Minggu

System
Thinking
Analisis Sistem

Basic Definition of System

System is a collection of things, entities, or people that
relate to each other in specific ways and follow specific
rules of interaction
System has elements, goal/goals, interactions, and a
degree of complexity

What is Complexity?
W.R. Ashby defined complexity as the quantity of
information required to describe something.
Complexity is subjective depending on the eye of the
beholder brain case the most we know about
something, the more complex we see it.
Complexity is thus in the eye of the beholder.

Unplanned & Counterintuitive Outcomes

Action A will cause the desired outcome B to be
realized, but in addition to B the decision also causes
C, D, and E. Some of these outcomes are unintended
and unpredicted.
Counterintuitive what happens appeared at first
glance to contradict what common sense and intuition
tell us should occur.

Solution
the planned desirable and undesirable outcomes (Example answer
for the emergency services call center in Section 1.1: low waiting
time is a planned desirable outcome, while idle staff is an planned
undesirable outcome.)
the unplanned desirable and undesirable outcomes (Example
continued: low waiting times will lead to a low rate of complaints
against the service, which is desirable and usually not planned and
vice versa for high waiting times.)
Can you identify any counterintuitive outcomes? (Example
continued: long waiting times or slow response rate may lead to an
increase in the number of calls received. Explanation: Some calls,
such as fires or accidents, may trigger several repeated calls if the
waiting time increases.)

Reductionist & Cause-and-Effect Thinking

Everything in the world and every experience of it can be
reduced, decomposed, or disassembled into ultimately
simple indivisible parts.
Explaining the behaviour of these parts & then aggregating
these partial explanations is assumed to be sufficient to
allow us to understand & explain the behaviour of the
system as a whole.
All phenomena are explainable by using cause-and-effect
relationship.
Sometimes it is not adequate to examine the causal
relationship one by one, new relationship may emerge
through the interaction between the various parts or aspects
called emergent properties mutual casuality or
feedback.

System Thinking
Take a more comprehensive view, focusing on the
whole and trying to explain the role or behaviour of
the parts in terms of the whole, rather than the
other way around.
Something to be explained as part of a larger whole,
a system, and is explained in terms of its role in that
system.

In order to get a true picture, it is essential to study

their systemic role in the system.
This does not imply that we should discard
reductionist & cause-and-effect thinking in favour of
systems thinking complementary approach.

Summary
Why is there a need for system thinking dealing with
every days decision situations?
Why are traditional analytical methods no longer
adequate to come up with the right decisions?

Minggu

System
Concept
Analisis Sistem

Definition
A system is an organized assembly of components. Organized
means that there exist special relationships between the
components.
The system does something, i.e. it exhibits behaviors that are
unique to the system.
Each component contributes towards the behavior of the system
and its own behavior is affected by being in the system. No
component has an independent effect on the system.

Groups of components within the system may by themselves have

properties.
The system has an outside an environment which provides
inputs into the system and receives outputs from the system.

The system has been identified by someone to be of special

interest for a given purpose.

System Boundary
The separation between the system and its
environment means that there is a boundary.
In fact, boundary selection is the most critical aspect of
systems thinking.
The purpose of viewing something as a system affects
what aspects should be included as part of the system
and what aspects are more appropriately placed into
the relevant environment; in other words, where to
place the boundary of the system.

Hierarchy
In most cases, a system
is a part of a larger
system.
This nesting of systems
within systems within
systems is referred to as
a hierarchy of systems

The Problem Situation

The Problem Situation

The context within which the problem occurs. It is the
sum or aggregate of all aspects that can or may affect
or shape the problem or issue of concern.

Six Elements of a Problem

The decision maker
The decision makers objectives
The associated decision criterion

The performance measure

The control inputs or alternative courses of action
The context in which the problem occurs

Objective & Decision Criterion

An objective is the end towards which effort is directed,
an aim, goal or end of action an ambulance service
wants to find the best location in a small city, where
best is interpreted as reaching any emergency as
quickly as possible
Criterion is defined as the principle or standard on which
a judgment or decision is based. Both principle and
standard imply a rule. So a criterion is the rule used for
judging whether or how well the objective has been
achieved to minimize the sum of all times to reach
every road location in town, to minimize the sum of
the squared times, to minimize the maximum time
between the ambulance service and any locations in the
city.

Stakeholders
Are . . . . the decision maker, other parties affected
but without any control over the situation, and the
analyst
Categories:
The problem owners
The problem users
The problem customers
The problem analysts or solvers

The Aids to Depict a System

Goals:
Acquiring a sufficiently complete and detailed
understanding of the problem situation for a successful
system intervention
Getting a thorough feel for anything that may impact on
the outcome is important for the analyst.
Diagrammatic aids to depict a system:

Mind maps
Rich picture diagrams
Cognitive maps

Mind Map
When you think about something a phenomenon, an
issue, or a problem a host of thoughts are evoked in
your mind: things, aspects, and concepts, including
fears and aims, data and facts, and the possible actions
and reactions by yourself or other people or entities
involved and their consequences, both planned and
unplanned, desirable and undesirable, that result from
such actions, and the wider context or environment of
it all.
A mind map is all this (or a judiciously chosen subset)
put down on paper in headings, slogans, or sentences

How to Draw a Mind Map

The things are arranged in a meaningful way by
showing aspects closely related in groups, by lines
that connect things which are related, and by arrows
that indicate causal relationships between items.
No formal conventions are used.

Rich Picture Diagram

Rather than show the various aspects in words or short
sentences, P. Checkland [1993/99] suggests drawing a
cartoon-like pictorial summary of everything (or almost
everything!) the observer knows about the situation
studied.
Note that term rich picture does not, in the first
place, mean a drawing. It is simply a more colourful
term for a situation summary.
This cartoon-like representation is called a rich picture
diagram.

System Model
A system model is a representation of all essential parts of a system
A model may be:
Iconic
Analogous or symbolic
Mathematical

Characteristics of a good model:

Simple

Complete
Easy to manipulate & communicate with
Adaptive
A model must be appropriate for the situation studied.
A model has to produce information that is relevant and appropriate for
decision making.

Some Examples Causal Loop Diagram

Influence Diagram

Influence Diagram

Material/Information Flowchart

Fishbone/Spray Diagram

Fishbone Diagram example

Exercise
Gambarlah suatu problem situation summary (atau model) tentang system
penanggulangan banjir. Pilihlah salah satu alat bantu (diagram) untuk
membantu Anda mengkonseptualisasikan system tersebut.
Tentukan elemen dari problem:
1.The decision maker
2.The decisionmakers objectives
3.The associated decision criterion
4.The performancemeasure
5.The control inputs or alternative courses of action
6.The context in which the problem occurs
Tuliskan nama kelompok dan anggota pada kertas yang Anda gunakan.
Kemudian ambillah gambar/foto dari gambar tersebut. Kumpulkan foto.