
Alkali metals salts or salt containing

water of crystallization.
PO43, BO33 indicated.
Zn2+
Pb2+
Cd2+
CH3COO indicated
Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, etc.
Hydrated CuSO4 indicated
Co2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Ni2+,
Mn2+ indicated.
Flame Test
Colour of flame
With naked eye
1. Brick-red (not persistent)
2. Crimson-red (persistent)
3. Persistent grasy-green
(Appears after prolonged heating)
4. Golden yellow
5. Pink-violet
6. Bright-bluish green
7. Green flashed
8. Dull bluish-white
Inference
Through blue glass
Light yellowish green
Crimson
Green
Invisible
Pink
Visible
White
Calcium (Ca)
Strontium (Sr)
Barium (Ba)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Copper (Cu)
Zn slats, Mn salts
Lead (Pb)
ANION ANALYSIS
Preliminary Test:
(a)
(b)
Treatment with sulphuric acid gives an acid of the anion. The acid may decompose or get
oxidized evolving a gas which can be identified by any of its characteristic property or
reaction.
Group based on their reaction with
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(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Dil H2SO4 group (CO32-, NO2-, SO32-, S2)

Conc. H2SO4 group (Cl-, Br-, I-,NO3- ,CH3COO-, C2O42-)
Individual ions (SO42-, PO43-,)
DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID GROUP (Preliminary Tests)
Ion
CO32
NO2
S2
SO32
Experiment
(a) Salt +dil.
Observation
Colourless, Odourless gas
with brisk effervescence
Reactions
CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4+H2O +CO2
(b) Pass above

gas through
Lime water
Lime water turns milky.

(CaCO3) Milkiness
disappears after some
time Ca(HCO3)2
(a) Salt + 2
ml. Dil H2SO4
Light brown gas with a

pungent odour (NO2)
3KNO2 +3H2SO4 3KHSO4 + HNO3

+ H2O + 2NO
2NO + O2 2NO2 (Brown)
(b) Pass above

gas through
FeSO4 (aq)
It turns dark brown or

black (FeSO4NO)
FeSO4 + NO FeSO4NO (Black)
(a) Salt + 2
ml. Dil H2SO4
Colourless gas with a

smell or rotten eggs (H2S)
ZnS + H2SO4 H2S+ ZnSO4
(b) Pass above

gas through
lead acetate
solution
(a) Salt + 2
ml. Dil H2SO4
(b) Pass above

gas through
acidified
Potassium
dichromate
solution
(K2Cr2O7)
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O

CaCO3 + CO2 Ca (HCO3)2
It turns into black ppt.

(PbS)
H2S+(CH3COO)2 PbPbS+2CH3COOH

pungent, suffocation
odour (SO2)
Na2SO3+ H2SO4 Na2SO4 +H2O+ SO2
It turns green
{Cr2 (SO4)3}
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + 3SO2 K2SO4+ H2O

+ Cr2(SO4)3
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CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID GROUP (Preliminary Tests)

Cl-
Br
(a) Salt + 2 ml.

Conc. H2SO4

Pungent smell
(b) Bring a rod

dipped in NH4OH
near mouth of
Test tube
Dense white Fumes
(c) Addition of
pinch of MnO2
Greenish yellow gas

(Cl2)
(a) Salt + 2 ml.

Conc. H2SO4
KCl + H2SO4 KHSO4 + HCl
HCl + NH4OHNH4Cl+H2O
Reddish brown gas

with a pungent
odour (Br2)
MnO2+4HClMnCl2+2H2O+3Cl2
NaBr+H2SO4NaHSO4+HBr
Turns yellow
(b) Pass above
gas through starch
solution
H2SO4(conc)+2HBrSO2+Br2
+2H2O
Fumes increase
(c) Add MnO2

I-
(a) Salt + 2 ml.

Conc. H2SO4
Violet vapours with a

pungent odour (I2)
MnO2+2HBr+H2SO4 MnSO4
+2H2O+Br2
KI+ H2SO4(conc)KHSO4 + HI
2HI+H2SO4 2H2O+I2 + SO2
Turns blue
(b) Pass above
gas through starch
solution.
Fumes increase
(c) Add MnO2
NO3
(a) Salt + 2 ml.

Conc. H2SO4
Reddish brown gas

with an Irritating
odour (NO2)
Fumes increase
(b) Add copper

turnings
MnO2 + 2HI + H2SO4MnSO4

+2H2O +I2
KNO3 + H2SO4 KHSO4+HNO3
4HNO3(conc)+Cu2NO2+2H2O
+Cu(NO3)2
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CH3COO
C2O42

(a) Salt + 2 ml.

Conc. H2SO4

vinegar like odour
(b) Pass above

gas through blue
Litmus solution.
(a) Salt + 2 ml.
Conc. H2SO4
Turns red (Acetic

acid turns blue litmus
red)
Colourless gas
(b) Pass the above Lime water turns

gas through lime
milky
water
CH3COONa+H2SO4NaHSO4
+CH3COOH
COONa
|
+H2SO4 Na2SO4+CO2
COONa
+ CO + H2O
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O
CONFIRMATORY TESTS / WET TESTS

The acid radicals indicated by dil. H2SO4 and conc. H2SO4 tests are further confirmed by wet tests.
Preparation of Original solution (O.S.)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Water Extract (W.E.): Salt +H2O + Heat (if required ) to get a clear solution.
If Insoluble in water prepare S.C.E.
Sodium carbonate extract (S.C.E.): One part salt + three parts Sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3 + 20 ml. H2O + Boil (Reflux) for 10-15 minutes in a conical flask and
filter.)
Note:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
An insoluble salt when treated with sodium carbonate undergoes double decomposition.
Sodium Salts of the anion are water soluble and can be analysed while the interfering
cations are rejected as insoluble carbonates.
This extract can not be prepared for carbonates.
Excess sodium carbonate can be destroyed by acidifying the extract before the test
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DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID GROUP (Confirmatory Tests)

Experiment
CO32(a) For Soluble
carbonate W.E. (1ml)
+ MgSO4 (1 m.l.)
(b) For Insoluble
carbonate
Filtrate of W.E. + Dil.
H2SO4
Observation
Reaction
White ppt.
(MgCO3)
Na2CO3+MgSO4MgCO3+Na2SO4
NO
effervescence
Residue+Dil H2SO4
NO2(a) Starch Iodide

test:
W.E. / S.C.E. (1ml.) +
dil H2SO4 (few drops)
+ starch solution + KI
solution.
(b) Diphenylamine
test:
W.E.+diphenylamine
(few drops)
2S
(a) Sodium
Nitroprusside test:
W.E. / S.C.E. (1ml.) +
Sodium Nitroprusside
solution (few drops)
(b) Lead acetate
test:
W.E. / S.C.E. +
acidified with
CH3COOH + Lead
acetate solution.
Brisk
effervescence
(CO2)
ZnCO3 + H2SO4 ZnSO4 +H2O+CO2
Blue solution.
NaNO2+H2SO4 HNO2+NaHSO4
A dark blue
colouration.
2KI+2H2SO4+2HNO22KHSO4+ I2+2NO+2H2O
Purple or violet
colouration
Na2S+Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS]
(Violet)
Black ppt.
(PbS)
Na2S+(CH3COO)2PbPbS+2CH3COONa
(Black)
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(c) Cadmium
carbonate test:
W.E. / S.C.E. + (1ml.)
suspension of cadmium
carbonate
SO32
Barium chloride
test:
W.E. / S.C.E. + (1ml.)
+ dil acetic acid +
BaCl2
Add dil. HCl to above
ppt.
(i) To 1st part of ppt. +
acidified KMnO4
(ii) K2Cr2O7 test:
To 2nd part of ppt. +
dil. H2SO4 (few drops)
+ K2Cr2O7

Yellow ppt.
Na2S + CdCO3 CdS + Na2CO3
White ppt.
(BaSO3)
Na2SO3 + BaCl2 2NaCl + BaSO3
ppt. Dissolves.
BaSO3 + 2HCl BaCl2 + SO2 + H2O
Pink colour of
KMnO4 is
discharged
Green
colouration
Cr2(SO4)3
K2Cr2O7+3Na2SO3+4H2SO4Cr2(SO4)3+2Na2SO4
+K2SO4+4H2O.
CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID GROUP (Confirmatory Tests)

Cl (Chloride Ion)
(a) Silver nitrate test:
W.E. (1ml.)+ dil
HNO3+(few
drops)+AgNO3
White ppt.
(AgCl),
dissolves in
NH4OH
(b) Chromyl Chloride

test:
Solid salt + K2Cr2O7 (s) +
Red vapours of
Conc. H2SO4
(CrO2Cl2)
(i) Heat the solution and
pass red vapours through Yellow solution
(Na2CrO4)
NaOH (aq.)
(ii) Add. Dil. Acetic acid
NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3

AgCl + 2NH4OH [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O
4NaCl+K2Cr2O7+3H2SO42Na2SO4+K2SO4
+3H2O+2CrO2Cl2
CrO2Cl2 +4NaOHNa2CrO4+2H2O+2NaCl
Yellow ppt.
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and Lead acetate to

yellow solution.

(PbCrO4)
Soluble in
NaOH.
Na2CrO4+(CH3COO)2PbPbCrO4+2CH3COONa
Br (Bromide Ion)
W.E. (1ml.) + dil. HNO3
(few drops) + AgNO3
A light yellow
KBr + AgNO3KNO3 + AgBr
ppt.
AgBr + 2NH4OH [Ag(NH3)2]Br + 2H2O
Partially
soluble in
(b)Chlorine water test: NH4OH
W.E. + dil HCl + 1-2 ml
of CS2 + Chlorine Water
(excess) + shake and
Organic layer
2NaBr + Cl2 2NaCl + Br2
allow to stand
gets yellow/red/
orange/
brown colour
depending on
concentration
of bromine and
the solvent
used.
I
W.E. + (1ml.) HNO3 (few Yellow

drops) + AgNO3 (aq.)
ppt.(AgI)
KI + AgNO3 KNO3 + AgI
Add NH4OH to ppt.

ppt. Insoluble
(b) Chlorine water /
organic layer test:
W.E. / S.C.E. +
HCl(1ml.) + organic
solvent (CS2)(1ml.)
+Chlorine water (excess)
(dropwise). Shake and
allow standing.
NO3
Organic layer
gets violet
colour
2KI + Cl2 2KCl + I2
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(a) Ring Test:

W.E.+feshly prepared
FeSO4 (1ml.) + conc.
H2SO4 along the side of
the tube.
(b) Diphenylamine
test:
W.E./S.C.E. (1ml.) + dil.
H2SO4+ diphenylamine
(1ml.)
CH3COO
(a) Ferric chloride
test:
W.E./S.C.E.(1ml.)+Neutr
al FeCl3
(b) Oxalic acid test:
Solid salt + Oxalic acid
+few drops water in a
watch glass
(c) Ester test:
Salt (s) + (2 ml.) Conc.
H2SO4+(2ml.) C2H5OH
+ Heat
C2O42
(a) Calcium chloride
test:
W.E. + (Dil) CH3COOH
+ (Boiloff)CO2 + CaCl2
(b) KMno4 test:

Salt(s)+ dil H2SO4
+Heat+KMnO4 (2-ml)

Brown ring at
the junction of
the two layers.
6FeSO4+3H2SO4+2HNO33Fe(SO4)3
+4H2O + 2NO
FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O [Fe(NO)(H2O)5]SO4
(Brown ring)
Blue
colouration.
Blood red
coloration.
Paste has
vinegar smell
Pleasant fruity
smell.
3CH3COONa+FeCl3(CH3COO)3Fe + NaCl
Fe(CH3COO)2+H2OCH3COO(OH)2Fe
+2CH3COOH.(redppt)
(Basic Ferric aceltate)
COOH
COONa
+ 2CH3COONa
+ 2CH3COOH
COOH
COONa
2CH3COONa+H2SO4Na2SO4 +2CH3COOH
CH3COOH+C2H5OHCH3COOC2H5 + H2O
White ppt.
(NH4)2C2O4 + CaCl2 CaC2O4 + 2 NH4Cl
Pink colour of
KMnO4
discharged.
2KMnO4 + H2SO4 +5 (COOH)2 K2SO4 +2MnSO4

+ 10 CO2 +8H2O
10
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INDIVIDUAL IONS
SO42
(a) Barium chloride test:
W.E./S.C.E.(1ml.) + (dil.)
H2SO4 + BaCl2
(b) Lead acetate test:

W.E./S.C.E.(1ml.) + Lead
acetate
White ppt.
Insoluble
in HCl(conc)
(BaSO4)
Na2SO4+BaCl22NaCl+BaSO4
White ppt.
Soluble in
ammonium
acetate
solution (PbSO4)
Na2SO4+(CH3COO)2PbPbSO4
+2CH3COONa
PbSO4+2CH3COONH4(CH3COO)2Pb
+(NH4)2SO4
A deep yellow
ppt.
Na3PO4+HNO3+(NH4)2MoO4(NH4)3PO4.
12MoO3+NH4NO3 +H2O
White ppt.
Na2HPO4+MgCl2+NH4OHMg(NH4)PO4
+2NaCl + H2O
PO43
(a) Amm. Molybdate test:
W.E./S.C.E. (1ml.) + 2ml.
Con. HNO3 + boil +
Ammonium molybdate excess
+ boil
(b) Magnesia mixture test:
W.E. NH4Cl(S) + MgCl2+ Boil
and Cool + NH4OH
11
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CATION ANALYSIS
Confirmatory / Wet Tests:
Classification of Cations :
For the sake of qualitative analysis the cations are classified into six groups on the basis of
the difference in solubility product values of their chlorides, sulphides, hydroxides and
carbonates under different conditions of acidity and alkalinity.
Group
Group Reagent
Zero
I
II
No
Dilute HCl
H2S in the presence of
dil. HCl
III
IV
VI
Cations
NH4+
Pb2+ (white)
Pb2+ (black),
Hg2+ (black),
Cd2+ (yellow),
Cu2+ (black),
As3+ (Yellow)
NH4OH in the
Fe3+ (brown), Al3+
presence of NH4Cl
(white)
H2S in the presence of NI2+ (black), Co2+
NH4OH
(Black), Mn2+ (light
brown), Zn2+ (white).
(NH4)2CO3 in the
Ca2+ (white),
presence of NH4OH
Sr2+(white), Ba2+
(white).
No
Mg2+
Form in which
cations are
precipitated
Chlorides
Sulphides
Hydroxides
Sulphides
Carbonates
Preparation of Original Solution (O.S.) for wet Tests of Basic Radicals : A clear
transparent solution.
Original Solution (O.S.) (Salt + Solvent)
Solvents:
(i)
(iii)
Note: (i)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Distilled water (cold or hot)

Conc. HCl (cold or hot)
(ii)
Dilute HCl (cold or hot)
Proceed in water.
(ii)
Use minimum acid to make solution
Dilute solution if made in conc. HCl

Cool O.S. before use
HNO3 and H2SO4 are not used as solvents as they interfere in the usual analysis.
12
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Soluble and Insoluble salts for cations

Solvent
Cold water
Salts which dissolve

(i) All NH4+, Na+ and K+ slats.
(ii) All nitrites, nitrates and acetates
(iii) Most of the sulphates excepts those of Pb, Ba, Ca, Sr.
(iv) All chlorides, except that of lead.
Hot water
Dil. HCl
Lead chlorides, lead nitrate.

All carbonates which do not dissolve in water ie., Ca, Ba, Sr, Mg,
Zn, Al, Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe etc., but not of Pb.
Note:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Add the group reagent in order.

Always preserve filtrate for the next group.
Ensure complete precipitation at every step before proceding.
Flow Chart
Original Solution + dil. HCl

Filter
ppt. Group I (Pb2+)
(as chlorides)
Filtrate + dil. HCl + H2S

Filtrate
Boil off H2S + Conc.HNO3 + heat
ppt. Group II (Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+)

(as sulphides)
Cool the solution + [NH4Cl + NH4OH]

(excess)
Filter
Filtrate
+
NH4Cl + NH4OH + H2S
ppt. Group III (Fe3+ & Al3+)

(as hydroxides)
Filter
Filtrate
ppt. Group IV (Zn2+, Ni2+, Mn2+&Ca2+)
+ Boil off
(as sulphides)
H2S + NH4Cl + NH4OH + (NH4)2 CO3 + warm
ppt. Group V (Ca2+,Ba2+ &

Sr2+)
(as carbonates)
13
Filtrate Group VI
(Mg2+and K+)
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Zero Group (NH4+)

Experiment
(a) Nesslers reagent test:
Salt (s) + 2ml. NaOH + heat.
(i) Bring a rod dipped in HCl
near mouth of tube.
(ii) Pass NH3 gas through
Nesslers reagent. [K2HgI4]
Observation
Reactions
Evolution of NH3 gas

Dense white fumes
(NH4Cl)
NH4Cl+NaOHNH3+H2O+NaCl
Brown ppt.
(NH2.HgO.HgI)
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
K2HgI4+2NH3NH2HgI+NH4I
+2KI
2NH2HgI+H2ONH2.HgO.HgI+NH4I
(Brown)
Group: I (Pb2+)
Experiment
O.S. + dil. HCl
Boil the white ppt. With 5 to 10
ml. Of water and divide the
solution into two parts.
Potassium iodide test:
First part + KI
Potassium chromate test:
Second part + K2CrO4
Note:
(i)
(ii)
Observation
White ppt. (PbCl2)
White ppt. In soluble
in hot water.
Reactions
Pb2+ + 2Cl PbCl2
Yellow ppt. (PbI2)
PbCl2 + 2KI 2KCl+PbI2
Yellow ppt (PbCrO4)
PbCl2 + K2CrO4 PbCrO4 + 2KCl
If O.S. is prepared dil. HCl the first group is absent. That means no ppt formation.
Pb does not precipitate completely in group I . A part of it gets precipitated in group
II as PbS
Group : II
Group: A- Pb2+ , Cu2+
Group: B As3+
Black (Pb2+ , Cu2+)
O.S. / G-I Filtrate + (acidify with dil HCl + warm) + H2S ppt
Yellow (As3+)
Chemical Reactions involved in case of passing H2S through O.S.
PbCl2 + H2S 2HCl + PbS (Black)
CuCl2 + H2S 2HCl + CuS (Black)
2AsCl3 + H2S 2HCl + As2S3 (Yellow)
14
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Group: IIA
(a)
In case of Black ppt. add 50% HNO3 ppt. dissolve

One part of solution + dil. H2SO4 + alcohol white ppt. (Pb2+)
No ppt. then rest of the solution + NH4OH in excess blue ppt. (Cu2+)
(b)
In case of Yellow ppt. + Yellow ammonium sulphide and warm Soluble (As3+)
Experiment
Pb2+
Dissolve the white
ppt. In hot
ammonium acetate
solution Divide it
into two parts.
Observation
Reaction
ppt. Dissolves
(CH3COO)2 Pb
PbSO4+2CH3OONH4(CH3COO)2Pb+(NH4)2SO4
Yellow ppt. (PbI2)
Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI 2KNO3 + PbI2

Yellow
(a) Potassium
iodide test:
First part + KI
(b) Potassium
chromate test:
Second Part +
K2CrO4
Yellow ppt.
(PbCrO4)
Pb(NO3)2 + K2 Cr.O4 2KNO3 + PbCrO4
(Yellow)
Cu2+
Potassium
ferrocynide test:
Blue solution +
acetic acid +
Potassium
ferrocyanide
Chocolate brown
ppt.
CuSO4 + K4 [Fe(CN)6] Cu2 [Fe(CN)6] + 2K2SO4

(chocolate coloured)
Group: II B (As3+)
Experiment
As3+
Yellow ppt. + conc.
HNO3.
Divide the solution
into two parts
Observation
Reactions
ppt. Dissolves
As2S3+10HNO3 2H3AsSO4+10NO+3S+2H2O
15
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(a) Amm. Molybdate

test:
First part +
ammonium
molybdate + Heat
(b) Magnesia
mixture test:
Second part +
NH4OH + Magnesia
mixture
(MgSO4+ NH4OH
+NH4Cl)
Yellow ppt.
H3AsO4+12(NH4)MoO4+21HNO3 (NH4)3AsO4
12 MoSO3+21NH4NO3+12 H2O
White ppt.
H3AsO4+MgSO4+3NH4OHMg(NH4)AsO4
+(NH4)2SO4+3H2O
Group: III (Fe3+, Al3+)

O.S. / Group II (filtrate (boil off H2S) + Conc. HNO3 (few drops) + NH4Cl(s) (sufficient
amount) + Boil and Cool + NH4OH (excess):
Reddish brown ppt. (Fe3+)
Gelationous white ppt. (Al3+)

Note:
(i)
(ii)
H2S should be completely boiled off before adding NH4OH otherwise G IV cations
will also precipitate
Ferrous ions are oxidized to ferric by addition of conc. HNO3 because ferrous ion are
not completely precipitated as hydroxides.
Experiment
Fe3+
Dissolve ppt. In dil.
HCl.
Divide into it into
two parts.
(a) Potassium
ferrocynide test:
First part +
potassium
ferrocyanide.
Observation
Reactions
ppt. Dissolves
Prussian blue
colouration
4FeCl3+3K4[Fe(CN)6]Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3+12KCl(aq)
(Prussian Blue)
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DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

(b) Potassium
sulphocynide
test:
Second part +
potassium
sulphocynide
Al3+
Lake Test:
White ppt. + dil.
HCl (few drops to
acdifiy) + blue
litmus (few drops)
+ NH4OH dropwise
till solution becomes
ammonical

Blood red
colouration
FeCl3 + 3KCNS 3KCl + Fe(CNS)3

(Blood red)
Blue floating
ppt. In a
colourless
solution.
AlOH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 +3H2O

AlCl3+ 3NH4OH 3NH4Cl + Al(OH)3
(Blue colour)
Group IV (Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+)

O.S. / GIII filtrate + NH4Cl (s) + NH4OH + H2S
Black ppt. (Co2+, Ni2+) / Buff coloured ppt. (Mn2+) / Dirty white ppt. (Zn2+)
Co(OH)2 + H2S 2H2O + CoS
Mn(OH)2 + H2S 2H2O + MnS
Ni(OH)2 + H2S 2H2O + NiS
Zn(OH)2 + H2S ZnS + 2H2O
Confirmatory Tests:
Experiment
Co2+
Disslove black ppt. in
minimum quantity of
Aqua regia and
evaporate the solution
to nearly dryness.
Observation
Reaction
Blue residue
(Anhydrous
Chloride of Cobalt)
3CoS+2HNO3+6HCl3CoCl22NO+3S+4H2O
Cool and dissolve the

blue residue in distilled
water.
Pink colour solution

(Hydrated Chloride
of Cobalt)
Divide the solution into

two parts:
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DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

(a) Potassium nitrite

test:
First part + Acetic acid
+ KNO2 + warm

Yellow ppt.
CoCl2+2KNO22KCl+Co(NO2)2
KNO2+CH3COOH CH3COOK+HNO2
Co(NO2)2+2HNO2Co(NO2)3+H2O+NO
(b) Amm. Thiocynate Blue colour in

Organic solvent
test:
layer.
Second part +
Ammonium Thiocynate
(s) + acetone/ ether
(1ml.)
Ni2+
Disslove black ppt. in
minimum quantity of
Aqua regia and
evaporate the solution
to nearly dryness.
Cool and dissolve the
yellow residue in
distilled water.
Yellow residue.
Co(NO2)3+3KNO2 K3[Co(NO2)6] (Yellow)

CoCl2+4HN4CNS(NH4)2[Co(CNS)4]+NH4Cl
{ammonium tetra thio cynate cobalt (II)}
This stable complex gets extracted into the organic
solvent.
3NiS+2HNO3+6 HCl 3NiCl2+2NO+2S

+4H2O
Green coloured
solution.
Divide the solution into

two parts.
(a) Dimethyl glyxime
test:
First part + few drops
Bright red ppt.
of Dimethyl Glyxime
(DMG)
(b) Sodium
hydroxide Br2 test:
Second Part + NaOH
(Excess). Bromine
Black ppt.
water+Boil
(Ni (OH)2)
NiCl2 + 2NaOH 2NaCl+Ni(OH)2

Br2 +H2O 2HBr + (O)
2Ni(OH)2 + H2O +(O) 2Ni (OH)3
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DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

Mn2+
Dissolve some buff
coloured ppt. in dil.
HCl and boil in H2S
(a) Sodium
hydroxide Br2 test:
Add NaOH Solution
and warm.
Add Br2 in White ppt
(b) Lead peroxide
test:
Buff ppt. + Conc.
HNO3 + PbO2 (Boil
and Cool)
Zn2+
Dissolve dirlty white
ppt. in dilute HCl and
boil of H2S. Cool and
divide the solution into
two parts.
(a) Sodium
hydroxide test:
First part + NaOH
solution.
(b) Potassium
ferocynide test:
Second part +
Potassium ferrocyanide
solution.

ppt. dissolves.
MnS + 2HCl MnCl2 + H2S
White ppt.
turning brown
/black
MnCl2 + 2NaOH Mn(OH)2 + 2NaCl

Br2 +H2O 2HBr +[O]
Mn(OH)2 + (O) MnO(OH)2 (Brown ppt)
Pink coloured
solution (HMnO4)
MnS + 2HNO3 Mn (NO3)2 + H2S

2Mn(NO3)2+5PbO2+6HNO32HMnO4
+5Pb(NO3)2+2H2O
ppt. dissolves,
ZnS + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2S
White ppt. which

dissolves in excess
of NaOH
ZnCl2 + 2NaOH Zn(OH)2 + 2NaCl

Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O
Bluish white ppt.
2ZnCl2+K4 [Fe(CN)6] 4KCl + Zn2[Fe(CN)6]

(zinc hexacyano ferrate)
Group V (Ba2+, Ca2+ and Sr2+)

O.S. / G. IV filtrate (Boil Off H2S and concentrate by evaporating to one third in a china
dish). + NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH (excess) + conc. (NH4)2 CO3 and warm + white ppt. soluble
in hot acetic acid. Now divide the solution in three parts.
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DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

Experiment
Ba2+

Observation Reactions
Potassium
chromate
test:
First part + Pot. Yellow ppt.
Chromate
solution.
Sr2+
Amm.
Sulphate test:
Second part +
White ppt.
1 ml. Of
ammonium
sulphate
solution and
warm.
Ca2+
Amm. Oxalate
test:
Third part + 1- White ppt.
2 ml. Of
ammonium
Oxalate
solution.
NH4OH (few
drops) and
scratch the
sides.
(CH3COO)2Ba + K2CrO4 2CH3COOK + BaCrO4

(yellow)
(CH3COO)2Sr + (NH4)2SO4 2CH3COONH4+ SrSO4

(white)
(CH3COO)2Ca+(NH4)2C2O4 2CH3COONH4+ CaC2O4

(white ppt)
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Group VI (Mg2+)
O.S./G.V filtrate (concentrate ) and divide the solution
Experiment
Mg2+
Amm.
Phosphate test:
To a part of the
solution + solid
NH4Cl and
NH4OH in slight
excess. +
Ammonium
Hydrogen
phosphate
solution and rub
the sides of the
test tube with a
glass rod.
Observation Reaction
White ppt.
MgCl2+NH4OH+(NH4)2HPO4Mg(NH4)PO4 +2NaCl
(white) +H2O
Note: The precipitation of Mg2+ as Mg (NH4) PO4 is rather slow. Scratching(rubbing) is done and the
time is allowed before filtration.
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VIVA - VOCE
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS (XI & XII)
Q.1. What do you mean by qualitative and quantitative analysis?
Ans. Qualitative analysis deals with the identification of mere presence of acidic or basic radicals
in inorganic salts or presence of extra elements such as N, O, P, S or halogens in an organic
compound or testing the presence of functional group in an organic compound.
Quantitative
analysis
on
the
other
hand
helps
to
estimate
the
amount/concentration/percentage of these elements present.
Q.2. Give an example to differentiate between qualitative and quantitative a
analysis.
Ans. When a given salt eg. Lead salt is analysed say with KI; appearance of yellow ppt. will
indicate the qualitative presence of lead ions but in case if an alloy containing lead is
dissolved in nitric acid and the amount of lead present is estimated by weighing the exact
amount of lead iodide precipitated to calculate the percentage of lead in the alloy; it will be
called as quantitative analysis.
Q.3. What is a radical?
Ans. An atom or group of atoms having a distinct positive or negative charge on it is called a
radical; for example NH+4, Cu+2, Br, SO2-4 etc.
Q.4. What is an acid radical?
Ans. Radicals carrying negative charge on them are called acid radicals eg. Cl-, NO3etc. They are
also called anions.
Q.5. What is a basic radical?
Ans. Radicals carrying positive charge on them are called basic radicals eg. Fe+2, NH4+. They are
also called cations.
Q.6. What type of bond is present in an inorganic salt?
Ans. Electrovalent or ionic bond is present in an inorganic salt.
Q.7. Why do inorganic compounds ionize when dissolved in water?
Ans. Due to the presence of ionic species in inorganic salts; each ion is solvated by water in
aqueous solution and hence dissolve.
Q.8. Name some basic radicals that impart colour to the salt.
Ans. Mainly the basic radicals of transition metals import colour to the salt. For example salts of
Ni+2, Cu+2, Fe+2 etc. are coloured.
Q.9. What can you conclude if the given salt is white?
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DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL


Ans. We can infer that the salt does not contain transition metal ions i.e. Cu+2, Ni+2, Co+2, Mn+2,
Fe+3 and Fe2+ are absent. Not only the salt but salt solution also should be colourless as
anhydrous CuSO4 is white but its solution is blue.
Q.10. What is the colour of iron salts?
Ans. Ferrous salts are generally green and ferric salts are brown.
Q.11. What is the colour of nickel salts?
Ans. Bluish green or green.
Q.12. Give one example of red salt.
Ans. Cobalt nitrate is red in colour.
Q.13. Generally what is the colour of manganese salts?
Ans. Light pink or flesh coloured.
Q.14. What are deliquescent salts?
Ans. Salts which absorb moisture from the atmosphere and dissolve in it are called deliquescent
salts e.g. MgCl2, FeCl3, ZnCl2.
Q.15. What are efforescent salts?
Ans. Salts which give out water of crystallization are termed as efflorescent salts eg. FeSO4.7H2O
or Na2CO3.10H2O loses water of crystallization to become FeSO4xH2O(3<x<7) and
Na2CO3.H2O (on losing 9 molecules of water of crystallization).
Q.16. Why a salt or mixture containing lead turns black in colour, when placed for a long time in
open?
Ans. This is due to the formation of black lead sulphide which is formed by the reaction of lead
with H2S present in the atmosphere.
Q.17. Why does ferrous sulphate; green in colour turns yellowish brown after some time?
Ans. Due to aerial oxidation ferrous ions get oxidized to ferric ions and hence the change in
colour occurs.
Q.18. Name a few salts which produce crackling sound when heated.
Ans. Lead nitrate, sodium chloride, barium nitrate.
Q.19. Why do ionic compounds generally dissolve in water?
Ans. Ionic compounds dissolve in water because water being a polar solvent, having high
dielectric constant, stabilize the ions of the ionic compound by hydrating them.
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Q.20. What is sublimation?

Ans. Sublimation is a process by which a salt directly changes its state from solid to gaseous
without melting on heating. On cooling, the vapours condense to give back the solid.
Q.21. What do you mean by the term discrepitation?
Ans. Some salts that do not contain any water of crystallization contain some mother liquor
entrapped in their crystals during crystallization. On heating, these trapped molecules
(liquid) of mother liquor escape producing crackling sound called discrepitation. Some
examples of such salts are; Ba(NO3)2, NaCl, Pb(NO3)2.
Q.22. Why is silver nitrate and hydrogen peroxide solution kept in coloured bottles?
Ans. Because they can get decomposed when exposed to light.
Q.23. Why do blue crystals of copper sulphate become colourless on heating?
Ans. Because the blue coloured hydrated copper sulphate (CuSO4.5H2O) loses its water of
crystallization ob heating and become colourless anhydrous copper suphate.
Heat
CuSO4.5H2O
CuSO4
+
5H2O
(Blue)
Hydrated copper sulphate
(Colourless)
anhydrous copper sulphate
Q.24. Name the type of salt which produced a pale brown gas on heating.
Ans. Nitrate or Nitrite salts of metals.
Q.25. Name the type of salt which on heating produces a colourless, odourless gas that turns lime
water milky.
Ans. Carbonate salts of alkaline earth metals.
Q.26. What is the colour of the residue when zinc salt is heated?
Ans. Yellow when hot, white when cold.
Q.27. Name the gases that turn lime water milky.
Ans. CO2 and SO2.
Q.28. How can you distinguish between CO2 and SO2 gas?
Ans. (a)
(b)
CO2 is colourless and odourless gas while SO2 has pungent smell.
SO2 turns acidified dichromate paper green while CO2 does not.
Q.29. What information you get when the dry salt on heating gives a violet sublimate?
Ans. It is an iodide salt.
Q.30. Explain what happens when CO2 passes through lime water. What change further occurs
when excess of CO2 is passed??
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DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL


Ans. Initially when CO2 is passed through lime water, it turns milky due to the formation of
insoluble calcium carbonate. If excess of CO2 is passed soluble bicarbonate are formed and
hence milkiness disappears.
CO2+ Ca(OH)2 CaCO3+H2O
White ppt.
CaCO3+CO2+H2O Ca(HCO3)2
Soluble Calcium bicarbonate
Q.31. What type of flame is used for performing flame test?

Ans. Non-luminous flame.
Q.32. Why is platinum wire preferred for performing flame test?
Ans. Because
(a)
(b)
It itself does not impart any colour to the flame.

It is an inert metal, so itself does not react either with conc. HCI or with the salt to be
tested.
Q.33. Is there any other wire that can be used for flame test?
Ans. Nichrome wire.
Q.34. In the flame test, sodium imparts yellow colour to the flame while magnesium does not
impart any colour. Why?
Ans. In the electronic configuration of magnesium; the outermost ns orbitals are fully filled
(atomic no. 12 = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2) and so very high energy is required for the excitation of
electrons. Hence, when the excited electron falls back to the ground state, the frequency of
radiation emitted does not fall in the visible region.
Q.35. What is the chemistry behind the flame test?
Ans. The metal chlorides being volatile and thermally ionisable, when heated in the flame easily
get excited (electron of the metal ions) to high levels by absorbing energy. When they come
back to their original level, emit out the energy absorbed. If the energy falls in the visible
region, the colour would be shown.
Q.36. Why cant we use glass rod instead of platinum wire for performing flame test?
Ans. This is because glass contains sodium silicate and so glass itself imparts colour to the flame.
Q.37. Why do barium salts not impart colour to the flame immediately?
Ans. Because barium chloride is less volatile, hence it imparts colour after some time.
Q.38. Why do we use conc. HCl in preparing paste of the salt for flame test?
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Ans. Conc. HCl converts metal salts to metal chlorides. Metal chlorides are more volatile than
any other salt of metal, hence readily imparts colour to the flame.
Q.39. Which colours are shown by Ba+2, Sr+2 and Ca+2 ions during flame test?
Ans. Ba+2 salts impart grassy green colour, Sr+2 salts impart crimson red colour and Ca+2 salt
impart brick red colour.
Q.40. Can conc. H2SO4 be employed for making the paste with the salt for the flame test?
Ans. No, conc. H2SO4 will produce sulphates shich are not volatile, so are not useful for
performing flame test.
Q.41. Name the acid radicals detected by dil H2SO4.
Ans. CO32, S2, SO32, NO2.
Q.42. Why is dil.H2SO4 used instead of dil. HCl to perform the tests for acid radicals?
Ans. H2SO4 has higher boiling point (3380C) while boiling point of HCl is 1100C. So if the test is
to be performed in cold any dilute acid would be suitable but if the contents are to be
heated; HCl gas may evolve along with other gases related to the acid radical to be tested.
The smell of HCl gas will make the recognition of the other gases evolved difficult, hence
dil. H2SO4 is preferred over HCl.
Q.43. What information do you get when addition of dil H2SO4 for testing acid radicals result in
the formation of white precipitate?
Ans. It indicates that the cation present in the salt may be Pb+2, Ba+2, Sr+2 or Ca+2; which form
insoluble sulphates.
Q.44. While performing H2SO4 tests, why should the reaction mixture not be heated to boiling?
Ans. On boiling, H2SO4 itself get decomposed to give SO2 which interferes with the identification
of other gases evolved during the test.
Q.45. In case dil H2SO4 interferes in test of acid radicals due to formation of precipitate of
sulphate, how will you perform preliminary test for acid radicals?
Ans. The test can be performed using HCl.
Q.46. Name the acid radicals that can be detected by cong. H2SO4 test.
Ans. Cl, Br, I, CH3COO, NO3.
Q.47. What is the function of copper piece or paper pallet when a nitrate is heated with conc.
H2SO4?
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DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL


Ans. When a nitrate salt is heated with conc. H2SO4, colourless vapours of HNO3 are evolved.
But when a paper pallet or Cu chips are added, carbon present in the paper or copper from
copper chips reduce HNO3 to NO2 gas and brown fumes will be observes.
Q.48. How do you test for a sulphide ion?
Ans. H2S gas having rotten eggs smell is evolved when a sulphide salt is treated with dil. H2SO4.
Further, H2S gas evolved turns moist lead acetate paper black.
Q.49. Why does NO2 turn FeSO4 solution black?
Ans. FeSO4 first reduces NO2 to NO which then combines with FeSO4 to form black coloured
nitrosoferrous sulphate. 2FeSO4+H2SO4+NO2 Fe2(SO4)3+H2O+NO
FeSO4 + NO FeSO4.NO
Q.50. What is the need for preparing sodium carbonate extract?
Ans. Sodium carbonate extract is prepared to test the presence of anions when the salt is
insoluble in water. On reacting with sodium carbonate, anion forms sodium salt of itself,
thus, comes to solution, making its identification possible.
Q.51. Why is it necessary to neutralize sodium carbonate extract before testing for SO42?
Ans. Sodium carbonate extract contains CO32ions. If these are not decomposed with dil. HCl,
white ppt. of BaCO3 can be obtained on addition of BaCl2 (even in absence of SO42),
thereby interfering in the identification of SO42.
Q.52. What is the chemical equation involved in preparation of sodium carbonate extract?
Ans. Na2CO3 + 2 MA M2CO3 + 2NaA(MA = Metal salt).
Q.53. Why treatement of a chloride with conc. H2SO4 liberates HCl while a bromide or iodide ion
give bromine and iodine gas respectively?
Ans. Conc. H2SO4 acts as a weak oxidizing agent hence HI & HBr produced during reaction of
H2SO4 and I or Br get oxidized to I2 and Br2. However conc. H2SO4 cannot oxidize HCl to
Cl2.
Q.54. What is chromyl chloride test?
Ans. Chromyl chloride test is used to confirm the presence of chloride ion. During this test the salt
is heated with solid K2Cr2O7 and conc. H2SO4. The red vapours of chromyl chloride gas
(CrO2Cl2) are evolved. These are passed through NaOH solution and the solution aquires
yellow colour due to formation of Na2CrO4. When this yellow solution is acidified with acetic
acid and lead acetate is added; yellow ppt. of PbCrO4 (lead chromate) is formed, confirming
Cl
4NaCl+K2Cr2O7 + 3H2SO4 2CrO2Cl2 + K2SO4 + 2Na2SO4 + 3H2O
CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH Na2CrO4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O
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DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL


(CH3COO)2Pb + Na2CrO4 PbCrO4+2CH3COONa.

Q.55. Why do bromides and iodides not respond to chromyl chloride test?
Ans. Because chromyl bromide (CrO2Br2) and chromyl iodide are not formed, instead Br2 & I2
and evolved.
K2Cr2O7 + 6KBr + 7H2SO4 3Br2 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4K2SO4 + 7H2O
Similar reaction with KI instead of KBr.
Q.56. Can water be taken instead of NaOH in performing chromyl chloride test for passing
CrO2Cl2 gas?
Ans. Yes, water can be taken and CrO2Cl2 will give H2CrO4 solution. This will also give yellow
ppt. with lead acetate solution due to the formation of lead chromate (PbCrO4).
Q.57. Why should the test tube in which chromyl chloride test is to be performed should be dry?
Ans. Because chromyl chloride reacts with water to form chromic acid.
CrO2Cl2 + 2H2O 2HCl + H2CrO4
Q.58. Both NO2 and Br2 evolved are brown when NO3 and Br salts react with conc. H2SO4. How
would you distinguish between them?
Ans. Pass the gas evolved through FeSO4 solution, if the solution turns brown/black, then the gas
is NO2, else it is bromine. FeSO4 turns black due to the formation of the complex FeSO4.NO
(nitrosoferrous sulphate).
Q.59. Can dil.HNO3 be used for testing sulpide (S2) or sulphite (SO23), instead of dil HCl?
Ans. No, HNO3 cant be used since it is an oxidizing agent and oxidizes sulphide to colloidal
sulphur and sulphite to H2SO4.
H2S + 2HNO3 2H2O + 2NO2 + S
H2SO3 + 2HNO3 H2SO4 + 2NO2 + H2O
No2 is evolved from nitrate salts also (NO3being in the same group as sulphite, HNO3 will
interfere with the test of SO23).
Q.60. What is the chemistry behind layer test?
Ans. Br or I ions can be oxidized to Br2 or I2 respectively by oxidizing agents such as Cl2 water
or HNO3.Br2 or I2 formed (being covalent molecules) are soluble in organic layer. So when
CCl4 is added to the test tube, appearance of reddish orange layer in case Br2 and violet
layer in case of I2 will be observed in the organic layer.
Cl2 + 2Br Br2 + 2Cl
Cl2 + 2I- I2+ 2Cl
Q.61. Why is conc. HNO3 preferred over Cl2 water for performing layer test?
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Ans. HNO2 or Cl2 water act as oxidizing agent during layer test. Old sample of Cl2 water is not
effective because of the following changes it undergoes due to which it loses its oxidizing
properties.
Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO
2HClO
Decompose
2HCl + O2.
Q.62. Why should freshly prepared FeSO4 be used in the ring test for nitrate?
Ans. Since ferrous sulphate can easily get oxidized to ferric sulphate, hence is not stable. So,
freshly prepared solution of FeSO4 should be used as ferric sulphate will not form complex
with NO.
Q.63. What is the formula of sodium nitroprusside?
Ans. Na2[Fe(CN)5NO].
Q.64. How are SO32and SO42distinguished?
Ans. With BaCl2 both give white ppt. SO32forms ppt. due to formation of BaSO3 and SO42 forms
ppt. due to the formation of BaSO4. But out of the two only BaSO3 ppt. dissolves in conc.
HCl and BaSO4 does not.
Q.65. What is the formula of the compound formed in ammonium molybdate test of PO34?
Ans. Yellow ppt. formed is due to the formation of ammonium phosphomolybdate (NH4)3PO4.
12MoO3.6H2O (yellow ppt.)
Q.66. Why is original solution prepared in water or HCl; and solid salt is not directly used for
identification of basic radicals?
Ans. Since the identification is based on tests from solutions, the solid must be dissolved in either
water or HCl to form solution. Also most of the mental chlorides except first group are water
soluble, hence HCl can be used to make O.S.
Q.67. Why H2SO4 cannot be used for making original solution?
Ans. Sinch H2SO4 will result in formation of sulphates of cations and most of the sulphates are
insoluble in water, we cannot use H2SO4 for making original solution.
Q.68. Why is HNO3 not used for making original solution?
Ans. HNO3 is an oxidizing agent and when H2S is passed for gp II and IV radicals, it gets oxidized
to S and will interfere in analysis.
Q.69. Why is Pb+2 present in both group I and group II?
Ans. In gp I, Pb+2 is precipitated in the form of chloride as
Pb+2 + 2HCl PbCl2 + 2H+
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White ppt.
Hence placed in gp I.
But also PbCl2 dissolves in excess of HCl
PbCl2 + 2HCl H2[PbCl4]
Soluble
and can be precipitated as PbS by passing H2S in gp II.
Q.70. The group reagent of group II is H2S, then why is HCl added during gp II precipitation?
Ans. The addition of HCl suppresses the ionization of H2S due to the presence of H+ (common
ion to H2S), hence less soluble sulphide ions are formed which are sufficient to precipitate
gp II cations but not gp IV cations.
HCl H+ + Cl
H2S 2H+ + S2
Q.71. Which group sulphides have more solubility and hence are difficult to precipitate group II or
IV?
Ans. Group IV sulphides have higher value of solubility product and hence have higher solubility
than gp II cation sulphides.
Q.72. Define common ion effect.
Ans. Common ion effect is the suppression of dissociation of weak electrolyte in presence of a
strong electrolyte having a common ion. Eg. In presence of NH4Cl a strong electrolyte,
NH4OH )a weak electrolyte is less dissociated due to the presence of NH+4 (a common ion
between them). The theory behind it can be understand in view of Le Chateliers principle.
NH4Cl NH4+ + Cl
(i)
NH4OH
NH4+ + OH
(ii)
+
More NH4 will shift the equilibrium of reaction (ii) backward, leading to less OH
concentration.
Q.73. What is the group reagent for group III?
Ans. NH4OH in presence of NH4Cl.
Q.74. Why is NH4Cl added before addition of NH4OH in precipitation of group III cations?
Ans. As explained under common ion effect above, addition of NH4Cl will allow only group III
cations to precipitate and prevent precipitation of group V and VI cations as hydroxides.
This is in view of less OH produced, which are sufficient to exceed solubility product of gp
III cations but not sufficient to bring about precipitation of gp V cations.
Q.75. Can NaCl and NaOH be used in place of NH4Cl and NH4OH, for gp III precipitation?
Ans. No, since both of them are strong electrolytes and there will not be common ion effect,
concentration of OH would be high enough to precipitate basic radicals of higher groups.
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Q.76. Can NH4NO3 be used in place of NH4Cl for basic radical analysis?
Ans. Yes, even NH4NO3 can regulate the concentration of OH ion by common ion effect.
Q.77. Why is excess of NH4OH added in IV gp before passing H2S gas?
Ans. OH from NH4OH consumes H+ that have come from dissociation of H2S, thereby shifting
the equilibrium of reaction (ii) to R.H.S., resulting in more S2. (Required to precipitate IV gp
cations)
NH4OH
NH4+ + OH
(i)
H 2S
2H+ + S2
(ii)
Q.78. Only OH ions are required to increase conc. Of S2 as explained in the previous question.
Why is NH4Cl added?
Ans. NH4Cl keeps the OH low (by common ion effect with NH4OH). In absence of NH4Cl, OH
ion concentration will increase so much that higher groups will be precipitated as
hydroxides.
Q.79. How is a solution of NiS or CoS prepared after they are precipitated as black ppt. in group
IV?
Ans. NiS and CoS readily dissolve in aqua regia (conc. HNO3 and conc. HCl in ratio 1:3) to form
their respective soluble chlorides and hence can be tested from their solutions.
Q.80. Can Na2CO3 be used as gp V group reagent in place of (NH4)2CO3?
Ans. No; Na2CO3 is a strong electrolyte and hence will ionize completely.
Na2CO3 (aq)
2Na+(aq) + CO32 (aq)
2
The conc. Of CO3 will be high enough to precipitate gp VI (Mg+2 as MgCO3) along with
group V.
Q.81. Why is NH4OH also added in group V?
Ans. (NH4)2CO3 always contain some ammonium hydrogen carbonate NH4HCO3 in it. NH4OH is
added to convert NH4HCO3 to (NH4)2CO3, so that Ba+2, Sr+2 and Ca+2 are completely
precipitated.
Q.82. Give an example of a basic radical which is not a metal.
Ans. NH4+.
Q.83. What is Nesslers reagent?
Ans. Nesslers reagent is an alkaline solution of K2HgI4.
Q.84. What is the name of product obtained when NH4+ reacts with Nesslers reagent?
Ans. The product is called Iodide of Millons Base;-having structure.
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NH2
Hg
O
Iodide of Millons base

(Reddish-Brown ppt.)
Hg
I
Q.85. Why are sodium, potassium and ammonium ions not included in any of the groups?
Ans. Because their hydroxides, sulphides and carbonates are soluble. For this reason NH4+ is
separately tested in zero group.
CLASS - XII
TEST FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Q.1. Why does carbon form many compounds?
Ans. Because of
(a)
(b)
(c)
Catenation
Capability of forming single, double & triple bonds.
High C-C bond energy.
Q.2. What is a functional group?

Ans. An atom or group of atoms present in a compound that determines its properties is called a
functional group.
Q.3. Give some example of functional groups.
Ans. (i)
(ii)
(iii)
Amino group NH2

Acid group COOH
Aldehyde group CHO
Q.4. What is unsaturation?

Ans. Presence of at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms is called the presence
of unsaturation in a compound i.e. all alkenes & alkynes are unsaturated compounds.
Q.5. How is unsaturation in an organic compound tested?
Ans. (i)
(ii)
By bromine test-Unsaturated compounds decolourise bromine

water.
By Baeyers test Unsaturated compounds decolourise alkaline KMnO4 solution.
Q.6. Why is alcohol dried before performing sodium metal test?
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Ans. Alcohol and the test tube in which the test is to be performed must be dry for sodium metal
test because water also reacts with Sodium to evolve H2 gas and even in the absence of
alcohol, evolution of H2 gas may be wrongly inferred as the presence of alcoholic group.
Q.7. Which is more acidic; an alcohol or phenol?
Ans. Phenol is more acidic than alcohol.
Q.8. How can you distinguish between the hydroxyl group of alcohol & phenol?
Ans. They can be distinguished by
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Litmus test Only phenols turn blue litmus red.

FeCl3 test Only phenols from violet coloured complex.
Azo dye test-Only phenols form azo dyes with diazonium salts.
Q.9. What is Lucas reagent? What is it used for?

Ans. Anhydrous ZnCl2 / HCl Lucas reagent.
It is used to distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. On reaction with
Lucas reagent turbidity appears immediately in tert-alcohols, after some time in secondary
and after a long time in primary alcohols. Turbidity appears due to the formation of alkyl
halide. Tertiary alcohols form tertiary carbonium ion (stablest) as intermediate leading to
their highest reactivity.
R OH
ZnCl
R Cl
2
Hcl
Q.10. Which out of phenol & carboxylic acid is more acidic?

Ans. Carboxylic acid is more acidic than phenol.
Q.11. Based on their acidic character, how can carboxylic acid and phenol be distinguished?
Ans. Only carboxylic acids can react with NaHCO3, (a weak base) to give CO2 gas. Phenols,
themselves being weak acid do not evolve CO2 or reaction with NaHCO3.
Q.12. Why does phenol turn into red liquid after the bottle is left open for a long time?
Ans. Phenol acquires red colour due to its arial oxidation to p-benzoquinone which is H-bonded
to phenol. Phenol is actually a transparent crystalline substance but is deliquescent in
nature. Hence it absorbs moisture from the atmosphere, dissolves in it and forms a liquid.
Q.13. What is Tollens reagent?
Ans. Ammoniacal silver nitrate is called Tollens reagent.
Q.14. What is the other name of Tollens reagent test?
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Ans. Silver mirror test-since silver; a product of the reaction deposits on the inner wall of the test
tube there by turning it into a mirror as observed from outside.
Q.15. What is Fehling A and Fehling B?
Ans. Fehling A is aq. solution of CuSO4. Fehling B is aq. Mixture of sodium potassium tartarate
and NaOh.
Q.16. Name an aldehyde that do not give positive Fehling test.
Ans. Benzaldehyde.
Q.17. How can the presence of carbony1 group tested?
Ans. (i)
(ii)
2, 4-D N P test
Bisulphite test
Q.18. Which tests can distinguish between an aldehyde and ketone?

Ans. Fehling solution test, Tollens reagent test & Schiffs reagent tests are given by aldehydes
and not ketones. On the other hand sodium nitroprusside and m-dinitrobenzene can be
used to test the presence of ketonic group.
Q.19. Why is 2, 4-DNP derivative formed can be considered for the characterization of an
aldehyde and ketone?
Ans. Because 2, 4-DNP derivatives formed are crystalline substances and have sharp melting
point. Hence by finding its m-pt; the aldehyde or ketone can be identified.
Q.20. Which test is given by both aromatic and aliphatic primary amine?
Ans.
Carbylamine test.
Q.21. Which test is given by only primary aromatic amine and not by primary aliphatic amine?
Ans. Azo dye test.
Q.22. How can you distinguish between propanone and 3-pentanone?
Ans. By iodoform test; propanone will form iodoform on treatment with I2 and NaOH but 3pentanone, which is not a methylketone will not form iodoform.
Q.23. What is Hinsberg reagent?
Ans. Benzene sulphonyl chloride C6H5SO2Cl.
Q.24. What is the red ppt. in Fehling solution test due to?
Ans. Due to the formation of cuprous oxide Cu2O.
RCHO + 2Cu+2 + 5OH Cu2O (Redppt.)+ RCOO + 3H2O (l)
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Q.25. What is the product obtained when an alcohol is treated with ceric ammonium nitrate?
Ans. A red complex is formed as following.
ROH + (NH4)2 [Ce(NO3)6] (NH4)2[Ce(OR)(NO3)5] + HNO3
Q.26. What happens when neutral ferric chloride is added to phenol?
Ans. A coloured complex is formed as under
6C6H5OH + FeCl3 [Fe(OC6H5)6]3 + 3HCl + 3H+.
Q.27. Why should the contents of carbylamine reaction disposed off, soon after the test?
Ans. Carbylamine or isocyanide formed has very offensive smell and may also be poisonous
hence must be decomposed by adding conc. HCl in the test tube before throwing the
contents in the sink.
RNH2 + 3KOH + CHCl3 RNC + 3H2O + 3KCl
Offensive smelling
Isocyanide
HCl
RNC + 2H2O RNH3+ Cl + HCOOH.

Q.28. What is the chemistry behind dye test?
Ans. Dye test is performed to identify a primary aromatic amine. It is based on the coupling
reaction between a diazonium salt with another organic compound containing labile
hydrogen [hydrogen that can be easily removed by condensation.] eg.
C6H5NH2 + NaNO2+HCl C6H5N2+Cl
N = N+Cl + H
OH
Benzene diazonium salt
Phenol
N=N
Az o
dye
OH
Q.29. Formic acid gives Fehling test even though it is an acid. Why?
Ans. Fehling solution test is given by substances that are earily oxidized. Formic acid is easily
oxidized and is able to reduce Cu+2 to Cu2O (red ppt.) in alkaline medium.
Q.30. Why aldehydes can be easily oxidized in comparison to ketones?
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O
O
Ans. R C H an aldehyde; R C R1 a ketone

During oxidation a CH bond cleaves in an aldehyde but a CC bond has to cleave in a
ketone. CC bond energy being greater than CH bond energy; CC is difficult to break
thus oxidation of ketones is difficult and cant be oxidized by mild oxidizing agents as
Fehling solution and Tollens reagent where by aldehydes can be oxidized by mild oxidizing
agents also.
Q.31. What is the formula of sodium nitroprusside?
Ans. Na2[Fe(CN)5NO].
Q.32. What is
(a)
(b)
Ans. (a)
(b)
Schiffs reagent?
Rochell salt?
Schiffs reagent is solution of p-rosaniline in water, the pink colour of
which is decolourised by passing SO2 gas through it.
Sodium potassium tartarate.
Q.33. What is esterification?

Ans. Formation of an ester on reaction between a carboxylic acid and alcohol in presence of acid
as a catalyst is called esterification.
TEST OF CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTIENS

Q.1. What are carbohydrates?
Ans. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones or compounds which
give these on hydrolysis.
Q.2. What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Ans. (i)
(ii)
(iii)
They act as biofuels and supply energy to the body.

Carbohydrates as cellulose serve as structural material for the cell wall.
Carbohydrates like glycogen is stored in the liver and act as the storage of energy.
Q.3. What is the structural difference between glucose and fructose?

Ans. Glucose (C6H12O6) is a polyhydroxy aldehyde i.e. aldose and fructose (C6H12O6) is a
polyhydroxy ketone i.e. ketose.
Q.4. Give an example of a disaccharide that gives two units of same monosaccharide on
hydrolysis.
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Ans. One unit of maltose (C12H22O11) on hydrolysis gives 2 units of glucose.

Q.5. Give an example of a disaccharide that gives two different units of same monosaccharide
on hydrolysis.
H+
Ans. C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

Lactose
Glucose
Galactose
H+
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

Lactose
Glucose
Fructose
Q.6. What is meant by the term reducing sugar? Give one example.
Ans. Carbohydrates which reduce the Fehlings solution or Tollens reagent to form Cu2O (red
ppt.) or Ag(mirror) are called reducing sugars eg. Glucose and fructose.
Q.7. What is Molischs reagent?
Ans. 1% alcoholic solution of Napthol.
Q.8. What are Fehling A & Fehling B solution?
Ans. Fehling A is aqueous solution of copper sulphate and Fehling B is aq. Solution of sodium
potassium tartarate and NaOH.
Q.9. What is Rochelles salt?
Ans. Sodium potassium tartarate is called Rochelles salt.
Q.10. Why is Rochelles salt added to NaOH to make Fehling solution B?
Ans. In presence of NaOH, Cu+2ions get precipitated as copper hydroxide. Hence, to keep
Cu+2ions in solution, Rochelles salt is added that forms a soluble complex with Cu+2ions.
Q.11. What is the red ppt. formed in the Fehlings solution test?
Ans. Red ppt. is Cu2O(copper(i)oxide) formed during the reaction.
Q.12. How can Tollens reagent be prepared?
Ans. Tollens reagent can be prepared by adding NaOH solution to AgNO3 solution; the graying
ppt. formed is washed with water and dissolved in NH4OH. The resulting solution contains
complex ions [Ag(NH3)2]+ is called Tollens reagent.
Q.13. Why do we get shining mirror in Tollens test?
Ans. Shining mirror is obtained due to the reduction of silver ions to metallic silver which
deposites on the walls of the test-tube forming a mirror.
Q.14. What is Benedicts reagent?
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Ans. Benedicts reagent is a solution of sodium carbonate, sodium citrate and copper sulphate.
The chemistry of this test is similar to Fehlings test with a difference that here citratre ions
are complexing agent instead of tartarate ions.
Q.15. Are all carbohydrates sweet in taste?
Ans. No. Carbohydrates sweet in taste are called sugars eg. Glucose, fructose, sucrose and
maltose etc.
Q.16. What are non-sugars?
Ans. Carbohydrates that are not sweet in taste are called non-sugars eg. Starch, cellulose etc.
Q.17. What happens when a carbohydrate is heated with conc. H2SO4?
Ans. Conc. H2SO4 acts as dehydrating agent and leads to charring of carbohydrates.
Q.18. What are anomers? Give an example.
Ans. Pairs of optical isomers which differ in the configuration only at C1 stom are called anomers.
The two anomers of glucose are following :
HCOH
HCOH O
HOCH
HCOH
HC
CH2OH
anomer
D-glucose
HOCH
HCOH O
HOCH
HCOH
HC
CH2OH
= anomer
D-glucose
Q.19. What are oils and fats?

Ans. Oils and fats are triesters of glycerol with higher fatty acids. Being trimesters of glycerol; they
are also called triglycerides.
Q.20. What is the difference between oils and fats?
Ans. Oils contain higher proportions of triglycerides of unsaturated fatty acids and are liquid at
ordinary temperature. On the other hand fats contain higher proportions of triglycerides of
saturated fatty acids and are solid or semi solid at ordinary range of temperature.
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Q.21. Oils and fats together are called .

Ans. Lipids.
Q.22. What are Lipids?
Ans. Lipids are naturally occurring compounds related to fatty acids and include oils, fats, waxes
and other related compounds. They are soluble in organic solvents but are insoluble in
water.
Q.23. What is the chemistry of Acrolein test for oils and fats?
Ans. Oils and fats undergo hydrolysis on heating; producing glycerol, Glycerol undergoes
dehydration in presence of KHSO4 to produce pungent irritating smelling compound
acrolein (CH2 = CH CHO)
Q.24. What are proteins?
Ans. Proteins are polypeptides having molecular weight greater than 10,000.
Q.25. What are the ultimate products of hydrolysis of proteing?
Ans. Amino acids.
Q.26. Write the general structure of -amino acid.
R
Ans. NH2 C COOH
R= H or alkyl group
When R = H; amino acid is glycine.
Q.27.What is a peptide linkage?

Ans. The (CNH) bond formed between amino group of one
O
amino acid and COOH group of another amino acid in a polypeptide or protein is called a
peptide bond.
Q.28. What are essential and non-essential amino acids?
Ans. Certain amino acids can be made by our body and are not required through diet-are called
non-essential amino acids. Amino acids that must be supplied through our diet are called
essential amino acids.
Q.29. What is Zwitter ion?
Ans. Since amino acids have both acidic and basic (NH2) groups in it, it exists as a dipolar ion
called Zwitter ion.
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H
|
RCCOOH
|
:NH2
|
RC COO
|
NH3+
Zwitterionic structure
Q.30. What is biuret test for proteins?

Ans. To 2 ml of aqueous solution of protein, a few drops of NaOH and then 1% CuSO4 solution
is added dropwise. Appearance of violet colour confirms the presence of protein.
Q.31. How is Xanthoproteic test done for proteins?
Ans. An aqueous solution of protein is boiled with few drops of conc. HNO3. Appearance of
yellow precipitate confirms the presence of protein.
Q.32. What is the colour obtained in Ninhydrin Test for proteins?
Ans. Blue colour.
Q.33. What is isoelectric point of amino acids?
Ans. When an amino acid solution is subjected to electric field; in alkaline medium the amino
acid exists as a negative ion (II) and migrates towards anode. On the other hand, in acidic
medium it exists as a positive ion (III) and migrates towards cathode.
OH
R CH COO
|
NH2
(II)
H+
RCHCOO
|
NH3+
(I)
RCHCOOH
|
NH3+
(III)
However at a certain hydrogen ion concentration i.e. (pH), the dipolar ion exists as a
neutral ion and does not migrate towards either electrode. The pH of the solution at which a
particular amino acid does not migrate under the influence of an electric field is called
isoelectric point.
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VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS : XI - XII

Q.1. What is oxidation?
Ans. Oxidation may be defined as one of the following
Loss of electrons eg. Zn Zn+2 + 2e
Loss of hydrogen eg. H2O H2 + O2 water is oxidized.
Gain of oxygen eg. C + O2 CO2 Carbon is getting oxidized.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Q.2. Define reduction (electronic concept).

Ans. A reaction involving gain of electrons is called a reduction reaction.
Q.3. What is a redox reaction?
Ans. A reaction where reduction and oxidation is occurring simultaneously is called a redox
reaction.
Q.4. Give an example of a redox reaction.
Ans. In this reaction Zn is getting oxidized & CuSO4 is getting reduced.
CuSO4 + Zn ZnSO4 + Cu
Q.5. What is an oxidizing agent? Give an example of an oxidizing agent.
Ans. An oxidizing agent is the one which oxidizes the other substance and get reduced itself.
HNO3, K2Cr2O7, KMnO4 are oxidizing agent.
Q.6. What is a reducing agent? Give one example of a reducing agent.
Ans. A reducing agent gets oxidized itself and reduces the other substance eg. Mohrs salt &
Oxalic acid.
Q.7. In the following reaction, identify the species that is oxidized and the species that is reduced.
Sn+2 + Hg2+ Sn4+ + Hg22+.
Ans. (i)
(ii)
Sn2+ is oxidized to Sn+4 (loss of electrons)

Hg2+ is reduced to Hg22+ (or Hg+) (gain of electrons).
Q.8. Name some oxidizing agent used in redox reactions.

Ans. KMnO4, K2Cr2O7.
Q.9. What is the oxidation state of Mn in KMnO4?
Ans. KMnO4
1 + x + (2) x 4 = 0
x = +7
Q.10. What is the formula of Mohrs salt?
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Ans. FeSO4 . (NH4)2SO4 . 6H2O.

Q.11. What change do KMnO4 & Mohrs salt undergo when they react during redox titration done
in acidic media?
Ans. 8H+ + MnO4 + 5e Mn+2 + 4H2O (reduction)
Fe+2 Fe+3 + e (oxidation)
From Mohrs salt
Q.12. Which out of KMnO4 & Mohrs salt act as reducing agent?
Ans. Mohrs salt act as reducing agent since it is getting oxidized itself from
Fe+2 Fe+3.
Q.13. Give one example of a redox titration where I2 solution is used.
Ans. I2 solution is used for titrating a hypo solution which is sodium thiosulphate solution. The
reactions would be
2S2O32- S4O62-+ 2e (oxidation)
2e + I2 2I (reduction)
Q.14. Write the reduction reaction where potassium dichromate acts as oxidizing agent.
Ans. Cr2O72+ 14H+ +6e 2Cr+3 + 7H2O.
Q.15. What change does oxalic acid undergo during the redox reaction between it and KMnO4?
Ans. COO 2CO2 + 2e (oxidation process).
|
COO
Oxalic acid is getting oxidized to CO2, hence acts as reducing agent.
Q.16. What is the principle of volumetric analysis?
Ans. In volumetric analysis, concentration of a solution is determined by allowing a known
volume of a solution to react quantitatively with another solution of known concentration.
Q.17. What is an indicator?
Ans. Substance which changes colour when the reaction between two reactants is complete is
called an indicator. It gives different colours in different medium and helps in the detection
of the end point.
Q.18. What is an equivalence point?
Ans. The stage of titration when the reaction is just complete is called equivalence point.
Q.19. What is an end point?
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Ans. After the reaction between the substance and the standard solution is practically complete;
with one extra drop the indicator shows a clear visual change in the liquid being titrated.
The stage in the titration at which this occurs is called the end point.
Q.20. What is a titrant?
Ans. The reagent of known concentration is called titrant.
Q.21. What is a titrand?
Ans. The substance being titrated is called titrand.
Q.22. How are reactions classified in volumetric analysis?
Ans. The reactions employed in titrimetric i.e. volumetric analysis falls into two main classes :
(a)
(b)
Those in which no change in oxidation state occurs; these are dependent upon the
combination of ions. It includes neutralization (acid-base) reactions, complex
formation reactions (EDTA-titrations) and precipitation reactions.
Oxidationreaction reactions; these involve a change of oxidation state; as redox
reaction between KMnO4 and Mohrs salt or Oxalic acid.
Q.23. What is a standard solution?

Ans. A standard solution is one which contains a known weight of the reagent in a definite
volume of solution.
Q.24. What is a primary standard?
Ans. A primary standard is a substance where exact concentration solution can be prepared by
directly weighing the sample and dissolving it in given amount of the solution. Its
concentration value is accurate.
Q.25. Give examples of primary standard solution.
Ans. Mohrs salt solution and oxalic acid solution.
Q.26. What are the conditions that a primary standard solution must satisfy?
Ans. A primary standard substance should satisfy the following requirements.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
It must be easy to obtain, to purify and to preserve in pure state.

The substance should be unaltered in air during weighing i.e. it should not be
hygroscopic nor oxidized by air; nor affected by CO2 etc.
It should have a high equivalent so that the weighing errors may be negligible.
The substance should be readily soluble and its solution should be stable.
Q.27. Is KMnO4 solution a primary standard?

Ans. No.
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Q.28. Why is KMnO4 not a primary standard?

Ans. KMnO4 sample available is usually contaminated with MnO2 and is not pure. Moreover, its
solution is affected by heat and light and slowly gets decomposed to MnO2 on standing.
Q.29. Why is Mohrs salt solution a primary standard?
Ans. Mohrs salt is a double salt having formula FeSO4 . (NH4)2 SO4. 6H2O. It is available in pure
crystalline form and is a stable salt. It is not hygroscopic in nature and the concentration of
its solution does not change on keeping for long time. Its molecular mass is also high and
so errors involved in weighing and minimized.
Q.30. What is a secondary standard?
Ans. A substance whose solution of exact concentration cannot be prepared by weighing is called
a secondary standard.
Q.31. Can FeSO4 . 7H2O be considered a primary standard?
Ans. No, it is a secondary standard since it is an efforescent salt. It will lose water of crystallization
and change in composition.
Q.32. Why is NaOH a secondary standard?
Ans. Because it is deliquescent in nature i.e. absorbs moisture from air. Hence it cant be
weighed accurately.
Q.33. Define molarity.
Ans. Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute present per litre of solution.
M=
wt. x 1000
Mol.wt
V(ml)
Q.34. Define normality.

Ans. Normality is defined as the gram equivalent of solute present in 1 L of solution.
M=
wt.
x 1000
Equivalent wt.
V(ml)
Q.35. How are molarity and normality related?
Ans. N = nM
n = no. of electrons gained or lost by 1 molecule during reduction or oxidation reaction it is
undergoing.
Q.36. How will you determine the equivalent weight of an oxidizing agent?
Ans. The equivalent weight of an oxidizing agent is
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e.g.
Molecular wt.
.
No. of electrons gained by 1 molecule
Eq. wt of KMnO4 =
158 (its molecular wt.) = 31.6.
5 (no. of electrons gained)
Q.37. How can M solution be diluted to get 500 ml of M solution?

10
50
Ans. Use the formula M1V1 = M2V2
1 x V1 = 1 x 500
10
50
V1 = 100 ml
Take 100 ml of M solution in standard flask of 500 ml capacity. Make up the
10
volume by adding water.
Q.38. Why do burette and pipette should be rinsed with the solution for which they are to be
used?
Ans. Burette and pipette should be rinsed before use so that any drop of water present in them
after washing do not affect the concentration while doing titration.
Q.39. Should a titration flask also be rinsed?
Ans. No; since the rinsing of the titration flask will increase the volume, will make it more than
the pipetted one.
Q.40. Why the last drop of the pipette must not blown out?
Ans. Because the last drop in the jet of the pipette is not counted in the volume of the pipette.
Q.41. Why should pipette not be held from its bulb?
Ans. Because the heat of the body may expand the glass at the bulb, there by increasing the
volume of the pipette and hence introducing an error in measurement of the volume.
Q.42. Why is it essential to remove the air bubbles from the jet of the burette before starting a
titration?
Ans. Because the air bubbles may escape any time during the titration and thus affecting the
volume of the titrant.
Q.43. Why is upper meniscus read in coloured solutions like KMnO4?
Ans. Because in case of coloured solutions; the lower meniscus is not clearly visible.
Q.44. What is anti-parallex card used for?
Ans. It is a piece of white paper put on the burette that helps in reading the burette correctly.
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Q.45. What is molality?

Ans. It is number of moles of solute dissolved per kg of solvent.
Q.46. Why is dil H2SO4 added to the Mohrs salt while preparing its standard solution?
Ans. Dil H2SO4 is added to prevent the hydrolysis of Mohrs salt.
Q.47. Can we use dil HCl or dil HNO3 to provide acidic medium in KMnO4 titration? Give reason.
Ans. No, dil HNO3 is itself an oxidizing agent whereas HCl gets oxidized to Cl2 by KMnO4.
2KMnO4 + 16 HCl 2KCl + 2 MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O.
Q.48. Why is dil H2SO4 added before doing the titration between KMnO4 and oxalic acid or
Mohrs salt?
Ans. To provide acidic medium. Since we are using the oxidizing action of KMnO4 in acidic
medium, acidic medium is provided by dil H2SO4.
Q.49. Why are potassium permanganate titrations done in acidic medium even though it acts as
an oxidizing agent in neutral & basic mediums as well?
Ans. KMnO4 can act as an oxidizing agent in acidic, basic and neutral medium as following :
(a)
(b)
In neutral & weakly basic medium it undergoes the following change.

MnO4+ 2H2O +3e MnO2 + 4OH
In strongly alkaline medium
MnO4 + e MnO42
Permanganate ion
(c)
Manganate ion
The manganate ion produced further reduced to MnO2 when a reducing agent is
present.
MnO42 + 2H2O + 2e MnO2 + 4OH
Hence the complete reaction would be
MnO4 + 2H2O + 3e MnO2 + 4OH
(same reaction as neutral medium)
In acidic medium
MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e Mn+2 + 4H2O.
We see that in basic and neutral medium MnO2 a brown ppt. is obtained which will
hinder the observation of the colour change at the end point. Hence the acidic
medium is choosen for the titration.
Q.50. Why do we titrate Mohrs salt and not FeSO4 with KMnO4?
Ans. Because FeSO4 gets readily oxidized by air thereby change in the composition or
concentration of the solution would occur, introducing errors in the volumetric
measurements.
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DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL


Q.51. KMnO4 solution bottle develops a brown layer on glass, why?

Ans. Due to the decomposition of KMnO4 to MnO2 in presence of light & heat.
Q.52. Why do we heat the oxalic acid solution to 60 700C in case of oxalic acid KmnO4
titration?
Ans. To increase the rate of reaction as the rate of the reaction between them is very slow at
room temp.
Q.53. Why is strong heating at 1000C not recommended?
Ans. On strong heating oxalic acid may decompose to CO2 and CO thereby change in
concentration of the solution will occur.
Q.54. Mohrs salt vs KMnO4 titration is done in cold why not in hot?
Ans. (a)
(b)
The rate of reaction is fairly high at room temp. hence there is not need to heat.
Fe+2 may get aerialy oxidized to Fe+3 at high temp.
Q.55. What happens at the end point?

Ans. At the end point oxalic acid or Mohrs salt fully gets oxidized to CO2 or Fe+3 and an extra
drop of KMnO4 furnishes pink colour in the solution.
Q.56. What is the colour of Mn+2?
Ans. Mn+2 ions are light pink but in very dilute solutions, as are there in titration they appear
colourless. The pink colour at the end point is due to MnO4 ions and not due to Mn+2.
Q.57. What is the meaning of auto-cataysis in contest to KMnO4 Vs oxalic acid titration?
Ans. Mn+2 ions produced during the initial stage of the titration, catalyse the reaction and the
reaction is fast later. It is called auto-catalysis.
Q.58.What is meant by normal solution?
Ans. A solution containing 1 gram equivalent of solute dissolved per litre of solution is called a
normal solution.
Q.59. What is the equivalent wt. of KMnO4 in acidic and basic media?
Ans. In acidic medium equivalent wt. = mol. Wt. = 158 = 316.
5
5
In neutral or feebly basic medium Eq. wt. = mol. Wt. = 158 = 52.6
3
3
Q.60. Why is KMnO4 solution not filtered through filter paper?
47
DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL


Ans. Filter paper being organic matter reduced KMnO4 and itself gets oxidized.
Q.61. Why should KMnO4 be stored in dark place?
Ans. It slowly decomposes on exposure to sunlight.
Q.62. What is a molar solution?
Ans. A soln containing 1 g mole of the solute dissolved per litre of the soln is called a molar
solution.
Q.63. Which out of molar & molal solution will not undergo change in concentration with change
in temperature?
Ans. Molal soln will not undergo change in conc. With temp. Molality depends on wt. of solvent
and molarity depends on volume of solution. With change in temp. wt. remains same but
volume changes. Hence molal solutions concentration does not change with change in
temp.
Q.64. What is the minimum wt. that can be weighed with the chemical balance?
Ans. On a usual balance provided with a rider we can weigh 2 x 10-4 g (with rider).
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DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

SALT ANALYSIS BOOKLET

QUALITATIVE INORGANIC ANALYSIS

Acidic radical / Anion

Confirmatory tests for Acid radicals

Mixture absorbs moisture and

Salt of Hg2+, Pb2+ or

If you have touched the mixture, wash your hands at once.

DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

SALT ANALYSIS BOOKLET

Never taste any mixture, it may be poisonous.

Colourless and odourless gas CO2 gasturns lime water milky

H2S gas Smells like rotten eggs, turns

Coloured gases Pungent smell

NO2 gas Reddish brown, turns

The mixture decrepitates (crackling noise).

A salt having no water of

DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

SALT ANALYSIS BOOKLET

The mixture fuses.

The mixture swells up into voluminous mass.

Yellow when hot white when cold

Alkali metals salts or salt containing

DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

SALT ANALYSIS BOOKLET

Dil H2SO4 group (CO32-, NO2-, SO32-, S2)

(b) Pass above

Lime water turns milky.

Light brown gas with a

3KNO2 +3H2SO4 3KHSO4 + HNO3

(b) Pass above

It turns dark brown or

FeSO4 + NO FeSO4NO (Black)

Colourless gas with a

ZnS + H2SO4 H2S+ ZnSO4

(b) Pass above

(b) Pass above

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O

It turns into black ppt.

Colourless gas with a

Na2SO3+ H2SO4 Na2SO4 +H2O+ SO2

K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + 3SO2 K2SO4+ H2O

DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

SALT ANALYSIS BOOKLET

CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID GROUP (Preliminary Tests)

(a) Salt + 2 ml.

Colourless gas with a

(b) Bring a rod

Dense white Fumes

Greenish yellow gas

(a) Salt + 2 ml.

KCl + H2SO4 KHSO4 + HCl

Reddish brown gas

(c) Add MnO2

(a) Salt + 2 ml.

Violet vapours with a

(a) Salt + 2 ml.

Reddish brown gas

(b) Add copper

MnO2 + 2HI + H2SO4MnSO4

DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

SALT ANALYSIS BOOKLET

(a) Salt + 2 ml.

Colourless gas with a