1

PT.RAVISHANKARSHUKLAUNIVERSITY

CentreforBasicSciences

Syllabusof

IntegratedM.Sc.:BiologyStream

[ChoiceandCreditBasedSystem]

SemesterExamination

SESSION20152020

IntegratedM.Sc.:BiologyStream
[ChoiceandCreditBasedSystem]
SchemeofExamination:Session201520

(P:Physics,M:Mathematics,C:Chemistry,B:Biology,G:General,H:HumanitiesCB:ChemistryBiology,
PCB:PhysicsChemistryBiology,MB:MathsforBiology)

FIRST YEAR [July 2015 to June 2016]

SEMESTER-I

Subject

Subject

B101
C101
P101
MB101
G101
H101

BiologyI(IntroductoryBiology)
ChemistryI(Structures&
Bonding)
PhysicsI(ClassicalPhysics)
MathematicsI
ComputerBasics
CommunicationSkills

BL101
CL101
PL101
GL101

BiologyLaboratory
ChemistryLaboratory
PhysicsLaboratory
ComputerLaboratory

Contacthrs/perweek
Theory+Tutorials
[2+1]

Credits
3

[2+1]
[2+1]
[2+1]
[2+1]
[2+0]
Contacthrs/perweek
Lab
[4]
[4]
[4]
[4]

3
3
3
3
2
Credits

Contacthrs/perweek
Theory+Tutorials

Credits

[2+1]

[2+1]

[2+1]

[2+1]

[2+1]

[2]

2
2
2
2
25

SEMESTER-II

Subject
B201
C201
P201
MB101
G201
G202

Subject
BiologyII(Introductionto
Macromolecules)
ChemistryII(Chemical
thermodynamics)
PhysicsII(Electricity,Magnetism
&Optics)
MathematicsII(LinearAlgebra,
Calculusofseveralvariables)
Electronics&Instrumentation
GlimpsesofContemporary
Science

BL201
CL201
PL201
GL201

BiologyLaboratory
ChemistryLaboratory
PhysicsLaboratory
ElectronicsLaboratory

Contacthrs/perweek
Lab
[4]
[4]
[4]
[4]

Credits
2
2
2
2
25

3
SECOND YEAR [July 2016 to June 2017]
SEMESTER-III

Subject

Subject

CB302
B301
CB303
H301
H302

EssentialMathematicsfor
Chemistry&Biology
BiochemistryI
CellBiologyI
OrganicChemistryI
WorldLiterature
History&PhilosophyofScience

BL301
GL301

BiologyLaboratory
Appliedelectronicslaboratory

CB301

Contacthrs/perweek
Theory+Tutorials

Credits

[3+1]

[3+1]
[3+1]
[3+1]
[2+0]
[2+0]
Contacthrs/perweek
Lab
6
4

4
4
4
2
2
Credits
3
2
25

SEMESTER-IV

Subject

Subject

B401
B402

CellBiologyII
BiochemistryII
IntroductorySpectroscopy(UVvis,
fluorescence,IR,Raman,NMR)
Physical&Chemicalkinetics
Statisticaltechniquesand
Applications

CB401
PCB401
G401

BL401

BiologyLaboratory
Computationallaboratoryand
NumericalMethods

GL401

Contacthrs/perweek
Credits
Theory+Tutorials
[3+1]
4
[3+1]
4
[3+1]

[3+1]

[3+1]

Contacthrs/perweek
Credits
Lab
6
3
4

25

THIRD YEAR [July 2017 to June 2018]

SEMESTER-V

Subject

Subject

B501
B502
B503
CB501

Genetics
MolecularBiology
Biodiversity
AnalyticalChemistry
EarthSciencesandEnergy&
EnvironmentalSciences

G501

BL501

BiologyLaboratory

Contacthrs/perweek
Theory+Tutorials
[3+1]
[3+1]
[3+1]
[3+1]
[3+1]
Contacthrs/perweek
Lab
10

Credits
4
4
4
4
4
Credits
5
25

4
SEMESTER-VI

Subject

Subject

B601
B602
B603
B604
CB601
H601

Immunology
AnimalPhysiology
PlantPhysiology
Microbiology
BiophysicalChemistry
EthicsofScienceandIPR

BL601

BiologyLaboratory

Contacthrs/perweek
Credits
Theory+Tutorials
[3+1]
4
[3+1]
4
[3+1]
4
[3+1]
4
[3+0]
3
[2+0]
2
Contacthrs/perweek
Credits
Lab
8
4

25

FOURTH YEAR [July 2018 to June 2019]

SEMESTER-VII

Subject

Subject

B701
B702
B703
B704
BPr701

Neurobiology
ImmunologyII
DevelopmentalBiology
Imagingtechnologyinbiological
research
ReadingProject

BL701

AdvancedBiologyLaboratory

Contacthrs/perweek
Theory+Tutorials
[3+1]
[3+1]
[3+1]
[3+1]

Contacthrs/perweek
Lab
[5+5]

Credits
4
4
4
4
4
Credits
5
25

SEMESTER-VIII

Subject

Subject

B801
B802
B803
B804

Virolog
BiotechnologyI
Bioinformatics
BiotechnologyII

BL801
BPr800

AdvancedBiologyLaboratory
Project

Contacthrs/perweek
Theory+Tutorials
[3+1]
[3+1]
[3+1]
[3+1]
Contacthrs/perweek
Lab
[5+5]

Credits
4
4
4
4
Credits
5
4
25

5
FIFTHYEAR[July 2019 to June 2020]
SEMESTER-IX

Subject
BPr901

Contacthrs/perweek
Lab

Subject
Project

Credits
20
20

SEMESTER-X

Subject

Subject

E1001
E1002
E1003
E1004

ElectivesI
ElectivesII
ElectivesIII
ElectiveIV

Contacthrs/perweek
Lab
[3+2]
[3+2]
[3+2]
[3+2]

Credits
5
5
5
5
20

TotalCredits:240
Electives:
1. Toxicology and clinical research
2. Molecular modeling and drug design
3. Ethology
4. Parasitology
5. Reproductive biology
6. Occupational diseases (infectious incl)
7. Plant pathology
8. Plant communication
9. Animal migration
10. Commercial products from plants and animals
11. Biology of food industry
12. Transgenics
13. Ethical issues in biology and medicine
14. Physical biology
15. Astrobiology
16. Biology of traditional medicines
17. Translational biology
18. Science writing and communication
19. Forensic science
20. Epigenetics
21. On-line courses

FIRST YEAR

SemesterI[JulyDecember2015]

B101:BiologyI(IntroductorytoBiology)

UnitI
Life:Historyandoriginoflife,Conceptsofbiologicalevolution,naturalselection,speciation.
Classificationoflivingthings:Classificationanddomainsoflife,ProkaryotesandEukaryotes,
Taxonomyofplants,animalsandmicroorganisms.

UnitII
Ecology&Ecosystem:Conceptofecologyandecosystem,ecologicalsuccession,ecosystemdynamics,flowof
ecologyandmatter,biogeochemicalcycling,ecosystemchanges,bioticandbioticfactorsandstresses,food
web,adaptationofindividualorganismtotheenvironmentthroughgenetic
changes.

UnitIII
CellBiology:Discoveryofcell,celltheory,classificationofcelltypes,cellmembrane,cellcellinteractions,
energyandmetabolism,respiration,photosynthesis,sexualreproduction.

UnitIV
CellDivisionandSystemDevelopment:cellcycle,mitosis,meiosis,mechanismofdevelopment(stemcells),
formationoftissues.

UnitV
PhysiologyBodySystems:Digestivesystem,circulatorysystem,Lymphaticsystem,nervoussystem,
respiratorysystem,sensorysystem,homeostasis.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
NeilACampbellandJB
1
BiologywithMasteringBiology(8thEdition)
Reece(2007)
NACampbell,JBReece,MR Biology:Concepts&Connectionswithbiology(6th
2
TaylorandEJSimon(2008)
Edition)
3
CharlesDarwin(2008)
OntheOriginofSpecies
BAlberts,DBray,KHopkin
4
EssentialCellBiology
andADJohnson(2009)
5
ReneFesterKratz(2009)
MolecularandCellBiologyForDummies
Darwin'sBlackBox:TheBiochemicalChallengeto
6
MJBehe(2006)
Evolution
7
SDGarber(2002)
Biology:ASelfTeachingGuide,(2ndEdition)

C101:ChemistryI[Structure&Bonding]

UnitI
Atomicspectra,Bohrstheoryofatomicstructure,Sommerfeldstheoryforcomplexelectronspinand
magneticquantumnumber,Pauliexclusionprinciple,Hundsrule,electronconfigurationofelements,
SequenceofenergylevelsandPeriodicTable.

7
Sizeofatomsandions,ionizationenergy,electronaffinity,electronegativityvaluesbyPauling,Mulliken
andAllredRochow,Metalliccharacter,variablevalenceandoxidationstates,horizontal,verticalanddiagonal
relationshipsintheperiodictable.
AtomicNucleus:Fundamentalparticles,classificationofnuclides,nuclearstability,theneutrontoprotonratio
N/Z,nuclearpotential,bindingenergy,exchangeforce.Radioactivityandradioactiveelements,radioactive
decayanddecaykinetics.

UnitII
ThecovalentbondtheLewistheory,Octetruleanditslimitations.ShapesofthemoleculesSidgwick
poweltheory.Valenceshellelectronpair(VSEPR)theory,effectoflonepairandelectronegativity,
isoelectronicprinciple,examplestoapplyVSEPRtheory.Valencebondtheory.Hybridization.Bondlength,
bondangle&dihedralangle,dorbitalparticipationinmolecularbonding,sigmaandpibonding.Molecular
orbitalmethodLinearcombinationofatomicorbitals(LCAO),MOtreatmentfordiandtriatomicmolecules
andinvolvingdelocalizedpibonding.Conjugation&aromaticity.

UnitIII
Metallicandorganometallicbondsgeneralproperties.Coordinatebondcoordinationcomplexes.
Physicalpropertiesandmolecularstructurespolaizabilityanddipolemoments,meltingpoint,
solubilityandacidbaseproperties,Intermolecularforces(dipoledipoleinteraction)Hydrogenbondingand
vanderWaalssforces.

UnitIV
Inductiveandfieldeffectsandbonddissociationenergy.pdbonding.
Delocalizationcrossconjugation,resonance.AromaticityandHuckelsrulesystemsof4nand4n+2
electrons,antiaromaticity.ResonanceandHyperconjugation.
Reactionmechanism:Typesofmechanisms,Arheniustheory,collisiontheory,typesofreactions,
redoxreactions,displacementandadditionreactions,thermodynamicandkineticrequirements.

UnitV
Hammondpostulate,CurtinHammettprinciple,transitionstatesandintermediates,carbocations,
carbanions,freeradicals,methodsofdeterminingmechanisms,isotopiceffects.
Generalconcepts:Oxidationnumberandoxidationstates,Oxidationreductionreactionsandtheuseof
reductionpotential,Bronstedacidsandbases,gasphasevs.solutionacidity,solventlevellingeffects,hardness
andsoftness,surfaceacidity.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
1
J.D.Lee
ConciseInorganicChemistry,4thEdition,ELBS,1991
PhysicalChemistry,OxfordUniversityPress,7thEdition,
2
P.W.Atkins
2006
3
G.M.Barrow
PhysicalChemistry,5thEdition,TataMcGrawHill,1992
R.T.Morrison,R.N.
4
OrganicChemistry,PrenticeHallofIndia
Boyd,P.Sykes
5
G.W.Castellan
PhysicalChemistry,3rdEd.Addison1993

P101PhysicsI(ClassicalPhysics)

UnitI
Conceptsofenergyandmass,Linearkinematicsanddynamics.Conceptofforce:Conservativeand
nonconservativeforces,Friction.Conservationofmomentum,energy,andangularmomentum.
Workenergytheorem,Centreofmass,momentofinertia.

UnitII
Rotationalkinematicsanddynamics,Rigidbodymotion.Impulseandcollisions,Centralforces,Kinetictheory
ofgases,Equipartitionofenergy.

8
UnitIII
Freeoscillationsinone,two,andmanydegreesoffreedom.Linearityandsuperpositionprinciple.
Normalmodes;Transverseandlongitudinalmodes

UnitIV
Generalnotionofacontinuousstring;Resonance;Coupledpendulaandoscillators,Normalcoordinates.

UnitV
Probability(chance,fluctuations,randomwalk,probabilitydistribution,uncertaintyprinciple);
CurvilinearCoordinates,Vectorcalculus(differentiationandintegration,gradient,divergence,curl,
Green'stheorem,Gauss'theorem,Stokes'theorem);Fourierseries(anintroduction).

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
R.P.Feynman,R.B.
1
TheFeynmanlecturesinPhysics"Volume1
Leighton,M.Sands
D.KleppnerandR.
2
Anintroductiontomechanics
Kolenkow
C.Kittel,W.D.Knightand
3
Mechanics[BerkeleyPhysicsCourseVol.1]
M.A.Ruderman
4
F.S.Crawford
Waves[BerkeleyPhysicsCourseVolume3]

MB101:Mathematics1

UnitI
The idea of derivative of a function, polynomials, slope and tangent line, derivatives of trigonometric
functions,productandquotientrules.Notionoflimitsandcontinuousfunctions.Elementaryresultspertaining
to limits of functions: product and quotient rules. Higher order derivatives, examples. Maxima and minima,
curvetracing,Conicsections:circle,ellipse,hyperbolaandparabola;equations,focus,directrix,latusrectum.
Generalisedconicsectionequation,exponentialandlogarithmicfunctionsandtheirderivatives.

UnitII
Application of derivatives to root finding: Newton's method (to be supplemented by an introduction to
iterativeprocesses).Meanvaluetheoremofdifferentialcalculus,Rolle'stheorem,applications.l'Hpital'srule.
The chain rule of differentiation, Implicit differentiation, Inverse functions and their derivatives, Inverse
trigonometricfunctions,Applications.
Conceptofinfiniteseries,Geometricseries,convergencetests;Taylorseries,Maclaurinseriesfor
elementaryfunctions,powerseries,simpleapplications.

UnitIII
Notion of an integral, integral as limit of sums; antiderivatives, area under a curve, definite integrals,
indefiniteintegrals.Rulesofintegration:integrationbyparts,integrationbysubstitution.Propertiesofdefinite
integrals including mean value theorem for integral calculus. Fundamental theorem of integral calculus.
Integrals involving polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric functions.
Applicationofintegralstoareas,lengthofaplanecurve,volumesofsolidsofrevolution.

UnitIV
Complex numbers: real and imaginary parts, The complex plane, Complex algebra (complex conjugate,
absolutevalue,complexequations,graphs,physicalapplications).Elementaryfunctionsofcomplexnumbers,
Eulers formula, Powers and roots of complex numbers. The exponential and trigonometric functions,
Hyperbolicfunctions,Logarithms,Complexrootsandpowers,Inversetrigonometricandhyperbolicfunctions,
Someapplications.

9
UnitV
Separableequations,Linearfirstorderequations,Othermethodsforfirstorderequations,Secondorderlinear
equations with constant coefficients and both zero and nonzero right hand side, Other second order
equations.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
1
GilbertStrang(MITCourseware)
Calculus
2
M.Weir,J.HassandF.R.Giordano(PearsonEducation)
Calculus

H101:CommunicationSkills
UnitI
Aninteractivesession(withexamples)onwhatiscommunication,communicationinthenaturaland
civilizedworlds,typesofhumancommunication:visual/nonverbal/verbal,written/spoken,etc

UnitII
Anoverviewofmassmedia;abriefdiscussionoftheirtypes(withexamples).Theconceptsoffacilitating
factors,barriers,andfiltersincommunication;thesevenC'sofeffectivecommunication.

UnitIII
Verbalcommunication:Howtospeak/listeneffectively(ininterpersonalcommunication),typesofpublic
speaking,tipsforeffectivepublicspeaking,howtomakeeffectivepresentations.Theroleofwrittentextin
communication,

UnitIV
Typesofwriting(academic/creative/general;formal/informaletc.)withexamplesofgood/badwritingand
theiranalysis.Introductiontoletterwriting,withstressonformalcorrespondence;emaildo'sanddon'ts.

UnitV
Academicwritinganoverview;explanationofvarioustermsusedinacademicwriting;partsofapaper/thesis;
aspectssuchasformallanguage,grammaticalaccuracy,etc.Commongrammatical/punctuationerrorsand
howtoavoidthem(examplebasedinstruction)

G101:ComputerBasics

UnitI
IntroducingLINUX:gettingstarted;

UnitII
FORTRANprogramming

UnitIII
LaTeXintroduction(sufficienttomakesmalldocuments);gnuplotgraphplottinganddatafitting;xfig
simpledraftingtool;MATHEMATICAalgebraiccomputations.

UnitIV
Projectson:
Someoftheprojectsdonebythestudentsarelistedbelow;Predatorpreyproblem;Harmonicoscillator
withfrictionCoupledpendulum

10
UnitV
Projectson:
Testingrandomnumbergenerator;Brownianmotionasarandomwalkproblem;Sortingfunctionandits
applicationtomakingrankedlists,SUDOKUsolver

BL101Biologylaboratory

1)IntroductiontoBiologylaboratory
2)Taxonomy
3)MethodsofClassification
Dichotomouskey;HierarchicalClassification;PhylogeneticClassification
4)NaturalSelection
5)NaturalSelectionusingDaphnia
6)ConceptofpH&Buffers:
Hydrogenionconcentrationinsolution;Inorganicionconcentrationinsolutions
InorganicBuffersandBiologicalfluids;HendersonHesselbachequation
7)MediaPreparation:
Preparingandinoculatingsolidandliquidnutrientmediaforculturingmicroorganisms
PouringnutrientagarplatesandstreakingbacterialcultureonsolidmediaInoculatingnutrient
brothwithbacterialculturePreparingnutrientmedia
8)IntroductiontoResearchLaboratory
Differentkindsofmicrobialplates,liquidgrowthmediaformicrobes,Laminarairflowsystem,
stemcellslaboratory,Centrifuges,Spectrophotometer,Sonicator,PCRandRealtimePCR,Gel
Documentationsystem,ChlamydomonasandDrosophilaincubationsystems,
StereomicroscopeandvariousIncubators
9)GrowthCurve:
GeneratingabacterialgrowthcurveundervariouspHandenvironmentalconditions(steadyand
shaking);CalculationsofGrowthrateconstant();Calculationofgenerationtime
10)EnzymeKinetics:Tostudyanenzymecatalyzedreactionusinghydroquinoneasasubstrateand
peroxidaseextractedfromcabbage.
11)IntroductiontoLightMicroscopy:Observingcellsinaleafpeelusingacompoundmicroscopeand
tostudythemorphologicalcharacteristicsofSaccharomycescerevesiae.
12)Dyeexclusionmethodofdifferentiatingdeadv/slivecells:Touseavitalstaintodistinguishdead
andliveyeastcells.
13)StainingandObservinghumancheekcells:Tocarryoutstainingofepithelialcellsfromthemouth
usingacetocarmineandmethylenebluestains.
14)Staininghumanbloodcells:Toobservehumanbloodcelltypesbydifferentialstaining.
15)Plantanatomy:Relationshipbetweenplantanatomyandhabitat.
16)Micrometry:Measuringsizeofamicroscopicspecimen.
17)Haemocytometer
18)GramStaining:TodifferentiatebacteriacellsbyGramstaining.

CL101:ChemistryLaboratory

Calibrationsofpipette,burette,standardflasksetc.,acidbasetitrations,recrystallization,thin
layerchromatography,identificationoforganicfunctionalgroups,complexometrictitrations
basedonEDTAcomplexationwithmetals,Synthesisofbenzoicacid,diazotizationetc.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author/Book
Vogel'sTextbookofQuantitativeChemicalAnalysis(5thEdition;
1
Longmann)
2
Vogel'sQualitativeInorganicAnalysis(7thEdition)
3
ACSJournalofChemicalEducation

11

PL101:PhysicsLaboratoryI

Introductiontoexperimentalphysicsconceptualandproceduralunderstanding,planningofexperiments;
Plots(normal,semilog,loglog);uncertainty/errorinmeasurementsanduncertainty/erroranalysis.
Introductiontomeasuringinstrumentsconceptsofstandardsandcalibration;determinationof
timeperiodsinsimplependulumandcoupledstriposcillatorsystemwithemphasisonuncertaintyinthe
measurementsandaccuracyrequirements;studyofprojectilemotionunderstandthetimingrequirements;
determinationofsurfacetensionofaliquidfromthestudyofliquiddropsformedunderthesurfaceofaglass
surface;determinationofYoungsmodulusofastripofmetalbydoublecantilevermethod(useoftraveling
microscope);studyofcombinationoflensesandnodalpointsandcorrespondencetoathicklens;studyof
thermalexpansionofmetaluseofthermistorasathermometer;measurementofsmallresistanceofawire
usingCareyFosterbridgeanddetermineelectricalresistivityofthewire;studyoftimedependenceofcharging
anddischargingofcapacitorusingdigitalmultimeteruseofsemilogplot.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
1
WorsnopandFlint
AdvancedPracticalPhysicsforStudents

GL101ComputerLaboratory

Historyofcomputers;hardwarebasics.Conceptofoperatingsystem;basicUnix/Linuxcommands;
Officesuite,includingspreadsheets.
Flowcharts;computerarithmetic.SimpleFORTRANprogrammingmathematicaloperators,input,outputfrom
keyboard,libraryfunctions.
ConditionalstatementsIfthenelse,Case,Goto.LoopsDoloops,cycle,exit,nestedloops.Arrays1
dimensionalandmultidimensional.
Formattinginputandoutput.Inputandoutputfromfile.
FunctionsandSubroutines.;CreatingHTMLpages;PlottingutilitieslikeGNUPlot.

SemesterII[JanuaryJune2016]

B201:BiologyII[IntroductiontoMacroMolecules]

UnitI
CellOverview:Cellularorganization,Biomembranes,Nucleus,Cytoplasmicorganelles,
Bacteriophages.NucleicAcids,GenomesandProteomics:Buildingblocksnucleotides,DNAstructure,RNA
structureandfunction,chromatinstructure,genomecode,genes,repetitiveDNAsequences.

UnitII
GeneTranscription:Overviewofgeneexpression,overviewoftranscription,genesregulatory
elements,transcriptionmechanismsinprokaryotesandeukaryotes(acomparison).

UnitIII
ProteinStructureandFunction:Buildingblocksaminoacids,peptides,secondarystructure,three
dimensionalstructure,membraneproteins,miscellaneousproteins,enzymes.

UnitIV
CellSignaling:Overview,signalingviahydrophobicmolecules,signalingviaionchannels,Signaling
viaGproteincoupledreceptors,signalingviacellsurfaceenzymes,intracellularsignaling.

UnitV
Biotechnology:DNAcloning,UsesofrecombinantDNAtechnology,Polymerasechainreaction
(PCR),ProductionofrecombinantproteinsandSDSPAGE.

12
BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
1
BAlberts,AJohnson,JLewis,andMRaff
2
JD.Watson,TA.Baker,SP.Bell,&AGann
3
JohnWilsonandTimHunt(2007)
4
BenjaminLewin(2007)

Book
MolecularBiologyoftheCell
MolecularBiologyoftheGene(6thEdition)
MolecularBiologyoftheCell:TheProblems
GenesIX(Lewin,GenesXI)

C201:ChemistryII[ChemicalThermodynamics]

UnitI
Classificationofsystem,intensiveandextensiveproperties,equilibriumandHeat,workandenergy,
irreversibleandreversibleexpansionworkofanidealFirstlawofthermodynamics,heatcontentorenthalpy
ofasystem;ThermochemistryEnthalpyofareaction,exothermicandendothermic

UnitII
Secondlawofthermodynamics,Carnotcycle,entropy,entropychangeandFreeenergyfunctionsand
Maxwellsrelations,GibbsHelmholtzrelations,nonequilibriumstates,reversibleandirreversibleprocesses.
gas,internalenergyinacyclicprocess.heatcapacities,JouleThomsoneffect,Adiabaticexpansionofanideal
gasandworkdone.reactions,thermochemicalequation,Kirchoffsequation,heatofreactionandflame
temperature,heatofcombustion,heatofsolution,heatofneutralization,heatoffusion,heatofvaporization,
Bondenergyanddissociationenergy,Hessslawanditsapplications.irreversibleprocessesandClausius
inequality,entropyandavailablework.criteriaofspontaneityandconditionsofequilibrium,Heatcapacity
relations(Cp/CvandCpCv),changeofphaseandClapeyronequation,Troutonsrule.

UnitIII
Electrodepotentialandfreeenergy,electrochemicalseries.NernstheatTheoremandthirdlawof
thermodynamics,experimentalElementsofstatisticalthermodynamics

UnitIV
Chemicalequilibriumandchemicalpotential():chemicalpotentialofandeterminationofentropy.idealgas
andgasmixture,Gibbsfreeenergyandentropyofmixing,ChemicalPhaseequilibriuminsimplesystems:
Equilibriumcondition,stabilityoftheIdealsolutionsandcolligativeproperties:idealsolutions,chemical
potentialequilibriuminamixtureofidealgasesandrealgases,EquilibriumconstantsKxandKcbetween
idealgasesandpurecondensedphase.Lechatelierprincipleandapplications.phasesofapuresubstance,
pressuredependenceofvs.Tcurves,Clapeyronequatons.

UnitV
Phaseequilibrium:solidliquid,liquidgas,solidgas,phasediagramwater,carbondioxide,sulphur,Effectof
pressureonthevapourpressure,thephaserule.ofasoluteinabinaryidealsolutionGibbsDuhem
equation,Colligativepropertiesfreezingpointingdepression,solubility,elevationofboilingpoint,Osmotic
pressure,VantHoffequation.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
PhysicalChemistry,OxfordUniversityPress,7th
1
P.W.Atkins
Edition,2006
PhysicalChemistry,3rdEd.AddisonWesley/Narosa
2
G.W.Castellan
PublishingHouse,1993
Thermodynamics,(RevisedbyK.S.Pitzerand
3
G.N.LewisandRandall
L.Brewer),InternationalStudentsEdition,
4
K.Denbigh
TheprinciplesofChemicalEquilibrium
5
B.G.Kyle
Chemical&ProcessThermodynamics

13
P201:PhysicsII:[Electricity,MagnetismandOptics]

UnitI
Electrostatics:Coulomb'slawandGauss'law;Electrostaticpotential,uniquenesstheorem,method
ofimages;Electrostaticfieldsinmatter;Conductorsandinsulators;Capacitorsandcapacitance;
Electriccurrent.

UnitII
Magnetostatics:BiotSavartlaw,Ampere'slaw;Electromagneticinduction;Mutualinductanceandself
inductance;Magneticfieldsinmatter.

UnitIII
Displacementcurrent;Maxwell'sequations;Alternatingcurrentcircuits;Electricandmagneticproperties
ofmatter;Planeelectromagneticwavesinvacuum;Polarisation;

UnitIV
Energyandmomentuminelectromagneticwaves;electromagneticradiation(qualitative);Dipoleradiation
formula;Larmor'sformulaforradiationduetoacceleratedcharge(withoutproof);Synchrotronradiation
(descriptive).

UnitV
OpticsInterferenceoftwobeamsandinvolvingmultiplereflections;Young'sexperiment,Fresnel'sbiprism,
Lloyd'smirror,Opticalinstruments;Telescopeandmicroscopes;Magnifyingpowerandresolving
power.Sourcesoflightandspectra;Dispersion,polarization,doublerefraction;Opticalactivity.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
1
EdwardM.Purcell
ElectricityandMagnetismBerkeleyVol.2
2
FrankS.Crawford
Waves,BerkeleyVol.3
3
JenkinsandWhite
FundamentalsofOptics
4
Feynman
FeynmanLecturesVol.2

MB201:MathematicsII[LinearAlgebra,CalculusofSeveralvariables]

UnitI
Functions of several variables, partial derivatives, geometric interpretation, properties of partial derivatives,
chain rule, applications. Elementary discussion on scalars and vectors, norm of a vector, dot product,
projections. Linear equations and matrices, matrix operations. Concept of a determinant, its properties,
evaluationofadeterminant,crossproductasadeterminant,linesandplanes.Elementaryideasoftensors.

UnitII
Vector functions. Gradient of a function, geometric interpretation, properties and applications; divergence
and curl of a vector function, geometric interpretation, properties and applications; higher derivatives,
Laplacian.Lineintegrals.Doubleandtripleintegrals,theirpropertiesandapplicationstoareas,volumes,etc.

UnitIII
Gradienttheorem,Green'stheorem,Stokes'theorem,divergencetheorem,applications.ProofsofStokes'and
divergence theorems through physical examples (such as circulation in a 2 dimensional plane and
accumulationoffluidinagivenvolume).

UnitIV
Curvilinearcoordinatesystems,sphericalandcylindricalcoordinates,areaandvolumeelements,illustrations.
Gradient,divergenceandcurlincurvilinearcoordinatesystems.

14
UnitV
Introduction to linear algebra. Vector spaces, linear dependence and independence, notion of basis, and
dimension, subspaces. Examples. More on matrices: special kinds of matrices, their properties. Eignevalues
and eigenvectors, secular determinant, characteristic polynomial. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a real
symmetricmatrix.Illustrativeexamples.Applicationsoflinearalgebra.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
1
GilbertStrang(MITCourseware)
Calculus
2
Thomas
Calculus
3
HowardAntonandChrisRorres
ElementaryLinearAlgebra
4
GilbertStrang(MITCourseware)
IntroductiontoLinearAlgebra
GeorgeB.ArfkenandHansJ.Weber
MathematicalMethodsfor
5

ScientistsandEngineers

G201Electronics&Instrumentation

Unit1
Analogelectronics:Introductiontopassiveelectroniccomponentsresistance,capacitance,inductance;Circuit
theorems:Theveninstheorem,NortonstheoremandMaximumpowertransfertheorem;basicconceptsof
semiconductordiodeandtransistor;applicationofBipolarJunctionTransistor(BJT)biasingcircuits:TheCE
configuration,fixedbasebias,emitterbias,andpotentialdividerorvoltagedividerbias;CEamplifier,amplifier
asaswitch,conceptofnegativefeedback.

Unit2
PrincipleofDCpowersupply;halfandfullwavebridgerectifier,capacitorfilterripplefactor,conceptofload
andlineregulation,conceptofconstantvoltagesourceandconstantcurrentsource;conceptofshortcircuit
protectionandcurrentlimitprotection;Zenerregulator;conceptofSwitchModePowerSupply(SMPS),power
supplyICs,chargepumpICsforsteppingupvoltageandforbipolarsupply.

Unit3
Differentialamplifier;OperationalAmplifier(OPAMP):principle,basiccharacteristicsandparametersrelevant
forgeneraluse;noninvertingandinvertingamplifier,voltagefollower,differenceamplifier,summing
amplifier,voltagecontrolledcurrentsource;OPAMPcomparator,Schmidttrigger;DigitaltoAnalogConverter
(DAC)withweightedresistanceandR2Rladdernetwork;AnlogtoDigitalConverter(ADC);filters:lowpass,
highpass;bandpass;Butterworthfilter.

Unit4
Digitalelectronics:Reviewofbasiclogicgates;DeMorganstheorem,UseofNAND/NORasuniversalbuilding
blocks;arithmeticcircuits;binaryaddition,halfadder,fulladder,binarysubtraction1sand2scomplement,
controlledinverter,adder/subtracter,paritychecker;FlipFlops(FF):RSFF,DFF,JKFF;countersandshift
registers:binarycounter,ripplecounter.

Unit5
Basicconceptsofinstrumentation,generalizedinstrumentationsystemsblockdiagramrepresentation;
Sensingelements:electrodesandtransducers.Electrodeelectrolyteinterface,stabilityofelectrodepotentials,
circuitmodels,externalandinternalelectrodes,pH,pO2andpCO2electrodes.Transducer,definition,types,
displacement,velocity,acceleration,pressure,temperaturevibration,ultrasoundetc.,calibration,sensitivity
andresolution.

15
BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
R.L.Boylestad,L.Nashelsky,K.L.
1
Kishore,Pearson
2
MalvinoandBates
3
DonaldA.Neamen,TataMcGrawHill
4
DavidA.Bell
5
Leach,MalvinoandSaha
6

R.P.Jain

M.MorrisMano,MichaelD.Ciletti

ThomasL.Floyd

DVSMurthy

10

A.K.Sawhney

Book
ElectronicDevicesandCircuitTheory
ElectronicPrinciples
ElectronicCircuitAnalysisandDesign
ElectronicDevicesandCircuits
DigitalPrinciplesandApplications
ModernDigitalElectronics,TataMcGrawHill
(2003)
DigitalDesign,PearsonEducationAsia,(2007)
DigitalFundamentals,PearsonEducationAsia
(1994)
Measurement&Instrumentation
ElectricalMeasurements&Electronic
Measurements

G202GlimpsesofContemporaryScience

UnitI
Physicsinlifesystems:sizeandscale,diffusion,celllocomotion,forcegeneratedbyactingrowthandflagellum
rotatorymotion,ionchannels,restingpotentialacrossthemembrane,nerveconductionvelocity,action
potential,macromoleculaesoflife,randomwalkmodelofpolymer,singlemolecularexperiments,optical
tweezers,magnetictweezers.

UnitII
Complexsystems:dynamicalchaos,logisticmap,bifurcation,Universality,Feigenbaumconstants,Mechanical
demonstrationsofchaos,Nanomechanicaloscillators,Patterns,Reactiondiffusionsystems,Nodalpatterns,
thermodynamicsandhumanpopulation,Fallingleaves,Smokeringphysics.

UnitIII
Attheturnof1900:Silverthreads,Discoveryoftheelectron,RutherfordsnuclearatomWienslaw,Blackbody
radiationandMaxPlancksaction.

UnitIV
Astrophysics,AstrochemistryandAstrobiology

UnitV
Quantummechanics,atoms:EntanglementLightatominteraction,Bringingatomstorest,Lasertweezers,
Howbrightislaser,Quantumcomputing.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
1
DarcyWentworthThompson
GrowthandForms
2
RobPhillips
Physicalbiologyofthecell
3
HarwardBerg
Randomwalksinbiology
4
L.Cooper
Physics:StructureandMeaning
R.P.Feynman,R.B.Leighton,
5
TheFeynmanLecturesonPhysicsvol.3
andM.Sands
6
S.Chandrasekhar
Introductiontothestudyofstellarstructure

16
BL201:BiologyPractical

1.ObservinginstrumentstobeusedinsemesterII,theiruseandmaintenance:(a)micropipettes,(b)
tissuehomogenizer,(c)electrophoresisapparatus,(d)centrifuges,(e)ultravioletandvisible(uvvis)
absorptionspectrophotometer
2.Centrifugationofthecellcontentsatvaryingspeedssuchthatthesubcellularfractionsseparateout
basedontheirdensitydifferences
3.Photosynthesisfloatingleafdiscexperimentundervariousconditions(light,dark&lightdark)
4.VisittoTIFR
5.Nucleicacidextractionfromplant&animaltissueusingethanolprecipitation
6.Agarosegelelectrophoresis
7.AnalysisofDNAundervariousconditionspHandTemperature
8.Proteinextraction&separationusingpolyacrylamidegelelectrophoresis(PAGE)
9.Carbohydrateextraction&estimationextractionofsugarsfromgrapes&estimationofthesameby
DNSAmethod
10.Proteinextraction&estimationdeterminationoftotalproteincontentinmicroorganismsbyfolin
ciocaltaeumethod
11.Lipidextraction&separationExtractionoftotallipidsfromlivertissue&separationbythinlayer
chromatography
12.Separationofbiomoleculesusing:
Adsorptionchromatography;Partitioningofindicatorsinvarioussolventsystems.;
Separationofamixtureofsolutesbypartitioning;Separationofleafpigmentsbypaperchromatograhy
Separationofflowerpigmentsbypaperchromatography;Reversephasethinlayerchromatography
(PRTLC)Separationofphotosyntheticpigments

CL201:ChemistryLaboratory

Colorimetrictitrations,BeerLambertlaw,Estimationofconcentrationbycolorimetricmethods,
conductometricmethods,estimationofconcentraionofacidbasebtpHmeter,identificationofinorganic
anionsandcations,findingofpkavalues,shortprojectof2weeksbasedontheexperimentsavailablein
JournalofChemicalEducation.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Suggestedtextandreferences:
1
Vogel'sTextbookofQuantitativeChemicalAnalysis(5thEdition;Longmann)
2
Vogel'sQualitativeInorganicAnalysis(7thEdition)
3
ACSJournalofChemicalEducation

PL201PhysicsLaboratory

Reviewofuncertainty/erroranalysis;leastsquaresfitmethod;introductiontosensors/transducers;
determinationofg(accelerationduetogravity)byfreefallmethod;studyofphysicalpendulumusinga
PCinterfacedapparatusstudyvariationofeffectivegwithchangeofangleofplaneofoscillation
investigationofeffectoflargeangleofoscillationonthemotion;

StudyofNewtonslawsofmotionusingaPCinterfacedapparatus;studyofconservationoflinearandangular
momentumusingMaxwellsWheelapparatus;studyofvibrationsofsoftmassivespring;studyoftorsional
oscillatorysystem;studyofrefractioninaprismdoublerefractionincalciteandquartz;studyof
equipotentialsurfaceusingdifferentelectrodeshapesinaminimalconductingliquidmedium;determination
ofelectricalinductancebyvectormethodandstudyeffectofferromagneticcoreandstudytheeffectofnon
linearityofinductancewithcurrent.

17
BooksRecommended:
WorsnopandFlint

AdvancedPracticalPhysicsforStudents

GL201Electronicslaboratory

1.TostudytheHalfwave&FullwaverectifierandstudytheeffectofCfilter.
2.TodesignaSingleStageCEamplifierforaspecificgainandbandwidth.
3.StudyofOperationalamplifierininvertingandnoninvertingmode.
4.ToverifyanddesignAND,OR,NOTandXORgatesusingNANDgates.
5.Measurementofpressure,strainandtorqueusingstraingauge.

Second Year

SemesterIII[JulyDecember2016]

CB301EssentialMathematicsforChemistry&Biology

UnitI
ApplicationsofTaylorseries,Eulerseries

UnitII
Reviewoffirstorderordinarydifferentialequations,secondorderODE'swithconstantcoefficients,
solutionsbyseriesexpansionmethods,introductiontopartialdifferentialequations,

UnitIII
Laplace'sequation,separationofvariables,LegenderedifferentialequationandLegenderepolynomials,
importantpropertiesofLegenderepoynomials,Hermitepolynomials,Laguerrepolynomials,Fourierseriesand
simpleapplications,Laplacetransformsandapplications,convolution.

UnitIV
ThematrixEigenvalueproblems,Seculardeterminants,Characteristicspolynomials,EigenvaluesandEigen
functions.Eigenvaluesofrealsymmetricmatrices;EigenvaluesandEigenfunctions,importantpropertiesand
examples.

UnitV
Complexnumbers,Analyticfunctions,CauchyRiemannequations,Cauchy'sintegralformula,Residuetheorem
andsimpleapplications.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
ACourseinLinearAlgebrawithApplications,
1
D.J.S.Robinson
WorldScientific.
CalculusandAnalyticGeometry,9thed.,
2
G.B.ThomasandR.L.Finney
AddisonWesley/Narosa
J.Marsden,A.TrombaandA.
3
BasicMultivariableCalculus,Springer
Weinstein
Calculus@iitb,ConceptsandExamples,
4
InderK.Rana
Version1.2

18
CB302:BiochemistryI

UnitI
Generalbiochemistryconcepts:TheconceptofpH,dissociationandionizationofacidsandbases,
pKa,buffersandbufferingmechanism,HendersonHasselbalchequation,dissociationofaminoacids
anddeterminationofpKa.

UnitII
ChemicalstructureofMajor:Carbohydrates,Lipids,Nucleicacids,Proteins:aminoacid;Chemical
properties:molecularbond,covalentbond,ionicbond,hydrogenbond,ester,;ethyl;Molecularcharge
hydrophilic,hydrophobic,polar.pH:acid,alkaline,base.oxidation:reduction,hydrolysisStructural
compounds:
Incells:flagellin,peptidoglycan,myelin,actin,myosin
Inanimals:chitin,keratin,collagen,silk
Inplants:cellulose,lignin,cellwall

UnitIII
Enzymesandenzymeactivity:enzymekinetics,enzymeinhibition,proteolysis;ubiquitinproteasome,
kinasedehydrogenase

UnitIV
Membranes:fluidmosaicmodel;diffusion,osmosis.Phospholipids,glycolipid,glycocalyx,antigen,isoprene
ionchannel;protonpump,electrontransport,iongradient,antiporter,symporter,quinine,riboflavin
Lipids,Vitamins,Hormones

UnitV
Proteinstructureandfunction:folding,modification,enzymes,enzymekinetics,enzymeregulation
andinhibition

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
1
D.L.Nelson&M.M.Cox LehningerPrinciplesofBiochemistry,
2
StryerL(1995
Biochemistry,4thedition,
3
Starzak,MichaelE.
EnergyandEntropyequilibriumtostationarystates
4
J.McMurry(1999)
FundamentalsofGeneralOrganic&BiologicalChemistry

B301:CellBiologyI

UnitI
CellbiologyAnOverview:Universalfeaturesofcells,Diversityoftheirgenomes,Overviewofcell
chemistry(importantatomsandtheirproperties,pH,acids,bases,andbuffersincells,formationand
functionsofproteins,DNA,sugars,andfatsincells,Visualizationofcell;Basicprinciplesoflight
microscopy,Differentmicroscopictechniquesforimagingcells.

UnitII
Membranesystem:Thecellmembraneanditsstructure,Modelsofthebiomembrane:Charles
OvertonsLipidMembrane,LipidmonolayermodelofIrwingLangmuir,Lipidbilayermodelby
GorterandGrendel,ProteincontaininglipidbilayermodelofDavesonandDanielly,DavidRoertsons
directobservationofthemembrane,FluidMosaicmodelofSingerandNicholson,Constituentsand
fluidityofplasmamembrane,Transportacrossmembrane,Ionchannels.

19
UnitIII
Cellularorganellesandtheirfunctions:Mitochondria:Structureofmitochondria,Differentenzymes
andtheirlocation,Electrontransportcomplexes,ATPsynthase,MitochondrialDNA,Structureof
chloroplast,Proteincomplexesandphotosyntheticelectrontransportchain,DNAofthechloroplast,
Bioenergetics,Structureandfunctionsoftheribosomes,Endoplasmicreticulum,Golgibody,Lysosomes,and
Nucleus.Proteinsorting,Vesiculartrafficinsidethecells,targeting&degradation

UnitIV
Cytoskeleton,ciliaandflagella:StructureandfunctionsofMicrotubules,Actin,andIntermediate
filaments.Interplaybetweendifferentcytoskeletalcomponents.Molecularmotors.Ciliaandflagella:
structureandfunctions.Diseasesassociatedwiththecytoskeleton,cilia,andflagella.

UnitV
Organization,Replication,andMaintenanceofthegenome:Complexityofeukaryoticgenomes,
Chromosomesandchromatin,DNAreplication,DNAdamageandrepair,DNArearrangements

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
1
D.L.Nelson&M.M.Cox
LehningerPrinciplesofBiochemistry,
2
StryerL(1995
Biochemistry,
3
Starzak,MichaelE.
EnergyandEntropyequilibriumtostationarystates
FundamentalsofGeneralOrganicandBiological
4
J.McMurry(1999)
Chemistry(StudyGuide)

CB303:OrganicChemistryI
UnitI
A.BasicconceptsRecapitulation
Hybridisation,formalcharge,inductiveandresonanceeffectsandtheireffectonreactivityandacidity
andbasicityoforganiccompounds;polar&nonpolarcovalentbonds;homolyticandheterolyticfission,
typesofreagentselectrophilesandnucleophiles;curlyarrownotation;classificationoforganicreactions.

UnitII
B.ChemistryofAliphaticcompounds
IUPACnomenclatureofaliphaticandsubstitutedaliphaticcompoundsandalicycliccompounds
Preparation,structure,propertiesandreactionsofthefollowingclassesofcompounds.
Hydrocarbonsa)alkanes,MethodsofformationKolbereaction,Wurtzreaction,CoreyHouse
reaction,decarboxylationofcarboxylicacids;Mechanismofhalogenationofalkanes,orientation,
selectivity&reactivity,productratio.
CycloalkanesMethodsofformationandreactivity;Baeyersstraintheoryanditslimitation;theory
ofstrainlessrings
AlkenesEliminationreactions;Saytzeff&Hoffmanelimination;Reactionshalogenationreactionsfree
radicalandpolarmechanisms.Markownikoffsrule,theperoxideeffect,allylichalogenationsusing
NBS;Ozonides/Ozonolysis.epoxidation;hydroborationoxidation;oxymercurationdemercuration;
OxidationusingKMnO4&OsO4.;polymerization.
DienesStructureofbutadieneandallene;1,2vs1,4addition;DielsAlderreaction.

UnitIII
AlkynesMethodsofformation;acidityofalkynes;electrophilicadditiontoalkynes;hydroboration
oxidation;metalammoniareductions;hydrogenationusingLindlarscatalyst.
AlkylhalidesPreparation,propertiesandsyntheticapplicationsofalkylhalides;SN1&SN2
reactions(mechanism),E1andE2reactions(mechanism);Grignardreagentanditsapplications.
AlcoholsMethodsofformation;acidity;HBonding;reactionsofmono;di&trihydricalcohols;
Diolsasprotectinggroups

20
UnitIV
EthersandepoxidesFormation&reactionsofethersandepoxides;ringopeningreactionsof
epoxidesunderacidicandbasicconsitions;reactionepoxideswithGrignard&organolithiumreagents
Aldehdyes&ketonesMethodsofformationofaldehdyesandketones;Nucleophilicaddition
reactionswithcyanide,ammoniaandderivativesofammonia;acetalformation;oxidationreduction
reactions.MeerwinPondroffVerleyreduction,Clemmensenreduction,WolfKishnerreduction,Aldol
condensationreaction,Cannizzaroreaction,Tischenkoreaction,haloformreaction,BaeyerVilliger
oxidation,Wittigreaction;Mannichreaction

UnitV
CarboxylicacidsMethodsofformationofmonoanddicarboxylicacids;acidityandfactorsaffecting
acidity;reactionsofcarboxylicacids:
CarboxylicacidderivativesMethodsofformationofacidchlorides,amides,anhydridesandesters
andtheirinterconversions;relativestabilitiesofacidderivatives;Rosenmundreaction;Hoffmann
rearrangement;saponification.
NitrogenandsulphurcompoundsNitroalkanes

BooksRecommended:

S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Author
I.L.Finar
R.T.MorrisonandR.N.Boyd
L.G.Wade,
G.SolomonsandC.Fryhle,
W.G.Solomons
J.March
F.J.CareyandR.J.Sundburg
D.D.Ebbing
M.J.SienkoandR.A.Plane

Book
OrganicChemistry,Vol.1&2,ELBS.
OrganicChemistry,PrenticeHallofIndia
OrganicChemistry,PearsonEducation
OrganicChemistry,JohnWiley&Sons
FundamentalsofOrganicChemistry,
AdvancedOrganicChemistry,3rdEdn.
AdvancedOrganicChemistry,PartA&PartB
GeneralChemistry,HoughtonMiffinCo
ChemicalPrinciplesandApplications,

H301:WorldLiterature

UnitI
WhatisLiterature?adiscussion;Introductiontoliteraryterms,genres,andformsofvarious
periods,countries,languages,etc.ComprehensiveideaaboutSanskritliteratureinrelationtoscientific
writing:VedicandClassicalliterature

UnitII
TheNovel:Classstudyof'BraveNewWorld'byAldousHuxley;Groupdiscussionsandstudentpresentations
onothergenressuchasthegraphicnovel,detectivefiction,children'sliterature,etc.

UnitIII
Plays:Introductiontothehistoryoftheatre,classstudyof(mainly)twoplays:'Pygmalion'byG.B.Shawand
'FireandRain'byGirishKarnad,thesettingupofplayreadinggroupthroughwhichthestudentscanbe
introducedtoseveralotherplays.

UnitIV
Poetry:Briefintroduction;Studyofpoeticgenres,forms,topics,figuresofspeech,poeticlanguageetc.by
analysingvariouspoemsfromaroundtheworld

UnitV
Shortstories,essaysandothertypesofwritingbyvariousauthors.Screeningoffilmsbasedonliteraryworks,
suchasPygmalion(MyFairLady),FireandRain(Agnivarsha),Persepolis(agraphicnovel)andafewothers.

21

H302:HistoryandPhilosophyofScience

UnitI
Briefoverviewofthecontemporaryculturaldevelopmentelsewhereintheworld;IndusCivilisation:progress
ofart,architecture,scienceandtechnology,roleofgeometryinartandarchitecture;StudyofancientIndian
linguistictechniquesandtheirrelationwithmodernprogramminglanguages;OverviewofPaninianstyleand
techniques;PrecisionofSanskritinexpressingtechnicalterms;HistoryofnumbernamingandwritinginIndia;
SulbasutraandVedangaJyotishageometricalconstructionsandastronomicalcalculations;Jainliteratureon
mathematicsandastronomy;LinguistictechniquesusedinAryabhatiya;WorksofBrahmaguptainopposition
ofAryabhata;ContributionofKeralaschoolofmathematicstodevelopmentofmathematicalideas.

UnitII
Genesisofsystematicideas:ScienceinancientGreece;againstmythologicalexplanationsto
naturalphenomena;Earlyatomism,mathematicalatomism,againstatomism.Introductiontoepistemology;
Possiblecriteriaofdemarcationbetweenscienceandfolklore;Nonscienceandmetaphysics;Introductionto
logicalpositivismandthestandardview;Criticismofstandardview.

UnitIII
Methodofanalysisandsynthesis;Beginningofmathematicalsciences;multiculturaloriginsofscience.
Renaissanceandscientificrevolution:

UnitIV
Galileanideas;mechanisationofworldpicture;Fromalchemytochemistry,fromnaturalhistoryto
evolutionaryhistory,fromnaturalnumberstocomplexnumbers,fromphysiologytocellbiology.

UnitV
Riseofexperimentalscience:Discussionofsomeofthecrucialexperimentswithanemphasisontheanalysis
ofconceptualchangesratherthanthetechnicaldetails.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
1
ColinRonan
CambridgeIllustratedHistoryofScience
GreatScientificExperiments:20Experimentsthat
2
RomHarre
ChangedourViewoftheWorld
3
T.A.SaraswatiAmma
GeometryinAncientandMedievalIndia
4
KimPlofker
MathematicsinIndia(PrincetonUniv.Press)
5
SamirOkasha
PhilosophyofScienceAVeryShortIntroduction
HenryCollinsandTrevor
TheGolemWhatEveryoneshouldKnowabout
6
Pinch
Scienceby(CambridgeUni.Press,1996)
7
AlanChalmers
WhatisthisthingcalledScience?

BL301:BiologyLaboratory(Biochemistry+CellBiology)

1.Biochemicalcalculation
2.Aminoacidtitration:
Determinethepkavalueoftheprovidedaminoacidsolutionsusingtitrationcurve.
Identifytheaminoacidsusingthereferencetableonthebasisofpkavaluesobtained
3.Carbohydrateidentification&estimationbyanthronemethod
Extractionofcarbohydratesfromvarioussources.
Identificationbydichotomouskey&estimationbyanthronemethod
4.Estimationoftotalfreeaminoacids
Extractionoftotalfreeaminoacidsfromplantsampleestimationbyninhydrinreagent
5.AcidvalueAcidnumberisameasureoftheamountofcarboxylicacidgroupsafattyacid
6.Iodinenumber

22
Iodinenumbersareoftenusedtodeterminetheamountofunsaturationinfattyacids
7.Saponificationvalue
Measureoftheaveragemolecularweight(orchainlength)ofallthefattyacidspresent
8.PeroxidevalueGivestheevidenceofrancidityinunsaturatedfatsandoils
9.Potatostarchisolationofstarch
10.Enzymekinetics
Enzymaticreactionusingpotatostarchandsalivaryamylase.
DetermineVmaxandKmforindividualssalivaryamylase.
11.pHandtemperatureeffectonenzymekinetics
EffectofpHandtemperatureonsalivaryamylaseactiononstarch
12.Effectofinhibitorsonenzymekinetics
13.Carbohydrateidentificationbythinlayerchromatography
Extractionofcarbohydratesfromvariousfruitsampleandidentificationbyseparatingusingtlc
14.Chromatography:
Paperchromatography,dimensionalchromatographyofamixtureofaminoacids
Circularchromatography,Separationutilizinggelfiltrationandionexchangechromatography,S.Russoand
A.Radcliffe,J.Chem.Educ.68,168171(1991).
Isolationoflactoferrinbyimmobilizedmetalionaffinitychromatography(IMAC),A.CalvoandF.
BatistaViere,Biochem.Educ.22,5052(1994).
RapidmicroscaleisolationandpurificationofyeastalcoholdehydrogenaseusingCibacronblue
affinitychromatography,C.MorganandN.Moir,J.Chem.Educ.73,10401041(1996).
Chromatographicseparationoftwoproteins,J.Szeberenyi,Biochem.Mol.Biol.Educ.35,7172
(2007).

15.Electrophoresis
SDSagarosegelelectrophoresisinasimpleprocedurefordetermininghighmolecularweight
proteinoligomerization,M.Brownleaderetal.,Biochem.Educ.22,155158(1994).
Capillaryelectrophoresis:afastandsimplemethodforthedeterminationoftheaminoacid
compositionofproteins,P.WeberandD.Buck,J.Chem.Educ.71,609611(1994).
DeterminationofthesubunitmolecularmassandcompositionofalcoholdehydrogenasebySDSPAGE,
B.Nash,J.Chem.Educ.84,15081511(2007).
MetalcatalyzedcleavageoftRNAPhe,S.Kirketal.,J.Chem.Educ.85,676678(2008).
Introducingproteomicsintheundergraduatecurriculum:Asimple2Dgelelectrophoresis
exercisewithserumproteins,T.KimandP.Craig,Biochem.Mol.Biol.Educ.38,2934(2010).
16.IsolationandCharacterizationofEnzymes
Testingtheamylaseinhibitorofthecommonbean,J.Morenoetal.,J.Chem.Educ.71,350
352(1994).Arapidandinexpensiveprocedureforthedeterminationofamylaseactivity,V.Mulimani
andJ.Lalitha,Biochem.Educ.24,234235(1996).
Arapidandinexpensiveprocedureforthedeterminationofproteolyticactivity,S.CastroandA.
Cantera,Biochem.Educ.23,4143(1995).
Zymographyofextracellularmatrixproteases,A.Quesadaetal.,Biochem.Educ.24,170171
(1996).
ThethermodynamicstabilityandcatalyticactivityofyeastalcoholdehydrogenaseatdifferentpH
values,R.TaborandJ.Ladwig,Biochem.Educ.25,169170(1997).
Thecompetitiveinhibitionofyeastalcoholdehydrogenaseby2,2,2trifluoroethanol,R.Tabor,
Biochem.Educ.26,239242(1998).
Fromeggtocrystal:apracticalonpurification,characterization,andcrystallizationoflysozyme
forbachelorstudents,V.Oliericetal.Biochem.Mol.Biol.Educ.35,280286(2007).
Lactatedehydrogenasekineticsandinhibitionusingamicroplatereader,J.Powersetal.
Biochem.Mol.Biol.Educ.35,287292(2007).
17.Cellbiology
Cellstainingi(capsule,cellwall,lipidgranules)
Cellstainingii(metachromaticgranules,endospores)
Cellmotility
Subcellularfractionationofmouselivertissue,page&westerblotting
Immunoflourescenceofcytoskeleton&nuclearproteins
Meiosisusinglilyanthers

23
GL301AppliedElectronicsLab

Experimentsbasedon:
1NortonstheoremandMaximumpowertransfertheorem;basicconceptsofsemiconductordiodeand
transistor;
2PrincipleofDCpowersupply;halfandfullwavebridgerectifier,capacitorfilterripplefactor,
3Zenerregulator;conceptofSwitchModePowerSupply(SMPS),powersupplyICs,
4BipolarJunctionTransistor(BJT)biasingcircuits:
5AnlogtoDigitalConverter(ADC);filters:lowpass,highpass;bandpass;Butterworthfilter
6controlledinverter,adder/subtracter,paritychecker;FlipFlops(FF):
7RSFF,DFF,JKFF;countersandshiftregisters:binarycounter,ripplecounter.

SemesterIV[JanuaryJune2017]

B401:CellBiologyII

UnitI
CellJunctions,CellAdhesion,andtheExtracellularMatrix:Introduction,CellJunctions,CellCellAdhesion,The
ExtracellularMatrixofAnimals,ExtracellularMatrixReceptorsonAnimalCells.Integrins,Selectins,andother
proteinsinvolvedinintercellularcontacts.ThePlantCellWall

UnitII
Cellsignaling:1.Introduction:Componentsinvolvedinsignaling,Typesofsignaling,ThreeMajor
ClassesofSignalingReceptors:IonChannellinked,Gproteincoupledreceptors(GPRs),Enzymelinked
receptors:TyrosineKinaseReceptors,otherenzymelinkedreceptors,SecondMessengers:cAMP,
cGMP,IP3andDAG,Ca+2,PIP3.SignalingCascades.Cellsignalingandcancer.

UnitIII
CellcycleandCelldivision:Mechanismsandregulationsofcelldivision,Mitosis,Meiosis,andGerm
cells,Cellrenewal,Uncontrolledcelldivisionandcancer.

UnitIV
Typesofcelldeath:Apoptosis,Necrosis,Anoikis,Oncosis

UnitV
TechniquesinCellbiology:Cellfractionation,DNAlibraries,DNAtransferintoeukaryoticcellsand
Mammalianembryos,Nucleicacidhybridization,Purificationofnucleicacid,Isolationandfractionation
ofproteins.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
1
Albertsetal.
MolecularbiologyoftheCell
EssentialCellBiologyGarland,Publication
2
Alberts,Brayetal
NewYork1997
JamesE.Darnell,HarveyF.Lodish,
3
MolecularCellBiology
andDavidBaltimore
4
GeoffreyMCooper
TheCell,2ndedition,AMolecularApproach
InsidetheCell,aninternetbasedstudyof
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/ins
cells(NationalInstituteofGeneralMedical
5
idethecell/index.html.
Sciences)

24
B402:BiochemistryII
UnitI
Metabolismandmetabolicpathways:Glycolysis,TCAcycle,OxidativePhosphorylation,Photophosphorylation

UnitII
Biosynthesisofmacromolecules:Carbohydratebiosynthesis(Pentosephosphatepathway),Fattyacid
synthesis,Cholesterolofsteroidbiogenesis,Aminoacidbiosynthesis&degradation,Nucleotidebiosynthesis&
degradation,Fattyaciddegradation

UnitIII
Pigments:chlorophyll,carotenoids,xanthophyll,cytochrome,phycobilin,Bacteriorhodopsin,hemoglobin,
myoglobin,absorptionspectrum,actionspectrum,fluorescence

UnitIV
Photosynthesis:lightreactiondarkreaction.Fermentation:AcetylCoAlacticacid
Cellularrespiration:Adenosinetriphosphate(ATP)NADHpyruvateoxalatecitrateChemosynthesis

UnitV
Regulationhormones:auxinsignaltransductiongrowthfactortranscriptionfactorproteinkinaseSH3
domainMalfunctions:tumoroncogenetumorsuppressorgeneReceptors:Integrintransmembrane
receptorionchannel

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
1
D.L.Nelson,M.Cox
LehningerPrinciplesofBiochemistry,
2
StryerL
Biochemistry.
3
StarzakMichaelE.
EnergyandEntropyequilibriumtostationarystates
FundamentalsofGeneralOrganicandBiological
4
JMcMurry
Chemistry(StudyGuide)

CB401:IntroductorySpectroscopy[UVVis,Florescence,IR,Raman,NMR]

UnitI
Theelectromagneticspectrum:Natureofelectromagneticradiation.Theelectromagneticspectrumandits
regions.Frequency,wavenoandwavelength:unitsandconversions.Absorptionofelectromagneticradiation.
Molecularenergystatesandquantisationofinternalenergy.Boltzmanndistribution.SpectroscopicProcesses:
Absorption,emission,andscatteringoflight.BeerLambertLawQuantitativeabsorptionmeasurements,
JablonskidiagramFouriertransformation:Amathematicaltooltoouradvantage,basicprincipleandits
relevanceinspectroscopy.

UnitII
UVVISAbsorptionSpectroscopy:Principlesandinstrumentationofspectrophotometers.UVvisspectroscopy
todetermineconjugation.UVvisiblespectroscopyandelectronictransitions.Electronicgroundstatesand
excitedstatesinorganicmolecules:pistarandpitopistartransitions.bandpositionandbandintensities.
FluorescenceSpectroscopy:Principlesandinstrumentationoffluorimeters.Advantageoffluorimetry
comparedtoabsorptionspectrophotometry.Luminescenceandthefateofexcitedstates:timescaleof
fluorescenceandphosphorescence.QualitativeandQuantitativeFluorimetry.

UnitIII
IRPrinciplesandinstrumentationofInfraredspectroscopy.nfraredspectroscopyandmolecularvibrational
transitions.SimpledispersiveIRspectrometerandovewrviewofmoderninstrumentation.Transmittanceand
absorbance.Vibrationalmodesandselectionrules.FactorsgoverningthepositionandintensityofIRbands:
effectsofvariationinreducedmassandforceconstant.Groupfrequencyandfingerprintregions:useofIRfor
identificationbypresence/absenceofabsorptionscharacteristicofspecificbonds/bondgroupings.

25
InterpretationofIRspectra.
RamanSpectroscopy:RamanEffectandmolecularpolarizability.Techniqueandinstrumentation.Pure
rotationalRamanspectra,vibrationalRamaspectra.StructuredeterminationfromRamanandIR.

UnitIV
NuclearMagneticResonance(NMR):IntroductiontoNuclearMagneticResonance(NMR)spectroscopy.
numberofsignals,integration,chemicalshift,splittingofsignals.PrinciplesandinstrumentationofNMR
spectroscopy.Nuclearspinandnuclearmagnetism.Energiesofnuclearspinstatesinamagneticfield.
BoltzmannpopulationofnuclearspinstatesandtheoriginofNMRsignals..Informationfrom:chemicalshifts
anddeltavalues,peakareasandintegration,splittingpatternsandspinspincouplingconstants.(n+1)rule
andPascal'striangle.InterpretationofNMRspectrausing

UnitV
Examplesoforganiccompounds.ShortintroductionaboutapplicationofNMRforproteins.
Massspectrometry:Introductiontomassspectroscopy(molecularmass,accuratemassandisotopes)
Principles,ionisationmethods(includingEI,MALDI,ESI).MolecularionsandfragmentationprocessesunderEI.
Massspectrometryfordeterminingthemolecularweight/formulaoforganiccompoundsandidentifythe
presenceofisotopes.IntroductionofMSapplicationinproteinanalysis.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
1
KWilsonandJohnWalker
PracticalBiochemistry:Principles&Techniques
2
GRChatwalandSKAnand
InstrumentalmethodsofChemicalAnalysis
3
S.K.Sawhney
IntroductoryPracticalBiochemistry
BiochemistryLaboratory:ModernTheory&
4
RFBoyer
Techniques
SCarson,HMillerandD
MolecularBiologyTechniques:AClassroom
5
Scott
LaboratoryManual
6
TCFordandJMGraham
AnIntroductiontoCentrifugation
7
TSWorkandEWork
DensityGradientCentrifugation,Vol.6
8
DavidRickwood
CentrifugationTechniques
9
ABraithwaiteandFGSmith ChromatographicMethods
LRSnyder,JJKirkland&JW
10
IntroductiontoModernLiquidChromatography
Dolan
11
SJPennycookandPDNellist ScanningTransmissionElectronMicroscopy
12
DJRawlins
Lightmicroscopy
13
MHoppert
MicroscopicTechniquesinBiotechnology
MHoppertandA
14
Electronmicroscopyinmicrobiology
Holzenburg
TPeng,DLHorrocksandEL LiquidScintillationCounting:RecentApplications
15
Alpen
andDevelopment,VolumeI
16
RBasergaandDMalamud
Autoradiography:techniquesandapplication
AnIntroductiontoRadioimmunoassayandRelated
17
TChard
Techniques,Volume6
18
MDBruch
NMRSpectroscopyTechniques
ModernTechniquesforCircularDichroismand
19
BAWallaceandR.William
SynchrotronRadiation...,Volume1

26
PCB401:Physical&ChemicalKinetics

UnitI
BasicConcepts:Rate,orderandmolecularityofareaction,First,secondandthirdorderreactions
effectofconcentrationonreactionrate,rateexpressionsandintegratedform,pseudounimolecularand
secondorderautocatalyticreactions,nthorderreactionofasinglecomponent,effectoftemperatureon
reactionrateArrheniusequationandactivationenergy.
ComplexReactions:parallelfirstorderreactions,seriesfirstorderreactionsdeterminationofrate
constantsbygraphicalmethodandthetimeratiomethod.Thestationarystate,radioactivedecay,general
firstorderseriesandparallelreactions.Competitive,consecutivesecondorderreactions,reversible
reactions,equilibriumfromthekineticviewpoint,complexmechanismsinvolvingequilibria.

UnitII
KineticMeasurements:Experimentaldeterminationofreactionratesandorderofreactionscorrelationof
physicalpropertieswithconcentrations,reactionsinthephase,reactionsatconstantpressure,fractionallife
periodmethod,initialrateasafunctionofinitialconcentrations.
ReactionsinSolutions:GeneralProperties,Phenomenologicaltheoryofreactionrates,Diffusionlimitedrate
constant,Slowreactions,Effectofionicstrengthonreactionsbetweenions,Linearfreeenergyrelationships,
Relaxationmethodsforfastreactions.

UnitIII
Catalysis:Homogeneouscatalysisingasphase,insolution,basisofcatalyticaction,catalysisandthe
equilibriumconstant,acidbasecatalysis,TheBronstedcatalysislaw,linearfreeenergychanges,general
andspecificcatalysis.Heterogeneouscatalysis.Negativecatalysisandinhibition,Surfacereactions
effectoftemperatureandnatureofsurface.Industrialcatalysis.
Chainreactions:generaltreatment,activationenergy,chainlength,chaintransferreactions,inhibition.

Unit4
Bonddissociationenergies,branchingchainreactions.
Thecollisiontheory:Dynamicsofbimolecularcollisionsandrateandrateconstantofbimolecular
reaction,factorsdeterminingeffectivenessofcollisions,Termolecularreactions,unimolecularreactions.
Relationbetweencrosssectionandratecoefficients.
PotentialEnergySurfaces:Longrange,empiricalintermolecularandmolecularbindingpotentials,
Internalcoordinatesandnormalmodesofvibration,Potentialenergysurfaces,abinitiocalculationof
potentialenergysurface,experimentaldeterminationofpotentialenergysurfaces,Detailsofthe
reactionpath,potentialenergysurfaceforelectronicallyexcitedmolecule.Molecularbeamscattering,
Stateresolvedspectroscopictechnique,moleculardynamicsofH2+Hreaction,statetostatekineticsofF+H2
reaction.

UnitV
TransitionStateTheory(TST):Motiononthepotentialenergysurface,Basicpostulatesandderivation
ofTST,dynamicalderivationofTST,QuantummechanicaleffectsonTST,Thermodynamicformulation
ofTST,ApplicationofTST,MicrocannonicalTST,VariationalTST,ExperimentalobservationofTST.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
ChemicalKinetics:AStudyofReactionRatesin
1
K.A.Connors
Solution,
J.I.Steinfeld,J.S.Francisco&W.L.
2
ChemicalKineticsandDynamics,
Hase
3
K.J.Laidler
ChemicalKinetics,
4
R.D.LevineandR.B.Bernstein
MolecularReactionDynamics&ChemicalReactivity
5
J.W.MooreandR.G.Pearson
Pearson,KineticsandMechanisms,
6
SanjayK.Upadhay
ChemicalkineticsandReactionDynamics,

27
G401:StatisticalTechniquesandApplications

UnitI
PurposeofStatistics,EventsandProbabilities,Assignmentsofprobabilitiestoevents,Randomevents
andvariables,ProbabilityAxiomsandTheorems.Probabilitydistributionsandproperties:Discrete,
ContinuousandEmpiricaldistributions.

UnitII
Expectedvalues:Mean,Variance,Skewness,Kurtosis,MomentsandCharacteristicsFunctions.Typesof
probabilitydistributions:Binomial,Poisson,Normal,Gamma,Exponential,Chisquared,LogNormal,Student's
t,Fdistributions,CentralLimitTheorem

UnitIII
MonteCarlotechniques:Methodsofgeneratingstatisticaldistributions:Pseudorandomnumbersfrom
computersandfromprobabilitydistributions,Applications.Parameterinference:Givenpriordiscrete
hypothesesandcontinuousparameters,Maximumlikelihoodmethodforparameterinference.

UnitIV
ErrorAnalysis:StatisticalandSystematicErrors,Reportingandusinguncertainties,Propagationoferrors,
Statisticalanalysisofrandomuncertainties,AveragingCorrelated/UncorrelatedMeasurements.
Deconvolutionmethods,Deconvolutionofhistograms,binningfreemethods.Leastsquaresfitting:Linear,
Polynomial,arbitraryfunctions:withdescriptionsofspecificmethods;Fittingcompositecurves.

UnitV
Hypothesistests:Singleandcompositehypothesis,Goodnessoffittests,Pvalues,Chisquaredtest,Likelihood
Ratio,KolmogorovSmirnovtest,ConfidenceInterval.CovarianceandCorrelation,AnalysisofVarianceand
Covariance.Illustrationofstatisticaltechniquesthroughhandsonuseofcomputerprograms.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
Statistics:AGuidetotheUseofStatistical
1
R.J.Barlow
MethodsinthePhysicalSciences
2
JohnMandel,Dover
TheStatisticalAnalysisofExperimentalData
PhilipBevingtonand
DataReductionandErrorAnalysisforthe
3
KeithRobinson
PhysicalSciences,3rdEdition

BL401:BiologyLaboratory(Biochemistry+CellBiology)
1.LigandBinding
a)Thebindingofcoomassiebrilliantbluetobovineserumalbumin,J.SohlandA.Splittgerber,J.Chem.
Educ.68,262264(1991).
b)EvaluationoftheHillcoefficientfromScatchardandKlotzplots,A.SabouriandA.Moosavi
Movahedi,Biochem.Educ.22,4849(1994).
c)TheshapesofScatchardplotsforsystemswithtwosetsofbindingsites,A.Bordbaretal.,Biochem.
Educ.24,172175(1996).
2.Spectroscopy
d)Fluorescencequenchingofalbumin.Aspectrofluorimetricexperiment,M.Monteroetal,Biochem
Educ.18,99101(1990).
e)Lactatedehydrogenasekineticsandinhibitionusingamicroplatereader,J.Powersetal.,Biochem.
Mol.Biol.Educ.35,287292(2007).
3.IsolationandAnalysisofBiomoleculesAminoacids/peptides/proteins/antibodies
f)Applicationofgelfiltrationforfractionationandmolecularweightdeterminationofproteins,O.
MalhotraandA.Kumar,Biochem.Educ.17,148150(1989).

28
g)Proteinstructureandchromatographicbehavior:Theseparationandcharacterizationoffour
proteinsusinggelfiltrationandionexchangechromatographyandgelelectrophoresis,M.Chakravarthy,L.
Snyder,T.Vanyo,J.Holbrook,andH.Jakubowski,J.Chem.Educ.73,268272(1996).
4.IsolationandAnalysisofBiomoleculesCarbohydrates
h)Changesincarbohydratecontentduringfruitripeninganewapproachofteachingcarbohydrate
chemistryinbiochemistrycourse,P.ChaimaneeandO.Suntornwat,Biochem.Educ.22,101102(1994).
i)CarbohydrateAnalysis:Canwecontroltheripeningofbananas?,S.Deal,C.Farmer,andP.Cerpovicz,
J.Chem.Educ.79,479480(2002).
5.IsolationandAnalysisofBiomoleculesLipids
j)Isolationandspectrophotometriccharacterizationofphotosyntheticpigments,R.Boyer,Biochem.
Educ.18,203206(1990),andModernExperimentalBiochemistry,3rded.,p.333344,(2000)Benjamin
Cummings.(SanFrancisco).
k)Animprovedmethodfortheextractionandthinlayerchromatographyofchlorophyllaandbfrom
spinach.H.Quach,R.Steeper,andG.Griffin,J.Chem.Educ.81,385387(2004).
6.Metabolism/Regulation/Transport
l)Theenergeticsofaerobicversusanaerobicrespiration,T.ChampionandR.Schwenz,J.Chem.Educ.
67,528530(1990).
m)UseofDCPIPinacolorimetricmethodtoinvestigateelectrontransportincrudeheartmitochondrial
extracts,A.Myers,JournalofBiol.Educ.24,123126(1990).
n)Mitochondriafromratliver:methodforrapidpreparationandstudy,C.Heisler,Biochem.Educ.19,
3538(1991).
o)AnexperimentonglycogenbiosynthesisinE.coli,A.Lodeiroetal,Biochem.Educ.22,213214
(1994).
p)Anexperimentillustratingcataboliterepressioninyeast,W.Baker,BiochemEduc.23,216217
(1995).
q)Asimpleexperimentdemonstratingtheallostericregulationofyeastpyruvatekinase,R.Taber,A.
Campbell,andS.Spencer,Biochem.Educ.26,7376(1998).
r)Asimplelaboratoryexerciseillustratingactivetransportinyeastcells,B.Stambuk,Biochem.Mol.
Biol.Educ.28,313317(2000).
s)ThepentosephosphatepathwayintheyeastsSaccharomycescerevisiaeandKloeckeraapiculata,an
exerciseincomparativemetabolismforfoodandwinesciencestudents,C.Steel,P.Grbin,andA.Nichol,
Biochem.Mol.Biol.Educ.29,245249(2001).
t)Kineticanalysisofglucose6phosphatase:aninvestigativeapproachtocarbohydratemetabolism,M.
Wallert,J.Foster,D.Scholnick,A.Olmschenk,B.Kuehn,andJ.Provost,Biochem.Mol.Biol.Educ.29,
199203(2001).
u)Nitratereductase:Amodelsystemfortheinvestigationofenzymeinductionineukaryotes,C.Pike,W.
Cohen,andJ.Monroe,Biochem.Mol.Biol.Educ.30,111116(2002).
CELLBIOLOGY
v)ProgrammedCellDeathDNALadderingandCelldeathassay(quantificationbyEvansBlue)
w)Posttranslationalmodificationofproteins
x)IntroducingundergraduatestudentstorealtimePCR,D.Hancocketal.,Biochem.Mol.Biol.Educ.38,
309316(2010).
y)CaenorhabditiselegansasanundergraduateeducationaltoolforteachingRNAi,J.Andersenetal.,
Biochem.Mol.Biol.Educ.36,417427(2008).

GL401:ComputationalLaboratoryandNumericalMethods

Thiscourseisprimarilyalabcourseintroducingcomputationaltechniquesusedforsolvingmathematicsproblems
numerically.Vastamountofsoftwareforsolvingtheseproblemsexistsandhasbeenputtogetheringeneralpurpose
packagessuchasMATHEMATICA,MAXIMA,MAPLEandsoon.

Computingspecialfunctions(usingrecurrencerelations,Attn:lossofaccuracyanditseffects),making
subroutines/functionsforthese.Computingderivativesnumerically(accuracyissues).Zeros(roots)offunctions(single
variable,multivariable,complexfunctionspolesaszerosofinversefunction).Solvingdifferentialequations(singlevariable,
anyorder),EulerandRungeKutta,initialandboundaryvalueproblems.Eigenvalueproblemsasboundaryvalueproblems.

29
Numericalintegration:trapizoidalandSimpsonrules,Gaussianquadraturerules.Linearequations,inverseofamatrix,
determinantusingGausselimination.Matrixeigenvalueproblems,Eulerrotations,relaxationmethods.Datafitting,
methods,somesimulationsminimization.Randomnumbergenerators,MonteCarlomethods,somesimulations.

ThirdYear

SemesterV[JulyDecember2017]

B501:Genetics

UnitI
Introductionandoverviewofgenetics:InformationtransferDNARNAProtein/genotype&phenotype,
Eukaryotic&Prokaryoticgenes,Pseudogenes.Generegulation:phage,Bacterialgeneregulation,Eukaryotic
generegulation,Epigenesis,Reversegenetics,genomesandgenomics.

UnitII
Mendelianinheritance(indetails):basicswouldhavebeentaught,Celldivisionmitosis&meiosis(revise:
wouldhavebeentaught),Deviationfrommendelianinheritance,Linkage&SexlinkedinheritanceModel
geneticsystems.

UnitIII
Humangenomeandgenetics:Elementsofhumangenetics&geneticdisorders,ExamplesfromDrosophila,
yeast,maizeandmouse,Immunogenetics.

UnitIV
GenesandEvolution:ThelawofDNAconstancyandCvalueparadox:Numericalandstructuralchangesin
chromosomes;Molecularbasisofspontaneousandinducedmutationsandtheirroleinevolution;
Environmentalmutagenesisandtoxicitytesting;Populationgenetics.

UnitV
Biostatistics:Principlesandpracticeofstatisticalmethodsinbiologicalresearch;samplesand
populations;Basicstatisticsaverage,statisticsofdispersion,coefficientofvariation;Standarderror;
Confidencelimits;Probabilitydistributionsbinomial,Poissonandnormal;Testsofstatistical
significance;Simplecorrelationofregression;Analysisofvariance,Populationgenetics.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
E.J.Gardner,D.PSnustadandM.J.
1
PrinciplesofGenetics
Simmons
LelandHartwell,LeroyHood,Michael
Goldberg,AnnReynolds,LeeSilver,Ruth Genetics:Fromgenestogenomes
2
Veres.
3
AnthonyJ.F.Griffiths.2010
Introductiontogeneticanalysis
IntuitiveBiostatistics:A
NonmathematicalGuidetoStatistical
4
HarveyMotulsky,2010
Thinking
5
MarcelloPagano,2000
PrinciplesofBiostatistics
6
GeneticsforDummies,2005
T.R.Robinson

30
B502:MolecularBiology

UnitI
Molecularbiologyanoverview:Conceptanddefinitionofthegene,complexityoftheeukaryoticgene.
StructuralorganizationoftheDNAinthenuclearmaterialGeneralpropertiesofhistones,nucleosomes
andsolenoidstructure,RNAsandtheirstructure&function.

UnitII
DNAsynthesis:TheenzymesofDNAreplicationinprokaryotesandeukaryotes,mechanismof
replicationinbacteriaandviruses,reversetranscriptase,salientfeaturesofeukaryoticnuclearand
mitochondrialDNAreplication.
RNAsynthesis:Theenzymesoftranscriptioninprokaryotesandeukaryotes,mechanismof
transcriptioninbacteria,heteronuclearRNA,posttranscriptionalprocessingofRNA,roleofribozymes.

UnitIII
Proteinsynthesis:Conceptofthegeneticcode,structureoftRNAandtRNA,enzymesoftranslation
inprokaryotesandeukaryotes,mechanismofproteinsynthesis,posttranslationalprocessingofproteins.

UnitIV
Geneexpressionanditscharacterization:Regulationofgeneexpressioninprokaryotesandeukaryotes,
structureandmechanismofdifferentoperons,Generegulationduringdevelopment,Genefunctionand
phenotypelossoffunction&gainoffunction,Geneinteraction,suppressors&enhancersredundancy&
epistasis.

UnitV
Mutationsandtheirconsequences:Definitionofmutation,mutagenesis&mutantselection,Alleles,
Complementation,Recombination,recombinationmappingandmechanismofrecombination,Repairof
DNA,Transposons&retroposons,Genomic&evolutionofdiversity.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
1
StryerL
Biochemistry,4thedition,
WatsonJ.D.,Hopkins,N.H.,
Molecularbiologyofthegene,4thedition,The
Roberts,J.W.,Steitz,J.A.and
2
Benjamin/Cummingspublishingcompanies,
Weiner,A.M.
3
BenjaminLewin
GenesVII,oxfordUniversityPress,Oxford
4
WeaverR.F.
Molecularbiology,
Essentialmolecularbiology,vol.I,Apractical
5
BrownTA
approach,IRLpress,Oxford.28
6
CoxLynneS
MolecularThemesinDNAReplication
7
Cantor,C.R.,andSchimmel,P.R. BiophysicalChemistry.

B503:Biodiversityofplants/animals/microbes

UnitI
Principlesoftaxonomy:Conceptofspeciesandhierarchicaltaxa,Biologicalnomenclature,
Taxonomicalstructure,Outlineclassificationofanimals,importantcriteriausedforclassificationineach
Taxon.,ClassificationofanimalsLevelsofStructuralorganizations:Larvalformsandtheirevolutionary
significance,Unicellular,colonial,andmulticellularforms,Levelsoforganizationoftissues,organs,and
systems,Comparativeanatomy

UnitII
Classicalandquantitativemethodsintaxonomy:Biosystematics,Interrelationshipamongmajor
invertebratephylaandminorinvertebratephyla;Evolutionaryrelationshipamongtaxa,NaturalHistoryof

31
Indiansubcontinent:Majorhabitattypes,Geographicaloriginandmigrationofspecies,CommonIndian
mammalsandbirds,SeasonalityandPhenologyofIndiansubcontinent
DerivingSolutions:Examinetheconcepts,benefits,andlimitationsofthedifferentstrategiesfor
conservingbiodiversity.a.ConservationStrategies,b.LawsandLegalActions,c.GrassrootsAction
Program

UnitIII
Taxonomyofplants:Plantidentification,nomenclature,collectinganddocumentation,plantphylogeny
andsystematics.
Comparativeanatomyandmorphologyofangiospermsandgymnosperms.Angiosperms:
Characteristicfeatures,outlineclassification,vascularanatomy,leaves,flower,fruitsandseeds.
Gymnosperms:Characteristicfeatures,outlineclassification,morphologyandanatomyofovulesand
femalegametophyte,microsporeandmalegametophyte,seeds,stemandleaves.

UnitIV
Conceptsandcharacteristicsofbiodiversity:Theconceptsofbiodiversity,Comparisonofhistorical
andcurrentrateofspeciesextinction,Howgeneticdiversitymaychangebetweengenerationsandwithin
populationofspecies,Complexityandfunctionsofecosystems;predictableandnonpredictablefeatures
ofecosystem,Importanceofpreservingbiodiversity,Geneticdiversity

UnitV
Causesandconsequencesofbiodiversityloss:Addressthemajorthreatstobiodiversity.Thebiggest
threatisfromhabitatlossandalterationfollowedbytheintroductionofexoticspeciesthatbecome
invasive.Chemicalalterationoftheenvironmentalsohasamajorimpactonbothnaturalandmanaged
ecosystems.
a.HabitatLoss&Alterationb.ExoticSpeciesc.ChemicalPollutantsd.LossofGeneticDiversityinCrops

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
CecieStarr,RalphTaggart,Christine
1
Biology:TheUnityandDiversityofLife
Evers,andLisaStarr
PlantConservationandBiodiversity.Series:
TopicsinBiodiversityandConservation,Vol.6
2
Hawksworth,D.L.&BullAlanT.
(Eds.)ReprintedfromBiodiversityand
Conservation,16:6,2007,VIII,424p.
3
MPSingh
PlantBiodiversity&Taxonomy
4
E.O.Wilson,Editor.FrancesM.Peter Biodiversity
PeterH.Raven,RayF.Evert,and
5
BiologyofPlants
SusanE.Eichhorn

CB501AnalyticalChemistry

UnitI
Statisticsinchemicalanalysis:Methodsofsamplingandassociatederrors,Classificationoferrors,
Propagationoferrors,treatmentoferrors,Normaldistribution,TestsofSignificanceandConfidence
Limits.

UnitII
Separationtechniques:
a.SolventExtractionTechnique:Conventional,LiquidMembranesBulk,Supportedand
Emulsified,SolidPhaseExtraction(SPE).
b.IonExchange:Conventional,Membranes.
c.Chromatography:Gaschromatography(GC),HighPerformanceLiquidChromatography(HPLC),
Ionchromatography(IC).

32

UnitIII
MassSpectrometry:MassAnalysersMagnetic,Quadrupole,TimeofFlight(TOF),IonCyclotron
Resonance,FeaturesResolution,Dispersion,Abundance,Sensitivity,DetectorsFaradayCup,
Channeltron,Daly,IonSourcesThermalIonisation(TI),ElectronImpact,ICP,GD,LaserAblation(LAICP),
SecondaryIonisation(SI),ResonanceIonisation(RI),MatrixAssistedLaserDesorptionand
Ionisation(MALDI),HyphenatedTechniqueICMS,HPLCMS,GCMS.

UnitIV
ThermalMethods:ThermogravimetricAnalysis(TGA),DerivativeThermogravimetricAnalysis
(DTG),DifferentialThermalAnalysis(DTA),DifferentialScanningCalorimetry(DSC),EvolvedGas
Analysis(EGA).

UnitV
ElectrochemicalMethods:Introduction,Potentiometry,IonSelectiveElectrodes(ISE),Voltammetry
&Polarography,Cyclic,PulseandStrippingVoltammetry,CoulometryandAmperometry,AC
ElectrochemicalTechniques,ScanningElectrochemicalMicroscopy.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
EncyclopaediaofAnalyticalChemistry:Applications,
1
RAMeyers
TheoryandInstrumentation
DASkoog,DMWest,FJ
2
FundamentalsofAnalyticalChemistry,8thEdition
HollerandSRCrouch
DASkoog,FJHollerandTA
PrinciplesofInstrumentalAnalysis,5thEdition,
3
Niemann
SaundersCollegePublishing(1998)
GHJeffery,JBassett,
AtextbookofQuantitativeAnalysis,5thEdition
4
MendhamandRCDenney
Revised
Chalmers,SolventExtractionofMetals,Van
5
AKDeandSMKhopkar
Nostrand,Reinhold
6
FHelfferich
IonExchangers,McGrawHill
IntroductiontoModernLiquidChromatography,
7
LRSnyderandJJKirkland
2ndEdition,Wiley
EditorsJAMarinsky,Y
IonExchangeandSolventExtraction:ASeriesof
8
Marcus,MarcelDekker
Advances
HighPerformanceLiquidChromatography:
9
EDKatzChichester
PrinciplesandMethodsinBiotechnology;
10
AMetcalfe
AtomicAbsorptionandEmissionSpectroscopy,
AnalyticalAtomicSpectrometrywithflamesand
11
KJoseandACBroekaert
Plasmas,WileyVCH
12
lJSneddon
AdvancesinAtomicSpectroscopy,JaiPress
IntroductiontoMassSpectrometry:Instrumentation
13
MJohnRoboz
andTechniques,Interscience
InductivelyCoupledPlasmaSpectrometryandits
14
SteveJHill
Application,SheffieldAcademicPress
15
WWWendlandt
ThermalMethodsofAnalysis,2ndEdition,Wiley
16
TDaniels,KoganPage
ThermalAnalysis
17
AJBardandLRFaulkner
ElectrochemicalMethods,2ndEdition,Wiley
18
SPKruger
PrinciplesofActivationAnalysis,WileyInterscience
FundamentalsofSurfaceandThinFilmAnalysis,
19
LCFeldmanandJWMeyer
NorthHolland
StatisticsforAnalyticalChemistry,2ndEdition,
20
JCMillerandJNMiller
Wiley

33

G501:EarthScienceandEnergy&EnvironmentalSciences

UnitI
Originoftheearth,typeofrocksindifferentlayers,theirphysicalandchemicalproperties.
Mechanismoftheirformationanddestruction.Radioactivityanditsroleingeochronology,Platetectonicsand
geodynamicsandtheroleofmantleplumesinsustainingtheseprocesses.
Gravity,electrical,seismicandmagneticpropertiesofthedifferentlayersintheearth.
Theirvariationsindifferentgeologicalterrains.Instrumentation,fieldproceduresusedinthesestudies.
Responseoftheearthtotheelastic(Seismic)andelectromagneticwaves,useofthisphenomenatostudythe
earthsinterior.

UnitII
Geodynamoandtheinternalmagneticfieldoftheearth.
Paleomagneticstudies,Polarwanderingandreversal,possibletheoreticalargumentsforunderstandingthe
phenomena.
Seismologyanditsuseinunderstandingofthedifferentlayersintheearthsinterior.
Utilityofthedifferentgeophysicaltechniques(discussedabove)inexplorationforacademicaswellasfor
harnessingresources.

UnitIII
IntroductiontoEnvironmentalScience.NaturalEnvironments:Ecosystemsandecology,biodiversity.
Socioculturalenvironments:demography,populationdensity,humanorganizations.
Landuseanditsplanning.
Globalclimatechangeandeffectsonenvironment.
Carboncyclefromhumanactivity,calculationofcarbonbudgets.

UnitIV
Waterharvesting,storageandtreatment.
Naturalcalamities,hazards,andeffectsofhumanactivity:Chemicalandothertechnologicalhazards.
IntroductiontoenergySourcesevolutionofenergysourceswithtime.Powerproduction,percapita
consumptionintheworld,andrelationtodevelopmentindex.EnergyscenarioinIndia:
VariousissuesrelatedtoconsumptionanddemandsenergycrisisissuesinIndia.
Renewableandnonrenewableenergysourcestechnologyandcommercializationofenergysources,local
(decentralized)versuscentralizedenergyproduction,constraintsandopportunitiesofrenewableenergy
(hydrocarbonandcoalbasedenergysources).

UnitV
Energyconservationcalculationofenergyrequirementsfortypicalandhomeandindustrialapplications.
Alternativetofossilfuelssolar,wind,tidal,geothermal.
Biobasedfuels.Hydrogenasafuel.
Energytransportandstorages,comparisonofenergysourcespassagefromsourcetodelivery(source,
production,transport,delivery)efficiencies,lossesandwastes.
Nuclearenergy:Powerproduction:Componentsofareactoranditsworking,typesofreactorsand
comparison.India'sthreestagenuclearprogram.Nuclearfuelcycle.Thoriumbasedreactors.Regulationson
nuclearenergy.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
MerillRT,McElhinnyMWand
ThemagneticfieldoftheEarth:
1
McFaddenPL
InternationalGeophysicalSeries
2
EdwardJ,TarbuckEJandLutgensFK EarthScience
IntroductiontoAppliedGeophysics:
3
HRSheehanetal.,
ExploringtheShallowSubsurfaceBurger
MantlePlumesandTheirRecordinEarth
4
CondieKC
History;CambridgeUniversityPress,
Cambridge,UK

34
5

WMTelford,RobertESheriffandLP
Geldart

JBMarion

RobertARistinenandJackJ
Kraushaar

BoyleGodfrey

D.K.AsthanaandMeeraAsthana

10

BalaramPaniIK

AppliedGeophysics(Paperback)
EnergyinPerspective,Universityof
Maryland,AcademicPress
EnergyandEnvironment,,2ndEdn.,John
WileyandSons,Inc.
RenewableEnergy,OxfordUniversity
Press
Environment,ProblemsandSolutions,S.
ChandandCompany
TextBookonEnvironmentalChemistry,
InternationalPublishingHouse

BL501:BiologyLaboratory(MolecularBiology+Biodiversity+Genetics)

1.BACTERIALGENETICS
a)E.coliTransformation
b)E.coliConjugation
c)E.coliTransduction
d)PhageTitration
e)Transposition
f)Complementation
2.EUKARYOTICGENETICS
g)ToStudythemodelorganism,DrosophilaMelanogaster
h)ConceptofCrossing:MonohybridandDihybridcrossesusingDrosophilaMelanogaster
i)DrosophilaGenetics:
ToObserve&StudytheMutantsofDrosophilaMelanogaster
ConceptofMutationLethalMutations
j)Karyotyping
3.BIODIVERSITY
k)Settingupbiodiversitynichesinthelab&Hospital:fishtank&Winogradskycolumn
l)Biodiversityinsoil,air&WinogradskysColumnPlating,ColonyCharacterization&
GramStaining
m)FieldTripsSEWRIMUDFLATSDAY,COLABAWOODSDAY,THANE
BUTTERFLYPARKDAY,KARNALABIRDSANCTUARYDAY,MAHIMNATURE
PARKDAY
4.MOLECULARBIOLOGY
n)GeneralLaboratoryProcedures
PouringNutrientAgarPlates;PreparationofSolutions;
BacterialCulturingTechniqueso)DesigningofPrimersforPCRprocedure
p)ExtractionandIsolationofgenomicDNAUsingKitmethod
ByconventionalEthanolPrecipitationmethod
q)DetectionofNucleicacids(AGE)
r)PolymeraseChainReaction(PCR)&DetectionofthePCRproductanditspurification
s)Bluntendcloning(afterLigation)
t)Preparationofcompetentcells&TransformationofE.colicellswithplasmid
u)PlasmidPurification,REDigestion&DetectionoftheREdigestedproduct
v)Overexpression&DetectionbyPAGE
w)Usingrestrictionmappingtoteachbasicskillsinthemolecularbiologylab,L.Walshetal.,Biochem.
Mol.Biol.Educ.35,199205(2007).
x)WesternblotanalysistoillustraterelativecontrollevelsofthelacandarapromotersinE.coli,B.
Nielsenetal.,Biochem.Mol.Biol.Educ.35,133137(2007).

35
SemesterVI[JanuaryJune2018]

B601:Immunology
UnitI
OverviewoftheImmunesystem:Typesofimmunity,innate,acquired,passiveandactive,selfvsnonself
discrimination,Adaptiveimmuneresponse,Autoimmunity

UnitII
Cellsandorgansoftheimmunesystem:Tcellreceptors,Tcellreceptorgenes&generearrangements,
Tcellmaturation,activation&differentiation,Bcellgeneration,activation&development

UnitIII
AntigensandAntibodies:Immunoglobulinsstructureandfunction,Immunoglobulingenes
Organizationandrearrangement,Antibodydiversity,Antigenantibodyreactions,MHC(antigensand
genes),Antigenprocessing&presentation

UnitIV
Immuneresponse:SelfNonselfdiscrimination(mechanism),Clonalselectiontheory&idiotypic
networkhypothesis,Cytokines,Thecomplementsystem,Cellmediatedeffectorresponse,Leukocyte
migrationandinflammation,Hypersensitivereactions,Immuneregulation,Immuneresponsetoinfectious
organisms,Vaccines,Immunodeficiencydiseases(AIDS)

UnitV
Immunology&applications:Transplantationimmunology,Tumourimmunology,Immunotechnology,
Animalmodels.Plantimmunity

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
1
Goldsby,Kindt,andOsborne
Immunology
2
JaniceKuby
Immunology
3
IvanRoitt
EssentialImmunology,8thEdition
4
CellularandMolecularImmunology
KathyrnAustyn
5
David
BiologyofImmunologicalDiseases
Immunocytochemistry:Apractical
6
RichardBurry
guideforBiomedicalResearch

B602:AnimalPhysiology

UnitI
CellStructure&Metabolism:Homeostasis,MechanismsofCellularControl,MembraneTransport,
MembranePotentials(areview).BodyControl:Hypothalamic/PituitaryAxis,MysticRhythms

UnitII
NeuronsandtheNervoussystem:Synapses,SensePerception,SpecialSenses,CNSDesign:
AutonomicNervousSystem,ActionPotential,Basicstructuresofneuronsandglia,Neurotransmission:
Ionchannels,Membranepotentials,RestingpotentialDepolarization,repolarizationand
hyperpolarization.ElectrotonicandActionpotential,Mechanismofneurotransmission.Membrane
channelsvoltagegated,ligandgated,mechanicallygated.Basicsofasynapse(electricalandchemical).
Introductiontocentralnervoussystemdesign:Structuralandfunctionaloutlineofthebrainandthespinal
cord,Hypothalamus:Osmoregulation,temperaturecontrol,androleinneuroendocrinesystem:
Hypothalamohypophysealportalsystem,AutonomicNervousSystem(sympatheticandparasympathetic
pathways).Reflexaction.

36
UnitIII
Muscularsystem:SkeletalMuscle,MuscleCharacteristics,MuscleControl,MuscleExercise,Smooth
Muscle.CardiovascularSystems:CardiacMuscle,Heartbeat,CardiacControl,Blood:Hemostasis,Temperature
Control,Vessels,TissueExchange,EKGsandBloodPressure.Digestion:Absorption

UnitIV
RespiratorySystems:Respiration,RespiratoryControl.EnergyBalanceandMetabolism:FuelMetabolism
(bothplantsandAnimals)

UnitV
Processes:ExcretionControlSalt&WaterBalance,Anexampleofaprocessgoingwrong.
Diabetes.ComparativePhysiology

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
1
LindaS.Costanzo
Physiology:BoardReviewSeries
ReviewofMedicalPhysiology(LangeBasic
2
WilliamGanong
Science)
3
GuytonandHall
PhysiologyReview
4
AppletonandLange
ReviewofPhysiology
5
Linardakis
IllustratedreviewofPhysiology
6
CGuyton
TextbookofMedicalPhysiology

B603:PlantPhysiology

UnitI
PlantCellsModelOrganisms,ThePlantKingdom,FlowerStructureandtheAngiospermLifeCycle,
PlantTissueSystems:Dermal,Ground,andVascular
TheStructuresofChloroplastGlycosylglycerides
AModelfortheStructureofNuclearPores
TheProteinsInvolvedinNuclearImportandExport
ProteinSignalsUsedtoSortProteinstotheirDestinations
SNAREs,Rabs,andCoatProteinsMediateVesicleFormation,Fission,andFusion
ERExitSites(ERES)andGolgiBodiesAreInterconnected
SpecializedVacuolesinPlantCells
ActinBindingProteinsRegulateMicrofilamentGrowth
KinesinsAreAssociatedwithOtherMicrotubulesandChromatin
WaterandPlantCells
CalculatingCapillaryRise,CalculatingHalfTimesofDiffusion
AlternativeConventionsforComponentsofWaterPotential
TemperatureandWaterPotential,CanNegativeTurgorPressuresExistinLivingCells?
MeasuringWaterPotential,TheMatricPotential,WiltingandPlasmolysis
UnderstandingHydraulicConductivity
WaterBalanceofPlants
Irrigation,PhysicalPropertiesofSoils,LeafTranspirationandWaterVaporGradients
CalculatingVelocitiesofWaterMovementintheXylemandinLivingCells
MineralNutrition
SymptomsofDeficiencyinEssentialMineralsWadeBerry,UCLA
ObservingRootsbelowGround
SoluteTransport
RelatingtheMembranePotentialtotheDistributionofSeveralIonsacrosstheMembrane:The
GoldmanEquation,PatchClampStudiesinPlantCells,ChemiosmosisinAction
KineticAnalysisofMultipleTransporterSystems,ABCTransportersinPlants
TransportStudieswithIsolatedVacuolesandMembraneVesicles

37

UnitII
Photosynthesis:TheLightReactions
PrinciplesofSpectrophotometry,QuantumYield
TheDistributionofChlorophyllsandOtherPhotosyntheticPigments
AntagonisticEffectsofLightonCytochromeOxidation
StructuresofTwoBacterialReactionCenters
MidpointPotentialsandRedoxReactions
OxygenEvolution,PhotosystemI,ATPSynthase
ModeofActionofSomeHerbicides,ChlorophyllBiosynthesis
Photosynthesis:TheCarbonReactions
InorganicCarbonConcentratingMechanisms:CO2andHCO3Pumps
HowtheCalvinBensonCycleWasElucidated
Rubisco:AModelEnzymeforStudyingStructureandFunction
EnergyDemandsforPhotosynthesisinLandPlants
RubiscoActivase,Thioredoxins,OperationoftheC2OxidativePhotosyntheticCarbonCycle
CarbonDioxide:SomeImportantPhysicochemicalProperties
ThreeVariationsofC4Metabolism
SingleCellC4Photosynthesis,PhotorespirationinCAMplants
GlossaryofCarbohydrateBiochemistry,StarchArchitecture
Fructans,ChloroplastPhosphateTranslocators

Photosynthesis:PhysiologicalandEcologicalConsiderations
WorkingwithLight,HeatDissipationfromLeaves:TheBowenRatio
TheGeographicDistributionsofC3andC4Plants
CalculatingImportantParametersinLeafGasExchange
PrehistoricChangesinAtmosphericCO2
ProjectedFutureIncreasesinAtmosphericCO2
UsingCarbonIsotopestoDetectAdulterationinFoods
ReconstructionoftheExpansionofC4Taxa

TranslocationinthePhloem
SieveElementsastheTransportCellsbetweenSourcesandSinks
AnAdditionalMechanismforBlockingWoundedSieveElementsintheLegumeFamily
SamplingPhloemSap,NitrogenTransportinthePhloem
MonitoringTrafficontheSugarFreeway:SugarTransportRatesinthePhloem
AlternativeViewsofPressureGradientinSieveElements:LargeorSmallGradients?
ExperimentsonPhloemLoading,ExperimentsonPhloemUnloading
AllocationinSourceLeaves:TheBalancebetweenStarchandSucroseSynthesis
Partitioning:TheRoleofSucroseMetabolizingEnzymesinSinks
PossibleMechanismsLinkingSinkDemandandPhotosyntheticRateinStarchStorers
ProteinsandRNAs:SignalMoleculesinthePhloem

UnitIII
RespirationandLipidMetabolism
TheQCycleExplainsHowComplexIIIPumpsProtonsacrosstheInnerMitochondrial
Membrane,MultipleEnergyConservationBypassesinOxidativePhosphorylationofPlant
Mitochondria,FoF1ATPSynthases:TheWorldsSmallestRotaryMotors
TransportIntoandOutofPlantMitochondria,TheGeneticSysteminPlantMitochondriaHas
SeveralSpecialFeatures,DoesRespirationReduceCropYields?
TheLipidCompositionofMembranesAffectstheCellBiologyandPhysiologyofPlants
UtilizationofOilReservesinCotyledons

AssimilationofMineralNutrients
DevelopmentofaRootNodule,MeasurementofNitrogenFixation
TheSynthesisofMethionine,Oxygenases

SecondaryMetabolitesandPlantDefense

38
Cutin,Waxes,andSuberin,StructureofVariousTriterpenes
TheShikimicAcidPathway,DetailedChemicalStructureofaPortionofaLigninMolecules

CellWalls:Structure,Biogenesis,andExpansion
PlantCellWallsPlayaMajorRoleinCarbonFlowthroughEcosystems
TerminologyforPolysaccharideChemistry
MolecularModelfortheSynthesisofCelluloseandOtherWallPolysaccharidesThatConsistofa
DisaccharideRepeat,MatrixComponentsoftheCellWall
TheMechanicalPropertiesofCellWalls:StudiesWithNitella
WallDegradationandPlantDefense,StructureofBiologicallyActiveOligosaccharins
GlucanasesandOtherHydrolyticEnzymesMayModifytheMatrix

UnitIV
GrowthandDevelopment
EmbryonicDormancy,RiceEmbryogenesis
PolarityofFucusZygotes,AzollaRootDevelopment
ClassIIIHDZipTranscriptionFactorsPromoteAdaxialDevelopmentthroughamicroRNASensitiveMechanism
DuringSenescencePhotoactiveChlorophyllideIsConvertedintoaColorlessChlorophyllCatabolite
PhytochromeandLightControlofPlantDevelopment
Mougeotia:AChloroplastwithaTwist,PhytochromeandHighIrradianceResponses
TheOriginsofPhytochromeasaBacterialTwoComponentReceptor
ProfilingGeneExpressioninPlants,TwoHybridScreensandCoimmunoprecipitation
PhytochromeEffectsonIonFluxes,MicroarrayAnalysisofShadeAvoidance
BlueLightResponses:MorphogenesisandStomatalMovements
BlueLightSensingandLightGradients,GuardCellOsmoregulationandaBlueLightActivated
MetabolicSwitch
TheColeoptileChloroplast,PhytochromeMediatedResponsesinStomata
Gibberellins:RegulatorsofPlantHeightandSeedGermination
StructuresofSomeImportantGibberellinsandTheirPrecursors,Derivatives,andInhibitorsof
GibberellinBiosynthesis
CommercialUsesofGibberellins,GibberellinBiosynthesis
EnvironmentalControlofGibberellinBiosynthesis,AuxinCanRegulateGibberellin
Biosynthesis
NegativeRegulatorsofGAResponse,EffectsofGAsonFlowering
DELLAProteinsasIntegratorsofMultipleSignals
Cytokinins:RegulatorsofCellDivision
CulturedCellsCanAcquiretheAbilitytoSynthesizeCytokinins
StructuresofSomeNaturallyOccurringCytokinins
VariousMethodsAreUsedtoDetectandIdentifyCytokinins
TheBiologicallyActiveFormofCytokininIstheFreeBase
CytokininsAreAlsoPresentinSometRNAsinAnimalandPlantCells
TheStructuresofOpines,TheTiPlasmidandPlantGeneticEngineering
PhylogeneticTreeofIPTgenes
ARootDerivedHormone,Strigolactone,IsInvolvedintheSuppressionofBranchinginShoots
CytokininCanPromoteLightMediatedDevelopment
CytokininsPromoteCellExpansionandGreeninginCotyledons
CytokininsInteractwithElementsoftheCircadianClock
Ethylene:TheGaseousHormone
EthyleneintheEnvironmentArisesBioticallyandAbiotically
EthyleneReadilyUndergoesOxidation
EthyleneCanBeMeasuredbyGasChromatography
CloningoftheGeneThatEncodesACCSynthase
CloningoftheGeneThatEncodesACCOxidase
EthyleneBindingtoETR1andSeedlingResponsetoEthylene
ConservationofEthyleneSignalingComponentsinOtherPlantSpecies
ACCSynthaseGeneExpressionandBiotechnology
ThehooklessMutationAltersthePatternofAuxinGeneExpression
EthyleneInhibitstheFormationofNitrogenFixingRootNodulesinLegumes

39
EthyleneBiosynthesisCanBeBlockedwithAntiSenseDNA
AbscissionandtheDawnofAgriculture
SpecificInhibitorsofEthyleneBiosynthesisAreUsedCommerciallytoPreserveCutFlowers
AbscisicAcid:ASeedMaturationandStressResponseHormone
TheStructureofLunularicAcidfromLiverworts
ABAMayBeanAncientStressSignal
StructuralRequirementsforBiologicalActivityofAbscisicAcid,TheBioassayofABA
EvidenceforBothExtracellularandIntracellularABAReceptors
TheExistenceofGProteinCoupledABAReceptorsIsStillUnresolved
TheYeastTwoHybridSystem
YellowCameleon:ANoninvasiveToolforMeasuringIntracellularCalcium
PhosphatidicAcidMayStimulateSphingosine1PhosphateProduction
TheABASignalTransductionPathwayIncludesSeveralProteinKinases
TheERA1andABHGenesCodeforNegativeRegulatorsoftheTheABAResponse
PromoterElementsThatRegulateABAInductionofGeneExpression
RegulatoryProteinsImplicatedinABAStimulatedGeneTranscription
ABAGeneExpressionCanAlsoBeRegulatedbymRNAProcessingandStability
ABAMayPlayaRoleinPlantPathogenResponses
ProteinsRequiredforDesiccationTolerance,TheTypesofCoatImposedSeedDormancy
TypesofSeedDormancyandtheRolesofEnvironmentalFactors
TheLongevityofSeeds,GeneticMappingOfDormancy:QuantitativeTraitLocus(QTL)
ScoringofVegetativeDormancyCombinedwithaCandidateGeneApproach
ABAInducedSenescenceandEthylene

UnitV
TheControlofFlowering
ContrastingtheCharacteristicsofJuvenileandAdultPhasesofEnglishIvy(Hederahelix)and
Maize(Zeamays),RegulationofJuvenilitybytheTEOPOD(TP)GenesinMaize
FloweringofJuvenileMeristemsGraftedtoAdultPlants
CharacteristicsofthePhaseShiftingResponseinCircadianRhythms
SupportfortheRoleofBlueLightRegulationofCircadianRhythms
GenesThatControlFloweringTime,RegulationofFloweringinCanterburyBellsbyBoth
PhotoperiodandVernalization,TheSelfPropagatingNatureoftheFloralStimulus
ExamplesofFloralInductionbyGibberellinsinPlantswithDifferentEnvironmental
RequirementsforFlowering,TheEffectsofTwoDifferentGibberellinsonFlowering(Spike
Length)andElongation(StemLength),TheContrastingEffectsofPhytochromesAandBonFlowering
AGeneThatRegulatestheFloralStimulusinMaize
ResponsesandAdaptationstoAbioticStress
StomatalConductanceandYieldsofIrrigatedCrops,MembraneLipidsandLowTemperatures
IceFormationinHigherPlantCells,WaterDeficitRegulatedABASignalingandStomatal
Closure,GeneticandPhysiologicalAdaptationsRequiredforZincHyperaccumulation
CellularandWholePlantResponsestoSalinityStress
SignalingduringColdAcclimationRegulatesGenesThatAreExpressedinResponsetoLow
TemperatureandEnhancesFreezingTolerance

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
1
HansMohr,PeterSchopfer
PlantPhysiology;Springer,629pages
2
TaizandZeiger
PlantPhysiology;4thEdition.Sinauer
IntroductiontoPlantPhysiology.2ndor3rd
3
HopkinsWG
Edition
IntroductoryPlantBiology.7thEd.WmC
4
SternKR
BrownPublishers
PlantGrowthandDevelopment:Amolecular
approach.Acad.Press.Moredetailsonhow
5
Fosket
plantsgrowanddevelop.
6
BuchananR,GruissemWand
BiochemistryandMolecularBiologyof

40
JonesR
7

ChrispeelsMJandDESadava

Bartlett

Plants
Plants,GenesandCropBiotechnology.2nd
Ed.Jonesand
Understandingplantbiologyandthe
potentialofagriculturalbiotechnology

B604:Microbiology

UnitI
GeneralMicrobiologyIntroductiontoMicroscopy,ProkaryoticStructure&Function,Microbial
Nutrition,MicrobialGrowth,ControlofMicrobes,FromTaxonomythroughtheArchaea:GramNegative
Bacteria,GramPositiveBacteria,metabolism,microbialgenetics,andtheroleofmicroorganismsin
disease,immunity,andotherselectedappliedareas.
FundamentalsofGeneralMicrobiologyIsolationofabroadrangeofnonpathogenicbacteriafrom
naturalsources,usingselectiveandenrichmenttechniques,withmicroscopic,biochemical,andmolecular
identification.Relatedexercisesincludegenetics,physiology,quantitation,andgrowthenergetics.Survey
ofthemicrobialworld,metabolism,biosynthesis,regulation,growth,structure,andfunction.

UnitII
MicrobesandSocietyFocusesonactivitiesofbacteria,viruses,andothermicroorganisms,andtheir
influenceonhumans.Microberelatedtopicsincludedisease,bioterrorism,food,biotechnology,and
ecology.Examinethenatureofscientificinquiry,alongwithmajorbiologicalconcepts.
BacterialGeneticsMoleculargenetics:descriptionoffundamentalgeneticprocessessuchas
mutation,repair,geneticexchange,recombination,andgeneexpression.Useofgeneticstrategiesto
analyzecomplexbiologicalprocesses.Focusesonprokaryoticorganisms.Signaltransductioninbacteria

UnitIII
EvolutionofProkaryoticDiversityEvolution,diversity,andgenomicsofprokaryotic
microorganisms,Enrichment,isolation,andmolecularphylogeneticcharacterizationofselected
prokaryoticorganisms.ProkaryoticDiversityStructure,biochemicalproperties,andgeneticsofthemajor
groupsofprokaryotes.
MicrobialEcologyConsiderationofthevariousrolesthatmicroorganisms,particularlybacteria
andcyanobacteria,playinenvironmentalprocesses.Theinterrelationshipsamongmicroorganismsand
theeffectsofthephysical,chemical,andbiologicalpropertiesoftheirenvironmentarediscussedand
assessed.Microbialecology;food,industrialandmedicalmicrobiologySymbiosisAquaticEcology,
TerrestrialEcology,IndustrialMicrobiology,FoodMicrobiology

UnitIV
MedicalBacteriologyMedicallyimportantbacterialpathogensintermsoftheclinical,therapeutic,
andepidemiologicalaspectsofdiseasescausedbythem,molecularmechanismsofpathogenesisandtheir
identificationintheclinicallaboratory,proceduresforisolationandidentificationofpathogenicbacteria,
testingtheirsusceptibilitytoantibiotics.BacterialPathogenesis:Introduction,Genetictoolsusedfor
bacterialpathogenesisstudy;Bacterialcellcellcommunicationsandbiofilmformation,Bacterial
genomics,lateraltransfer,phage,Vertebratemicrobialcommunitiesinhealthanddisease,Strategiesfor
bacterialadhesionandinvasion
MedicalMycologyandParasitologyConsiderationofmedicallyimportantfungiandparasites,
withemphasisontheirbiologyinrelationtodiseaseanditslaboratorydiagnosis.

UnitV
MolecularMechanismsofBacterialPathogenesisMechanismsofbacterialpathogenesisexploredat
themolecular,genetic,andcellularlevelsthroughselectedmodelsaspresentedinthecurrentscientific
literature.MolecularandMedicalMicrobiologyrecentadvancesinmolecularbiologyofmicrobial
pathogenesisorthecurrentresearchoftheparticipantsispresentedanddiscussedcritically.

Protozoaninfections:Introductiontoprotozoa,Asurveyofthemajorprotozoaninfectionsofhumans
includingabriefdescriptionoftheparasitelifecyclesandabriefdiscussionoftheclinicaldiseasesseen
duringtheseinfections.

41

BiologyandpathogenesisofPlasmodium.lifecyclePlasmodiumparasitesandpathologyofhuman
malaria,biochemicalandcellbiologicalsimilaritiesanddifferenceswithotherapicomplexa(Babesia,
Cryptosporidium,Toxoplasma,etc.),andimplicationsfortherapeuticdevelopment.Biologyand
pathogenesisofToxoplasma,Leishmania,Trypanosoma.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
1
ThomasDBrock
Brock'sBiologyofMicroorganisms
2
PatrickRMurray
MedicalMicrobiology:withSTUDENTCONSULTAccess
TheGreatInfluenza:TheStoryoftheDeadliest
3
JohnMBarry
PandemicinHistory
Benson'sMicrobiologicalApplications:Laboratory
4
AlfredEBrown
ManualinGeneralMicrobiology(Spiralbound)
Ananthanarayanand
5
TextbookofMicrobiology:Medicalmicrobiology
PanikerOrientBlackswan

CB601:BiophysicalChemistry

UnitI
Physicalpropertiesofwater:Structure,waterassolvent,Thehydrophobiceffect,osmosisand
Diffusion.IntroductiontoBiomolecules:NucleicAcid,ProteinPolymerDescriptionofMacromolecular
Structure,IntermolecularandIntramolecularforces,NonCovalentInteraction

UnitII
Hydrodynamicproperties:Diffusionandsedimentation,determinationofmolecularweightfrom
sedimentationanddiffusion;IntroductionofUltraCentrifugation,DynamicLightScatteringand
Electrophoresis.
Spectroscopicpropertiesofproteinsandnucleicacid:UV/Vis,Intrinsicfluorescence,Circular
Dichroism

UnitIII
TheconceptandapplicationofChemicalandPhysicalequilibriainBiologicalsystem,Theequilibrium
constantandStandardGibbsFreeenergiesofreactantsandproducts,Temperaturedependenceofthe
equilibriumconstant,DoubleStrandformationinnucleicacid,Ligandproteinbinding,Protein
denaturationandstability,IntroductionofDSCandITC

UnitIV
ProteinfoldingkineticsandBiophysicalmethods,Misfoldingandaggregation;Physicalbasisof
conformationdiseases,Therapeuticapproachestoproteinmisfoldingdiseases.

UnitV
IntroductiontobasicprinciplesofproteinXraycrystallography,proteinNMR,SmallAngleXray
scattering(SAXS),andElectronmicroscopy(EM).

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
PhysicalChemistry:Principlesand
1
Tinoco,Sauer,Wang&Puglisi
ApplicationsintheBiologicalSciences
2
PeterAtkinsandJuliodePaula
PhysicalChemistryfortheLifeSciences

42
H601EthicsofScienceandIPR

UnitI
Introduction causes of unethical acts, ignorance of laws, codes, policies and Procedures, recognition,
friendship, personal gains; Bioethics: Definition moral, values, ethics; Role and importance of ethics in
biology;Professionalethicsprofessionalconduct
Ethical decision making, ethical dilemmas; Teaching ethical values to scientists, good laboratory practices,
goodmanufacturingpractices,laboratory
BasicApproachestoEthics;PosthumanismandAntiPosthumanism;
Bioethics:legalandregulatoryissues;

UnitII
Bioethics in healthcare, agriculture, modern biology, biotechnology, animal welfare & right / animals in
research,wildlifeconservationandmanagement,commercialisminscientificresearch
BioethicsandcrossculturalbioethicsAutonomy,Rights,Beneficience,DoNoHarm,Justice,Confidentiality,
AnimalRights,Environmentalethics,DecisionMakingPerceptionsofEthicalBiotechnologyMoralisnotthe
same as Ethical, Mixed Perception of Benefit & Risk, Reasoning behind Acceptance or Rejection of Genetic
Manipulation,ConcernsaboutConsumingproductsofGMOs.
Past and Present Bioethical Conflicts in Biotechnology Interference with Nature , Fear of Unknown,
Regulatory Concerns, Human Misuse Future Bioethical Conflicts in Biotechnology Changing perception of
Nature,HumanGeneticEngineering

UnitIII
EthicalissuesrelatedtoSyntheticbilogy:
EngineeringDNAbasedbiologicalcircuits,includingbutnotlimitedtostandardizedbiologicalparts;
Defining a minimal genome/minimal life (topdown); Constructing protocells, i.e. living cells, from scratch
(bottomup), Creating orthogonal biological systems based on a biochemistry, e.g. nonATGC DNAbases or
nonDNAnonRNAnucleicacids,socalledXNA

UnitIV
IntroductiontoIPR;TypesofIntellectualpropertyPatents,Trademarks
Copyrightsandrelatedrights;Traditionalvs.Novelty;Importanceofintellectualpropertyrightsinthemodern
global economic environment, Importance of intellectual property rights in India; IPR and its relevance in
biologyandenvironmentalsciences;
CasestudiesandagreementsEvolutionofGATTandWTOandIPRprovisionsunderTRIPS;
Madridagreement;Hagueagreement;WIPOtreaties;Budapesttreaty;IndianPatentAct(1970)

UnitV
Patents: Definition, patentable and non patentable inventions; types of patent application Ordinary,
Conventional, PCT, Divisional, and Patent of addition; Concept of Prior Art; Precautions while patenting
disclosure/nondisclosure;Timeframeandcost;Patentdatabases,SearchingInternationaldatabases;Patent
licensing and agreement; Patent infringement meaning, scope, litigation, case studies. Patenting rules
EuropeanScenario,USScenario,AustraliaScenario,IndianScenario,NonPatentableIPandPatentableIPin
IndianPatentAct
RightsofpatentsInfringementofpatentrightsRemediesforinfringementofpatentrights;Patentabilityand
emergingissues

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
1

Lesk

2
3
4
5

Cynthia Gibas and Per Jambeck,

Book
Introduction to Bio Informatics, OUP

Developing Bioinformatics Computer Skills

Atwood, Pearson Education

Introduction to Bioinformatics

Tisdall, SPD

Beginning Perl for Bio-informatics

Smith, D.W., 1994

Baxevanis, A.D., Quellette, B.F.F.,

Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Project

Bioinformatics: A practical Guide to the Analysis of
Genes and Proteins

43
BL601:BiologyLaboratory
(AnimalPhysiology+PlantPhysiology+Immunology+Microbiology+Bioinformatics)

1.ANIMALPHYSIOLOGY
a)Animalcellcultureandmicroscopy
b)Grossanatomyoftheanimalbrain&Stainingofmousebrainsections
c)WoundHealingAssay
2.IMMUNOLOGY
d)Isolationsofmonocytes/macrophagesproperties;IsolationofLymphocytesTandBcell
identification&LymphocyteActivity.
e)SeparationofWBC&RBC;countingbyHaemocytometer
f)SerumElectrophoresis
g)ELISAdirect&indirect
h)Agdetection&Abdetection
i)WidalTube&Slide
j)VDRL
k)Bloodtyping&PregnancyhCGAg
l)Doublediffusion
m)Immunoelectrophoresis
n)RadialImmunodiffusion
3.PLANTPHYSIOLOGY
p)Arabidopsisthalianamodelorganismanditsdevelopment
q)Funariahygrometricadifferentiationfromchloronematocaulonematobudformation
r)Callusformationfromcarrotcells

4.Bioinformatics:
DNAsequenceanalysisusingBLAST;sequencepattern,motifsandprofiles.
Predictionofsecondarystructureofproteins
Predictionoftertiarystructureof(foldrecognition,homologysearch)
Molecularmodelinganddynamics:usingsmalloligonucleofidesandsmallproteinwithknowncrystal
structure(availablefromdatabank)
DrugdesigningusingavailabledataApplicationsofbioinformaticsopenended/smallproject.

FOURTHYEAR

SemesterVII[JulyDecember2018]

B701:Neurobiology

UnitI
Theglialsystem:GenerationofAstrocytes,Oligodendrocytes,andSchwancells.Functionofgliain
normalbrainandinneuroprotection.
Chemicalcompositionofthebrain:metabolism(utilizationanduptakeofglucoseandaminoacids).
BloodBrainbarrier.

UnitII
Neurotransmitters:Synthesis,storage,release,uptake,degradationandactionofneurotransmitters,
Acetylcholine,GABA,Serotonin,Dopamine,Glutamate,Nitrousoxide,etc.Receptors:different
subtypes(cholinergic,dopaminergic,adrenergic,andglutamatergic),mechanismofaction,Agonistsand
Antagoniststheirmodeofactionandeffects.ExocytosisofneurotransmitterRoleof
synapsins,synaptogamins,SNAP,SNAREandotherproteinsindocking,exocyotosisandrecyclingof
vesicles.

44
UnitIII
SleepandLearningandmemory:MechanismofshorttermmemoryandLongtermmemory(longterm
potentiation).Roleofsleepinmemoryconsolidation.Electroencephalogram.Roleofsecond
messengerpathwaysinlearningandmemoryprocess.Roleofsynapticplasticity.

UnitIV
Sensoryorgans:
Vision:Biochemistryofvision:Rodandconecells,mechanismandregulationofvision,colorvision,
visualfield,visualacuity.Visualpathwayandtopographicmapping.
Audition:functionalanatomyofthemiddleandinnerear.Amplificationofsound.Functionalanatomy
andmechanismofdetectionofspecificsoundfrequencyintheinnerear.Mechanismofactionofthe
mechanosensoryreceptorsintheinnerear.

UnitV
Chemicalsenses:
Olfaction:Theolfactorypathway,mechanismandthecombinatorialcodeofdetectingasmell.
Taste:Mechanismoftasteperception.
Touch/pain:Thetouch/pain/temperaturepathway(ascendinganddescending).Higherorderintegrationin
thebrain.
Pathologiesofthenervoussystem:MolecularbasisofParkinsonsdisease,Alzheimersdisease,
Schizophrenia,MyastheniagravisandMultiplesclerosis,stressandantidepressants.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
1
FerdinandHucho
Neurochemistry
2
MPSpiegel
BasicNeurochemistry
CellBiologyoftheAxon,Series:Results&
3
KoenigandEdward
ProblemsinCellDifferentiation,Vol.48
4
EricKendel,JHSchwartz,TJessel
PrinciplesofneuralSciences
5
AGuytonandJHall
TextbookofmedicalMedicalphysiology

B702:ImmunologyII(ImmunityandDisease)

UnitI
HostPathogenrelationship
DiseasescausedbyVirusesandtheimmuneresponsetothemHIVandAIDSimmuneresponses

UnitII
Bacterialdiseasesandtheimmuneresponsetobacteria
Vaccinesmechanisms,typesofvaccines

UnitIII
Parasitesprotozoanparasites,parasiticwormsandtheimmuneresponsetothemegmalaria,
leishmaniasis,worminfestations

UnitIV
ImmediateHypersensitivityandallergy,anaphylaxis
Hypersensitivityandchronicinflammatorydiseasestuberculosisandleprosy
Cancerimmunology

UnitV
AutoimmunediseasesgeneralizedSLE,Rheumatoidarthritis;localizedmultiplesclerosis
DiseasesduetoimmunecrossreactivityRhincompatibility,transfusion,transplantation
Inheritedimmunediseases

45
BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
CharlesAJaneway,JPTravers,
MarkWalportandMarkJ
1
Shlomchik
2

BaronS,Galveston

RAGoldsbyetal.
EBenjamini,RCoicoandG
Sunshine
Roitt,BrostoffandMale
WilliamPaul
Tizard
Abbasetal.

4
5
6
7
8

Book
Immunobiology,5thedition;TheImmune
SysteminHealthandDisease
MedicalMicrobiology;4thEdition;University
ofTexasMedicalBranchatGalveston
KubysImmunology
ImmunologyAshortCourse
Immunology
FundamentalsofImmunology
Immunology
Immunology

B703:DevelopmentalBiology

UnitI
Basicconceptsofmolecularregulationofdevelopment:Transcriptionfactorsindifferentialgene
expression;morphogensandaxisformation;autocrineandparacrineregulation.Howcellproliferation,
apoptosis,andfatespecificationdeterminedevelopmentalprocesses.
Fertilization:Structureofoocytesandspermatocytes.Theprocessoffertilization.

UnitII
Comparativestudyofearlyembryonicdevelopment:(Caenorhabditiselegans,amphibians,birds,and
mammals),Cleavageformation,Gastrulation
Axisformation:Signalingcascadesandmolecularunderstandingofanteroposterior,mediolateral,and
dorsoventralaxesdevelopment.

UnitIII
Organogenesisinvertebrates:Germlayerformation.Regulationofformationofthesomites,heart,
kidney,bloodvessels,andlimb.Changesincirculationpatternbetweenfetusandnewborn.
Metamorphosisandregenerationprocess:Hormonalcontrolofmetamorphosisinamphibiansand
insects;wingimaginaldiscformationindrosophila.Regenerationinplaneriaandthatofvertebratelimb.

UnitIV
Stemcells:Conceptsoftotipotent,pluripotent,andmultipotentcells.Factorsregulatingstemnessof
acell.Embryonicvs.adultstemcells.Sourcesofstemcellsinvertebratesandtheirapplications.
Developmentaldisordersandaging:Regulatoryroleofgeneticandenvironmentalfactors.Roleof
carcinogensandteratogens.

UnitV
Developmentprocessesinplants:Howarethemechanismsdifferentfromthatofanimaldevelopment?
Gametogenesis,pollination,andfertilizationprocessesinangiosperms.Hormonalregulationofseed
dormancyandtheprocessofgermination.Rootandshootdevelopmentmechanisms.Reproductivephase:
photoperiodsensitivityandmolecularregulationoffloweringprocess.
Epigeneticandenvironmentalcontrolofdevelopment:Sexualdimorphism,sexdetermination,X
inactivation.Environelicitedphenotypicchanges.Defensemechanismrelatedchanges.

BooksRecommended:

Book
S.No. Author
1
Albertsetal.
MolecularBiologyoftheCell
2
SFGilbert
DevelopmentalBiology
3
LewinBenjamin
GeneVIII

46
4
5
6
7
8
9

POMoody
Dobzhanskyetal.
SWFoxandKDose
FJAyalaandJWValentine
EODodson
MWStrickberger

IntroductiontoEvolution,1970,
Evolution,W.H.Freeman.NewYork
MolecularEvolutionandtheOriginofLife,
Evolving:ThetheoryandprocessesofOrganicevolution
Evolution:ProcessandProduct
Evolution,1979,JamesandBarlettInternational

B704:ImagingTechnologyinBiologicalResearch
UnitI
Thepoweroften(understandinghowsmallcellsandthesubcellularcontentsare)
Anintroductiontolightandoptics,exploringwithlenses(whatarelenses,lookingthroughthem,
understandingtheconceptofmagnification,mirrors,anglesofreflection,refraction,prismsandcolors)

UnitII
Fundamentalsofillumination(raydiagrams,typesoflightsources,LEDs,powerlevels,coherenceof
light,ellipticalreflectors)
Exploringmicroscopes(shorthistory,magnifyingglass,simpleandcompoundmicroscopes,electron
Microscopes,stereomicroscope)

UnitIII
Fluorescencemicroscopy(Understandingfluorescence,Fluorescenceproteintechnology,GFP,YFP)
twophotonfluorescencemicroscopy,matrixassistedlaserdesorption/ionizationmassspectrometry(MALDI
MS)imaging

UnitIV
Livecellimaging(confocalmicroscopes),Differentialinterferencecontrast(DIC)images
ComparingConfocalandWidefieldFluorescenceMicroscopy
Atomicforcemicroscopyandopticaltweezersforcespectroscopy

UnitV
NMRImaging
SpatiallynonresolvedNMRspectroscopy;lowfieldNMRinstruments;1Hnuclearmagneticresonance(NMR)
microimaging;1HmagicanglespinningNMRspectroscopy;MAS13CNMRspectroscopy
Spectralresolutionenhancementusingmagicanglespinning
BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
1

UlfGrenander,YChowand
DanielMKeenan

ValeryVTuchin,LihongWang
andDmitryAZimnyakov

RMLambrecht

MichaelDPowersandJanet
Poland

PhilippeSansonetti

RichardNuccitelli,LeslieWilson
andPaulTMatsudaira

WarrenCWChan

BertramManz,KerstinMuller,

Book
Hands:APatternTheoreticStudyofBiological
Shapes(ResearchNotesinNeuralComputing)
(Volume2)
OpticalPolarizationinBiomedicalApplications
(BiologicalandMedicalPhysics,Biomedical
Engineering)
BiologicalModelsinRadiopharmaceutical
Development(DevelopmentsinNuclear
Medicine)
AspergerSyndromeandYourChild:AParent's
Guide
BacterialVirulence:BasicPrinciples,Modelsand
GlobalApproaches(InfectionBiology(VCH)
APracticalGuidetotheStudyofCalciuminLiving
Cells,Volume40(MethodsinCellBiology)
BioApplicationsofNanoparticles(Advancesin
ExperimentalMedicineandBiology)
WaterUptakeandDistributioninGerminating

47
BirgitKucera,FrankVolke,and
GerhardLeubnerMetzger

TobaccoSeedsInvestigatedinVivobyNuclear
MagneticResonanceImaging.PlantPhysiology,
July2005,Vol.138,pp.15381551

SemesterVIII[JanuaryJune2019]

B801:Virology

UnitI
IntroductiontoVirology:definition,propertiesandoriginofviruses
Virusarchitectureandnomenclature
Virusreplicationcycle
Basicvirologicalmethods
Basicsofvirusentry,spreadandtransmission

UnitII
Hostresistancetoviralinfection:immuneresponses
Vaccinesandantiviralchemotherapy:thepreventionandtreatmentofviraldiseases
Epidemiology
Exploitingvirusesasgenetherapyandvaccinevectors

UnitIII
Virusesandcancer:oncovirusesandoncolyticviruses
PoliovirusesandothersinglestrandedpositivestrandRNAviruses
Rabiesandothersinglestrandednonsegmentednegativestrand
InfluenzaviruseandthersinglestrandedsegmentednegativestrandRNAviruses.

UnitIV
Evolutionofviruses:newandreemergingviruses
Herpesviruses(nuclearlargedoublestrandedDNAviruses)
Poxviruses(cytoplasmiclargedoublestrandedDNAviruses)
HIVandotherretroviruses

UnitV
HepatitisBvirus(reversetranscribingDNAvirus)andothervirusescausinghepatitis
Priondiseases
Plantviruses
Bacteriophages

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
1
LCollier,JOxfordandPaulKellam
HumanVirology(4thedition),
SJFlint,LWEnquist,VRRacaniello
PrinciplesofVirology(3rdedition)2009
2
andAMSkalka

3
AJCann
PrinciplesofMolecularVirology,
4
TeriShors,JonesandBartlett
UnderstandingViruses
5
NJDimmock,AEaston,KLeppard
IntroductiontoModernVirology6thedition,
DavidMKnipe,PeterMHowley,MD
DianeEGriffin,RobertALamb,
6
FieldsVirology.6thedition
MalcolmAMartin,BernardRoizman,
StephenEStraus

48
7
8
9

AJZuckerman,JEBanatvala,P
Griffiths,BSchoubandPMortimer
GKudesiaandTWreghitt:
CambridgeClinicalGuide
L.Sompayrac

PrinciplesandPracticeofClinicalVirology
(6thedition)
ClinicalandDiagnosticVirology
HowPathogenicVirusesWork;

B802:BiotechnologyI

UnitI
Basicprinciplesofgeneticengineering:
MethodsofcreatingrecombinantDNAmolecule,splicing,propertiesofrestrictionendonucleasesand
theirmodeofaction.Cloningvectors(lambdaphageplasmid,M13phage,cosmid,shuttlevectors,yeastand
viralvectors,expressionvectors),constructionofDNAlibrary,SubtractioncDNAcloning,genomicvscDNA
libraryExpressionlibrariesandvectorsforproteinsynthesis,proteinpurification,proteinsolubilization,
proteinexport,RNAprobes,BACs,PACsandcosmidvectors,YeastvectorsandYACs

UnitII
Transgenicanimals[SelectablemarkersforanimalcellsegHAT,methotrexateReportergenesfor
promoteranalysis(LacZ,GFP)vectors(Baculoviruses)microinjection,retroviruses,Embryonicstem
cells),Transgenicmouse/Supermouse(MTpromoterfusedtohumangrowthhormone)(isolationof
clonedproteinsfromgoatmilk).VirusesasgenetransferMethodsforproductionoftransgenicmice
(PronuclearTransgenicGoatsWholeanimalcloningegDolly,Knockout,knockdown,knockintechnology,
SitespecificrecombinationusingCrerecombinaseLOXsystem,GenetherapyegSCID]

UnitIII
Transgenicplants[Agrobacteriummediatedtransformation,Tiplamid,Transgenictobaccoexpressing
luciferasegene,BtCotton,Herbicideresistantplants,Plantvirusesasvectors(egCaMVvirus)].Applicationof
geneticengineeringinmedicineandagriculture,vaccineproduction.

UnitIV
Chemicalsynthesisofgeneandengineeringartificiallife.Selection/screening:AnalysisofgenomicDNAby
Southernhybridization,NorthernandWesternblottingtechniques,Restrictionmapping:Restrictionfragment
lengthpolymorphism(RFLP).DNAsequencingandanalysestechniques:plusandminus,dideoxynucleotide,
MaxamandGilbert,deepsequencingandnextgensequencing,microarraytechnologyandhybridisations.

UnitV
DNAmanipulationtechniques:
Preparationofradiolabelledandsyntheticprobes,AmplificationofDNAbypolymerasechainreaction
(PCR),Sitedirectedmutagenesis,Genetransfermethodsforanimalsandplants;Agrobacteriummediated
genetransfer,electroporationandparticlegun.Cellandtissuecultureinplantsandanimals:Primaryculture;
Cellline;Cellclones;Calluscultures;Somaclonalvariation;Micropropagation;Somaticembryogenesis;
Haploidy;Protoplastfusionandsomatichydridization;Cybrides;Genetransfermethodsinplantsandin
animals;Transgenicbiology;Allopheny;Artificialseeds;Hybridomatechnology.

B804:BiotechnologyII

UnitI
Principlesofplantbreeding:Importantconventionalmethodsofbreedingselfandcrosspollinatedand
vegetativelypropagatedcrops;Nonconventionalmethods;Polyploidy:Geneticvariability;Plantdiseases
anddefensivemechanisms.EthicsofGMcropsandanimalcloning.ModelorganismsS.cereviceae,
Dictostylium,Caenorhabditiselegans,Arabidopsis,ZebraFish,Mouse,Drosophila

49

UnitII
IndustrialBiotechnologyI
BioprocessTechnology[basicsofbioreactorkineticsandmathematicalequationsregarding
bioreactors,scaleupandaerationofbioreactorsindetail,Kineticsofmicrobialgrowth,substrate
utilizationandproductformation:Batch,FedBatchandcontinuousprocesses,Scaleupconceptswith
respecttofermenterdesignandproductformation,Gasexchangeandmasstransfer:O2transfer,critical
oxygenconcentration,determiningtheoxygenuptakerate,Solidstatefermentation.Commonexamples:
Biopolymers:Xanthan,melanin,adhesiveproteins,rubber,polyhydroxylalkaloids

UnitIII
IndustrialBiotechnologyII
DownstreamProcessingFlocculationandfloatation,Filtration,Centrifugation,Celldisruption,Liquid
extraction,Precipitation,Adsorption,Dialysis,Reverseosmosis,Chromatography,Crystallizationand
drying,Biodegradationofxenobioticcompounds:RemediationandBiotechnologyPrioritypollutantsand
theirhealtheffects,Microbialbasisofbiodegradation,Bioremediation(phytoandmetal),Environmental
andindustrialpollutioncontrol,Biopesticides,Microbialplastics,Solidwastemanagement

UnitIV
MedicalBiotechnology
a.SmallBiologicalMolecules:ascorbicacid,indigo,aminoacids,lycopene,succinicacidproduction,
Antibiotics,TissueEngineeringGrowthFactorsandmorphogens:signalsfortissueengineeringand
wholeorgandevelopment,extracellularMatrix:structure,functionandapplicationstotissueengineering,
Celladhesionandmigration,InflammatoryandImmuneresponsestotissueengineereddevices
b.BiomaterialsPolymericscaffolds,CalciumPhosphateCeramicsforbonetissueengineering,Bio
mimeticmaterials,Nanocompositescaffolds

UnitV
Nanotechnology
a.Introductiontonanotechnologyandnanobiotechnology,Nanomaterialsandtheiruses.
b.Nanoparticlesderivedfrombiologicalmolecules,Synthesisofnanoparticles:strategies,biological
methods,generalpropertiesandcharacterizationmethods
c.Applicationsofnanotechnology:Nanosensors,Carbonnanotubesandtheirapplicationsinbiology
d.Environmentalandsafetyissueswithnanoparticles.

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
1
BenjaminLewin
GeneVII,OxfordPublishers
2
TABrown
Genome,Secondedition,
3
OldandPrimrose
PrinciplesofGeneManipulation;
4
SimmonsandGardner
Principlesofgenetics;
5
DonaldVoetandJudithVoet
Biochemistry3rdEdition,
6
TD.Watsonandothers
MolecularBiologyoftheGene,6thEdition
TheCell:Amolecularapproach:Libraryof
7
GMCooper
Congresscataloginginpublicationdata.
8
GriffithsAandMillerJ
Anintroductiontogeneticanalysis;Freeman
9
LodishHandBerk
AMolecularcellbiology;
10
SambrookJ,Russell
Molecularcloning:VolI,II,III;CSHLPress
11
TABrown
GenecloningandDNAanalysis;
MolecularBiotechnologyprinciplesand
12
BGlick,JPasternak&CPatten
applicationsofRecombinantDNA,4th
13
K.DebandSatishTotey
StemCellsBasicsandApplications;
14
GarySteinandMariaBetal.
HumanStemCellTechnologyandBiology;

50

22
23
24
25
26
27

R.IanFreshney,GlynN.Stacey,
JonathanM.Auerbach
BernardRGlick,JackJPasternak,
CherylLPatten
RobertLanza,RobertLanger,
JosephPVacanti
InderbirSinghandGPPal
ThomasWSadler
FGilbert
GordanaVunjakNovakovic,R
IanFreshney
SBPrimroseandTwyman
RWOldandSBPrimrose
Watson
TABrown
SCRastogietal.,
ACaldwelletal.,

29

DClark,NPazdernik

15
16
17
18
19
20
21

31

WulfCruegerandAnneliese
Crueger
MichaelLShuler,FikretKargi

32

StanburyPF,WhitakerA,HallSJ

33

GlazerANandNikaidoH

34
35

SulabhaKulkarni
DavidSGoodsell
JamesASchwarz,CristianI
ContescuandKarolPutyera

30

36

CultureofHumanStemCells.JohnWiley&Sons
MolecularBiotechnology:Principlesand
ApplicationsofRecombinantDNA.ASMPress
PrinciplesofTissueEngineering
HumanEmbryology;MacMillanPublishers
Langman'sMedicalEmbryology;
DevelopmentalBiology;6thEdition;
CultureofCellsforTissueEngineering;
Principlesofgenemanipulation
Principlesofgenemanipulation
RecombinantDNA
GenecloningandDNAanalysis
BioinformaticsMethodsandApplications
IntegratedGenomics;WileyPublishers
BioprocessTechnologyBiotechnology
Applyingthegeneticstorevolution
Biotechnology:ATextbookofIndustrial
Microbiology;PanimaPublishers,NewDelhi
BioprocessEngineering:Basicconcepts
PrinciplesofFermentationTechnology;
ButterworthHeinemann
MicrobialBiotechnology:Fundamentalsof
AppliedMicrobiology
Nanotechnologyprinciplesandpractices;
Bionanotechnology:LessonsfromNature;
DekkerEncyclopaediaofNanoscienceand
nanotechnology;

B803:Bioinformatics

UnitI
Computerrelatedintroductorytopics:Historyofdevelopmentofcomputers,Basiccomponentsof
computers,Hardware;CPU,input,output,storagedevices.Software;operatingsystems,Programming
languages(Machine,AssemblyandHigherlevel)
Applicationsoftware:IntroductiontoMSEXCELUseofworksheettoenterdata,editdata,copydata,
movedata.UseofinbuiltstatisticalfunctionsforcomputationsofMean,S.D.,Correlation,regression
coefficientsetc.Useofbardiagram,histogram,scatterplots,etc.graphicaltoolsinEXCELfor
presentationofdata.IntroductiontoMSWORDwordprocessorediting,copying,moving,formatting,
Tableinsertion,drawingflowchartsetc.

UnitII
Bioinformaticscoretopics:IntroductiontoInternetanduseofthesameforcommunication,searching
ofdatabase,literature,referencesetc.IntroductiontoBioinformatics,DatabanksearchDatamining,Data
managementandinterpretation,BLAST,Multiplesequencealignment,ProteinModeling,Protein
structureAnalysis,Docking,Ligplotinteractions,Genes,Primerdesigning,PhylogeneticAnalysis,
GenomicsandProteomics.

UnitIII
Biologicaldatabases:Introductiontovarietyofdatasources.Population,sample,Classificationandmodeling
ofData.Qualityofdata,Privateandpublicdatasources.

51
ExampleDatabases:
(a)Nucleicaciddatabases(NCBI,DDBJ,andEMBL).(b)Proteindatabases(Primary,Composite,andSecondary)
(c)SpecializedGenomedatabases:(SGD,TIGR,andACeDB)(d)Structuredatabases(CATH,SCOP,&PDBsum)

UnitIV
Alignment:Basicsandtechniques,LocalalignmentandGlobalalignmentPairwisesequencealignment:
NEEDLEMANandWunschalgorithm,SmithandWatermanalgorithm,TheDotPlot,DynamicProgramming
Algorithm.MultipleSequenceAlignment(MSA):Definition,Objective,Consensus,MethodsforMSA:Heuristic
approach,Dynamicprogrammingapproachandtheircombinations.Complexityanalysis.Phylogenetic
Analysis:MolecularPhylogenetics,Phylogenetictrees,Terminologyoftreereconstruction,rootedand
unrootedtrees,genevsspeciestreesandtheirproperties.Algorithms/methodsofphylogeneticanalysis:
UPGMA,NeighborJoiningMethod.

UnitV
Proteinstructureanalysisandprediction:Identification/assignmentofsecondarystructuralelementsfromthe
knowledgeof3DstructureofmacromoleculeusingDSSPandSTRIDEmethods,Predictionofsecondary
structure:PHDandPSIPREDmethodTertiary(3D)Structureprediction:Fundamentalsofthemethodsfor3D
structureprediction(sequencesimilarity/identityoftargetproteinsofknownstructure,fundamental
principlesofproteinfoldingetc.)HomologyModeling,foldrecognition,threadingapproaches,andabinitio
structurepredictionmethods.Genomics:Basicconceptsonidentificationofdiseasegenes,roleof
bioinformaticsOMIMdatabase,referencegenomesequence,integratedgenomicmaps,geneexpression
profiling;identificationofSNPs,SNP
database(DbSNP).RoleofSNPinPharmacogenomics,SNParrays
DrugdiscoveryandDevelopment:IntroductiontoDrugDesignandDevelopment,Drugtargets,Lead
IdentificationandModification,ComputerAidedDrugDesign,DrugDelivery,PreclinicalandClinicalTesting
ApplicationsofBioinformatics:Pharmaceuticalindustries,immunology,agriculture,forestry;Legal,ethicaland
commercialramificationsofbioinformatics;Biosensing

BooksRecommended:

S.No. Author
Book
1
EWayneWDaniel Biostatistics:AfoundationforAnalysisintheHealthSciences
2
PremSMann
IntroductoryStatistics.5thEdition;
3
OliveJeanDunn
BasicStatistics:AprimerforBiomedicalSciences
4
AuramGoldStein
Biostatistics:Anintroductorytext
5
TaroYamane
Statistics:AnIntroductoryAnalysis;
6
CStanTsai
ComputationalBiochemistry;

FIFTHYEAR

SemesterIX[JulyDecember2019]

BPr901ResearchProject*

Note:ProjectWork**
TheprojecthastobecarriedoutinrecognizednationallaboratoriesorUGCrecognizeduniversities.No
studentwillbeallowedtocarryoutprojectworkinprivatelaboratories/college/institutions,excluding
thecollegesrecognizedasresearchcentersbytheRDCofPt.RavishankarShuklaUniversity,Raipur.

52
SemesterX[JanuaryJune2020]

E1001
E1002
E1003
E1004

Electives:
1.Toxicologyandclinicalresearch
2.Molecularmodelinganddrugdesign
3.Ethology
4.Parasitology
5.Reproductivebiology
6.Occupationaldiseases(infectiousincl)
7.Plantpathology
8.Plantcommunication
9.Animalmigration
10.Commercialproductsfromplantsandanimals
11.Biologyoffoodindustry
12.Transgenics
13.Ethicalissuesinbiologyandmedicine
14.Physicalbiology
15.Astrobiology
16.Biologyoftraditionalmedicines
17.Translationalbiology
18.Sciencewritingandcommunication
19.Forensicscience
20.Epigenetics
21.Onlinecourses

ElectiveI
ElectiveII
ElectiveIII
ElectiveIV