Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Minerals Minerals: Mineral

Chapter3
Minerals
www.ne.jp/asahi/tak/minerals/Gallery/Specimens/Fluorite54.jpg
Whatisamineral?
MINERAL
A naturally occurring, inorganic solid that possesses an ordered internal
structure and a definite chemical composition.
www.mcasco.com/images/bonds.gif
N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology
Lecture Notes: Minerals
Chapter3
Minerals
Propertiesofminerals
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND HABIT

STRUCTURE
the orderly geometric spatial arrangement of atoms in the internal structure
of a mineral, the 14 Bravais lattices
HABIT
the shape of how a mineral tends to form
ACICULAR: Natrolite
FIBROUS: Serpentine
www.union.edu/PUBLIC/GEODEPT/COURSES/geo- www.union.edu/PUBLIC/GEODEPT/COURSES/
geo-10/images/Fibrous.jpeg
10/images/Acicular.jpeg
BOTRYOIDAL: Hematite
files.tellmewhereonearth.com/Photos
%20Rocks%20and%20Minerals/
smith%20hematite%20botryoidal.JPG
LUSTER
NON-METALLIC (Earthy): Limonite
indicates the way a mineral's

surface interacts with light and can
range from dull to glassy (vitreous)
www.union.edu/PUBLIC/GEODEPT/COURSES/
geo-10/images/Earthy.jpeg
METALLIC: Pyrite
NON-METALLIC (Vitreous): Fluorite
organicconnectmag.com/wp/wpcontent/uploads/2011/11/pyrite.jpg
www.ne.jp/asahi/tak/minerals/Gallery/Specimens/
Fluorite54.jpg
COLOR
the appearance of the mineral in reflected light or transmitted light for
translucent minerals (i.e. what it looks like to the naked eye)
FLUORITE
MALACHITE AND AZURITE
www.minsocam.org/MSA/K12/images/fluorite2.gif
www.fabreminerals.com/specimens/s_imagesG2/CT9
7G2fm.jpg
STREAK
the color of the powder a mineral leaves after rubbing it on an unglazed
porcelain streak plate
geology.csupomona.edu/alert/mineral/streak1.jpg
HARDNESS
resistance to abrasion/scratching; usually measured according to the
Mohs scale
invsee.asu.edu/nmodules/engmod/images/Mohmin.gif
CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE

resistance to abrasion/scratching; usually measured according to the Mohs
scale
MICA
CALCITE
www.mineral.org.au/news/icespar.gif
earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100/plots/1001_cleavage_of_mica.jpg
OTHER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Specific gravity
Magnetism
Taste
Reaction to acid
Fluorescence
Radioactivity
Silicate class
largest group of minerals; important rock-forming minerals
Carbonate class
commonly deposited in marine settings when the shells of dead planktonic life settle and accumulate on the
sea floor
Sulfate class
commonly form in evaporitic settings where highly saline waters slowly evaporate
evaporate, allowing the formation of
both sulfates and halides at the water-sediment interface
Halide class
the natural salts; commonly found in evaporitic settings such as playa lakes and landlocked seas (e.g., Dead
Sea and Great Salt Lake)
Oxide class
form many of the ores from which valuable metals can be extracted; also carry the best record of changes in
the Earth's magnetic field
S f
Sulfide
class
economically important as metal ores
Phosphate class
the most common is apatite which is found in teeth and bones of many animals
Element class
includes metals and intermetallic elements (gold, silver, copper), semi-metals and non-metals (antimony,
bismuth, graphite, sulfur)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals#Chemical_properties_of_minerals
Carbonate: CALCITE
Sulfate: GYPSUM
GYPSUM
www.mineral.org.au/news/icespar.gif
Sulfide: PYRITE
www.utexas.edu/tmm/npl/mineralogy/Scien
ce_of_Minerals/Pyrite_peruOctTN.jpg
resourcescommittee.house.gov/subcommittees/
emr/usgsweb/photogallery/images/
Gypsum%20selenite_jpg.jpg
Oxide: MAGNETITE
www.nysam.org/photos/scc11551.jpg
Hydroxide: GIBBSITE
Halide: HALITE (ROCK SALT)
www.gc.maricopa.edu/earthsci/imagearchive/Gibbsite250.jpg
Phosphate: APATITE
www.mii.org/Minerals/Minpics1/Halite.jpg
Native element: GOLD
www.theimage.com/mineral/gold/gold.jpg
z.about.com/d/geology/1/0/O/F/apatite.jpg
Chapter3
Minerals
Thesilicategroupofminerals
SILICATES
- make up the largest and most important class of rock-forming minerals
- classified based on the structure of their silicate ion group
- fundamental building block: silica-oxygen tetrahedron (SiO44-)
SILICA TETRAHEDRON
- silicon ion bonds to four (4) oxygen ions in a pyramid-shaped structure, with silicon
positioned at the center of the tetrahedron
- adjacent silica tetrahedra share oxygens to form the different types of silicates
(polymerization)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals#Chemical_properties_of_minerals
GROUP/
Formula
NESOSILICATE
[SiO4]4
Cleavage
Silicate
Structure
none
lone tetraheda
OLIVINE
www.musee.ensmp.fr/mineral//3101.jpg
PYROXENE
INOSILICATE
[SinO3n]2n
Two (2)
planes at
right
angles
single chains
volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/
vwlessons/rocks_pics/pyroxene.jpg
AMPHIBOLE
INOSILICATE
[Si4nO11n]6n
Two (2)
planes at
60 and
120
double chains
oldweb.uwp.edu/academic/geology/
workshop/images3/amphibole1.jpg
GROUP/
Mineral/Formula
PHYLLOSILICATE
[Si2nO5n]2n
Cleavage
one
plane
Silicate
Structure
BIOTITE MICA
earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100/plots/
1001_cleavage_of_mica.jpg
sheets
MUSCOVITE MICA
www.mineralminers.com/images/
muscovite/mins/musm101x.jpg
GROUP/
Mineral/Formula
Cleavage
Silicate
Structure
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
www.casdn.neu.edu/~geology/department/
g
gy p
staff/colgan/iceland/minerals/kspar.jpg
Two (2)
planes at
right angles
TECTO
SILICATE
[AlxSiyO2(x+y)]x
PLAGIOCLASE FELDSPAR
Three-dimensional
(3D) framework
www.mii.org/Minerals/Minpics1/
Plagioclase%20feldspar.jpg
QUARTZ
none
mineral.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/
quartz/qua-165c.jpg
Chapter3
Minerals
Commonrockformingminerals
OLIVINE
http://www.musee.ensmp.fr/mineral//3101.jpg
PLAGIOCLASE FELDSPAR
PYROXENE
http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/
vwlessons/rocks_pics/pyroxene.jpg
AMPHIBOLE
http://oldweb.uwp.edu/academic/geology/
workshop/images3/amphibole1.jpg
POTASSIUM FELDSPAR
COMMON
ROCK-FORMING
MINERALS
http://www.mii.org/Minerals/Minpics1/
Pl i l
Plagioclase%20feldspar.jpg
%20f ld
j
BIOTITE MICA
http://earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100/plots/
N. Ramos | Geology1001_cleavage_of_mica.jpg
11 Principles of Geology
http://www.casdn.neu.edu/~geology/department/
staff/colgan/iceland/minerals/kspar.jpg
t ff/ l
/i l d/ i
l /k
j
MUSCOVITE MICA
http://www.mineralminers.com/images/
muscovite/mins/musm101x.jpg
QUARTZ
http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/
Lecture
Notes: Minerals
quartz/qua-165c.jpg
10
Chapter3
Minerals
Mineralsasnonrenewableresources
ORE MINERALS
Metallic (and some nonmetallic) minerals containing useful
substances that can be mined for a profit.
METAL
PRINCIPAL ORE
Aluminum
Bauxite
Chromium
Chromite
Copper
Chalcopyrite, Bornite, Chalcocite
Gold
Native gold
Iron
Hematite,Magnetite, Limonite
Lead
Galena
Mercury
Cinnabar
Silver
Native silver, Argentite
Titanium
Ilmenite, Rutile
Uranium
Uraninite
Zinc
Sphalerite
11
Chapter3
Minerals
Whatisarock?
ROCK
naturally occurring aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids
classified by mineral and chemical composition; the texture of the
constituent particles; and also by the processes that formed them
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
/wyoming.gov/state/images/home_page/
summer/hp-pictures/rock.jpg
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocks
12
Whatisarock?
ROCK CYCLE
25
www.matt-willard.com/Artwork/Graphic_Design/Rock-Cycle.jpg
13

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Chapter3

Lecture Notes: Minerals

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND HABIT

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Minerals

NON-METALLIC (Earthy): Limonite

indicates the way a mineral's

NON-METALLIC (Vitreous): Fluorite

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Minerals

MALACHITE AND AZURITE

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Minerals

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Minerals

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Minerals

CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Minerals

OTHER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Lecture Notes: Minerals

Lecture Notes: Minerals

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Minerals

Halide: HALITE (ROCK SALT)

Native element: GOLD

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Minerals

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Minerals

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Minerals

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Minerals

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Minerals

Chalcopyrite, Bornite, Chalcocite

Native silver, Argentite

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Minerals

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Minerals

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Minerals

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