Study of Non Performing Assets in Bank of Maharashtra.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The project is requirement as a part of the curriculum of Masters of Business

Administration degree. The project is undertaken at Bank of Maharashtra, Khasbag
Branch, Belgaum.
Title of the project
Study of Non Performing Assets in Bank of Maharashtra.
Scope of the study
Concept of NPA
Classification of Non Performing Assets
Impact of NPA
Causes and preventative measures of NPA
Methodology
1. Primary data
-Interaction with the branch manager
-observation
2. Secondary data
- Cream software
- Financial reports
- Internet
- Bank magazines
Objectives of the study

1. To know the types of loans offered by bank of Maharashtra.
2. To study the NPAs of the bank.
3. To study the retail and non retail NPAs.
4. To find the causes for high NPAs and the techniques used to reduce it.
5. To analyse the data and give suggestions to reduce the NPAs
Limitations of the study

1. The names of the borrowers of loans were confidential.
2. The availability of data was limited.
KLSs, Institute of Management Education & Research, Belgaum
Page 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PARTICULARS
Part A
Origin and history of the bank
Vision,mission,etc
Highlights
Organizational structure
Page No.
1-11
Part B
Types of loans
Credit facilities
12-17
Part C
18-47
Introduction to non performing assets

Meaning of non performing assets
Classification of assets
Reasons for an account becoming NPA
Techniques used in reduction of NPAs
Provisions
Impact of NPA
Preventative measures
Guidelines for preventing slippage of NPA accounts
Asset classification as tool kit to bring down the branch
NPAs to the minimum.
Income recognition
Global developments and NPA
Factors for rise in NPAs
Part D
48-66
Page 2
Data analysis and interpretation

- NPAs, provisions and advances
- Gross NPA (%)
- Net NPA (%)
- Category of NPAs
- Movement of gross NPAs
- Concentration of top five borrowers
- Case study
- NPAs in retail sector
- NPAs in non retail sector
- Size wise classification of advances
Part E
Findings
Recommendations
conclusions
67-72
Bibliography
PART - A
Page 3
ORIGIN
AND HISTORY OF THE BANK
Bank of Maharashtra was registered as a banking company on the 16th of September,

1935 at Pune. The authorized capital was Rs. 10 Lakhs and issued capital of Rs. 5
Lakhs. . The Bank commenced its business on 1936 in pune, under the chairmanship of
Shri.Dhondumama. Sathe. Ever since its inception, Bank of Maharashtra is known as
common man's bank.
The present chairman of Bank of Maharashtra is Shri.Allen C.A. Pereira and
consists of Board of Directors under whom the Bank functions. Bank of Maharashtra has
its Head Office situated at Shivaji nagar in Pune, which is known as Lokmangal karyalay.
Later on in the year 1946, it entered into Karnataka and started its first branch in Hubli.
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Bank of Maharashtra began to progress to a great extent and expanded its banking
business all over India. It is amongst the top 14 nationalized banks in India.
In July 1969, Bank of Maharashtra was nationalized along with 13 other banks.
After nationalization, the Bank expanded rapidly and today its branch network comprises
of 1444 branches and 30 extension counters spread over 22 states and 2 union territories
Bank of Maharashtra has the largest network of branches by any Public sector bank in the
state of Maharashtra
Bank of Maharashtra attained autonomous status in 1998. It has helped the Bank
in providing more and more services with simplified procedures without intervention of
Government. Apart from providing loans, bank also offers personalized services to its
customers. The Bank also cares to its employees and provides many facilities & schemes
to them. Bank of Maharashtra has also come up with its shares in the market which is on
a slower growth towards progress.
In the year 2004 the bank came up with initial public offering. Bank of
Maharashtra has altogether 1444 branches all over India. The total turnover is 90,000
crores. Now it has 345 ATMs and 902 CBS branches. The bank has achieved 100% CBS
coverage.
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Vision 2010
To be a vibrant, forward looking, techno-savvy, customer centric bank serving diverse
sections of the society, enhancing shareholders and employees value while moving
towards global presence.
Mission
To ensure quick and efficient response to customer expectations.
To innovate products and services to cater to diverse sections of society.
To adopt latest technology on a continuous basis.
To build proactive, professional and involved workforce.
To enhance the shareholders wealth through best practices and corporate
governance.
To enter international arena through branch network.
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Our Logo
The Deepmal
With its many lights rising to greater heights.
The Pillar
Our institution- Symbolising strength.

The Diyas
Our Branches- Symbolising service.
The 3 M's symbolising
Mobilisation of Money
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Modernisation of Methods and

Motivation of Staff.
Our Aims
The bank wishes to cater to all types of needs of the entire family, in the whole country.
Its dream is "One Family, One Bank, Bank of Maharashtra ".
The Autonomy
The Bank attained autonomous status in 1998. It helps in giving more and more services
with simplified procedures without intervention of Government.
Our Social Aspect
The bank excels in Social Banking, overlooking the profit aspect; it has a good share of
Priority sector lending having 38% of its branches in rural areas.
Other Attributes
Bank is the convener of State level Bankers committee. Bank offers Depository services
and Demat facilities at 131 branches. Bank has a tie up with LIC of India and United
India Insurance Company for sale of Insurance policies. All the branches of the Bank are
fully computerised
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Highlights
Autonomy secured in the year 1998 continues.
Total business more than Rs. 91000.00 crore of which total deposits more than Rs.
54400 crore and Gross advances more than Rs36600 crore as of 30.9.2009
Branch network comprises of 1433 branches spread over 22 states and 2 union
territories.
CBS Branches
Bank has migrated 831 branches under CBS as against 773 branches as on
31.03.2009 and 798 branches as on 30.06.2009
ATM Network
Bank has 345 ATMs. Bank has installed 11 Biometric ATMs.
Card base crosses 10 lakh
Mahabank Insta International Visa Debit Card

Mahabank International Debit Card is issued in collaboration with VISA
ATM Card along with PIN is given to the customer as Welcome Kit at the time
of opening of the current and SB account in all CBS branches. The customer can
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start using ATM Insta card after 36 hours from date of issue. ( 36000 Insta Cards
are issued since July 09)
Utility Bill Payment through Internet Banking Facility.

The customers can do on line shopping / e-commerce and utility bill payment
transaction through Internet Banking facility.( 37000 Customer are using Internet
Banking facility)
Maha e-Statement
Customers can get their statement of account on registering their e-mail id and
desired frequency of statement with the Bank.
Straight through Processing (STP) STP of NEFT/ RTGS transactions has been
implemented for instant processing of inward and outward remittances through
RTGS and NEFT. (800 branches are offering RTGS/NEFT facility)
Specialised branches:
S M E branches - 14
Agro High-Tech branches - 4
Industrial Finance branches - 2
Overseas branches - 2
Treasury & international Banking - 1
Pension Branch -1
Govt Business Branch - 1
Bank has 28 FEX centers to handle FEX business.
Toll Free telephones at 11 major Metro centers.
The bank is shouldering the responsibility of lead bank in six districts viz. Satara,
Pune, Thane, Nasik, Aurangabad and Jalna. Our bank is also convening State
Level Bankers Committee and various development issues are taken up to
implement the state credit plan and achieving the targets under various
Government sponsored schemes.
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The Bank has set up a Trust viz. Mahabank Agricultural Research and Rural
Development Foundation (MARDEF), which is engaged in providing Credit Plus
services to the farmers in specific specialised fields like commercial dairy, Emu
farming, sericulture, organic farming, etc.
The Rural Development Centers at Bhigwan and Hadapsar in Pune District

undertake various labs to land programs on improved technologies. A fully
fledged soil-testing lab is being set up for the benefit of the farmers to go in for
high-tech agriculture.
To provide activity specific training to educated unemployed youth, Bank has set
up five Mahabank Self Employment Training Institutes (MSETI) at Pune,
Aurangabad, Nagpur, Nasik & Amravati for providing training to rural youth for
enabling them to acquire skills for self-employment.
Bank has formed a Trust by the name Gramin Mahila va Balak Vikas Mandal
(GMBVM), which is primarily engaged in formation, nurturing, training and
linkage of self-help groups to various banks, GMBVM has its area of operation in
nine districts and has been recognised by Government of Maharashtra as Mother
NGO. It also markets various products made by SHGs through its two retail
outlets by name SAVITRI in Pune district. The GMBVM is now in the process
of scaling up viable SHGs to SMEs.
The Bank has floated a subsidiary company- The Maharashtra Executor & Trustee
Company Ltd. (METCO) which undertakes Trustee Business, Property
Management and Tax Consultancy as well.
Bank is the Conveyor for Town Official Language Implementation Committee

(TOLIC) at Mumbai, Pune & Solapur. The Bank secured the First Prize for better
implementation of Hindi in both A and B Region and the Fourth Prize for
implementation of Hindi in C Region under Reserve Bank of India Rajbhasha
Shield Scheme for the year 2007-2008.
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ORGANISATIONAL STUDY
Organizational Structure
The bank has 3 tier organization structures.
Head office of the bank is located in Pune and regional office will be there exercised
immediate supervision and control over the branches under their jurisdiction or regional
officers are headed by experience executives in the senior/ top management grade. There
are 44 regional offices.
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Board of management:
1. Mr. Allen.C.A. Pereira
Chairman and Managing Director
2.Mr.M.G. Sanghvi
Executive Director
3.Mr.V. P. Bharadwaj
Director
4Mr.S.K. Gogia
Director
5. Mr.A. K. Pandit
Director
6.Mr.C. Patwari
Director
7.Mr. T. Parameswara Rao
Director
8.Mr.S. H. Kocheta
Director
9.Mr.D. S. Patel
Director
10.Mr.S. U. Deshpande
Director
Page 13
PART - B
Page 14
TYPES OF LOANS
1. Education loan
It is given to students to wish to study in India or abroad. The student should be an Indian
citizen. He should have secured a seat through an entrance test or merit basis selection.
The rate of interest for this loan is 10.25%.
2. Housing loan
The purpose of this loan is to build a house, purchase a house/flat or make repairs to the
existing house. It is given to salaried persons, professionals, businessmen, farmers and
resident Indians. There is no maximum limit for urban areas. But for rural areas it is 15
lakhs. The rate of interest is 9.25%.
3. Vehicle loan scheme
It is offered to purchase a two wheeler or a four wheeler. It is given to salaried,
professionals or businessmen. The maximum amount for two wheelers is Rs 50000 and
for four wheeler it is 15 lakhs. The rate of interest up to 3 years is 9.75% and above 3
years is 10.75%. The repayment period for two wheeler is 60 months and for four wheeler
is 84 months.
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4. Consumer loan
It is given to purchase consumer durables or computers. The rate of interest is 13.5%. It is
given to salaried or professionals. The maximum amount is Rs 1.50 lakhs. The processing
fee charged by the bank is 1% of loan amount.
5. Loan for agriculturists
Following are the various schemes offered to agriculturists
i.
Mahabank kinas credit

The purpose of this facility is to cultivate the crops, meeting the short term credit
needs of farmers for crop production and maintenance of farm equipments. The
agriculturists should own an agriculture land to get this facility. The amount lend is
decided by district technical committee. The security taken is hypothecation of
crops/assets or mortgage of land. Under this scheme insurance is given to crops.
ii.
Minor irrigation for agriculturists

The purpose of this facility is for digging new wells, revitalization of existing wells,
purchase of oil engine, electric motor, etc. the agriculturists should own a agriculture
land. The amount given is as per NABARD unit costs. Hypothecation of movable
assets or mortgage of land is taken as security. The repayment period is 7 to 11 years.
iii.
Farm mechanization for agriculturists

The purpose of this facility is to purchase a tractor, harvesters, threshers or other farm
equipments. The agriculturists should own at least 8 acres of irrigated land. The
amount given is as per the cost of machinery. The repayment period is 7 to 9 years.
Under this scheme insurance is given to machinery.
iv.
Animal husbandry
The purchase of the facility is purchase of cows/ buffaloes, poultry-broiler farm,

sheep goat rearing, etc. the agriculturists should have necessary expertise. The
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amount given is as per NABARD unit costs. The repayment period is 4 to 5 years.
Insurance of animals is essential.
v.
Horticulture
The purpose is cultivation of fruit crops like mango, pomegranate, grapes, etc. the
amount given is as per NABARD unit costs. The repayment period is 15 years. The
security needed is mortgage of land or hypothecation of crops.
vi.
Scheme for financing setting up of agri-clinics and agri-business centers for

agriculture graduates.
The purpose is setting up agri clinics or agri-business centers. It is offered to
agriculture graduates. The maximum amount given for individuals is Rs 10 lakhs and
group is 5 lakhs. The repayment period is 5 to 10 years.
vii.
Scheme for financing farmers for purchase of land

The eligibility for this scheme is small, marginal or tenant farmers. The maximum
amount given is 15 lakhs. The repaying period is as per the capacity of the borrower
or incremental income. The security taken is hypothecation of crops or mortgage of
land.
viii.
Hi tech projects
Agriculturists should have knowledge of advance techniques of farming. The purpose
is for hi tech projects. The amount given is as per project costs. The security asked is
hypothecation of goods or collateral security. The repayment period is 6 to 8 years.
ix.
Consumer loans to farmers
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The purpose is to purchase consumer durables. The maximum amount given is Rs

50000. The repayment period is 3 to 5 years. The eligibility is that the agricultural
income per annum should be above Rs 50000.
x.
Scheme for financing two wheelers to farmers

The purpose is to purchase a two wheeler. The eligibility is that the agricultural
income should be above Rs 50000. The maximum amount given is Rs 50000. The
repayment period is 3 to 5 years.
6. Loans for MSMEs

Amount
Up to 25 lakhs
25 lakhs to 1 crore
Above 1 crore
Rate of interest
9.25% p.a
10.25% p.a
11.25% p.a
Collateral free loan up to 10 lakhs is given. The loan is offered to Micro, Small and
Medium enterprises.
7. Solar loans
The purpose of this loan is to install solar home systems for domestic and commercial
use. The maximum amount given for domestic users is Rs 25000 and for entrepreneurs is
Rs 200000. The rate of interest is 12.5%. The repayment period 5 years.
8. Personal loans
The purpose is to meet the personal expenses. The maximum amount is 1.50 lakhs. The
rate of interest is 14%. The processing fee charged is 1% of loan amount. The eligibility
is salaried or professionals.
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CREDIT FACILITIES
1. Cash credit
It is a short term cash loan to a company. The bank provides this type of credit facility
only after required security is given to secure the loan. Once the security for repayment
has been given the company that receives the loan can continuously draw from the bank
up to a specified amount.
2. Overdraft
It is given when then the withdrawals from a bank account exceed the available balance.
3. Term loans
These are commercial loans. They carry fixed interest rates. The repayment schedule is
monthly or quarterly.
4. Bill discounting
The bank buys a bill i.e. a bill of exchange or a promissory note before its due and credits
the value of the bill after a discounts charge to a customers account. The transaction is
practically an advance against the security of the bill and discount represents the interest
on the advance from the date from the purchase of the bill until its due for payment.
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PART - C
INTRODUCTION OF NON PERFORMING ASSETS
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The world is going faster in terms of services and physical products. However it
has been researched that physical products are available because of the service industries.
In the nation economy also service industry plays vital role in the boosting up of the
economy. The nations like U.S, U.K, and Japan have service industries more than 55%.
The banking sector is one of appreciated service industries. The banking sector plays
larger role in channelising money from one end to other end. It helps almost every person
in utilizing the money at their best. The banking sector accepts the deposits of the people
and provides fruitful return to people on the invested money. But for providing the better
returns plus principal amounts to the clients; it becomes important for the banks to earn.
The main sources of income for banks are the interest that they earn on the loans that
have been disbursed to general person, businessman, or any industry for its development.
Thus, we may find the input-output system in the banking sector. Banks first, accepts the
deposits from the people and secondly they lend this money to people who are in the need
of it. By the way of channelising money from one end to another end, Banks earn their
profits.
However, Indian banking sector has recently faced the serious problem of Non
Performing Assets. This problem has been emerged largely in Indian banking sector since
three decade. Due to this problem many Public Sector Banks have been adversely
affected to their performance and operations. In simple words Non Performing Assets
problem is one where banks are not able to recollect their landed money from the clients
or clients have been in such a condition that they are not in the position to provide the
borrowed money to the banks.
The problem of NPAs is danger to the banks because it destroys the healthy
financial conditions of the them. The trust of the people would not be anymore if the
banks have higher NPAs. So. The problem of NPAs must be tackled out in such a way
that would not destroy the operational, financial conditions and would not affect the
image of the banks. Recently, RBI has taken number steps to reduce NPAs of the Indian
banks. And it is also found that the many banks have shown positive figures in reducing
NPAs as compared to the past years.
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NON PERFORMING ASSETS

The assets of a banking company are classified into
1. performing assets
2. non performing assets
1. Performing assets
It means an asset which continues to generate income to the bank
2. Non performing asset
An asset becomes a non performing asset when it does not generate income.
Non
Performing Asset means an asset or account of borrower, which has been classified by a
bank or financial institution as sub-standard, doubtful or loss asset, in accordance with the
directions or guidelines relating to asset classification issued by The Reserve Bank of
India.
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RBI has given some guidelines to decide as to when an asset becomes non performing.
These guidelines are as follows.
a) Term loans
When the interest or installment of principal remains unpaid for a period of more
than 90 days. The term loan becomes non performing
E.g.: suppose of the total term loans of Rs 20,00,000 as at 31-3-2007 the interest
remains unpaid on a loan amount of Rs 1,00,000 for a period of more than 90
days. In this case 1,00,000 becomes non performing asset and the balance i.e.
19,00,000 is performing asset.
b) Cash credits and overdrafts
In the case of cash credits and overdrafts if the amount remains out of order for a
period of more than 90 days a cash credit or an overdraft becomes a non
performing asset. As account is said to be out of order if the following conditions
are satisfied
i.
The outstanding balance of the above accounts remains continuously in
the excess of the sanctioned limit or drawing amount

ii.
Though the outstanding balance is less than the sanctioned limit there are
no credits continuously for more than 90 days as on the date of balance sheet
or the credits during the aforesaid period is not enough to cover the interest
during the current period.
c) Bills purchased and discounted
If the bill remains unpaid for a period of more than 90 days such bill purchase or
discounted becomes a non performing asset.
E.g.: suppose of the total amount of bills purchased and discounted of Rs
10,00,000 as at 31-3-2007 a sum of Rs 30000 to be received remains overdue for
more than a period of 90 days as on the above date. In this case Rs 30000 is
treated as non performing asset and the balance of Rs 9,70,000 is the performing
asset.
d) Agricultural advances
In the case of agricultural advances if the interest or installment or principal
remains overdue for two harvest seasons but for a period not exceeding two half
years such agricultural advances become non performing asset.
e) Other accounts
Page 23
In case of other accounts if the amount remains overdue for a period of more than
90 days such other accounts are treated as non performing assets.
It should be noted that the non performing assets are determined borrower wise and not
facility wise. Therefore if the facilities granted to a borrower becomes non performing all
the facilities become non performing irrespective of the performing status of other
facilities. The identification of non performing asset is to be made on the basis of the
above position as on the date of the balance sheet.
The object of the above classification is that the international practice is now to
classify the assets into performing assets and non performing assets. Income is recognized
on accrual basis in case of performing assets and where as in the case of non performing
assets only when income is actually received in cash.
CLASSIFICATION OF ASSETS
Page 24
The assets of a bank are classified into

Standard assets
Sub-standard assets
Doubtful assets
Loss assets
1. Standard assets
It is not a non performing asset. It carries normal risk.
2. Sub-standard asset
It is an account which remained non performing asset for a period less than or equal to 12
months. This account has credit weakness. If it is not rectified it may affect the recovery
of the debt in the long term.
3. Doubtful assets
It is an asset which remained non performing for a period of more than 12 months.
However if the account has any threat to recovery due to erosion in the value of the
security or frauds committed by the borrowers then it will be classified as doubtful asset
without waiting for the above said period of 12 months. It carries high risk.
4. Loss asset
A loss asset is one where the loss has been identified by the bank or by the auditors or by
RBI after inspection. This asset is considered as uncollectible.
REASONS FOR AN ACCOUNT BECOMING NPA

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There are several reasons for an account becoming NPA.

* Internal factors
* External factors
Internal factors:
1. Funds borrowed for a particular purpose but not use for the said purpose.
2. Project not completed in time.
3. Poor recovery of receivables.
4. Excess capacities created on non-economic costs.
5. In-ability of the corporate to raise capital through the issue of equity or other debt
instrument from capital markets.
6. Business failures.
7. Diversion of funds for expansion\modernization\setting up new projects\ helping
or promoting sister concerns.
8. Willful defaults, siphoning of funds, fraud, disputes, management disputes, misappropriation etc.
9. Deficiencies on the part of the banks viz. in credit appraisal, monitoring and
follow-ups,
delay in settlement of payments\ subsidiaries by government bodies
etc.,
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External factors:
1. Sluggish legal system Long legal tangles
Changes that had taken place in labour laws
Lack of sincere effort.
2. Scarcity of raw material, power and other resources.
3. Industrial recession.
4. Shortage of raw material, raw material\input price escalation, power shortage,
industrial recession, excess capacity, natural calamities like floods, accidents.
5. Failures, non payment\ over dues in other countries, recession in other countries,
adverse exchange rates etc.
6. Government policies like excise duty changes, Import duty changes etc.
TECHNIQUES USED IN REDUCTION OF NPAS:
Page 27
Sending notices on due dates. i.e. through ordinary, registered and legal. The bank
sends notices to borrowers. The notices contain the due dates. The various forms
of sending these notices are ordinary, registered and legal. The borrowers have to
reply to such notices. And further they have started making the repayments.
Application of SARFAESI Act.
SARFAESI stands for secutarisation and reconstruction of financial assets and
enforcement of security interest. The bank uses this act to recover the money. It
helps in managing the NPAs and keeping pace with the international pace of
financial institutions. It allows the banks to take possession of the assets and sale
them. It helps the bank to realize the long term assets. It is a facility for asset
recovery and reconstruction.
Seizure and disposal of assets through auctions.
The bank takes possession of the assets. Then it sells it through auction. By this
way the bank recovers the amount.
Debt Recovery Tribunal.
In case the NPAs are more than 10 lakhs the bank approaches the debt recovery
tribunal. This tribunal helps the bank to recover the advance. It is an effective
technique.
Field visits, personal persuasion.
The bank does field visits. The banks meet the defaulters. They persuade them to
pay the amount.
Civil procedures and winding up notices.
This is similar as the suit filing by the courts. The bank sends notices to the
defaulters. The bank adopts a legal action against the borrowers.
Lok Adalats
Here a meeting is arranged between the banker, defaulters and judges. They have
a discussion and arrive at a solution. By this way the bank recovers the NPA.
Compromises
It includes waiver, interest reduction. The bank talks with the defaulter and does
some compromises like interest reduction, waiver, etc. by this way the amount is
recovered.
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Suit filing in the court

The bank files a suit in the court. He states that is the defaulter fails to make the
payments then his property will be sold. Here the bank adopts legal action.
One time settlement
In this technique the bank talks with the borrower and he makes the payment at
one time. Instead of paying the installments the borrower makes one time
settlement. It is an effective technique.
PROVISIONS
Provisioning norms
The primary responsibility for making adequate provisions for any diminution in
the value of loan assets is that of the bank management or the statutory auditors.
The assessment made by the inspecting officer of the RBI is furnished to the bank
to assist the bank management or the statutory auditors in taking a decision in
regard to making adequate provision in terms of the prudential guidelines.
Provisioning on standard assets
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The bank makes a provision of a minimum of 0.25% on the standard assets on

total loan portfolio.
The bank raises the provision on standard assets from 0.25% to 0.40% to
agriculture and MSMEs.
Provision on sub standard assets
The bank makes a general provision of 10% on the outstanding balance.
The unsecured exposures which are identified as sub standard would attract an
additional provision of 10%.
Unsecured exposure refers to exposure where the value of realizable security is

not more than 10%.
Provisioning on doubtful assets
In regard to the secured portion the provision may be made on the rates ranging
from 20% to 100% of the secured portion depending upon the period for which
the asset has remained doubtful.
The provisioning for unsecured doubtful assets is 100%.
Provisioning for loss assets
For these assets 100% provision is made. They are generally written off.
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NOTE:
1. The total provisions are Rs 24,22,323.
2. The provision coverage ratio for the bank is 24.85%.
IMPACT OF NPA
Profitability
NPA means booking of money in terms of bad asset which occurred due to wrong choice
of client. Because of the money getting blocked the profitability of bank decreases not
only by the amount of NPA but NPA lead to opportunity cost also much of profit invested
in some return earning project/asset. So NPA doesnt affect current profit but also future
stream of profit, which may lead to loss of some long-term beneficial opportunity.
Another impact of reduction in profitability is low ROI (return on investment), which
adversely affect current earning of bank.
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Liquidity:Money is getting blocked, decreased profit lead to lack of enough cash at hand which lead
to borrowing money for shot\rtes period of time which lead to additional cost to the
company. Difficulty in operating the functions of bank is another cause of NPA due to
lack of money. Routine payments and dues.
Involvement of management:Time and efforts of management is another indirect cost which bank has to bear due to
NPA. Time and efforts of management in handling and managing NPA would have
diverted to some fruitful activities, which would have given good returns. Now days
banks have special employees to deal and handle NPAs, which is additional cost to the
bank
Credit loss:Bank is facing problem of NPA then it adversely affect the value of bank in terms of
market credit. It will lose its goodwill and brand image and credit which have negative
impact to the people who are putting their money in the banks.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Early Recognition of the Problem:Invariably, by the time banks start their efforts to get involved in a revival process, its too
late to retrieve the situation- both in terms of rehabilitation of the project and recovery of
banks dues. Identification of weakness in the very beginning that is: When the account
starts showing first signs of weakness regardless of the fact that it may not have become
NPA, is imperative. Assessment of the potential of revival may be done on the basis of a
techno-economic viability study. Restructuring should be attempted where, after an
Page 32
objective assessment of the promoters intention, banks are convinced of a turnaround

within a scheduled timeframe. In respect of totally unviable units as decided by the bank,
it is better to facilitate winding up/ selling of the unit earlier, so as to recover whatever is
possible through legal means before the security position becomes worse.
Identifying Borrowers with Genuine Intent:Identifying borrowers with genuine intent from those who are non- serious with no
commitment or stake in revival is a challenge confronting bankers. Here the role of
frontline officials at the branch level is paramount as they are the ones who have
intelligent inputs with regard to promoters sincerity, and capability to achieve
turnaround. Based on this objective assessment, banks should decide as quickly as
possible whether it would be worthwhile to commit additional finance.
In this regard banks may consider having Special Investigation of all financial
transaction or business transaction, books of account in order to ascertain real factors that
contributed to sickness of the borrower. Banks may have penal of technical experts with
proven expertise and track record of preparing techno-economic study of the project of
the borrowers.
Borrowers having genuine problems due to temporary mismatch in fund flow or sudden
requirement of additional fund may be entertained at branch level, and for this purpose a
special limit to such type of cases should be decided. This will obviate the need to route
the additional funding through the controlling offices in deserving cases, and help avert
many accounts slipping into NPA category.
40
Timeliness and Adequacy of response:Longer the delay in response, grater the injury to the account and the asset. Time is a
crucial element in any restructuring or rehabilitation activity. The response decided on the
basis of techno-economic study and promoters commitment, has to be adequate in terms
of extend of additional funding and relaxations etc. under the restructuring exercise. The
package of assistance may be flexible and bank may look at the exit option.
Page 33
Focus on Cash Flows:While financing, at the time of restructuring the banks may not be guided by the
conventional fund flow analysis only, which could yield a potentially misleading picture.
Appraisal for fresh credit requirements may be done by analysing funds flow in
conjunction with the Cash Flow rather than only on the basis of Funds Flow.
Management Effectiveness:The general perception among borrower is that it is lack of finance that leads to sickness
and NPAs. But this may not be the case all the time. Management effectiveness in
tackling adverse business conditions is a very important aspect that affects a borrowing
units fortunes. A bank may commit additional finance to an ailing unit only after basic
viability of the enterprise also in the context of quality of management is examined and
confirmed. Where the default is due to deeper malady, viability study or investigative
audit should be done it will be useful to have consultant appointed as early as possible
to examine this aspect. A proper techno economic viability study must thus become the
basis on which any future action can be considered
Timeliness and Adequacy of response:Longer the delay in response, grater the injury to the account and the asset. Time is a
crucial element in any restructuring or rehabilitation activity. The response decided on the
basis of techno-economic study and promoters commitment, has to be adequate in terms
of extend of additional funding and relaxations etc. under the restructuring exercise. The
package
of assistance may be flexible and bank may look at the exit option.
Focus on Cash Flows:While financing, at the time of restructuring the banks may not be guided by the
conventional fund flow analysis only, which could yield a potentially misleading picture.
Appraisal for fresh credit requirements may be done by analysing funds flow in
conjunction with the Cash Flow rather than only on the basis of Funds Flow.
Page 34
Management Effectiveness:The general perception among borrower is that it is lack of finance that leads to sickness
and NPAs. But this may not be the case all the time. Management effectiveness in
tackling adverse business conditions is a very important aspect that affects a borrowing
units fortunes. A bank may commit additional finance to an ailing unit only after basic
viability of the enterprise also in the context of quality of management is examined and
confirmed. Where the default is due to deeper malady, viability study or investigative
audit should be done it will be useful to have consultant appointed as early as possible
to examine this aspect. A proper techno economic viability study must thus become the
basis on which any future action can be considered
GUIDELINES FOR PREVENTING SLIPPAGE OF NPA ACCOUNTS

At the behest of the BFS, a study was conducted on slippage of non-performing accounts
from
sub-standard
to
doubtful/loss
categories.
suggested
framework
of
recommendations, prepared on the basis of the study, was circulated among banks for
feedback and comments. Based on the response to these draft recommendations, the final
recommendations for preventing slippage of NPA accounts were forwarded to banks in
Page 35
September 2002. A system of early recognition with timely and adequate intervention was
suggested.
In this context, it was also suggested that banks may introduce a new asset category called
'Special Mention Accounts' between 'Standard' and 'Sub-standard' for their own internal
monitoring and follow-up, in line with international best practices but keeping in view the
local requirements. An asset may be transferred to this category once the earliest signs of
sickness/ irregularities are noticed. This would help banks to look at accounts with
potential problems in a focused manner right from the onset of the problem, so that
monitoring and remedial actions can be more effective. Banks which already have a
designated asset category on the lines of 'special mention assets' may continue the same
on the basis of their internal norms.
Special mention assets would not require provisioning, as they are not classified as NPAs.
Their main purpose is to alert management to the possibility of such an account turning
bad, thus triggering preventive action well in time. These guidelines are aimed at
providing a common minimum framework to tackle the problem of slippage of NPAs and
it is expected that banks will work out their strategic responses in keeping with the broad
thrust of the guidelines.
ASSET CLASSIFICATION AS TOOL KIT TO BRING DOWN THE BRANCH

NPAs TO THE BEAREST MINIMUM.
Credit Appraisal and Advance Monitoring: i)
End use of funds should be monitored by effectively following up QIS

statements, analyzing them.
ii)
Verify the financials submitted by the borrower and compare with that of
assumption made at the time of previous sanction.
Page 36
iii)
Pre-sanction visit to the sites of collateral security should invariable be done

by the appraising officers before accepting them as collateral. The field staff
branch manager, division managers, should inspect this at yearly or half yearly
intervals.
iv)
Borrowers are willing to furnish any detail on their assets and liabilities and
execute any document before disbursement of loan. Obtain all relevant details
and documents prior to disbursing the loan/advance.
v)
Book fresh quality advances and market for such advance. At present we are
financing to those who have approached us. Approach good borrower and
bring to our books. Marketing is the need of hour.
vi)
Follow-up all account with one quarter interest dues and ensure that borrower
meets interest commitments.
vii)
Cost escalation or delay in project implementation should be taken care of

while sanctioning loan itself. If there are any significant developments during
implementation that has affected the project please review sanction well
before the commencement of production and installment falls due.
viii)
Strengthen pre-sanction and post-sanction inspection at all levels.
ix)
Seasonal activities-monitor the recovery in the account and ensure recovery

effort coincides with the time of revenue inflow.
x)
Be aware of the danger signals received from the borrowers about the problem
loans. Preventive and curative action should be taken immediately.
xi)
Do not be just satisfied and let lose the good borrowers. Complacency towards
existing good borrowers may lead to account turning NPAs later.
SUBSTANDARD ASSETS:i)
A Sizable portion of NPA is in substandard category. It should be possible to

upgrade account in this segment.
ii)
Ensure that substandard account does not slip down to doubtful and loss
category.
Page 37
iii)
Efforts should be made to upgrade the account to standard categories NPAs

affect our balance sheet four ways:
1) We cannot book income
2) Capital adequacy ratio gets affected
3) NPAs require provisioning from post tax profits.
4) Affects image in international level.
iv)
Once the amount becomes NPA verify weather documentation is in order. If not
rectify it first.
v)
Rectify all irregularities in documentation as pointed out by branch Inspectors.
vi)
Regular counsel and educate defaulting borrower. Maintain regular contact with
the borrowers and monitor the asset. Keep the branch manager informed of the
developments at regular intervals.
vii)
Do not permit excess drawing unless otherwise necessary for three unit
to run.
If the situations warrants, renew/review the account record excess drawings, if

any, permitted in the account and insists for letters and document it.
viii)
In case of sick units if satisfied about the problems of sickness strengthen the assets
with collaterals. This will help in making small provision against such advances.
Chalk out a rehabilitation programme in consultation with the controllers
immediately failing which we may not have any assets to fall back upon later. A
quick action is needed. If give a chance, grab the earliest to palm off the account
from our books to any other financial agency.
DOUBTFUL ASSETS
i)
Experience in the previous years indicate that there has been steady slippage in
the quality of assets in the NPA categories from sub standard to doubtful assets
and then to loss assets. One reason could be that appropriate action as mentioned
above is not taken in case of sub standard assets. Secondly suit field accounts in
Page 38
various civil courts\ debts recovery tribunal is not followed up in the manner
required ad or are getting very little attention. These accounts particularly suit
field /decreed account required constant review at the operating level so that
appropriate steps like enforcing decree, facilitating compromises or write off if
need be initiated instead of holding such un-remunerative accounts on long term
basis in your books as NPAs.
ii)
Issues raised by advocates should be tackled to get the suits disposed of and
executive the decreased so obtained to reduced the NPAs.
iii)
Where branches have got backlog in settlement to DICGC claims such claims
should followed up rigorously. For this purpose dealing official at the branch
should explore the possibilities of getting the claim settled at an earliest in
consideration with the DICGC Chennai / Mumbai.
iv)
Compromise as a strategy for reducing NPAs is receiving attention of branch

functionaries. Encourage compromise proposal selectively without giving wrong
signals to the other good borrowers. Branches should view such compromise
proposals based on the net present value, nature and value of value of assets
presently available to us.
LOSS ASSETS
i)
Write off Doubtful and loss assets was initiated by branches from the first quarter
of the year itself.
Page 39
ii)
High value doubtful and loss assets where DICGC has settled the claims and / or
rejected the case should be first dealt with write-off proposals with additional
information should be submitted immediately where ever assets are not available.
iii)
Identify all loss assets where full provision is available to write off. Where ever
suits are pending and prospect of recovery exists such account can be parked in
advance under collections accounts.
iv)
Recommendation to write up file value loss asset should be sent on priority basis.
v)
Write off out standings where provision is short up to Rs 25000 may be sent
immediately without further loss of time
vi)
Where ever compromises are / where entertained earlier and write-off the balance
still exist arrange to sent such write-off proposals and ensure that the account does
not appear in balance sheet of the bank.
INCOME RECOGNITION
1. Income recognition Policy
The policy of income recognition has to be objective and based on the record of
recovery. Internationally income from non-performing assets ( NPA ) is not recognised on
Page 40
accrual basis but is booked as income only when it is actually received. Therefore, the
banks should not charge and take to income account interest on any NPA.
However, interest on advances against term deposits, NSCs, IVPs, KVPs and Life
policies may be taken to income account on the due date, provided adequate margin is
available in the accounts.
Fees and commissions earned by the banks as a result of re-negotiations or
rescheduling of outstanding debts should be recognised on an accrual basis over the
period of time covered by the re-negotiated or rescheduled extension of credit.
If Government guaranteed advances become NPA, the interest on such advances should
not be taken to income account unless the interest has been realised.
2. Reversal of income:
If any advance, including bills purchased and discounted, becomes NPA as at the
close of any year, interest accrued and credited to income account in the corresponding
previous year, should be reversed or provided for if the same is not realised. This will
apply to Government guaranteed accounts also.
In respect of NPAs, fees, commission and similar income that have accrued should
cease to accrue in the current period and should be reversed or provided for with respect
to past periods, if uncollected.
3 Leased Assets
The net lease rentals (finance charge) on the leased asset accrued and credited to
income account before the asset became non-performing, and remaining unrealised,
should be reversed or provided for in The term 'net lease rentals' would mean thethe
Page 41
current accounting period. amount of finance charge taken to the credit of Profit & Loss
Account and would be worked out as gross lease rentals adjusted by amount of statutory
As per the 'Guidance Note ondepreciation and lease equalisation account. Accounting
for Leases' issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
(ICAI), a separate Lease Equalisation Account should be opened by the banks with a
corresponding debit or credit to Lease Adjustment Account, as the case may be. Further,
Lease Equalisation Account should be transferred every year to the Profit & Loss Account
and disclosed separately as a deduction from/addition to gross value of lease rentals
shown under the head 'Gross Income'. Appropriation of recovery in NPAs Interest
realised on NPAs may be taken to income account provided the credits in the accounts
towards interest are not out of fresh/ additional credit facilities sanctioned to the borrower
concerned.
In the absence of a clear agreement between the bank and the borrower for the purpose
of appropriation of recoveries in NPAs (i.e. towards principal or interest due), banks
should adopt an accounting principle and exercise the right of appropriation of recoveries
in a uniform and consistent manner.
4 Interest Application:
There is no objection to the banks using their own discretion in debiting interest to an
NPA account taking the same to Interest Suspense Account or maintaining only a record
of such interest in proforma accounts.
5 Reporting of NPAs
Banks are required to furnish a Report on NPAs as on 31st March each year after
completion of audit. The NPAs would relate to the banks global portfolio, including the
advances at the foreign branches. The Report should be furnished as per the prescribed
format given in the Annexure I.
While reporting NPA figures to RBI, the amount held in interest suspense account,
should be shown as a deduction from gross NPAs as well as gross advances while arriving
at the net NPAs. Banks which do not maintain Interest Suspense account for parking
Page 42
interest due on non-performing advance accounts, may furnish the amount of interest
receivable on NPAs as a foot note to the Report. Whenever NPAs are reported to RBI,
the amount of technical write off, if any, should be reduced from the outstanding gross
advances and gross NPAs to eliminate any distortion in the quantum of NPAs being
reported.
GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS AND NPAs
Page 43
The core banking business is of mobilizing the deposits and utilizing it for lending to
industry. Lending business is generally encouraged because it has the effect of funds
being transferred from the system to productive purposes, which results into economic
growth. However lending also carries credit risk, which arises from the failure of
borrower to fulfill its contractual obligations either during the course of a transaction or
on a future obligation. A question that arises is how much risk can a bank afford to take?
Recent happenings in the business world -Enron, WorldCom, Xerox, Global Crossing do
not give much confidence to banks. In case after case, these giant corporate becan1e
bankrupt and failed to provide investors with clearer and more complete information
thereby introducing a degree of risk that many investors could neither anticipate nor
welcome. The history of financial institutions also reveals the fact that the biggest
banking failures were due to credit risk. Due to this, banks are restricting their lending
operations to secured avenues only with adequate collateral on which to fall back upon in
a situation of default.
FACTORS FOR RISE IN NPAs

The banking sector has been facing the serious problems of the rising NPAs. But the
problem of NPAs is more in public sector banks when
compared to private sector
Page 44
banks and foreign banks. The NPAs in PSB are growing due to external as well as internal
factors.
EXTERNAL FACTORS:Ineffective recovery tribunal
The Govt. has set of numbers of recovery tribunals, which works for recovery of loans
and advances. Due to their negligence and ineffectiveness in their work the bank suffers
the consequence of non- recover, their by reducing their profitability and liquidity.
Willful Defaults
There are borrowers who are able to pay back loans but are intentionally withdrawing it.
These groups of people should be identified and proper measures should be taken in order
to get back the money extended to them as advances and loans.
Natural calamities
This is the measure factor, which is creating alarming rise in NPAs of the PSBs. every
now and then India is hit by major natural calamities thus making the borrowers unable to
pay back there loans. Thus the bank has to make large amount of provisions in order to
compensate those loans, hence end up the fiscal with a reduced profit. Mainly ours
farmers depends on rain fall for cropping. Due to irregularities of rain fall the farmers are
not to achieve the production level thus they are not repaying the loans.
Lack of demand
Entrepreneurs in India could not foresee their product demand and starts production
which ultimately piles up their product thus making them unable to pay back the money
they borrow to operate these activities.
Change on Govt. policies
With every new govt. banking sector gets new policies for its operation. Thus it has to
cope with the changing principles and policies for the regulation of the rising of NPAs.
The fallout of handloom sector is continuing as most of the weavers Co-operative
societies have become defunct largely due to withdrawal of state patronage. The
rehabilitation plan worked out by the Central government to revive the handloom sector
has not yet been implemented. So the over dues due to the handloom sectors are
becoming NPAs.
Page 45
INTERNAL FACTORS:Defective Lending process

There are three cardinal principles of bank lending that have been
followed by the commercial banks since long.
i. Principles of safety
ii. Principle of liquidity
iii. Principles of profitability
Principles of safety:By safety it means that the borrower is in a position to repay the loan both principal and
interest. The repayment of loan depends upon the borrowers:
Capacity to pay depends upon:
Tangible assets
Success in business
Honest
Reputation of borrower
The banker should, therefore take utmost care in ensuring that the enterprise or business
for which a loan is sought is a sound one and the borrower is capable of carrying it out
successfully .he should be a person of integrity and good character.
Inappropriate technology
Due to inappropriate technology and management information system, market driven
decisions on real time basis cannot be taken. Proper
MIS
and financial
accounting
system is not implemented in the banks, which leads to poor credit collection, thus NPA.
All the branches of the bank should be computerized.
Improper SWOT analysis
Page 46
The improper strength, weakness, opportunity and threat analysis is another reason for
rise in NPAs. While providing unsecured advances the banks depend more on the
honesty, integrity, and financial soundness and credit worthiness of the borrower.
Banks should consider the borrowers own capital investment.
It should collect credit information of the borrowers from: a. From bankers.
b. Enquiry from market/segment of trade, industry,
business.
c. From external credit rating agencies.
Analyze the balance sheet. True picture of business will be
revealed on analysis of profit/loss a/c and balance sheet.
When bankers give loan, he should analyze the purpose of the loan. To ensure safety and
liquidity, banks should grant loan for productive purpose only. Bank should analyze the
profitability, viability, long term acceptability of the project while financing. Poor credit
appraisal system Poor credit appraisal is another factor for the rise in NPAs. Due to poor
credit appraisal the bank gives advances to those who are not able to repay it back. They
should use good credit appraisal to decrease the NPAs. Managerial deficiencies The
banker should always select the borrower very carefully and should take tangible assets as
security to safe guard its interests.
When accepting securities banks should consider the: 1. Marketability
2. Acceptability
3. Safety
4. Transferability.
The banker should follow the principle of diversification of risk based on the famous
maxim do not keep all the eggs in one basket; it means that the banker should not grant
advances to a few big farms only or to concentrate them in few industries or in a few
cities. If a new big customer meets misfortune or certain traders or industries affected
adversely, the overall position of the bank will not be affected.
Page 47
Absence of regular industrial visit

The irregularities in spot visit also increases the NPAs. Absence of
regularly visit of bank officials to the customer point decreases the collection of interest
and principals on the loan. The NPAs due to willful defaulters can be collected by regular
visits.
Re loaning process
Non remittance of recoveries to higher financing agencies and re loaning of the same
have already affected the smooth operation of the credit cycle.
Page 48
PART - D
Page 49
NPAs, PROVISIONS
AND ADVANCES
YEARS
TOTAL NPA
TOTAL
PROVISIONS
TOTAL
ADVANCES
2005
27.67
25.50
362.83
2006
15.57
8.94
447.35
2007
22.53
11.59
433.79
2008
19.68
9.85
451.57
2009
97.45
24.22
468.21
(Figures in lakhs)
(Khasbag branch, belgaum)
Page 50
INTERPRETATION
The above diagram shows the NPAs, provisions and advances from 2005 to 2009. There
is moderate NPA during 2005 to 2008. The year 2009 has a high NPA because most of
the small and medium enterprises in Udyambag were closed and they failed to pay the
installments. The year 2005 has the highest provision because majority of the NPAs
belonged to the loss assets category. This has lead the bank to make 100% provision for
loss assets. There is a steady increase in the loans offered by the bank.
Page 51
INTERPRETATION
The above graph shows the trend of NPAs during 2005 to 2009. The NPA has sky
rocketed in the year 2009 2010. This is because most of the enterprises wre closed
down.
Page 52
GROSS NPAS(%)
Years
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Gross
NPA
Gross
Advances
%
27.67
15.57
22.53
19.68
97.45
362.83
447.35
433.79
451.57
468.21
7.62%
3.48%
5.19%
4.35%
20.81%
(Figures in lakhs)
INTERPRETATION
The above diagram shows the percentage of gross NPAs to gross Advance during 2005 to
2009. In the year 2009 the NPA has increased sharply because most of the enterprises
were closed down and they failed to pay the installments. During the years 2005 to 2008
the gross NPAs were moderate i.e. they ranged from 3% to 8%.
Page 53
NET NPAs (%)

Years
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Net
NPAs
Net
Advances
%
2.17
6.63
10.94
9.83
73.23
337.33
438.41
422.2
441.72
443.99
0.64%
1.51%
2.59%
2.22%
16.49%
(Figures in lakhs)
INTERPRETATION
The above chart shows the percentage of net NPAs to net Advances. The banker prefers
this ratio over gross NPA. There were moderate NPAs during 2005 to 2008. But in the
year 2009 the percentage is high. It is above the standard norm of 10%. The banks should
use various techniques like SARFAESI, legal procedure, one time settlement to recover
the NPAs.
Page 54
CATEGORY
NUMBER
SECURED
UNSECURED
OUTSTANDING TOTAL
BALANCE
PROVISIONS
OF
ASSETS
OF
SUB
44
59.26
15.98
75.24
9.12
9.58
6.40
15.97
8.87
35
6.23
6.23
6.23
85
68.83
28.61
97.45
24.22
A/CS
STANDARD
ASSETS
DOUBTFUL
ASSETS
LOSS
ASSETS
TOTAL
NPA
SUMMARY OF NPA ACCOUNT

(FOR THE YEAR 2009-2010)
(Figures in lakhs)
( Khasbag branch, belgaum)
Page 55
Gross NPAs= Rs 97,45,045

Advances = Rs 4,68,21,644
% to Advances =
Gross NPAs * 100

Gross Advances
= 97,45,045 * 100
4,68,21,644
= 20.81%
Net NPAs = Rs 73, 22, 724

Advances = Rs 4,43,99,000
% to Net Advances =
Net NPA * 100

Net Advances
73,22,724 * 100
4,43,99,000
= 16.42%
Note:
1. Gross NPAs refers to total NPAs
Page 56
2 Net NPA = Gross NPA ( total provisions held + balance in interest suspense account
+
DICGC/ECGC claims received and pending adjustment + part payment received
and kept in suspense account
INTERPRETATION:
The above diagram shows the various categories of non performing assets. Majority of
the assets belong to the sub standard category. These assets should not slip into the other
doubtful and loss categories. So the bank should monitor these accounts.
Page 57
MOVEMENT OF GROSS NPAs
SL.NO
PARTICULARS
AMOUNT
1
Opening NPA level as on 01-04-2009
2
Less : recovery as on 01-04-2009

: ledger balances in NPAs upgraded
: ledger balances written off as on 01-04-2009
Sub total
Add : ledger balance of fresh NPA accounT

: net variation in ledger balances of existing NPA
Accounts
1968005
452392
0
361245
1154368
8583375
7304
4
Closing NPA level as on 31-03-2010
9745047
INTERPRETATION:
The table shows movement of gross NPAs. The opening level of NPA as on 01-04-2009 is
taken. Certain items like recovery of NPAs and balances written off are deducted from the
opening level of NPA. New NPA accounts are added to the sub total. Net variation
includes expenses like issue of notice charges, advocate charges, etc.The balance obtained
is closing level of NPA.
Page 58
CONCENTRATION OF TOP 5
BORROWERS
NAMES
ASSET
CLASSIFICATION
sub standard
1225714
sub standard
1058052
sub standard
1024329
sub standard
937818
doubtful
917238
TOTAL
5163151
NPA
INTERPRETATION:
The above table shows the top five borrowers having NPA accounts. It accounts for 52%
of the total NPAs. Most of the assets are in the sub standard category. Proper steps should
be taken to avoid slippages into other category of assets.
Page 59
CASE STUDY
CASE
Mr. A is the proprietor of Acer Industries. He had applied for a loan in bank of
Maharashtra in the year 2006. The bank gave credit facilities like.
Sl no Type of credit facility
Amount
1
Term Loan
4.25
2
Cash Credit
6.00
(Figures in lakhs)
The security given by him was plot .The guarantors were Mr. C and Mr. D. Since 28 th
Feb. 2010 he has not paid the installments for three months. The present status of credit
facility of Mr. A is
Sl no Type of credit facility
Outstanding
1
2
balance
4.15
6.42
(Figures in lakhs)
Term Loan
Cash Credit
What should the bank do?
Page 60
Answer
The loan has been classified as a Non Performing Asset. Mr. A hasnt paid the
installments for more than three months. So the asset has slipped from standard asset to a
sub standard asset category as per the guidelines of RBI.
The bank issues a notice to Mr. A on 17 th June 2010. The notice states that the Mr. A
has to pay Rs 10,58,051 along with an interest of 11.50% w.e.f 28.2.2010. If the amount
is not paid within 60 days from the date of the receipt of this notice then the bank would
exercise the powers under section 13(4) of SRAFAESI act.
The powers available under the Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial
Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act 2002 (SRAFAESI) are
To take possession of the secured assets and the right to transfer by way of
lease, assignment or sale for realizing the asset.
To take over the management of the secured assets including right to transfer
by way of lease, assignment or sale.
To appoint a person as a manager to manage the secured asset.
The dealing of secured asset is between the bank and the person who has
acquired the asset. The borrower cannot come in between.
As per section 13 (13) of the above Act Acer Industries is restrained from disposing
off or dealing with the securities without our prior written consent.
Page 61
NPAs IN RETAIL SECTOR

(FOR THE YAER 2009-2010)
CATEGORY
SUB
DOUBTFUL LOSS
TOTAL
TOTAL
STANDARD
NPA
ADVANCES
A/CS Amt A/Cs Amt A/Cs Amt A/Cs Amt A/Cs Amt
Housing
Loans
32
107.57
Education
Loans
10
8.26
Two wheeler
loans
0.37
0.68 6
1.05 35
7.96
Four
Wheeler
loans
11.19
Consumer
Loans
0.37
1.12 5
1.49 10
2.48
Personal
Loans
1.35
0.59 9
1.94 16
3.83
Solar
Loans
0.68
0.68 33
5.28
Adhar
Loans
0.17
0.17 1
0.17
Total
12
2.57
0.37
12
2.39 25
5.33 143
146.74
( figures in lakhs)
Page 62
NPAs IN RETAIL SECTOR
INTERPRETATION:
The above diagram shows the non performing assets in retail sector. Personal loans
has the highest number of NPAs. Personal loans are clean loans. They do not carry
any security. The salaried and professionals take advantage of this. Where as housing,
education and four wheeler does not have any NPAs because the borrowers are
making regular payments.
Page 63
NON RETAIL ADVANCES
CATEGORY SUB STANDARD

A/Cs Amt
DOUBTFUL LOSS
TOTAL
NPA
STANDARD
TOTAL
ADVANCES
A/Cs Amt A/Cs Amt A/Cs Amt
A/Cs Amt
A/Cs Amt
Agriculture
22.27 1
8.99 -
30.99 1
2.01
33.00
Whole sale
Traders
27.73
27.73
Micro and
small
enterprises
27
50.68 3
6.61 19
3.84 49
61.13 76
149.52 125
210.65
Others
48.55
49.84
Total
33
72.95 4
15.6 19
3.84 56
54
92.39 132
54
227.81 188

(Figures in lakhs)
Page 64
321.49
INTERPRETATION:
The diagram shows the composition of various non retail NPAs. Micro and small
enterprises contribute 66% of the total non retail NPAs. The enterprises have failed to pay
the installments because most of enterprises located in Udyambag were closed due to
recession. Agriculture accounts for 34%. Whole sale traders and others do not have any
NPAs.
Page 65
SIZE WISE CLASSIFICATION OF ADVANCES
CATEGORY
SUB
DOUBTFUL LOSS
STANDARD
TOTAL
NPA
STANDARD
TOTAL
ADVANCES
A/Cs
Amt
A/Cs Amt
A/Cs Amt A/Cs Amt
A/Cs Amt
A/Cs Amt
Below
25000
1.37
0.23
28
1.76 44
3.36
75
7.85
114
11.22
25000
100000
19
9.58
1.26
2.05 26
12.90 86
42.41
112
55.31
100000
500000
10.05
2.42 7
12.47 61
159.47 68
171.9
500000
1000000
21.29
14.48 -
35.77 12
85.79
17
121.5
1000000
2500000
32.95
32.95 1
11.89
44.85
Above
2500000
63.35
63.35
Total
39
75.24
15.97 35
6.23 85
97.45 237
370.76 317
Page 66
468.2

( figures in lakhs)
(Khasbag branch)
INTERPRETATION:
The diagram shows size wise classification of NPAs. 37% of NPAs fall in the range of
five lakhs to ten lakhs and 34% falls in the range of ten lakhs to 25 lakhs. Together they
Page 67
account for 71% of the total NPA. This is an unhealthy sign for the bank. It should take
corrective measures in reducing the amount of NPAs.
PART - E
Page 68
FINDINGS
1. In the year 2009-2010 the gross NPA was Rs 97,45,047 and net NPA was Rs
73,22,724.
2. For the year 2009- 2010 the gross NPA (%) was 20.81% and net NPA was
16.49%.
3. Among the various categories of non performing assets the
Sub standard assets = 77%
Doubtful assets = 16%
Loss assets = 7%
4. The provision coverage ratio for the year 2009-2010 is 24.85%.
5. There were moderate NPAs between 2005 and 2008. But the year 2009- 2010 had
a high NPA. The causes for the high NPA was
Closing down of micro, small and medium enterprises.
Effect of recession
6. Among the non retail NPAs the MSME sector contributes the most (i.e. 66% or Rs
61.33 lakhs.Whole sale traders and others do not have any NPAs. Agriculture
accounts for 34%.
Page 69
7. Among the retail NPAs the personal loans has the highest NPAs i.e. rs1.94 lakhs.
Housing, education and four wheeler loans do not have any NPAs because the
bank has given loan to creditworthy customers.
8.
37% of NPAs fall in the range of five lakhs to ten lakhs. 34% of NPAs fall in the
range of ten lakhs to twenty five lakhs. Together they account for 71%.
9. The top five borrowers having NPA accounts contribute 52% (51.63 lakhs) to the
total NPA. Majority of the NPA lie in the sub standard asset category.
10. The opening balance for the year 2009-2010 was Rs 11.54 lakhs (after deducting
the recoveries and written offs). During the same year fresh/new NPAs of Rs
85.83 lakhs were added.
Page 70
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The bank should look at the creditworthiness of the borrower while offering a
loan. Creditworthiness refers to regular income, the enterprise is running well,
capacity to repay, security, etc.
2. The bank should classify the NPA into ABC categories.
A category should consist of NPAs ranging from 5 lakhs to 10 lakhs and 10
lakhs to 25 lakhs.( 71% of NPA)
B category should consist of NPAs ranging from 25000 to 1 lakh and 1 lakh to
5 lakhs. (26% of NPA)
C category should consist of NPAs below 25000.( 3% of NPA)
Later the bank should recover the amount based on the above
classification. The bank should implement the various techniques namely
SARFAESI act, lok adalatas, notices, etc to recover the NPAS. By this method
priority will be given large NPAs. This will reduce the high amount of NPAs.
3. There shouldnt be too much rotation of bank officers of the bank. Generally
the rotation is for 3 years. This creates a gap between the bank officer and
customer of a bank. The bank may find it difficult to monitor the loan if it
keeps on changing the loan officers. There shouldnt be directed lending.
4.
The bank should go for one time settlement instead of legal process because
the legal process will take more time.
5. Appoint an Asset Reconstruction Company. ARC provides a mechanism of

pooling together various skills in managing and disposing bad loans.
Page 71
6. There should be timely sanction. There shouldnt be delay in the release of

loans. The decision making process shouldnt be slow.
7. The bank has given 45% of total advances as credit to MSME. The minimum
requirement is 40%. So the banks need to improve the risk profile of loans
given to MSMEs.
E.g.: check cash flow statement, performance, balance sheet ,etc
8. The bank should increase the provisions and write off the bad loans and
simultaneously follow up of write off loans.
9. Majority of the assets are in the sub standard category. There shouldnt be in
slippages into other categories of assets. So the bank should monitor the
advances.
10. Bank should appoint special officers for the recovery of the bad loans. His job
will be to go to the houses of defaulters, personal monitoring, etc. SBI has
appoint special officers to recover the bad loans. Even Bank of Maharashtra
should adopt this measure.
CONCLUSION
I have undertaken the study of Non Performing Assets in Bank of Maharashtra.
The bank has a high amount of NPA. In non retail advances the MSME and agriculture
Page 72
contribute the most NPAs. In retail advances the personal and consumer loans contribute
the most NPAs.
The non performing assets have a major impact on profitability, liquidity and
credit. The bank should take precautionary measures. The bank should adopt various
techniques to recover the NPAs. This will reduce the high amount of NPAs.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Websites:
www.bankofmaharashtra.in
www.rbi.org.in
www.google.co.in
2. Books:
Corporate accounting
(By M.B.kadkol)
Bank magazines
Page 73
3. Cream software
4. Financial statements
5. NPA reports
Page 74

Study of Non Performing Assets in Bank of Maharashtra.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The project is requirement as a part of the curriculum of Masters of Business

Objectives of the study

Limitations of the study

KLSs, Institute of Management Education & Research, Belgaum

Introduction to non performing assets

Data analysis and interpretation

AND HISTORY OF THE BANK

Bank of Maharashtra was registered as a banking company on the 16th of September,

KLSs, Institute of Management Education & Research, Belgaum

KLSs, Institute of Management Education & Research, Belgaum

KLSs, Institute of Management Education & Research, Belgaum

Our institution- Symbolising strength.

KLSs, Institute of Management Education & Research, Belgaum

Modernisation of Methods and

KLSs, Institute of Management Education & Research, Belgaum

Autonomy secured in the year 1998 continues.

Mahabank Insta International Visa Debit Card

KLSs, Institute of Management Education & Research, Belgaum

Utility Bill Payment through Internet Banking Facility.

Agro High-Tech branches - 4

Industrial Finance branches - 2

Treasury & international Banking - 1

Govt Business Branch - 1

Bank has 28 FEX centers to handle FEX business.

Toll Free telephones at 11 major Metro centers.

KLSs, Institute of Management Education & Research, Belgaum

The Rural Development Centers at Bhigwan and Hadapsar in Pune District

Bank is the Conveyor for Town Official Language Implementation Committee

KLSs, Institute of Management Education & Research, Belgaum

Chairman and Managing Director

7.Mr. T. Parameswara Rao

KLSs, Institute of Management Education & Research, Belgaum

KLSs, Institute of Management Education & Research, Belgaum

Mahabank kinas credit

Minor irrigation for agriculturists

Farm mechanization for agriculturists

The purchase of the facility is purchase of cows/ buffaloes, poultry-broiler farm,

Scheme for financing setting up of agri-clinics and agri-business centers for

Scheme for financing farmers for purchase of land

Consumer loans to farmers

KLSs, Institute of Management Education & Research, Belgaum

The purpose is to purchase consumer durables. The maximum amount given is Rs

Scheme for financing two wheelers to farmers

6. Loans for MSMEs

KLSs, Institute of Management Education & Research, Belgaum

KLSs, Institute of Management Education & Research, Belgaum

NON PERFORMING ASSETS

KLSs, Institute of Management Education & Research, Belgaum

The outstanding balance of the above accounts remains continuously in

the excess of the sanctioned limit or drawing amount

The assets of a bank are classified into

REASONS FOR AN ACCOUNT BECOMING NPA

There are several reasons for an account becoming NPA.

delay in settlement of payments\ subsidiaries by government bodies

KLSs, Institute of Management Education & Research, Belgaum

TECHNIQUES USED IN REDUCTION OF NPAS:

KLSs, Institute of Management Education & Research, Belgaum

Suit filing in the court

The bank makes a provision of a minimum of 0.25% on the standard assets on

Unsecured exposure refers to exposure where the value of realizable security is

KLSs, Institute of Management Education & Research, Belgaum

KLSs, Institute of Management Education & Research, Belgaum

objective assessment of the promoters intention, banks are convinced of a turnaround