Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Simplified Network
Architecture, e.g., file transfer
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Semantics
Control information
Error handling
Timing
Speed matching
Sequencing
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Standardized Protocol
Architectures
Required for devices to communicate
Vendors have more marketable products
Customers can insist on standards based
equipment
Two standards:
OSI Reference model
Never lived up to early promises
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TCP/IP Layers
this is not an official model but a working one
Application layer
Host-to-host, or transport layer
Internet layer
Network access layer
Physical layer
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Physical Layer
concerned with physical interface between
computer and network
concerned with issues like:
characteristics of transmission medium
signal levels
data rates
other related matters
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Internet Layer
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Transport Layer
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Application Layer
provide support for user applications, e.g., ftp,
email
need a separate module for each type of
application
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Host B
App X
Port
(service access point)
App Y
Logical connection
(TCP connection)
TCP
App Y
App X
IP
Network Access
Protocol #1
Physical
TCP
Global internet
address
IP
Network Access
Protocol #2
Subnetwork attachment
point address
Router
Logical connection
(e.g., virtual circuit)
Physical
IP
NAP 1
Network 1
NAP 2
Physical Physical
Network 2
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Addressing Requirements
two levels of addressing required
each host on a subnet needs a unique global
network address
its IP address
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Operation of TCP/IP
User data
Application
byte stream
TCP
segment
TCP
header
IP
datagram
IP
header
Network-level
packet
Network
header
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TCP
Usual transport layer is Transmission Control Protocol
Reliable connection
RFC 793 from 1981
Connection
Temporary logical association between entities in different
systems
TCP PDU
Called TCP segment
Includes source and destination port (c.f. SAP)
Identify respective users (applications)
Connection refers to pair of ports
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TCP Header
Bit:
31
16
Source Port
Destination Port
20 octets
Sequence Number
Acknowledgement Number
Header
length Reserved
Flags
Checksum
Window
Urgent Pointer
Options + Padding
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User
Datagram Protocol
0
16
(UDP)
8 octets
Bit:
Source Port
Destination Port
Segment Length
Checksum
31
an alternative to TCP
no guaranteed delivery (...it is a datagram)
UDP Header
no preservation of (b)
sequence
no protection against duplication
minimum Figure
overhead
2.3 TCP and UDP Headers
adds port addressing to IP
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10
Bit:
31
16
Source Port
Destination Port
20 octets
Sequence Number
Acknowledgement Number
Header
length Reserved
Flags
Window
Checksum
Urgent Pointer
Options + Padding
UDP Header
31
16
8 octets
Bit:
Source Port
Destination Port
Segment Length
Checksum
Sequence 2
IP Header
Bit:
Version
IHL
14
DS
20 octets
31
19
ECN
Identification
Time to Live
16
Total Length
Flags
Protocol
Fragment Offset
Header Checksum
Source Address
Destination Address
Options + Padding
Bit:
0
Version
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10
DS
Payload Length
12
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24
16
ECN
31
Flow Label
Next Header
Hop Limit
11
ets
Source Address
20 oct
Time to Live
Protocol
Header Checksum
Source Address
Bit:
Version
Destination
14 Address
16
19
IHL
DS
ECN
Options
+ Padding
20 octets
Identification
Time to Live
31
Total Length
Flags
Fragment Offset
Protocol
Header Checksum
(a)
IPv4
Header
Source
Address
Destination Address
Bit:
10
12
16
Options
+ Padding
Version Header
DS
ECN
IPv6
0
Version
Next Header
10
DS
40 octets
12
Hop Limit
24
16
ECN
Payload Length
31
Flow Label
Payload Length
Bit:
24
31
Flow Label
Next Header
Source Address
Hop Limit
40 octets
Source Address
Destination Address
Destination Address
DS = Differentiated
services
fieldfield
DS = Differentiated
services
ECN = Explicit
congestion
notificationfield
field
ECN = Explicit
congestion
notification
CS420/520 Axel Krings
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Note:
TheDS/ECN
8-bit DS/ECN
Note:
The 8-bit
fields were fields
formerlywere formerly
known
as theas
Type
Serviceof
field
in the IPv4
known
theofType
Service
field in the IPv4
header
and the
Traffic
fieldClass
in the IPv6
header
and
the Class
Traffic
field in the IPv6
header.
header.
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TCP/IP Applications
have a number of standard TCP/IP applications
such as
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Telnet
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12
BGP
FTP
HTTP
SMTP
TELNET
TCP
SNMP
UDP
ICMP
IGMP
OSPF
RSVP
IP
OSPF
RSVP
SMTP
SNMP
TCP
UDP
=
=
=
=
=
=
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OSI
Open Systems Interconnection
developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
has seven layers
is a theoretical system delivered too late!
TCP/IP is the de facto standard
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13
Standardized Protocol
Architectures
Layer 7
(Application)
Total
Communication
Function
Layer N
Decompose
(modularity,
information-hiding)
Service to
Layer N+1
Layer N
entity
Protocol
with peer
Layer N
Service from
Layer N1
Layer 1
(Physical)
OSI-wide standards
(e.g., network management, security)
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Application
Provides access to the OSI environment for users and also
provides distributed information services.
OSI Layers
Presentation
Provides independence to the application processes from
differences in data representation (syntax).
Session
Provides the control structure for communication between
applications; establishes, manages, and terminates
connections (sessions) between cooperating applications.
Transport
Provides reliable, transparent transfer of data between end
points; provides end-to-end error recovery and flow control.
Network
Provides upper layers with independence from the data
transmission and switching technologies used to connect
systems; responsible for establishing, maintaining, and
terminating connections.
Data Link
Provides for the reliable transfer of information across the
physical link; sends blocks (frames) with the necessary
synchronization, error control, and flow control.
Physical
Concerned with transmission of unstructured bit stream over
physical medium; deals with the mechanical, electrical,
functional, and procedural characteristics to access the
physical medium.
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Mechanical
Electrical
Functional
Procedural
Data Link
Means of activating, maintaining and deactivating a
reliable link
Error detection and control
Higher layers may assume error free transmission
CS420/520 Axel Krings
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Transport
Exchange of data between end systems
Error free
In sequence
No losses
No duplicates
Quality of service
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Presentation
Data formats and coding
Data compression
Encryption
Application
Means for applications to access OSI environment
CS420/520 Axel Krings
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OSI
OSI vs TCP/IP
TCP/IP
Application
Presentation
Application
Session
Transport
Transport (host-to-host)
Network
Internet
Data Link
Network
Access
Physical
Physical
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Layer N
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Protocol Specification
(Precise syntax and
semantics for
interoperability)
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Service user
Service provider
Service user
Request
Service user
Service provider
Se
Request
Indication
Ind
Response
Confirm
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REQUEST
A primitive issued by a service user to invoke some service and to pass the
parameters needed to specify fully the requested service
INDICATION
RESPONSE
CONFIRM
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Traditional vs Multimedia
Applications
traditionally Internet dominated by info retrieval
applications
typically using text and image transfer
eg. email, file transfer, web
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inelastic traffic
does not adapt to such changes
eg. real-time voice & video traffic
need minimum requirements on net arch
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19
Multimedia
Technologies
TECHNOLOGIES
Quality of service
Protocols
Communications/networking
Synchronization
Compression
User interface
Computer architecture
Te
xt
So
un
d
G
ra
ph
M ics
ot
io
n
Database
Operating system
MEDIA TYPE
MM e-mail
Collaborative work systems
MM conferencing
Streaming audio/video
VoIP
APPLICATION
CS420/520 Axel Krings
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