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Deformation of air and water bubbles in mineral oil under electric field
H. Du1,2, S. Pancheshnyi1 and A. Krivda1
1
Abstract: High electric field strength is applied to air and water bubbles in mineral oil to
investigate how the bubble deforms.
Three kinds of behavior were observed
experimentally: elongation along field lines, Coulombic repulsion and break-up. The effect
of the type of the power source (AC or DC), the conductivity of the bubble, the size of the
bubble as well as gravity and viscosity of liquid dielectric was investigated numerically and
a good qualitative agreement of the simulation and experiment is obtained.
Keywords: bubble, liquid dielectrics, electric field, deformation, conductivity
1. Measurements
Previous studies [1-5] show that a bubble in liquid
dielectric could be elongated in the direction parallel to
the electric field, detached from the electrode because of
accumulation of free charges or broken up into smaller
bubbles due to instabilities.
The experimental setup used in this work is shown in
Fig. 1. Two parallel electrodes were immersed in the
liquid dielectric and a bubble was injected into it and
attached to the top (air) or bottom (water) electrode
initially. Although the size of each electrodes is different,
this doesnt have influence on the experiments since the
bubble is typically smaller compared to the electrodes that
the electric field could be regarded as uniform. The
parameters of our experiments are summarized below:
Voltage sources: AC 0-14 kV r.m.s. (20-50Hz) or DC
0-20 kV.
Dielectric liquid: Nytro 10XN mineral oil ( 2).
Type of bubbles: air ( 1) or water ( 80).
Gap distances: L = 5-22 mm.
Initial diameter of bubbles: D 0 = 1-6 mm.
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Fig. 2.
Air bubble in mineral oil under E.
a) D_0 = 5.6 mm, L = 7 mm, DC +20 kV (top);
b) D_0 = 2.6 mm, L = 7mm, DC +20 kV (top);
c) D_0 = 4.5 mm, L = 7 mm, AC 14 kV r.m.s. 50 Hz.
Voltages increased from 0 kV to maximum at the
timescale of 1 minute.
For air and mineral oil, the permittivity ratio
air liquid 0.5, and therefore the bubble can be
considered non-conductive.
Hence, the air bubble
elongated in liquid under electric field due to the
+ ( ) = [ + ( + () )] +
+ + , = 0
= , = ( ),
2
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Fig. 5. Simulation of deformation process for non-conductive air bubble in mineral oil at 8 (a) and 20 kV/cm (b).
Initial diameter of the bubble is 2 mm (black circle).
Fig. 6. a) Simulation of final shape of air bubble for different voltages; b) Elongation ratio ( = b/a) as function of
electric field in kV/mm for nonconductive air bubble. Initial diameter of the bubble is 2 mm (black circle).
deformation. For example, at 2.5 kV/mm the elongation
ratio is already about 16, which is unstable state for the air
bubble.
For simulation of conductive air bubble, we define the
permittivity of air as large as 10 000 to represent the
conductive case in electrostatics. Air bubble has same
elongation phenomenon but reaches instability
remarkably faster. The elongation ratio of transition
shape for higher voltage is bigger. In addition, less time
is needed to reach the instability for higher voltages.
What should be mentioned here is that the form of
instability of conductive bubble is different from that of
nonconductive bubble. For the nonconductive one, the
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Fig. 7.
Simulation of deformation process for
non-conductive air bubble at 20 kV with gravity term.
Fig. 8 shows simulation results of deformation process
for a conductive air bubble at 5 kV. The air bubble firstly
elongates along E. After short time, the tip of the air
bubble become unstable and form a sharp pin. Up to this
point, the Comsol stops calculating. Compared to
nonconductive bubble, the instability takes place even for
low electric field (in this case of 0.5 kV/mm).
3. Conclusions
In this study, a high electric field strength is applied to
both air and water bubbles in mineral oil to investigate
bubble deformations.
Three kinds of deformation behaviors of bubbles are
observed experimentally: elongation along field lines,
Coulombic repulsion and break-up.
The effect of the type of the power source (AC or DC),
the conductivity of the bubble, the size of the bubble as
well as gravity and viscosity of liquid dielectrics are
investigated numerically. A good qualitative agreement
of the simulated results and the experiments is obtained.
The simulation results indicate that a conductive bubble
breaks up faster and at lower fields compared to a nonconductive one: 25 ms and 0.5 kV/mm vs. 88 ms and
2 kV/mm for a 2-mm air bubble in mineral oil,
respectively.
4. References
[1] L. Rayleigh. On the Capillary Phenomena of Jets.
Proc. Royal Soc. London, 29, 71 (1879)
[2] C. Garton and Z. Krasucki. Bubbles in insulating
liquids: stability in an electric field. Proc. R. Soc.
Lond. A. Math. Phys. Sci., 280, 211 (1964)
[3] Y. Kweon, M. Kim, H. Cho and I. Kang. Study on
the deformation and departure of a bubble attached
to a wall in dc/ac electric fields. Int. J. Multiphase
Flow, 24, 145 (1998)
[4] A. Nosseir, I. Hashad, E. Taha and A. El-Zein.
Electrically induced pressure in mineral oil under
external bubble injection. J. Electrostat., 12, 511
(1982)
[5] M. Talaat and A. El-Zein. Analysis of air bubble
deformation subjected to uniform electric field in
liquid dielectric. Int. J. Electromagn., 2, 4 (2012)
[6] C. Dan C and L. Lie. Impact of air bubble
deformation on dielectric liquid subjected to strong
electric field. High Power Laser and Particle
Beams, 11, 29 (2011)
[7] T. Elperin, A. Fominykh and Z. Orenbakh.
Simultaneous Convective Heat and Mass Transfer
During Gas Bubble Dissolution in an Alternating
Electric Field. Chem. Engng. Res. Design, 83,
1237 (2005)
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