Professional Documents
Culture Documents
J. Fidalgo
PURE SUBSTANCES
A
All
ELEMENTS
An element is a substance that cannot be
separated into simpler substances by
chemical methods.
Currently,
about 118 elements have been
discovered some are found in nature and some
are man-made.
DE
AA
ADE
MADR
ER
EZ
LLER
EL
EZ
EZJ
RI
A MAR
DR
EZ
DA
EL
EL
EZ
RM
EZ
LO
A G
RT
ZQ
MAR
ET
LO
DE
EX
MAR
DEZ
MA
AR
RM
MEZ
EZ G
ET
MAR
Z D
EZ
ET
MAR
ELE
DEZ
EZ E
MA
ZH
ZA
EL
MOLECULES
COMPOUND
A compound is the substance formed by the
chemical union of two or more elements in a
definite ratio, which is fixed by the nature and we
cannot alter this.
Compounds can be separated into elements using
chemical methods but not physical methods.
iron + sulphur
iron sulphide
MIXTURES
MIXTURES
TYPES OF MIXTURES
Homogenous mixture: is a mixture
that has the same properties
throughout and whose individual
components cannot be visually
distinguished.
Heterogeneous mixture: consists of
visibly different substances or
phases.
In
a
heterogeneous
mixture, the components are not
spread out, or distributed, evenly
throughout the mixture.
SOLUTIONS
SOLUTIONS OF LIQUIDS
ALLOYS
ALLOYS
Steel
Fe+C
Bronze
Cu+Sn
Brass
Zn+Cu
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
SOLUBILITY
UNIT: grams/mL
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE
Gases become more soluble as the
pressure above the solution increases.
Opening a bottle of soda decreases the
pressure inside the bottle. This decreases
the solubility of CO2 in the soda and
results in the formation of bubbles, or
fizz.
AGITATION/SHAKING/STIRRING
Solutes dissolve faster when the
solution is agitated by stirring or
shaking. The solvent immediately
surrounding the solute can
quickly
become
saturated.
Agitation helps bring fresh solvent
into contact with the surface of
the solute so that more solute can
dissolve. When adding sugar to
coffee, stirring helps the sugar
dissolve faster
SURFACE AREA
Solutes dissolve faster when the
surface area of the solute is
increased by crushing it into
smaller pieces. The greater the
surface
area,
the
more
opportunities there are for the
solvent to attack the solute. A
sugar cube takes longer to
dissolve in a cup of tea than an
equal amount of granulated
sugar.
CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION
The concentration of a solution is a macroscopic
property that represents the amount of solute
dissolved in a unit amount of solvent or of solution.
UNSATURATED: It is when more solute can be dissolved.
DILUTED: You can say that a solution is dilute, when there is
very little solute per given amount of solvent.
CONCENTRATED: A concentrated solution contains a large
amount (but non-specific) of solute dissolved in a solvent
CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION
PERCENT COMPOSITION