APRICOT2009 Voip Enum

ENUM and Asterisk
VoIP Workshop
APRICOT 2008
Ed Lewis
ed.lewis@neustar.biz
Agenda
What/why is ENUM
Role in "call set up"
Provisioning
History and future
An exercise/lab
APRICOT 2008
The What & Why
APRICOT 2008
E-N-U-M vs. "ENUM"

Like all buzzwords, ENUM has two (or
more) meanings
The one in the original defining
documents
I call that E-N-U-M here
The one vendors use

I call that "ENUM" here
So I'll start trying to make the two

clear
4
Eventually, it's ed.lewis@neustar.biz
just ENUM (no hyphens, no
APRICOT 2008
What is E-N-U-M?
E(lectronic )NUM(bering)
Converts tel-numbers into Domain
Names
+866227002323 becomes
3.2.3.2.0.0.7.2.2.6.6.8.<$e164>.<$tld>
E.g.,3.2.3.2.0.0.7.2.2.6.6.8.e164.arpa
Name is used to store NAPTR records

which lead to SRV records which lead
to addresses
But, Ed, "why?"ed.lewis@neustar.biz
That's for later...
APRICOT 2008
Why "ENUM"?
If there were one Asterisk Server in the
world
Asteri
sk
Server
APRICOT 2008
Configurati
on
File
Four Servers?
APRICOT 2008
Confi
g
File
Confi
g
File
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Confi
Confi
g
g
File ed.lewis@neustar.bizFile
More Servers?
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Aaaaaaaaaagggggghhhhhhhh!!
APRICOT 2008
Scalable way to find numbers

Need to be able to know where to
route a call
Traditional Telephony: Signaling System 7
Internet Candidate: Domain Name System
Desirable features of DNS

Quick response
Very scalable
Can be operated for high availability,
reliability
2008
(OTOH, also easy
to "not" do it right!)
APRICOT
With "ENUM"
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
APRICOT 2008
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
DNS-ENUM service
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
10
E-N-U-M vs. "ENUM"

Both are known as ENUM, but...
E-N-U-M is the mapping of E.164 to
DNS
"ENUM" refers that plus the entire
process of discovering where to send
a call
Convert telephone number to a URL
Discover the service location of the URL
Discover the network address of the
APRICOT 2008
server
11
ENUM in standards
IETF RFC documents
3403 "DDDS Part Three: The DNS
Database."
Part of the series 3401-3405
3761 "The E.164 to URI DDDS App.

(ENUM)"
3824 "Using E.164 numbers with the SIP"
4706 Year of the Rat/Mouse (current
lunar year)
5067 "Infrastructure ENUM Requirements"
APRICOT 2008
12
http://www.iana.org/assignments/enum-
Call Set-Up
APRICOT 2008
13
Mechanics of ENUM
User dials a number, assumption is
made that this is for a voice call
Server tries to set up a SIP session
First get a "sip:" URL for the dialed
number
Next find where the host part or URL is
serviced
Then find the network address
Failing that, use the PSTN

APRICOT 2008
14
Telephone Number to URL

Accomplished via a DNS NAPTR
Resource Record
NAPTR is "Naming Authority Pointer"
Beat's me
ENUM(TN) owns it
ENUM(TN) means "E.164 converted into a
domain name
When used in ENUM, it holds a URL

APRICOT 2008
15
ENUM(TN)
Start with an E.164 number
+866227002323 ()
Reverse it, dots between digits, drop

"+"
3.2.3.2.0.0.7.2.2.6.6.8
Append the "ENUM root" to the name

strictly as an example, "e164.tld."
3.2.3.2.0.0.7.2.2.6.6.8.e164.tld.
Reversed because that's the DNS way

APRICOT 2008
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NAPTR RR
NAPTR RR
ENUM(TN) "owns" it
Record contains 6 elements
order = uninteresting
preference = uninteresting
flags = always "u" for ENUM
service = "E2U+<something>" (see IANA
page)
regular expression = interesting THE URL we
want
replacement = uninteresting
APRICOT 2008
17
An example
+866227002323 to
"sip:866227002323@hotel.tw.tld."
$ORIGIN 3.2.3.2.0.0.7.2.2.6.6.8.e164.tld.
@ NAPTR 10 ( ; order
10 ; preference
"u" ; flags
"E2U+sip" ; (enum)service
"!(^.*)$!sip:\1@hotel.tw.tld." ;
rpl
.) ; replacement (unused)
APRICOT 2008
18
Zonefile-ism
Note that in the previous slide this
"!(^.*)$!sip:\1@hotel.tw.tld."
is written
"!(^.*)$!sip:\\1@hotel.tw.tld."
in the zone files to "escape" the backslash
APRICOT 2008
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So, NAPTR does what?

After finding the DNS version of the E.
164
NAPTR gives us the "rewrite rule to
determine the URL we want"
Reg Exp
+866227002323 and "(^.*$)" makes "\1"
= the TN
sip:\1@hotel.tw.tld. becomes
sip:+866227002323@hotel.tw.tld.
This isn't an HTTP, "hotel.tw.tld" isn't a

APRICOT 2008
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Now we have an URL, so

what?
We want to start a SIP session with
hotel.tw.tld.
Using another DNS convention, we ask
for the service location
The DNS name for this is
<service>.<transport>.hotel.tw.tld.
<service> for SIP is _sip.
<transport> for SIP is _udp.
Ask for the SRV RR

APRICOT 2008
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SRV RR
Service (location) resource record
<owner> SRV
<priority><weight><host><port>
priority= uninteresting
weight = uninteresting
host = DNS of host where process runs
port = port number
APRICOT 2008
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Example
hotel.tw.tld has a SIP server on
"sip.hotel.tw.tld." and port 5060
$ORIGIN hotel.tw.tld.
_sip._udp SRV 10 10 sip.hotel.tw.tld. 5060
APRICOT 2008
23
Now we know where to go,

but...
+866227002323 is dialed
NAPTR says sip:
+866227002323@hotel.tw.tld
SIP says sip.hotel.tw.tld, port 5060
Still need an IP address (IPv4 or IPv6)
So we ask for the A or AAAA record of
the hostname
Now, we can send() the packet
APRICOT 2008
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So, With ENUM

Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
APRICOT 2008
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
NAPT
R (TN
->U
SRV (
RL)
URL>Hos
A/A
t/por
AAA
t)
(hos
t->
IP)
Asteri
sk
Server
DNS-ENUM service
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
Asteri
sk
Server
25
That seems like a lot of work

Details of DNS include
Caching of answers to speed things up
Redundant servers to scale
The SRV RR also works for sip URLs that
aren't tied to E.164 numbers. (More
flexible)
Why do this?
It's supposed to be cheaper than the
alternative (SS7 or configuring all peer
servers)
APRICOT 2008
26
ENUM's job
Once the call set up is over, ENUM
plays no role in the call
It only tells Asterisk where to direct SIP
traffic
After that, the SIP session is independent
of ENUM
But we aren't done just yet
APRICOT 2008
27
Provisioning
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Call set up is just a part of

the work
How does the ENUM data get into
DNS?
An activity called "provisioning."
Voice service providers have to register
the NAPTRs, SRVs, and address records
for the telephone numbers
APRICOT 2008
29
Setting up a VoIP service

offering
Install an Asterisk server (or
commercial alternative)
Get phone numbers for customers
Plan to accept incoming calls on the
server
The SRV and A/AAAA record(s) are
then set
For each of my phone numbers add an
NAPTR record where others will look a registry
APRICOT 2008
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ENUM operation
Likely scenario is that ISPs will use a
separate organization to operate the
ENUM root
Currently there are a number of
"trade-associations" for this
Telephone operators seem to associate
with others on the same media, VoIP,
wireless, wireline, cable (TV), etc.
A central ENUM registry is usually

planned for the "top"
APRICOT 2008
31
Tiers
Infrastructure (trade association)
ENUM is usually divided into three
tiers
Tier 0, the top of the ENUM hierarchy
Tier 1, country codes
Tier 2, individual numbers
APRICOT 2008
32
Tier 0
Tier 0 is closely tied with the
international standards of telephone
number allocation
As you can imagine, this gets political
The ITU has instructed RIPE NCC (the
European version of APNIC) to operate
a registry with the ENUM root of
e164.arpa.
APRICOT 2008
33
Tier 1
There are about 200-300 Tier 1's
(possible)
1 per country code, with a few
exceptions
+1 is shared by a few countries in North
America
Tier 1's vary greatly

Depends on the numbering plan
Pooling, blocks of numbers
APRICOT
2008
Number portability
34
Tier 2
Usually just a block of consecutive
numbers managed by a voice service
provider
With number portability, Tier 2 might
be one number per zone
Tier 2 ENUM DNS provider is up to the
service provider
APRICOT 2008
35
Tree of Tiers
trad
e/
ITU
Tier 0
Tier 1 +866
Tier 2
2
2
7
0
0
2
3
3
APRICOT 2008
Tier 1 +1
Tier 2
5
7
1
5
5
5
1
2
3
4
Tier 2
5
7
1
5
5
5
1
2
3
5
Tier 1 +65
trad
e/
CC
V
O
I
P
Prov
run
36
Tier 0's
The ITU has designated e164.arpa as
the "public enum root"
Few, if anyone use it
Many voice trade associations are

planning their own tier 0's
Not all on the global public Internet
What's the problem with multiple

roots?
It's best if there's one, really, for SIP
APRICOT 2008
servers
37
Tier 0 registry
The operator builds the Tier 0 DNS
Really rather boring, only adjusted
when country codes change or when
Tier 1 registries change
APRICOT 2008
38
Tier 1 Registry
Produces country dialing code's DNS
Only "excitement" comes when
numbering allocations or transfers
happen
Tier 0 and Tier 1 usually only host
delegations (NS records) and no
NAPTR, SRV, nor address records
APRICOT 2008
39
Tier 2 "registry"
Contains the NAPTR records for fully
(and over) dialed numbers
Millions of these zones, they may not
be traditional DNS zones
This is where a lot of activity happens
in provisioning
APRICOT 2008
40
Other zones
SRV and address records are usually in
organization domains
Data is tied to the service provider
Not tied to the customer numbers
APRICOT 2008
41
In the coming lab

Tier 0, 1, and 2 are collapsed into one
zone
e164.tld. is the enum zone
We only have extenstions, not E.164
numbers
SRV and addresses are in "groupXY"

zones
Provisioning is already done
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History and Future
APRICOT 2008
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ENUM started as
A way for people to attach services to
their phone number
A flop
People don't own their number, authority
to make a change is not easy
User ENUM too complicated for common
man
Some public ENUM service offerings

have already been suspended
APRICOT 2008
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ENUM is emerging as
An upgrade to the existing interoperator call routing database
More flexible than voice-only traffic
Infrastructure ENUM
Still fragmented among trade associations
APRICOT 2008
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A quick lab exercise
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Lab, or Exercise
Ingredients
DNS server on conference.apricot.net
169.223.11.204
Your Asterisk servers with new

configuration lines
SIP phones to dial each other
APRICOT 2008
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First, a look at the DNS

For the lab, the DNS is pre-populated
to work for us
I hope
Let's see what this looks like from the

DNS perspective
APRICOT 2008
48
To see the ENUM zone up

close
$ dig @conference.apricot.net e164.tld.
axfr
This will show you the whole zone

The next slide will show the "relevant
bits" but you may want to see it closer
to you eyes
APRICOT 2008
49
First the pre-provisioned
e164.tld. zone has this:
*.1.2 NAPTR 10 10 "u" "E2U+sip" "!(^.*$)!sip:\\1@group01.tld.!" .

APRICOT 2008
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Group 16's zone

$TTL 900
$ORIGIN group16.tld.
@
IN SOA
ns1.tld. (
hostmaster.ns1.tld.
1 ; serial number
900 ; refresh
900 ; retry
604800 ; expire
900 ; negative cache
NS
ns1.tld.
_sip._udp
SRV
10 10 5060 sip.group16.tld.
sip.group16.tld. A
APRICOT 2008
169.223.10.26
51
Exercise the DNS

Do these three dig's to see what Asterisk
should see
dig @conference.apricot.net 0.0.6.3.e164.tld. naptr
dig @conference.apricot.net _sip._udp.group16.tld. srv
dig @conference.apricot.net sip.group16.tld. a
APRICOT 2008
52
Configure Your Machine

Has to be done at system level to tell
Asterisk where to go to ask DNS
questions
We are using a "improper" ENUM domain
As root, edit /etc/resolv.conf

Place this line in before the other
"nameserver" lines
nameserver 169.223.11.204
This will send queries to our "ENUM

server"
APRICOT 2008
53
Tell Asterisk to "do" ENUM

Add to extensions.conf under [phones]
exten => _6XXXX,1,Dial(SIP/${ENUMLOOKUP($
{EXTEN:1},sip,,1,e164.tld.)})
Add 'exten' in [default] to ring phones

(lab notes)
Set 'allowguest=yes' in sip.conf
Reload and Increase "verbosity"
Dial "6-<4digits>"
APRICOT 2008
54
Check to see
Dialing 63601 should result in
URL sip:3601@group16.tld.
In the live demo, I'll use 'asterisk -r'

with verbose > 10.
Looking to see a line including
'Called 3600@group16.tld.'
in response to dialing 63600

APRICOT 2008
55
Wrap UP
Same Sign
Xinyi Road
2008
Xinyi Road 2003
APRICOT 2008
56
Questions?
This is a quick introduction to ENUM
Like many things, it's components are
simple
More complex macros can be used to
handle error conditions
But the volume of work and business

factors are huge
APRICOT 2008
57
That's all folks

Time for the 'live demo' and then the
hands on portion
APRICOT 2008
58

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ENUM and Asterisk

The What & Why

E-N-U-M vs. "ENUM"

The one vendors use

So I'll start trying to make the two

Name is used to store NAPTR records

Scalable way to find numbers

Desirable features of DNS

E-N-U-M vs. "ENUM"

3761 "The E.164 to URI DDDS App.

Failing that, use the PSTN

Telephone Number to URL

When used in ENUM, it holds a URL

Reverse it, dots between digits, drop

Append the "ENUM root" to the name

Reversed because that's the DNS way

in the zone files to "escape" the backslash

So, NAPTR does what?

This isn't an HTTP, "hotel.tw.tld" isn't a

Now we have an URL, so

Ask for the SRV RR

Now we know where to go,

So, With ENUM

That seems like a lot of work

But we aren't done just yet

Call set up is just a part of

Setting up a VoIP service

A central ENUM registry is usually

Tier 1's vary greatly

Many voice trade associations are

What's the problem with multiple

In the coming lab

SRV and addresses are in "groupXY"

History and Future

Some public ENUM service offerings

A quick lab exercise

Your Asterisk servers with new

First, a look at the DNS

Let's see what this looks like from the

To see the ENUM zone up

This will show you the whole zone

First the pre-provisioned

e164.tld. zone has this:

*.1.2 NAPTR 10 10 "u" "E2U+sip" "!(^.*$)!sip:\\1@group01.tld.!" .

Group 16's zone

Exercise the DNS

Configure Your Machine

As root, edit /etc/resolv.conf

This will send queries to our "ENUM

Tell Asterisk to "do" ENUM

Add 'exten' in [default] to ring phones

In the live demo, I'll use 'asterisk -r'

in response to dialing 63600

Xinyi Road 2003

But the volume of work and business

That's all folks

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.1.2 NAPTR 10 10 "u" "E2U+sip" "!(^.$)!sip:\\1@group01.tld.!" .