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Superheterodyne
Receivers
Receiver characteristics
Received power
~0.00000000000001 W
Receiver characteristics
Receiver
Selectivity
1430
1440
1450
1460
Frequency
(kHz)
Selectivity
Q=
1
2 LC
fr
X
2 f r L
L
BW R
R
Selectivity
Example Problem 1
Consider simple AM radio receiver. Tuning this radio is
accomplished by adjusting a variable capacitor C. Say we
want tune this radio for middle of the AM dial (1070 kHz).
Also, we desire a 3-dB bandwidth of 6 kHz. If R = 10 ,
determine the require values of L and C.
BW = 6 kHz
0 dB
-3 dB
fr = 1070 kHz
Selectivity Problems
Sensitivity
Example Problem 2
In the previous example, the bandpass filter had
Q = 178.3 to provide a 6-kHz bandwidth at 1070 kHz. If Q
remains a constant consider the filter selectivity at the ends
of the dial (535 and 1605 kHz). For these two frequencies
determine the resulting bandwidth.
BW = 9 kHz
BW = 3 kHz
0 dB
0 dB
-3 dB
-3 dB
fr = 535 kHz
fr = 1605 kHz
Superheterodyne receivers
Frequency conversion
RF signal
Down conversion to IF
fs
f (kHz)
fIF
fs
f (kHz)
Mixing principles
+ fs
fo fs
fs
fo
Mixing principles
RF signal fs
Mixer
Mixer output
1200
f (kHz)
1655
455
f (kHz)
1200
1655
2855
f (kHz)
Selective filters
455
1200
1655
2855
f (kHz)
2000
Frequency (kHz)
fs
1500
1000
500
Superhet advantages
IF selectivity
BW = 10 kHz
0 dB
0 dB
-3 dB
-3 dB
fr = 455 kHz
fr = 1600 kHz
Example Problem 3
Determine the require value of Q for the two filters below.
BW = 10 kHz
BW = 10 kHz
0 dB
0 dB
-3 dB
-3 dB
fr = 455 kHz
fr = 1600 kHz
Example Problem 4
Suppose you wish to tune the AM station WCBM 680. To
which frequency must the local oscillator in the receiver be
tuned assuming an IF of 455-kHz? In addition to the IF,
what other frequencies are present at the mixers output?
Example Problem 4
Mixer
RF signal fs
680
Mixer output
f (kHz)
455 680
1135
f (kHz)
1135
1815
f (kHz)
Example Problem 5
Suppose you tuned the AM station WCBM 680 with your
local oscillator set to 1135-kHz. Now assume that in
addition to the WCBMs signal, you are also receiving a
broadcast station 1590-kHz (as depicted below). Sketch
the frequencies present at the output of the mixer.
RF signal fs
Mixer
Mixer output
680
1590
1135
f (kHz)
Image frequency
455
IF filter
680
1135
1590
1815
2725
f (kHz)
Image frequency
fi f s 2 f IF
and
fi f s 2 f IF
455
IF filter
680
1135
1590
1815
2725
f (kHz)
Image frequency
455
f (kHz)
Image frequency
Preselector
Pre-selection filter
(centered on 1070)
RF input
535
1070
1605
f (kHz)
Preselector
Ganged tuning
Pre-selection filter
(centered on 1070)
RF input
535
1070
1605
f (kHz)
Preselector operation
RF Input
535
1070
1605
f (kHz)
Preselection filter
Pre-selection filter
(centered on 590 kHz)
535
1070
1605
f (kHz)
535
1070
1605
f (kHz)
535
1070
fo + fs (sum frequencies)
1605
f (kHz)
1605
f (kHz)
455-kHz IF filter
IF filter
535
fo = 1045 kHz
1070
535
1070
1605
f (kHz)
AM
Broadcast FM
TV
455-kHz
10.7-MHz
40 50 MHz
Example Problem 6
Consider tuning a superheterodyne receiver to 90 MHz in the FM
spectrum depicted below. The IF for this FM receiver is 10.7 MHz and
the preselector response is depicted. To which frequency does the
local oscillator fo need to be set? Sketch the frequency domain present
at each stage in the receiver ( B C D )
RF spectrum at
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
f (MHz)
80
90
100
110
120
130
f (MHz)
Preselector filter
70