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HyperbolicfunctionWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Hyperbolicfunction
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Inmathematics,hyperbolicfunctionsareanalogsoftheordinarytrigonometric,or
circularfunctions.Thebasichyperbolicfunctionsarethehyperbolicsine"sinh"
(/snt/or/an/),[1]andthehyperboliccosine"cosh"(/k/),[2]fromwhichare
derivedthehyperbolictangent"tanh"(/tnt/or/n/),[3]hyperboliccosecant
"csch"or"cosech"(/kok/[4]or/kost/),hyperbolicsecant"sech"(/k/or
/st/),[5]andhyperboliccotangent"coth"(/ko/or/k/),[6][7]corresponding
tothederivedtrigonometricfunctions.Theinversehyperbolicfunctionsarethe
areahyperbolicsine"arsinh"(alsocalled"asinh"orsometimes"arcsinh")[8][9]and
soon.
Justasthepoints(cost,sint)formacirclewithaunitradius,thepoints
(cosht,sinht)formtherighthalfoftheequilateralhyperbola.Thehyperbolic
functionstakearealargumentcalledahyperbolicangle.Thesizeofahyperbolic
angleistheareaofitshyperbolicsector.Thehyperbolicfunctionsmaybedefined
intermsofthelegsofarighttrianglecoveringthissector.
Hyperbolicfunctionsoccurinthesolutionsofsomeimportantlineardifferential
equations,forexampletheequationdefiningacatenary,ofsomecubicequations,
andofLaplace'sequationinCartesiancoordinates.Thelatterisimportantinmany
areasofphysics,includingelectromagnetictheory,heattransfer,fluiddynamics,
andspecialrelativity.

Araythroughtheunithyperbola
in
thepoint
,where istwicethe
areabetweentheray,thehyperbola,andthe
axis.Forpointsonthehyperbolabelowthe axis,
theareaisconsiderednegative(seeanimated
versionwithcomparisonwiththetrigonometric
(circular)functions).

Incomplexanalysis,thehyperbolicfunctionsariseastheimaginarypartsofsineandcosine.Whenconsidereddefinedbyacomplex
variable,thehyperbolicfunctionsarerationalfunctionsofexponentials,andarehencemeromorphic.
Hyperbolicfunctionswereintroducedinthe1760sindependentlybyVincenzoRiccatiandJohannHeinrichLambert.[10]Riccatiused
Sc.andCc.([co]sinuscirculare)torefertocircularfunctionsandSh.andCh.([co]sinushyperbolico)torefertohyperbolicfunctions.
Lambertadoptedthenamesbutalteredtheabbreviationstowhattheyaretoday.[11]Theabbreviationsshandcharestillusedinsome
otherlanguages,likeFrenchandRussian.

Contents
1Standardalgebraicexpressions
2Usefulrelations
3Inversefunctionsaslogarithms
4Derivatives
5Secondderivatives
6Standardintegrals
7Taylorseriesexpressions
8Comparisonwithcircularfunctions
9Identities
10Relationshiptotheexponentialfunction
11Hyperbolicfunctionsforcomplexnumbers
12Seealso
13References
14Externallinks

Standardalgebraicexpressions
Thehyperbolicfunctionsare:
Hyperbolicsine:

Hyperboliccosine:

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Hyperbolictangent:

Hyperboliccotangent:

Hyperbolicsecant:
sinh,coshandtanh

Hyperboliccosecant:

csch,sechandcoth

Hyperbolicfunctionscanbeintroducedviaimaginarycircularangles:
Hyperbolicsine:

Hyperboliccosine:

Hyperbolictangent:

Hyperboliccotangent:

Hyperbolicsecant:

Hyperboliccosecant:

whereiistheimaginaryunitwiththepropertythati2=1.
ThecomplexformsinthedefinitionsabovederivefromEuler'sformula.

Usefulrelations
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Oddandevenfunctions:

Hence:

Itcanbeseenthatcoshxandsechxareevenfunctionstheothersareoddfunctions.

(a)cosh(x)istheaverageofexandex

Hyperbolicsineandcosinesatisfytheidentity

whichissimilartothePythagoreantrigonometricidentity.Onealsohas

fortheotherfunctions.
Thehyperbolictangentisthesolutiontothedifferentialequation

withf(0)=0

andthenonlinearboundaryvalueproblem:[12]
(b)sinh(x)ishalfthedifferenceofex
andex

Itcanbeshownthattheareaunderthecurveofcosh(x)overafiniteintervalisalwaysequal
tothearclengthcorrespondingtothatinterval:[13]

Sumsofarguments:

particularly

Sumanddifferenceofcoshandsinh:

Inversefunctionsaslogarithms
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Derivatives

Secondderivatives
Thesecondderivativesofsinhandcosharethesamefunction:

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Theonlyotherfunctionsforwhichthisisthecasearetheexponentialfunctions
combinationsofthese).

and

,andthezerofunction

(andlinear

Standardintegrals

Thefollowingintegralscanbeprovedusinghyperbolicsubstitution.

whereCistheconstantofintegration.

Taylorseriesexpressions
ItispossibletoexpresstheabovefunctionsasTaylorseries:

ThefunctionsinhxhasaTaylorseriesexpressionwithonlyoddexponentsforx.Thusitisanoddfunction,thatis,sinhx=sinh(x),
andsinh0=0.

ThefunctioncoshxhasaTaylorseriesexpressionwithonlyevenexponentsforx.Thusitisanevenfunction,thatis,symmetricwith
respecttotheyaxis.Thesumofthesinhandcoshseriesistheinfiniteseriesexpressionoftheexponentialfunction.

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where
isthenthBernoullinumber
isthenthEulernumber

Comparisonwithcircularfunctions
Thehyperbolicfunctionsrepresentanexpansionoftrigonometrybeyondthecircular
functions.Bothtypesdependonanargument,eithercircularangleorhyperbolicangle.
Sincetheareaofacircularsectoris

itwillbeequaltouwhenr=squarerootof2.In

thediagramsuchacircleistangenttothehyperbolaxy=1at(1,1).Theyellowsector
depictsanareaandanglemagnitude.Similarly,theredaugmentationdepictsanareaand
magnitudeashyperbolicangle.
Thelegsofthetworighttriangleswithhypotenuseontheraydefiningtheanglesareof
length2timesthecircularandhyperbolicfunctions.
MellonHaskellofUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeleydescribedthebasisofhyperbolic
functionsinareasofhyperbolicsectorsinan1895articleinBulletinoftheAmerican
MathematicalSociety(seeExternallinks).Hereferstothehyperbolicangleasan
invariantmeasurewithrespecttothesqueezemappingjustascircularangleisinvariant
underrotation.

Identities

Circleandhyperbolatangentat(1,1)
displaygeometryofcircularfunctionsin
termsofcircularsectorareauand
hyperbolicfunctionsdependingon
hyperbolicsectorareau.

Thehyperbolicfunctionssatisfymanyidentities,allofthemsimilarinformtothetrigonometricidentities.Infact,Osborn'srule[14]
statesthatonecanconvertanytrigonometricidentityintoahyperbolicidentitybyexpandingitcompletelyintermsofintegralpowers
ofsinesandcosines,changingsinetosinhandcosinetocosh,andswitchingthesignofeverytermwhichcontainsaproductof2,6,
10,14,...sinhs.Thisyieldsforexampletheadditiontheorems

the"doubleargumentformulas"

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andthe"halfargumentformulas"[15]
Note:Thisisequivalenttoitscircularcounterpartmultipliedby1.
Note:Thiscorrespondstoitscircularcounterpart.

Thederivativeofsinhxiscoshxandthederivativeofcoshxissinhxthisissimilartotrigonometricfunctions,albeitthesignis
different(i.e.,thederivativeofcosxissinx).
TheGudermannianfunctiongivesadirectrelationshipbetweenthecircularfunctionsandthehyperboliconesthatdoesnotinvolve
complexnumbers.
Thegraphofthefunctionacosh(x/a)isthecatenary,thecurveformedbyauniformflexiblechainhangingfreelybetweentwofixed
pointsunderuniformgravity.

Relationshiptotheexponentialfunction
Fromthedefinitionsofthehyperbolicsineandcosine,wecanderivethefollowingidentities:

and

Theseexpressionsareanalogoustotheexpressionsforsineandcosine,basedonEuler'sformula,assumsofcomplexexponentials.

Hyperbolicfunctionsforcomplexnumbers
Sincetheexponentialfunctioncanbedefinedforanycomplexargument,wecanextendthedefinitionsofthehyperbolicfunctions
alsotocomplexarguments.Thefunctionssinhzandcoshzarethenholomorphic.
RelationshipstoordinarytrigonometricfunctionsaregivenbyEuler'sformulaforcomplexnumbers:

so:

Thus,hyperbolicfunctionsareperiodicwithrespecttotheimaginarycomponent,withperiod
cotangent).

forhyperbolictangentand

Hyperbolicfunctionsinthecomplexplane

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Seealso
e(mathematicalconstant)
Equalincirclestheorem,basedonsinh
Inversehyperbolicfunctions
Listofintegralsofhyperbolicfunctions
Poinsot'sspirals
Sigmoidfunction
Trigonometricfunctions
Modifiedhyperbolictangent

WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoHyperbolic
functions.

References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

(1999)CollinsConciseDictionary,4thedition,HarperCollins,Glasgow,ISBN0004722574,p.1386
CollinsConciseDictionary,p.328
CollinsConciseDictionary,p.1520
CollinsConciseDictionary,p.328
CollinsConciseDictionary,p.1340
CollinsConciseDictionary,p.329
tanh(http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/workbooks/mathcentre/hyperbolicfunctions.pdf)
Abramowitz,MiltonStegun,IreneA.,eds.(1972),HandbookofMathematicalFunctionswithFormulas,Graphs,andMathematicalTables,
NewYork:DoverPublications,ISBN9780486612720(AbramowitzandStegun)
Someexamplesofusingarcsinh(http://www.google.com/books?q=arcsinh+library)foundinGoogleBooks.
RobertE.Bradley,LawrenceA.D'Antonio,CharlesEdwardSandifer.Eulerat300:anappreciation.MathematicalAssociationofAmerica,
2007.Page100.
GeorgF.Becker.Hyperbolicfunctions.ReadBooks,1931.Pagexlviii.
EricW.Weisstein."HyperbolicTangent"(http://mathworld.wolfram.com/HyperbolicTangent.html).MathWorld.Retrieved20081020.
N.P.,Bali(2005).GoldenIntegralCalculus(http://books.google.com/books?id=hfi2bn2Ly4cC).FirewallMedia.p.472.ISBN817008169
6.,Extractofpage472(http://books.google.com/books?id=hfi2bn2Ly4cC&pg=PA472)
G.Osborn,Mnemonicforhyperbolicformulae(http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0025
5572(190207)2%3A2%3A34%3C189%3A1MFHF%3E2.0.CO%3B2Z),TheMathematicalGazette,p.189,volume2,issue34,July1902
Peterson,JohnCharles(2003).Technicalmathematicswithcalculus(http://books.google.com/books?id=PGuSDjHvircC)(3rded.).Cengage
Learning.p.1155.ISBN0766861899.,Chapter26,page1155(http://books.google.com/books?id=PGuSDjHvircC&pg=PA1155)

Externallinks
MellonW.Haskell(1895)Ontheintroductionofthenotionofhyperbolicfunctions(http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/189501
06/S000299041895002669/S000299041895002669.pdf)BulletinoftheAmericanMathematicalSociety1(6):1559.
Hazewinkel,Michiel,ed.(2001),"Hyperbolicfunctions"(http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=p/h048250),
EncyclopediaofMathematics,Springer,ISBN9781556080104
Hyperbolicfunctions(http://planetmath.org/hyperbolicfunctions)onPlanetMath
Hyperbolicfunctions(http://mathworld.wolfram.com/HyperbolicFunctions.html)entryatMathWorld
GonioLab(http://glab.trixon.se/):Visualizationoftheunitcircle,trigonometricandhyperbolicfunctions(JavaWebStart)
Webbasedcalculatorofhyperbolicfunctions(http://www.calctool.org/CALC/math/trigonometry/hyperbolic)
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