EURE

ISSN: 0250-7161
eure@eure.cl
Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile
Chile

Salcedo Hansen, Rodrigo

El espacio pblico en el debate actual: Una reflexin crtica sobre el urbanismo post-moderno
EURE, vol. XXVIII, nm. 84, 2, 2002
Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile
Santiago, Chile

Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=19608401

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3.1. Espacio pblico como una promesa no cumplida de la modernidad
A pesar de que Habermas nunca discute el concepto de espacio pblico o su desarrollo,
su anlisis histrico de la aparicin de la esfera pblica es til para desarrollar el
concepto de espacio pblico como lugar de formacin de ciudadana.
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a) Espacio percibido (primer espacio): "Un conjunto de prcticas materiales que
trabajan articuladamente para producir y reproducir las formas concretas de la
vida urbana". Se refiere esencialmente a lo que es "real", a las "cosas en el
espacio".
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Antes de la era moderna, el espacio percibido y el concebido trabajaban en conjunto
para crear un espacio pblico cuya funcin central era expresar el poder del soberano, la
Iglesia o el Estado. Incluso en la Grecia clsica, el lugar de nacimiento de la
democracia, la Acrpolis era un enclave fortificado en el cual la elite dominante
(ciudadanos atenienses) tomaba decisiones e impona su poder sobre el resto de la
poblacin. El dilogo socrtico, al tiempo que discursivamente democrtico, era el
privilegio de una minora, y el espacio pblico estaba fundamentalmente orientado a
proteger el derecho de esa minora a gobernar. Usando la terminologa de Foucault,
podemos sealar que con anterioridad a la modernidad no se requera de discursos
disciplinarios sobre el espacio pblico, dado que el poder del soberano y el uso que ste
hiciera del espacio pblico no era disputado, al menos en el plano de las ideas.

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161

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Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161

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6.1. Una recuperacin crtica de Foucault
Desde mi perspectiva, el anlisis del espacio pblico, ya sea moderno o post-moderno,
debe incorporar el estudio del poder social y las formas como ste se expresa y ejerce,
como categora central de investigacin. En este sentido, la matriz analtica de Foucault
aparece especialmente relevante. Foucault nos propone un anlisis material del espacio,
es decir, conectado con las condiciones sociales en las que el poder es ejercido. Su
distincin entre poder negativo y disciplinario es fundamental para la comprensin de
las transformaciones espaciales de la modernidad.
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6.2. La comprensin de la dialctica hegemona - resistencia
El vaco que nos deja Foucault es llenado por autores como Gramsci o De Certeau, los
que nos proponen entender la creacin del espacio social como una dialctica de
conflicto constante entre fuerzas hegemnicas y discursos alternativos de resistencia. La
hegemona social naturaliza los usos espaciales propuestos por los grupos dominantes,
generando conductas o modos de habitar inconscientes, al tiempo que las prcticas de
resistencia proponen nuevos sentidos y usos para el espacio. Sin embargo, debe quedar

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161

en claro que las prcticas de resistencia no se encuentran al nivel de las prcticas socioespaciales hegemnicas. Mientras el inconsciente espacial se hace equivalente a lo
hegemnico, las prcticas de resistencia se dan en los mrgenes, alterando los sentidos y
usos espaciales pero sin constituir discursos totalizantes que nos propongan un conjunto
de prcticas completamente diferente, basado en premisas y valores diferentes a los
hegemnicos.
6.3. La valorizacin de la historicidad de los fenmenos sociales y de la
construccin del espacio
Finalmente, quiero dejar en claro la importancia de la historicidad. Muchos urbanistas
post-modernos como Soja (1996 y 2000) han propuesto entregar ms importancia a la
espacialidad en desmedro de la temporalidad en el anlisis social. Lo que yo planteo,
por el contrario, es valorizar lo espacial sin renegar del anlisis histrico.
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