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and the total fastener force is

( px ) 2

( py )2

px

pcx

pmx

py

pcy

pmy

where

If P, the load applied to the connection, is a factored load, then force p on the fastener is the factored load to be resisted in shear and bearingthat is, the required
design strength. If P is a service load, then p will be the required allowable strength
of the fastener.

Determine the critical fastener force in the bracket connection shown in Figure 8.5.
The centroid of the fastener group can be found by using a horizontal axis through
the lower row and applying the principle of moments:
y

2(5) 2(8) 2(11)


8

6 in.

The horizontal and vertical components of the load are


Px

1
(50)
5

22.36 kips

and Py

2
(50)
5

44.72 kipss

Referring to Figure 8.6a, we can compute the moment of the load about the
centroid:
M

44.72(12

2.75) 22.36(14 6)

480.7 in.-kips

(clockwise)

Figure 8.6b shows the directions of all component bolt forces and the relative magnitudes of the components caused by the couple. Using these directions and relative
magnitudes as a guide and bearing in mind that forces add by the parallelogram law,
we can conclude that the lower right-hand fastener will have the largest resultant
force.
The horizontal and vertical components of force in each bolt resulting from
the concentric load are
pcx

22.36
8

2.795 kips

and pcy

44.72
8

5.590 kiips

For the couple,


(x 2

y 2 ) 8(2.75)2 2[(6)2 (1) 2 (2)2 (5) 2 ] 192.5 in.2


My
480.7(6)
pmx
14.98 kips
192.5
( x 2 y2 )
Mx
480.7(2.75)
pmy
6.867 kips
2
2
192.5
(x
y )
px 2.795 14.98 17.78 kips
py
p

5.590 6.867 12.46 kips


(17.78)2

(12.46)2

21.7 kips (see Figure 8.6c)

The critical fastener force is 21.7 kips. Inspection of the magnitudes and directions
of the horizontal and vertical components of the forces confirms the earlier conclusion that the fastener selected is indeed the critical one.

The foregoing procedure is relatively easy to apply but is inaccurateon the


conservative side. The major flaw in the analysis is the implied assumption that the
fastener loaddeformation relationship is linear and that the yield stress is not
exceeded. Experimental evidence shows that this is not the case and that individual fasteners do not have a well-defined shear yield stress. The procedure to be
described here determines the ultimate strength of the connection by using an
experimentally determined nonlinear loaddeformation relationship for the individual fasteners.
The experimental study reported in Crawford and Kulak (1971) used 3 4-inchdiameter A325 bearing-type bolts and A36 steel plates, but the results can be used
with little error for A325 (or other Group A) bolts of different sizes and steels of other
grades. The procedure gives conservative results when used with slip-critical bolts
and with A490 (or other Group B) bolts (AISC, 1994).
The bolt force R corresponding to a deformation is
R

Rult (1 e )
Rult (1 e10 )0.55

where
Rult
e

bolt shear force at failure


base of natural logarithms
a regression coefficient 10
a regression coefficient 0.55

(8.2)

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