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The Petrunka W-Be property - an Archean

holmquistite-bearing greisen system
Article January 1988

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Mines and
of
Development Minerals
Division
and Mines

Ministry
Northern

Ontario

Summary of Field Work

and Other Activities
1988

Ontario Geological Survey

Miscellaneous Paper 1 41

edlted by A.C. Colvine, M,E. Gherry, Burkhard O. Dressler,

P.C. Thurston, C.L. Baker, R.B. Barlow, and Chris Rlddle

988

11. Proiect Number 88-238. The Petrunka W-Be Propefi

- An Archean Holmquistite-bearing Greisen System
F.W. Breaks
Geologist, Precambrlan Gsology Sectlon, Ontarlo Geologlcal Survey, Toronto.

INTRODUCTION
Archean greisen systems have rarely been documented in the literature, possibly due to the supposition that this alteration style is confined to younger
anorogenic plutons (e.g. Proterozqic rapakivi granites of southwestern Finland, Nurmi and Haapala
1986), or to younger orogenic belts (e.g. the Her-

of western Europe, Hutchinson 1983).

Greisen alteration is typically localized in the apical
pans of alkalic or peraluminous granitic plutons
(autometamorphic greisen), or in satellite vein systems which emanate from their cupola zones (ex'
ogreisen). These types were termed autometamorphic greisen and exogreisen, respectively, by
Shcherba (1970, p.139). Based upon his work in the
rare metal pegmatite fields of west and central Afcynian

rica, Varlamoff (1972, p.207) indicates

that

greisenization can affect both internal and exocontact pegmatites, depending upon the emplacement
level of the parental granite. Hutchinson (1983,
p.133) states that greisenization in granite cupolas
which have limited veining into host rocks may develop to mesozonal depths of 8 km. This is slightly
deeper than the 3,5 to'l km indicated for rare metal
pegmatites of the intermediate level (Ginsburg et al.
1979), which most closely match the pegmatites of
the study area (i.e. Mavis Lake Group, Breaks et o/.
1e8s).

PRESENT STUDY

This study provides a detailed geological

and

geochemical evaluation of a possible Archean

greisen vein system which is characterized by a
unique occrxrence of the rare lithium amphibole,
holmquistite [Li2(Mg,Fez')3Al2Si2Ozz]. This vein
system constitutes a new environment of rare metal
mineralization in Archean rocks of northwestern
Ontario. The study area is located in Zealand Township, approximately 0.7 km south of the Dryden
Airport (Figure 11.1). Detailed geological mapping
(1:50 scale) and collection of geochemical specimens was carried out during the 1988 field season.

MINERAL EXPLORATION HISTORY

Rare metal mineralization

in Zealand Township

was

initially reported by Satterly (1941, p.55), who remarked on beryl specimens brought to him by
J.G. Taylor. The actual mineralized pegmatites were

Flgure ll.l. Location map for the Perftnka W-Be prop'

erty, northwestern Ontailo. Scale 1:l 581 000 ot I iach lo
25 miles.

later investigated during the 1950s by R. Pidgeon

(R. Pidgeon, Prospector, Wabigoon, personal communication, 1981).
Scheelite was discovered in the study area by
D. Petrunka (D. Petrunka, Prospector, Thunder
Bay, personal communication, 1985). Initial evaluation of thrs occurrence was undertaken by Noranda

Mines Limited, which reported channel samples

containing up to 0.1 percent WO3 (Blackburn and

Hailstone 1983, p.12-13). From 1981 to 1984, a
32-claim block was investigated by Samine Exploration Incorporated, mainly by surface evaluation and

a limited amount of diamond drilling (Assessment

Files Research Office, Ontario Geological Survey,
Toronto).

PREVIOUS GEOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATIONS
Satterly (1941) provided the first geological map of
the eastern part of the Ghost Lake Batholith at a
scale of 1:63 350. More recently, reconnaissance
and detailed mapping at scales of 1:63 350 and
1:31 680 by Breaks et al. (1976a, 1976b), Breaks et
al. (1978), and Breaks and Kuehner (1984) has delineated the phases of the Ghost Lake Batholith.

89

PRECAMBRIAN (11)

metavolcanics and the Ghost Lake Batholith. It varies from 1.5 to 10 m in width. Figure 11.2 is a detailed (1:50 scale), geological map of the well-exposed westernmost part of the vein system, where
direct linkage with the Ghost Lake Batholith can be
observed.

al.

(1978) hypothesized that rare metal

in the Mavis Lake area were geochemically fractionated apophyses originating from this
Breaks et

pegmatites

batholith.

GEOLOGICAL SETTING
GEOLOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL
FEATURES OF ASSOCIATED PEGMATITIC
GRANITIC ROCKS

The greisen vein system is located at the southeastern contact of the Ghost Lake Batholith, a highly
evolved, S-type, peraluminous granitoid complex
(Breaks et al. 1985). The alteration zone is developed in amphibolitized mafic metavolcanics (Central

Volcanic Belt of the Wabigoon Subprovince; Trowell

et al. 1980), which correspond to the beryl zone of
the regionally-zoned Mavis Lake rare metal pegmatite group (Breaks et al. 1985). The Zealand occurrence appears to fall within the "amphibolite greisen
formation' of Shcherba's classification of greisens
(1970, p.250).
The greisen vein system is mostly conformable to

host rock foliations and is uaceable for at least

0.55 km eastwards from the contact between the

*****t***

Ghost +
+++++

The pegmatitic granites exposed on, and near, the

Petrunka property form the most geochemically advanced and lithologically diverse portion of the en'
tire Ghost Lake Batholith. Geochemical evolution is
illustrated by the inter-element ratios of potassic
feldspars from potassic pegmatites: K/Rb = 43 to 59,
K/Cs = t2l to 34L, KlBa = 4650 to >9050, Rb/Sr =
50 to 84, and BalRb = 0.014 to <0.0046 (Breaks, in
preparation). The lithological diversity is illustrated
by Table 11.1, which lists the primary and replacement units identified on the. property. Modal analy'
ses of most of these units are given in Table 1L.2.

ffi

,lc.l
,'

GREISEN VEIN SYSTEM

GHOST LAXE BATHOLITH

,. Orblcular apllte

Paralumhouc Gtsnltlc Bockg

g. Boryl-loutmallno
slbltlc dykos

blotlte zono.

a. Peometltlc leucogranlle
b. Flne-graanod loucog.anlte

mallc motavolcanlcs

Actlnolltc-blotll. -

d. Muscovlto-rlch Polesslc

Hornblsnd.-plaglocla!e
matlc metaiolcanlc!

yrlta -tou.mallno-muscovlls

snd pyrlt.-holmqul!illelourmallns-muscovlto-

c. Potasslc pegmallts
gogmatits
. gandod aolits

lourmlllnG zonc

nqal llroichlno tineetlon & ,

32'-/ itulih
plung.
Flgure 1L.2. Detaitd geotog or the
90

'r:-',

Follatlon

tlth

exoStcisen vein system

dlp

at the Peiunka Property.

Ac

tinollto-pla Olocla3

Granitlc dyke!

PRECAMBRTAN (11)

(Table 11.3). However, most fluids were probably

channeled in the host rocks to locality A in Figure
11.2, which represents the beginning of the greisen
vein system.
AUTOMETAMORPHIC GREISEN
Autometamorphic greisens occur as local lenses up
to 4.5 mby 0.42 m, as at locality B (Figure 11.2,

Photo 11.1. Transition from albite-beryt-muscovite

autometamorphic greisen (G) into bifurcating beryl-tourmaline-albite exocontact dikes (D) at Locality B in Figure
11.2.

a progressive degradation of blocky potassic feldspar

in a beryl-tourmaline-muscovite potassic pegmatite

as the batholith contact is approached. This disappearance of potassic feldspar is complemented by a
biotite-rich halo in the adjacent amphibolitic host
rocks, which also suggests a metasomatic origin for

this albite-rich unit. The exocontact dikes (photo

11.1) are 10 to 30 cm wide, and are abundant in
one locality (B, Figure 11.2). These rocks normally
consist of a tourmaline-quartz-albite assemblage
which can grade along strike into berylliferous ilbitite (Table 11.2), or can interconnect with pyritetourmaline-quartz veins, locally containing small
pods (up to 50 cm by 100 cm) of approximatety 90
percent beryl. Skeletal tourmaline intergrowths with
albite are another notable textural feature on the
property, and can occur in albitized marginal
plutonic units of the Ghost Lake Batholith or in
tourmaline-albite exocontact dikes.
Apparently, fluids emanating from these replacement units interacted chemically with amphibolitic mafic metavolcanic host rocks, resulting in
complementary 1 to 5 cm wide, brown weathering
selvedges enriched in K2O, Li, Rb, Cs, F, and Sn
92

Photo 11.1). These units are enclosed within, and

are gradational into, a small exocontact pegmatitic
granite lens (3 m by 14 m) composed of albitized,
muscovite-rich potassic pegmatite which envelopes a
core of fine-grained leucogranite. The eastern end
of a muscovite-rich potassic pegmatite unit grades
into albite-rich dikes with black tourmaline selvedges. These dikes also contain appreciable beryl
(Table 11.2). The wesrern end of ihis pegmatitic
granitic pod grades into a similar muscovite-rich
greisen, which contains appreciable pyrite, tourmaline, and biotite.
The greisen pods are. strongly foliated and
lineated, fine to coarse grained, and yellow-green
due to the presence of 85 percent muscovite. They
contain appreciable beryl, which occurs as white and
light grey, euhedral to subhedral crystals up to
1.2 cm long (normal to c-axis) and 0.7 cm by'
2.5 cm (parallel to c-axis). Lesser amounts of anhedral albite and accessory chrysoberyl and' cassiterite are also present (Table lL2). Chrysoberyl
(Al2BeOa), which occurs as 1 to 2 mm yellow-green
anhedral grains, is a relatively rare mineral in pegmatitic rocks and is apparently restricted to desilicated or contaminated pegmatites (Burt 1.982,
p.139).

EXOGREISEN VEIN SYSTEM

The exogriesen forms a bifurcating vein

system

which is in contact with the pegmatitic granite at two

points (localities A and B, Figure 11.2). The vein
system mainly straddles the lithological contact between black, hornblende-plagioclase amphibolites,
and green, mafic to intermediate, actinolite-plagioclase-bearing metavolcanics. A subordinate branch
crosses the metavolcanics, establishing a direct link
with the pegmatitic granites at locality A. The mineralogy of this branch changes systematically with increasing distance from the batholithic contact: from
a) biotite t actinolite * tourmaline * quartz t albite (CI 90 to 95); to b) albite + quartz + tourmaline
(CI 80 to 90); to c) rourmaline + pyrire + albite +
holmquistite + chlorite + acrinolite + biotite (CI Z0);

and finally to d) tourmaline + chlorite + albite +

chlorite + pyrite (CI 50 to 60).
The exogriesen vein system begins as a 60 m
long by 2 to 3 m wide, highly mafic, actinolirebiotite-tourmaline zone (Unit 4, Figure 11.2, and,
Photo 11.2), which is tangential to the batholithic
contact at Locality A. However, most of the vein
system is a tourmaline-pyrite-muscovite unit (Unit

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Photo 11.2. Actinolite-biotite-tourmaline marginal unit of

5, Figure 11.2), which is well foliated, fine to medium grained, has relatively sharp boundaries with
its host, and is invariably rust-stained. The remainder of the vein system is composed of an anastomosing network of smaller veinlets in actinolite-rich,
mafic to intermediate, metavolcanic rocks or in a
holmquistitebiotite-actinolite-plagioclase rock
(Ph9to 11.3). The veinlets Conieivably developed
during the same fluid transmittal event as the laiger

Photo 11'3' Interconnected holmquistite-biotite-plagioclase

the main exogreisen vein system

(unit 4 in Figure

11.2).

units of the vein system, since they also contain

holmquistite and biotite. The veinlets occur up to
5.5 m from the larger veins.
Both scales of the vein system are cross-cut by
tourmaline-quartz-albite dikes (10 to 30 cm in
width), which locally contain light blue to white
beryl. These dikes are planar or moderately boudinaged.

veinlets near the actinolite-biotite-tourrnaline marginal zone.

This veinlet system is post-dated by a tourmaline-quartz-albite dike in the lower right
corner.

94

HOLMQUISTITE DISTRIBUTION
Holmquistite is readily recognized in the field, where
replacement of the precursor amphibole has been
reiatively complete (type locality 4 below), by a distinctive violet cast. More commonly, however, the

distinctive violet colours are muted by a complex

intergrowth of the holmquistite with biotite, chlorite,

tourmaline, actinolite, and anthophyllite. Field recognition in this situation demands close inspection
with a hand lens on clean, rust-free exposures.
Holmquistite on the Petrunka property occurs in
grains ranging from fine-grained sections approximately parallel to the c-axis up to 1.5 cm by 7 cm
in sizL.- Holmquistite was observed in four specific
settings, within and proximal to the exogreisen vein
systemi

biotite-actinolite-plagioclase and plagioclase-biotite-iron-oxide in a system of closelyspaced, anastomosing, 1 to 3 cm wide veinlets

which are hosted in actinolite-rich, mafic to intermediate metavolcanics (Photo 11.3)

1. with

2.

with actinolite, anthophyllite, biotite, and chlorite in porphyroblastic segregations developed in

a medium- to coarse-grained biotite-plagioclase
rock of possible clastic metasedimentary origin
(Photo 11.4)

3.

with pyrite, biotite, tourmaline, and albite in a

unit traceable for at least 650 m within the main
exogreisen vein system

photo 11,4.

4.

in thin biotite-holmquistite sheets, oriented at a

high angle to foliation and situated 2 m from the
main exogreisen vein system.
These occurrences suggest that lithium was expelled
from the Ghost Lake Batholith in several episodes.
Holmquistite in the type 3 occurrence, in the main
exogreisen zone, has a well-developed mineral
Iineition (287o153o), concordant to the regional
lineation. In type 1 and 2 occurrences, holmquistite
is randomly oriented on foliation surfaces and probably developed after the regional lineation. Type 4
holmquistite is obviously younger than this deformation event: however, its temporal relations with types
I and 2 are uncertain'
Multiple generation events for holmquistite have
also been suggested elsewhere. For example, Morgan and London (1987) suggested that three holm(uistite-generating events can be developed in exomorphic haloes as around the Tanco Pegmatite further west in the Bird River Greenstone Belt of
Manitoba.
Formation of types 1', 2, and 3 holmquistite occurrences is post-dated by several planar to slightly
boudinaged, albite-rich dikes (Photo 11.3)' These
garnet-tourmaline-quartz-albite dikes vary from 10
to 30 cm in width and locally contain light blue to
white beryl. Biotite-rich selvedges, 1 to 4 cm in
width, overprint the type t holmquistite-bearing
veinlet system.
GEOCHEMISTRY
Listed in Table 11.3 are 11 partial analyses from
autometamorphic and exogreisen material, and

porphyroblastic segregations of coarse-grained, anthophytlite, actinolite and biotite developed in a mediumplagioctase rock situated atong the southern contact of Ilnit 4 (Figure 11.2) at its westernmost

grained chlorite-biotite
exposure,

95

PRECAMBRTAN (11)

biotite-rich selvedges related to the Ghost Lake

Batholith.

Fluorine contents range from 0.029 to 1.g percent, which overlap the lower range for greisen rocks
reported by Bailey (1977). Fluorine is probably par-

titioned into biotite, tourmaline, and hoknquisiite,

since fluorite or topaz were not observed. Tha highest fluorine contenrs (1.33 and 1.78 percent) oc-ur
within the highly mafic, marginal unit (Unit 4, Figure 11.2).
Rare alkali metal abundances (lithium, cesium,
and rubidium) also indicate significant geochemical

fractionation. Maximum concentrationi of these

three elements are, respectively, 204,350, and 43
times their Clarke values.
Tin concentrations vary greatly (2 to 400 ppm),
with greatest enrichment in the albite-beryl-muscovite autometamorphic greisen which contains accessory cassiterite and chrysoberyl (Table 11.2). This
unit also has the highest rubidium content
(3370 ppm) and substantial fractionation of tantalum over niobium (niobium/tantalum = 0.71, compared to an average crustal ratio of about 12).
EXPLORATION SIGNIFICANCE OF
HOLMQUISTITE
Holmquistite has been documented by previous investigators as occurring exclusively in exomorphic
haloes around lithium-rich, rare metal pegmaiites
(Heinrich 1965; Trueman and Cerny 1982; London

1986). In these occurrences, the holmquistite

formed in response to reaction of a lithium-rich
fluid with amphibolitic mafic country rocks. Such
fluids were released at the late magmatic-hydrothermal evolutionary stages of spodumene- and/or
petalite-bearing pegmatites (Morgan and London
r98',7).

This study documents a significant newly discov-

ered occurrence of holmquistite. It is genetically

linked with a fertile pegmatitic granite (the Ghost
Lake Batholith), which exhibits marginal and exocontact greisenization and albitization, and is spatially removed from the spodumene pegmatites of
the Mavis Lake Group. The formation of the

Zealand Township holmquistites, thus, has no direct

affiliation with those pegmatites, since their nearest
exposure is 4.6 km to the east. Therefore, this
holmsquistite occurrence suggests that the utilization
of holmquistite as a typomorphic mineral in exploration programs must be undertaken with caution.
While still useful as an indicator of rare metal mineralization, some care should be taken when attempting to use holmquistite in the establishment of Oiitt
targets designed to intersect blind, rare metal pegmatites enriched in lithium, tantalum, rubidium,-and
cesium. The best approach would be to integrate
holmquistite distribution data with various geophysical, geochemical, and geological parameters.
The author suggests thahsimilar holmquistite occurrences may be found in other pegmatite fields of
the intermediate and shallow depth divisions of the
classification of Ginsburg et al. (1919), where contact zones of fertile pegmatitic granite complexes are
exposed.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE

EXPLORATION
The geological observations and preliminary
geochemical results indicate that extensive transport
of rare metals, fluorine, boron, and quite likely
tungsten, manifested during late-kinematic greisenization and albitization of an Archean peraluminous
"fertile" granite. More exploration is required to define the greisen vein system more firlly, as there may
be en echelon or interconnecting vein sets.
These rocks may contain economic concentrations of tin, tungsten, lithium, rubidium, cesium,
tantalum, and beryllium, The presence of gold
should also be considered in such zones. Breaki er
al. (1986, p.376-377) revealed an association of
this metal with albitized, peraluminous granitoid
dikes in the North Caribou Lake Greenstone Belt in
the Sachigo Subprovince.

Other studies have also indicated that holmquistite has a marked tendency to occur in proximity to
lithium-rich pegmatites. Cerny et at. (t98t p.tOt),
for example, noted the restriction of holmquistite io
within 20 m of pegmatite contacts in the Cit LakeWinnipeg River Pegmatite District. Morgan and
London (198?) found holmquistite no farther than
4.5 m above the flat-lying, higtrly fractionated, REFERENCES
Tanco lithium-cesium-rubidium-tantalum-beryl- Bailey, J.C.
lium Pegmatite. Shearer and papike (1988) docu- 1977: Fluorine
in Granitic Rocks and Melts: A Review;
mented holmquistite only up to 5 m from the Edison
Chemical Geology, Volume 19, p.l-42.
Pegmatite of South Dakota. Breaks (in preparation)
Blackburn, C.E., and Hailstone, M.R.
recognized holmquistite within 2 m of sub-vertical,
1983: 1982 Report of the Kenora Resident Geologist; p. l-19
spodumene pegmatite dikes in the Dryden pegmatite
iz Report of Activities, Regional and Resident GeoloField. Due to this close spatial association with
gists 1982, edited by C.R. Kustra, Ontario Geological
highly fractionated, lithium-rich, rare metal pegmaSurvey, Miscellaneous paper 107, 21lp.
tites, holmquistite has been proposed as a typomor- Breaks,
F.W.
phic indicator mineral in exploration for such deposIn Prep.: Geology and Geochemistry of the Dryden Rareits (Trueman and Cerny 1982, p.475; London
Metal Pegmatite Field; Ontario Geological Survey,
Geological Report.

96

F.W.
Breaks, F.W., Bond, W.D., and Slone, Denver
1978 Preliminary Geological Synthesis of the English River
Subprovince, Northwestern Onlatio and its Bearing
upon Mineral Exploration; Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 72, 54p. Accompanied by
Geological Map P.1,972, scale 1:253'440'

Heinrich, E'W.

Breaks, F.W., Bond, W.D., Stone, Denver, andDesnoyers,

Leveson, D.J.

BREAKS

7965: Holmquistite and Pegmatitic Lithium Exomorphism;

Indian Mineralogisl, Volume 6, p.l-13'
Hutchinson, C.S.
1983: Economic Deposils and their Tectonic Setting; John
Wiley and Sons, 365P.

A Review; Geological Society of

America, Volume 17, P.4O9-426.
London, David
1986b: Holmquislite as a Guide 1o Pegmalitic Rare Melal Deposits; Economic Geology, Volume 8l' p'704-712'
1966: Orbicular Rocks:

D.W.
7976a: Operalion Kenora-Ear Falls, Dryden-Vermillion Bay
Sheet; Ontario Division of Mines, Preliminary Map'
P.1203, Geological Series, scale 1 inch to 1 mile or
1:63 360. GeologY 1975.
1976b: Operation Kenora-Eal Falls, Sandy Beach-Route
Lakes Sheet; Onlario Division of Mines, Preliminary
Map, P.1204, Geology Series, scale 1 inch to I mile
or 1:63 360. GeologY 1975.

Breaks, F.W., Cherry, M.8., and Janes, D.A,

1985: Metallogeny of Archean Granitoid Rocks of the English Riyer Subprovince, Superior Plovince, Ontario'
Canada: A Review; p.9-31 in High Heat Ploduction
Graniles, Hydrothermal Circulalion and Ore Genesis,
The Institution of Mining and Metallulgy' 593p'

Morgan, G.8., and London, David.

1987: Alteration

of

Amphibolitic Wallrocks Around the

Tanco Rare-Elemenl Pegmatite, Bernic

Lake'

Manitoba; American Mineralogist' Volume

72,

p.1097-7727.

Nurmi, P.A., and HaaPala, Ilmari.

1986: The Proterozoic Granitoids of Finland: Granite

Types'

Metallogeny and Relation to Crustal Evolution; Geological Society of Finland, Bulletin, Volume 58' Parr

1, p.203-233.

Breaks, F.W. and Kuehner, S.

1984: Precambrian Geology of the Eagle River-Ghost Lake
Area, Kenora Districl; Onlario Geological Survey,
Map P.2623, Geological Series-Preliminary Map'
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97