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1.1 . .................5
1.2 .....................................................................9
1.3 ........................................15
1.4 ..................19
1.5 ........................................................................28
1.6 .......................................................................34
1.7 .....................................38
..............................................................41
2
2.1 ..............................................43
2.2 ....................................................43
2.3 ...............................48
2.4 .............................................54
2.5 .........................................................57
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3.5 ...............................80
3.6 .........................................................................86
3.7 ...............................................................................95
............................................................106
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4.1 .......................................................................................107
4.2 ..................113
4.3 (3D) .............................................119
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29

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30

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31

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33


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,
( 3.10).

3.10

.
Ethernet , .

73

 Ethernet- 48-
, MAC- ( ), , . (UTP)
, , RJ-45, LAN-.

3.4 ()
USB (Universal Serial Bus)

( 3.11). USB-
.

3.11 USB-

. ,
. USB

.
Firewire ( IEEE-1394
iLINK Sony)
, ( 3.12).
Firewire .

74

 High
Definition Audio-Video Network
Alliance (HANA)
A/V (/)
.

3.12 Firewire
.
PS/2 .
,
, , . PS/2
PS/2, ( 3.13).

3.13 : PS/2
( ), , ,
(, MIDI)

(serial) (parallel)
(. 3.13).
( /) ( ) .

75

 (. 3.13) ,
8 (.. 1 )
, (), , . , ,
, . ,
,
,
.
Centronics,
Centronics. IEEE-1284.

LPT (Line Printer). LPT1, LPT2.
: ,
.

,
. 120 200 /.
, ..
8
. , , ,
.
, .


2 /.

76

 , ,
.
RLE (Run Length Encoding),
: ,
. ( ), ( ).
, , .
, , .

.

,
.
(. 3.13)
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,
.
,
.
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() D-sub 25- ().
, .. ,
: , ,

77

 .. ,
Windows .
, . PC98 99 [9]
, , ,
3.1 [1]. ()
( 3.14).
3.1

78

SCSI

USB

IEEE 1394

79

1 ( PS/2); 2 ( PS/2);
3 LAN- (RJ-45) Ethernet 100BASE-T 8P8C;
4 USB; 5 COM- (RS-232) 9- (DB-9);
6 LPT- 25- (DB-25);
7 VGA (.. D-sub);
8 / MIDI (15 );
9 3,5- : ; ; .

3.14 :

3.5

. 2
.
(. . 2). CD DVD- , . CD-ROM (
), - (CD-RW), CD-RW USB- , .
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-
, ,
. - USB-,
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microSD (TF). - USB ,
, .
64 32 .
- ,
, .
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.
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. , ,
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, . 3.1.

80

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. . :
; ( : , . .); ; ; ;
; ; .
, .
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.
3D- , , , , .
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81

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, , .

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: , - ( 3.16),
.

.
, ( ), , .
3.16
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(. . 4.1) .
. . : 1) ; 2) ; 3) .
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.

82

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(impact);
(non-impact).
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;
;
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. (impact dot matrix)
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.
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83

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, , , , , .
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). 720 . ,
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84

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) .
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85

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. ,
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.
.
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, . (liquid
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3.6
, :
1) ;
2) (, )
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3) ;

86

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.
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3.17 () ()

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87

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Organic Light-Emitting Diode
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. : ( ):
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():
VGA (640480);
SVGA (800600);
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Full HD 1080 (1920x1080) .
3.2.
(). ( 3.18):
1) (Graphics Processing Unit, GPU
);
2) ;
3) ;
4) (, RAMDAC
Random Access Memory Digital-to-Analog Converter);
5) - (Video ROM);
6) .

88

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VGA
SVGA
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Full HD 1080p
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89

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. ,
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90

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.
. ,
.
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AGP PCI Express.
.
. VGA
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3.19 ( ):
9- S-Video TV-out, DVI D-sub

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( 3.20)
: , ,
, .
Y-Pr-Pb

91

RCA- (. 3.20), .

3.20 :
(); YPbPr ()

DVI HDMI ( 3.21).

3.21 :
VGA, DVI, HDMI, S-Video

DVI (Digital Visual Interface) HDMI ,

( DVI
D-Sub , HDMI
DVI-D , (. High Bandwidth
Digital Copy Protection, HDCP), -

92

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D-Sub (DVI-D ).
HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface)
,
: 1) ; 2)
; 3)
.
HDMI DVI- . HDMI DVI , HDMI ,
.
, SCART RCA.
HDMI Hitachi, Matsushita Electric Industrial ( Panasonic) (Panasonic/ National/
Technics/ Quasar), Philips, Silicon Image, Sony, Thomson (RCA).
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10 , 2035
-,
. .
HDMI DVI
, /. HDMI CEC AV.link.
HDMI-CEC (CEC Consumer
Electronics Control) ,
AV.Link
. HDMI;
CEC Implementation
Guidelines, HDMI Licensing, LLC.
HDMI-CEC (, ,

93

HTPC . .), .
HDMI-CEC
Toshiba,
Toshiba. CEC

SCART. 10 .
CEC . CEC : Anynet+ (Samsung);
Aquos Link (Sharp); BRAVIA Sync (Sony); HDMI-CEC (Hitachi);
Kuro Link (Pioneer); CE-Link Regza Link (Toshiba); RIHD
(Remote Interactive over HDMI) (Onkyo); SimpLink (LG); HDAVI
Control, EZ-Sync, VIERA Link (Panasonic); EasyLink (Philips);
NetCommand for HDMI (Mitsubishi).
DisplayPort
( 3.22). VESA (Video
Electronics Standard Association) 2006 ., 1.1
2007 ., 1.2 2010 . DisplayPort

- ,

. DisplayPort
, , USB- -.

3.22 () ()
DisplayPort

94

 DVI,
HDMI (. 3.19, 3.21), DisplayPort ( ATi
).

3.7
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(power supply unit, PSU
, ) ,
.
.
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ATX 2.x 5, 12, +3,3 , +5 (.
standby).

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.
5 ISA
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ATX ATX12V 1.2 20 . ( ) 1.2
1.3 .
12 RS-232 -

95


, .

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IBM P

5, 12, +3,3 . ,
,
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, , , ,
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.
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, () .
.
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96

97

3.25

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).
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98

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99

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101


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4

20-

3.28 20- -
: ;

102

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( 3.29) .

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.
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.
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103

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.

3.30 (
) :
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; 2 Molex 8981; 3 5-
Molex 88751 SATA;
4 PCIe8 connector ;
5 PCIe6 connector ;
6 EPS12V ;
7 ATX PS 12V ;
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3.31
SATA

104

3.32
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( ..)

 3.33
- (3,5 )

18,5 19 , 15 16 (
); 19,5 ; 20 24 (Apple).
, 3,16 ( ); 3,42; 4,74; 6,3;
7,9 ,
.

3.34

( , ,

105

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.
,
.

.

1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. PCMCIA ?
5. AGP ?
6. USB- ?
7. PS/2
?
8. ? ?
9. ?
10. ?
11. VGA .
12. DVI .
13. HDMI .
14. HDMI-CEC, ?
15. ?
16. ?

106

4
4.1
, (, CAD Computer Aided
Design),

( ), ,
.
[14].
, ,
, , , ,
( 4.1).

4.1
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50 /.
, ,

( , , 2011 .)

107

 2D
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,
.
() ().

() ,
X, a
( 4.2). , .
,
.

4.2 -

(. 4.1).
, . , ,
.

108

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.
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.
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),
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;
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109

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1016 /.
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. Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language (
-).
- .
HPGL . , .
, HPGL-,
, , .
HPGL/2 , -

110

 .
.
. .
HPGL
. ,
(arc) :
AA 100,100, 50;
AA Arc Absolute; 100, 100
; 50 ,
. , ,
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HPGL ,
, . HPGL-
4.1.
,
(.. , RS-232)
(.. LPT, Centronics, IEEE1284,) , USB-.
, , .
, , . ,
, ,

.
,
.
.

111

 4.1 -

,
IN;

, IP;
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SC 0,40,0,40;
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100 Y (1 = 40 )
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50, 50

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,
[14].

112

4.2

(Digital Manufacturing) .
(,
CAD-), ,
.
, (),
CAM (Computer
Aided Manufacturing ), , .
() ,
, .
, ,
..
NC
CNC,
.
NC (Numerical Control ()
), , , , . -
, .
CNC (Computer Numerical
Control) / . CNC
/ .

113

 ,


( ).
.
.
1. (). , Altium
Designer (P-CAD), AutoCAD, , Corel Draw . . .
2.
(). ,
G- . -, LazyCAM .. -.
3. :
) (milling)
();
) (drilling) () . -, Mach3. .
, , 4.4.
- 4.5.
- 4.6.
( )
( ) - 4.7.

114

 4.4
: ();
()

G-

X, Y, Z, n

4.5

115

 4.6 -
()

4.7 :
;

, X Y
, ( 4.8).
, ( 4.9,),
( 4.9,).

116

Z+

X+
Y+

Y+
X+

4.8

X+

Y+

X+

Y+

4.9 ()
() 2:1
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, 4.9,
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Y7.5

( )
( 2 )
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( X)

117

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Y2.5
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Y0
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)
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( , )

118


, (3D) ,
G-.
,
- , .

4.3 (3D)
, (CAD), ,
, 3D-,

.
(rapid prototyping)
() ,
, , , - . 80-
XX () .

.

CAD- .
STL, .
, ,
-

119

, -. .
, ( 4.10) [14].

4.10
: 3D-;
();

: ,
, . ,

[14].
.
,
(Fused Deposition Modeling
FDM). 3D-, , .
3D- , (
). . -

120

 .

, .
,
.
4.11 3D-, .

+24

4.11 3D-
RepRap Prusa Mendel v2.0

ABS- PLA-.
ABS- () ,

121

 . .
,

.
PLA () , ,
.
.
, 3D- , ,
3D-.


. ,
3D-. 3D-, . 3D-

,
, , Z Corporation.
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-.
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.
3D- RepRap Prusa Mendel v2.0, ,
4.12.
3D- RepRap Prusa Mendel v2.0 :
1) USB- 3D- ;

122

2) ATmega 1284, ..
3D-.
Marlin 3D-
3D- Arduino 1.0.6.

4.12 3D- RepRap Prusa Mendel v2.0

,
3D-, , ,
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). STL.
3D- , Repetier-Host V0.95F. ,
- .

123

 3D- :
1) 3D- (
STL) ;
2) 3D- G-;
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, 3D- ,
.

1. ? ?
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?
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?
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11. .
12. .
13. 3D-?
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15. 3D-?
16. 3D-,
?

124

17. 3D-?
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19. 3D-?

125


,
,
.

,
, , .
,
. ,
,
, , -.

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126


, , .
(external storage) ,

-.
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. , .
(driver) ,
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,
.
(interface) ,
() .
(controller) ; ,
.
(microcontroller unit, MCU) ,
.
,
() .
(microprocessor) ,
.

127

 (monitor) ,
.
(mainframe) , ,
, , .
(main storage) ,
.
(peripheral device)

, /
.
(processor)
, .
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.
(computer bus) ,

. , ()
.

128


1. .. . - : . . . .
/ .. , .. . .: , 2013.
224 .
2. .. : .
. / .. , .. , .. .
.: , 2006. 320 .
3. .. : . /
.. , .. ; . .. . .: , 2008. 400 .
4. .. : .
/ .. , .. . 2- . .: , 2011.
688 .
5. 15971-90. . . 12 .
6. [
]. : http://www2.sscc.ru/Information/
PagHist/Park-%D0%A1%D0%A1.htm ( : 25 2016 .).
7. .. : , / .. . .:
-, 2010. 640 .
8. ISO/IEC 23821 / . . .. [ ]. : http://www.morepc.ru/informatisation/iso23811.html?print#s01.03
( https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/
ru/#iso:std:iso-iec:2382:ed-1:v1:en ) ( : 25
2016 .).
9. PC 99. System Design Guide. A technical reference for
designing PCs and peripherals for the Microsoft Windows family
of operating systems. Intel Corp., Microsoft Corp., 1997. 662 c.
10. .. ,
: . / .. , .. . 2- . .:
, 2007. 560 .

129

11. . [ ].
: https://www.colocat.ru/texts/bus.html ( : 25 2016 .).
12. Dandamudi S.P. Introduction to Assembly language
programming: Pentium and RISC processors. 2nd ed. New
York: Springer, 2004. 701 .
13. ..
/ .. , .. , .. ; . .. . .: ,
1999. 344 .
14. .. : / .. . .: , 2010. 192 .
15. HPGL. [ ].
: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPGL ( :
25 2016 .).

130





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634050. . , . , 40.
. (3822) 533018.