NALC VOL 4

LESSONS 1 and 2
BEAT: Strike repeatedly / Golpear,
apalear.
BELIEVE: To accept as true / Creer.
COACH: To train / Entrenar.
DOUBT: Not to believe / Dudar.
IMAGINE: To think of something /
Imaginar.
JOIN: To combine two or more things /
Unir
KICK: Strike with the foot / Patear
LOSE: Miss something / Perder
MATCH: Bring into agreement /
Combinar
RACE: Engage in a contest of speed /
Correr.
SCORE: Make, record or write a
punctuation / Marcar, anotar.
SUPPOSE: Assume / Suponer, Asumir
TIE UP: Join in any way / Empatar, unir.
WIN: Aquire by effort / Ganar.
CERTAIN: Sure / Cierto
CERTAINLY: Surely / Ciertamente
FARTHEST: Most remote / El mas
lejano.
FURTHEST: Most remote / El mas
lejano.
MOST: The majority; superlative / La
mayor parte
POSITIVE: Certain / Seguro.
QUITE: Very / Muy.
SO: In such a manner / De esta manera,
tan, asi
SURELY: Certainly / Seguramente
TOWARD(S): In the direction of / Hacia
UNCERTAIN: Doubtful / Incierto.
FOR SURE: Certainly / Seguramente.
COACH: Tutor who assists students /
Instructor, Entrenador
DOUBT: State of being uncertain / Duda
FIELD: A visible area / Campo, area.
GOAL: The point that limits a race /
Meta.
KNOT: An interlacement, as wirh
cordage / Nudo.
MATCH: An encounter / Partido.

MEANING: Requiring an interpretation /

Significado.
PLAYER: One who plays / Jugador.
POINT: Tip / Punto(a).
PRACTICE: To repeatedly perform /
Practica.
RACE: Engage in a contest of speed /
Carrera.
REPORTER: A person that makes
authorized statements / Reportero
ROPE: A large, stout cord made of
strands of fiber or wire twisted together /
Lazo.
SCORE: Make, record or write a
punctuation / Marcador.
SHOELACES: String used to tie the
shoe / Agujeta.
STADIUM: Structure used for athletic
games / Estadio.
STRING: A small cord for binding or
tying things / Hilo.
TEAM: A number of persons associated
together / Equipo.
TIE: To fasten or attach, confine parts /
Amarrar.

DO YOU IMAGINE THEYLL WIN THE GAME?

I GUESS SO.

We use so after some verbs as a substitute for a that-noun clause. The most
common verbs followed by so are think, believe, guess, hope, imagine,
and suppose.
Will Jack come to the party?
I think so. (I think that Jack will come.)
Has Bill finished his work?
I hope so. (I hope that Bill has finished his work.)

The negative depends on the verb:

I think so. ----------> I dont think so.
I believe so. -------> I dont believe so.
I imagine so. ------> I dont imagine so.
I suppose so. ------> I dont suppose so.
I guess so. --------> I guess not.
I hope so. ---------> I hope not.

IM SURE YOULL UNDERSTAND THIS EXERCISE.

We use that-clause after the adjective certain, sure, and positive to
express an opinion about someone or something.
I'm certain that I can go this weekend.
He's sure that he'll pass the test.
We're positive that we'll have enough money for the car.
The conjunction "that" is many times omitted in conversation.

-ER AND EST FORMS OF ADVERBS

The er and est forms are used with one syllable adverbs.

early*

earlier (than)

the earliest

far

farther (than)
further (than)

the farthest
the furthest

hard

harder (than)

the hardest

high

higher (than)

the highest

late

later (than)

the latest

low

lower (than)

the lowest

near

nearer (than)

the nearest

slow

slower (than)

the slowest

soon

sooner (than)

the soonest

straight

straighter (than)

the straightest

*early is an exception to the rule.

LESSONS 3 and 4
ALLOW: To permit, to let / Permitir.
APPRECIATE: To value / Apreciar,
estimar.
BE MADE UP OF: To construct of / Hecho
de...
DO OVER: Do something again / Hacerlo de
nuevo.
OWE: To be indebted, to the amount of /
Adeudar.
PAY BACK / PAID OVER: To repay, to
retaliate upon / Reembolsar, pagar.
PUT OUT: To extinguish / Extigir, apagar
THROW AWAY: To waste / Malgastar,
tirar.
THROW OUT: To reject / Rechazar.
WAKE UP: To be aware / Despertar.
AWAY: Not near, far / Lejos.
FOND (OF): Having a liking for / Ser
aficionado.
INTO: Toward and within / Hacia dentro.
MAN-MADE: No natural / Artificial.
NATURAL: No artificial / Natural.
PAST: Pasado
ASHTRAY: A container for smoker's
tobacco ashes / Cenicero
BRACELET: An ornamental band or chain
worn about the wrist or arm / Brazalete.
CHAIN: A flexible series of joined links /
Cadena.
COPPER: A kind of metal / Cobre.
COTTON: The, white hairs around the seeds
of certain mallow plants / Algodn.
DIAMOND: A nearly pure, brillant,
crystaline carbon, the hardest mineral known /
Diamante
EARRINGS: A ring or other small ornament
for the lobe of the ear / Aretes.
GLASS: A hard, brittle substance, usually
transparent / Cristal.
GOLD: A kind of metal / Oro.
IRON: A kind of metal / Hierro.

JEWELERY: Ornaments such as rings,

bracelets, etc / Joyeria.
LEATHER: Animal skin prepared for use by
removing the hair and tanning / Cuero.
LEAVE: Permission to be absent from duty /
Das de licencia.
MATERIAL: Physical object of matter /
Material.
METAL: Any of a class of chimical elements
/ Metal.
NECKLACE: An ornamental string of
beads, chain of gold, worn around the neck /
Collar.
NYLON: An elastic, very strong, synthetic
material made into fiber, yarn, etc. / Nilon.
PLASTIC: Any of various nonmetallic
compounds, which can be molded and
hardened for commercial use / Plastico.
POLYESTER: A polymeric resin used in
making plastics, fibers, etc. / Poliester.
RING: An ornamental circular band worn on
a finger / Anillo.
ROCK / STONE: Mineral matter formed in
masses in the earths crust / Roca, piedra.
RUBBER: An elastic substance made from
the milky sap of various tropical plants, or
synthetically / Caucho, goma.
SILK: The fine, soft fiber produce by silk
worms / Seda.
SILVER: A white, precious, metallic
chemical element that is very ductile and
malleable / Plata.
WOOL: The soft, curly hair of sheep / Lana.

COULD AS PERMISSION

C ould is frequently used to request permission it is like may and can.

Could I borrow your book, please?
May I ask you a question?
Can I leave early today?
Can or can't are usually used as responses to a request for permission with
could.
Could I borrow your book, please?
Yes, of course you can.
Could I leave early today?
I'm sorry. You can't.
We have a meeting at 1500.

REVIEW OF MODALS.

May, might, and could are used to express possibility.

Wheres Joe?
He may be in his office.
He might be eating lunch.
He could be at home.
Can and is / are / am able to are used to express ability in the present or
future. Could and was / were able to are used for the past.
She can speak three languages.
They are able to speak French and Spanish.
I couldnt swim when I was young.
My grandfather was able to speak Russian.

May, can, and could are used to request permission.

May I come in?
Can I swim here?
Could I use your phone?

NOUN ADJUNCTS.

Adjectives usually modify or describe nouns.

a nice day.
a cold winter.
Nouns can also modify nouns. They are called nouns adjuncts.
They are always singular.
A store that sells shoes is a shoe store.
My brother drives trucks. He's a truck driver.
When a noun modifies another noun, the first noun is stressed.
a can opener.
a wedding ring.
some paint brushes.

LESSONS 5 and 6
AMOUNT TO: The total sum of two or
more sums / Sumar, hacer total de.
BARGAIN: Something sold at a price
favorable to the buyer / Ganga, barata
DECREASE: To become or make less,
smaller, etc. / Disminuir.
DISCOUNT: To deduct from an amount
/ Descontar.
FIT: Adapted to an end / Ajustar.
INCREASE: An enlargement / Un
Incremento.
REDUCE: To lower / Reducir.
SEW: To unite or fasten by stitches made
with thread and needle / Coser.
TRY ON: To test, or to put to proof /
Probar.
FREE: Independent / Libre.
IRREGULAR:
Not
regular,
not
according or established / Irregular.
LESS: Not so much, not so great /
Menos, no tan grande.
MEDIUM: That which lies in the middle
/ Mediano.
MUCH: Many in number, great in
quantity / Mucho.
OFF: So as to move away, to a distance,
to a state or point of discontinuance /
Retirado, apagado.
PERCENT: Parts, or a specified number
of parts, in or to every hundred /
Porciento.
SALES: A contract whereby the
ownership of property is transferred /
Venta.
SPECIAL: Distinguished by some
unusual quality / Especial.
-ER: A suffix forming the comparative
degree of adjectives and adverbs / Mas (+
el adjetivo o advervio).
OR: A coordinating particle that marks
an alternative / o.
AMOUNT: The whole value or result /
Cantidad.

CLOTH: A pliable fabric woven, or

knitted from any filament / Tela.
DEAL: To portion out or distribute /
Trato.
DISCOUNT: To deduct from an amount
/ Descuento.
DRESSING ROOM: A space which is
used for dressing / Vestidor.
FABRIC: A material made from fibers /
Tela.
FOOT: A measure of length derived
from the length of the human foot / Pie.
HIP: The projecting region of each side
of the body below the waist / Cadera.
INCH: A small distance or degree /
Pulgada.
ITEM: An article, a detail / Articulo,
pieza.
JEANS: A twilled cotton cloth used for
overalls / Mezclilla.
LENGHT: Extent from end to end /
Distancia.
MEASUREMENT: The amount or
extent ascertained by measuring /
Medida.
PAIR: Two of a sort / Par.
PERCENT: Specified number of parts,
in or to every hundred / Porciento.
PERCENTAGE: A certain rate percent /
Porcentaje.
RECEIPT: Act or fact of receiving or
being received / Recibo.
SIZE: Physical magnitude, extent or
dimensions / Tamao, talla.
TAX: To assess with, or subject to the
payment of, tax, taxes, for support of the
government / Impuesto.
WAIST: The small part of the body
between the thorax and the hips / Cintura.
FOR SALE: Something establish to be
transferred of owner / A la venta.
ON SALE: Indicating the willingness to
transfer a property / En oferta.

PHRASAL VERBS

The term phrasal verb refers to a verb and an adverb that are together. This
verb and adverb have a special meaning.
He put on his hat.
She wrote down the telephone number.
They threw away the old newspapers.
Many times a phrasal verb will have an object. There are two possible
positions for the object.
If the object is a noun, it can come before the adverb or after it.
He turned on the radio.
He turned the radio on.
Shell look up the word in the dictionary.
Shell look the word up in the dictionary.
If the object of a phrasal verb is a pronoun (me, you, him, her, etc.), the
pronoun must be between the verb and the adverb.
I like the hat. Try it on.
Ill give you the money, but you must pay it back.
Shes sleeping. dont wake her up.
Phrasal verbs are very common in conversation.

MODALS IN REPORTED SPEECH

When a modal is used in direct speech, it is frequently changed in

reported speech.

DIRECT SPEECH
(present tense)

REPORTED SPEECH
(past tense)

may
might

might
might

can
could

could
could

am / is / are / able to

was / were / able to

SUFFIX -ER AND -OR

The suffix -er and -or can be added to some verbs to make nouns to
express the meaning of one who or that which.
He teaches students to read.
Hes a teacher.
She collects stamps.
Shes a stamp collector*.
*Collector, visitor, educator, and instructor are spelled with -or.

LESSONS 7 and 8

DIET: Special or limited selection of

food and drink / Dieta.
GAIN: An increase in advantage, to win,
to beat / Ganar.
JUMP: To pass over, to spring or leap
from the ground / Saltar.
MEASURE: The extent, dimensions,
capacity / Medir.
WEIGH: A quantity of weigh in a
definite amount / Peso.
A FEW: Account, countable / Pocos.
A LITTLE: account, countable the same
/ Poco.
A LOT: Account, countable the same /
Muchos.
BY: In or during, near, at / Por.
FAT: An oily or greasy material fond in
animal tissue / Gordo.
MANY: More, most, many persons or
things / Muchos.
MUCH: Great in quantity, degree, much
the game / Mucho.
THICK: Of relatively great extent from
side, to side / Espeso, denso.
THIN: Lean, slender, not dense or
compact / Delgado.
AGE: The length of time that a person or
thing has existed; Edad.
CENTIMETER: A unit a measure /
Centmetro.
DEPTH: Deep, the distance from the top
downward, or from front to back /
Profundidad.

DIET: A formal a assembly, usually eats

or drinks / Dieta.
DISTANCE: A being separated in space,
stare, to stand / Distancia.
HEIGHT: the distance from the bottom
to the top, elevate, above a given level /
Altura.
JUMP: A distance jumped to leap over /
Salto.
KILOMETER: A metric unit of linear
measure equal to 1,000 meters /
kilmetro.
LENGTH: Extent in space or time /
longitud.
METER: The basic metric unit of length,
equal to 39.37 inches / Metro.
MILE: A unit of linear measure, equal to
5,280 feet / Milla.
MILIMETER: One thousandth of a
meter / Milmetro.
SCALE: Series of marks, along a line
used in measuring / Escala.
STRENGHT: The power to resist attack,
potency or concentration / Fuerza.
WEIGHT: a quantity weighing a definite
amount / Peso.
WIDTH: Distance from side to side /
Ancho.
YARD: a measure of length, 3 feet or 30
inches / Yarda.

HOW

ADJECTIVE

The question word how has many uses. It is often used with adjectives to
asks questions.
How high asks about height.
How tall* asks about height.
How far asks about distance.
How wide asks about width.
How deep asks about depth.
How old asks about age.
How heavy asks about weight.
How hot / cold asks about temperature.
A question with what can be used for a question with how.
How long is it?
What's its length?
* tall is used to refer to someone or something from the ground up; high
is used when talking about something at a point above the ground.

IF CLAUSES
Certain if-conditional sentences express something that is true. The
simple present tense can be used in the if-clause and the imperative or
present tense in the main clause.
IF CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
(condition)
(result)
If the TV doesn't work,
If I get up at 0600,
If I don't eat lunch,

push this button.

I get to work on time.
I become hungry by 2:00 p.m.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

LARGE QUANTITIES
Many is used to refer to count nouns.
Much is used to refer to noncount nouns. It's usually used in
negative sentences.
A lot is used to refer to both count and noncount nouns.

SMALL QUANTITIES
A few is used to refer to count nouns.
A little is used to refer to noncount nouns.

GENERAL QUANTITIES
Some, any, and none are used to refer to both count and no count
nouns.
Use some in an affirmative statement and question.
Use any in a negative statement and a question.
Use none in an affirmative statement only.

LESSONS 9 and 10
ASSIGN: To set apart or mark for specific
purpose / Asignar.
PROMOTE: To raise to higher position or
rank / Promover, ascender.
SERVE: To do military or naval service for /
Prestar servicio (terminologa militar).
STATION: The place where a person or
thing stands or is located / Estacin.
TRAIN: To instruct so as to make proficient
/ Entrenar.
ADVANCED: To bring forward / Avanzado.
BASIC: A basic principle, factor, etc. /
Fundamental, bsico.
ENLISTED: To enroll in some branch of the
armed forces / Alistarse, darse de lata.
RETIRED: To withdraw to a secluded
please / Jubilado, retirado.
AIRMAN BASIC: An enlisted person in the
U.S. Air force / Recluta de la fuerza aerea.
AIRMAN FIRST CLASS: An enlisted
person in the U.S. Air force / Soldado de 1/a.
(aerotecnico).
AIRMED FORCES: All the military, Naval,
and Air forces of a country / Fuerzas
armadas.
ASSIGNMENT: An assigning or being
assigned / Asignacin.
BAR: Narrow piece of woof, metal, etc. /
Barra.
CAPTAIN: An officer ranking just above
first lieutenant / Capitn.
CHANCE: The happening of events without
apparent cause lurk / Oportunidad,
casualidad, suerte.
COMANDER: Military or naval force, or
district / Comandante.
CORPORAL:
The
lowest
ranking
noncommissioned officer, just below a
sergeant / Cabo.
LANCE CORPORAL: The lowest ranking
noncommissioned lance corporal just below a
sergeant / Cabo del cuerpo de marinos.
LIEUTENANT: An officer ranking just
above a lieutenant junior grade / Teniente.
LIEUTENANT COMMANDER: U.S.
Navy an officer ranking just above a
lieutenant / Teniente de Corbeta.
LIEUTENANT JUNIOR GRADE: U.S.
Navy an officer above an ensign / Teniente de
Fragata.

MARINE CORPS.: A branch trained for land, sea,

and aerial combat / Cuerpo de marines.
NONCOMMISSIONED
OFFICER:
From
corporal to sergeant major inclusive / Clases (Pnal).
OPPORTUNITY: A good chance, as to advance
oneself / Oportunidad.
PERSONNEL: a personnel department / Personal.
PETTY OFFICER: A naval enlisted person who is
a noncommissioned officer / Sargento 1/o.
PRIVATE: The lowest rank in the Army / Soldado
del ejrcito.
PRIVATE FIRST CLASS : A rank in the marine
corps / Cabo del cuerpo de Marinos.
PROMOTION: To raise to a higher position or
rank / Ascenso.
RECRUIT: Just enlisted into an army or navy /
Recluta.
RETIREMENT: To cause to retire form a position
office, etc. / Retiro.
SEAMAN: An enlisted person / Marino.
STATION: An assigned post/Puesto, guarnicin.
DUTY: Special military service / Servicio, deber.
ENSIGN: Commissioned officer on the low rank /
Guardiamarina.
RECRUIT: Seaman recruit / Marinero recluta.
SERVICE: A branch of the armed forces /
Servicio.
STAFF SERGANT: Special Sergeant / Sargento
1/o. o especialista.
INSIGNIA: Emblems of rank / Insignia.
GRADE: A stage or step in a progression / Grado.
TECHNICAL SERGANT: Specialty sergeant /
Sargento tcnico o especialista.
TRAINING: To guide the mental moral, physical,
etc., development of, rear to Instructor /
Entrenamiento, enseanza.

PLURAL COUNT NOUNS

Count nouns are nouns that may be
preceded by a or an in the singular.
a book
an apple

a man
a fish

Count nouns can be made plural.

Regular plurals are formed by adding:
-es to words -es and changing the y -s to other Irregular plurals
have different
ending in these to i to words ending in words.
forms
letters: ch, ces, c or y.
z, ge, sh, x.
boxes
families
chairs
fish
sandwiches
duties
books
deer
dresses
cities
tables
children
inches
libraries
words
feet
pages
boys
teeth
wishes
men
women
knives
The es or s that is added to count nouns to form the
plural has three different pronunciations.
/ Iz /
/s/
/z/
boxes
books
tables
dresses
suits
sons
sandwiches
cooks
words
dishes
cups
windows
pages
boots
boys
quizzes
crops
duties
horses
recruits
jobs
chances
ranks
times
classes
basic
clave
services
eggs

JUST / SOON

Just and soon are adverbs of time.

Just is used to indicate recent completion in the past.
Soon is used to indicate expected completion in the near future.
John just arrived form New York.
His brother will arrive from Los Angeles soon.

AS... AS COMPARISONS.
We uses an as ... as construction with adjectives an adverbs to make
Comparisons, look at the examples.
1. Jack is twenty years old.
Bill is twenty years old.
Jack is as old as Bill.
(= They are same age.)
2. Fred is rich.
He is richer than his brother John.
John isnt as rich as his brother Fred.
(= Fred is richer.)
3. Linda finished her work in two hours.
Betty finished in the same time.
Betty worked as fast as Linda worker.
(= Betty and Linda worked at the same speed.)
4. Bob studies hard every night.
Mary sometimes studies.
Mary doesnt study as hard as Bob does.
(= Bob studies harder than Mary.)

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE.

The future progressive is formed with.

Will + be + Verb-ing.

It is used to express an action that will be in progress

At or up to a particular time in the future.

Well be leaving at noon on Friday.

Tom wont be leaving until midnight tonight.

LESSONS 11 and 12
BE BORN: Brought into life / Nacer.
BLOOM: A flower, blossom / Florecer.
DESTROY: To tear down, demolish /
Destruir.
GRAZE: To put livestock to feed on
(growing, grass) / Pastar.
HARVEST: The time of the year when
fruit, etc., are gathered in / Cosechar.
LIGHT: The form of
radiant energy
acting on the retina of the eye to make sight
possible / Encender.
LOCATE: To establish in a certain place /
localizar.
MAKE: To bring into being, build, create /
Hacer.
PLANT: A living thing that cannot move
voluntarily, has no sense, organs and
synthesizes food from carbon dioxide /
Plantar.
RAISE: To cause, to raise, to lift / Levantar,
criar.
REFLECT: To throw back (light, heat , or
sound) / Reflejar.
TAKE CARE OF: To get possession of;
capture / Cuidar de algo.
IN (FULL) BLOOM: Floreciendo.
A LITTLE : Small size, amount degree /
Poco (contable).
A LOT: The deciding of a matter by chance /
Mucho (contable o no contable.)
AROUND: A circle, in every direction, in
circumference / Alrededor de.
BECAUSE OF: By reason of / Por que de.
EXTREMELY: Very great, excessive /
Extremadamente.
MUCH: Great in quantity, degree / Mucho.
THICK: Of relative great extent from side
to side / Grueso.
WHEN: At what time? / Cuando.
WHERE: In or at what place? / Donde.
BARN: A farm building for shelter and
harvested crops / Granero.
BRIDGE: Structure built over a river /
Puente.
BULL: Adult male of a bovine animal/ Toro.

CABIN: A small simply built house, hut /

Cabaa.
CALF: A young cow or bull / Novillo.
CATTLE: Livestock / Ganado.
COW: The mature female of domestic cattle,
/ Vaca.
CROP: Any agricultural product / Cosecha.
DESTRUCTION: A destroyed segment/
Destruccin.
DIRT: Any unclean matter / Polvo, sucio.
FARM: A piece of land on which crops
animals are raised / Granja.
FARMER: A person who manages or
operates a form / Granjero.
FOREST: An thick growth of trees,
covering a large track of land / Bosque.
HARVEST: The time of the year when
grain, fruit, are gathers / Cosecha.
A GREEN THUMB: Tener Buena mano
para el cultivo.
HORSE: A large, four legged, soild-hoofed
animal with flowing mane and tail / Caballo.
PROBABLY: Reasonably so, but not proved
/ Probablemente.
PICNIC: A pleasure outing at with a meal is
eaten outdoors / Da de campo.
PLANT: A living thing that synthesizes food
from carbon, dioxide / Planta.
SHEEP: A cud chewing mammal related to
the goats, with heavy wool and edible flesh
called mutton / Cordero.
RASPBERRY: A small juicy, edible,
reddish fruit related to the rose / Moras.
VALLEY: Low land lying between hills or
mountains / Valle.
WHEAT: A cereal grass having spikes
containing grains used in marking flour /
Trigo.
RATHER: More willingly preferably /
Mucho, muy.
RANCHER: A person who lives in a ranch /
Ranchero.
REFLECTION: A reflecting or being
reflected / Refleccin.

ADVERBS OF DEGREE.
We can use certain adverbs before adjectives and others adverbs to
make the meaning stronger. These adverbs have the general meaning
of very. For example:
extremely cheap (adverb + adjective)
really interesting (adverb + adjective)
rather good (adverb + adjective)
terribly noisy (adverb + adjective).
quite fast (adverb + adverb)
so well (adverb + adverb).
very quickly (adverb + adverb).
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH WHERE AND WHEN
Where is used in an adjective clause to modify a place. It comes
right after the place.
We found a restaurant.
The food was good (at the restaurant).
We found a restaurant where the food was good.
(where refers to restaurant, a place.)
When is used in an adjective clause to modify a noun of time. It
comes right after the noun.
The summer was hot.
We went to San Francisco (during that summer).
The summer when we went to San Francisco was hot.
(when refers to summers, a noun of time).

IF CONDITIONAL

Certain if conditional sentences express something that is true.

The present progressive or the present perfect can be used in the
if-clause, and the future, a modal, or the imperative can be used in
the main clause.
IF- CLAUSE
(CONDITION)

MAIN CLAUSE
(RESULT)

Present Progressive
Future/Modal/Imperative
If youre looking for Bill.
library.

Youll find him in the

You can find him in the

library.
Go to the library.
Present Perfect.

Future/Modal/Imperative

If you havent been to

Sunday.
the park.

Were going to go this

You should go this Sunday.

Go this Sunday.

LESSONS 13 and 14
AFFORD: To give yield / Ofrecer.
BE BORN: To birth / Nacer.
BE OVER: Above in authority, power /
Acabar.
BELIVE IN: To take as true / Creer en.
BLOW OUT: To send forth air, as with the
mount slang a party / Soplar.
COME OVER: To arrive or visit / Visitar.
CONTINUE: To go on again after an
interruption / Continuar.
DROP BY: To pay a casual visit / Visitar.
DROP OVER: To pay a casual visit /
Visitar.
GO OVER: To move along, travel / Visitar.
LOOK FORWARD: To anticipate / Estar
ansioso de.
MUST: Used to express necessity / Deber,
tener que.
SING: To produce musical sounds with the
voice / Cantar.
TURN DOWN: To decrease the volume /
Bajar volmen.
TURN UP: To increase the volume / Subir el
volmen.
WRAP: To enclose and fasten in paper /
Envolver.
ALL: The whole quantify / Todo.
BESIDE: At the side of; near / A lado de,
Junto a.
BESIDES: In addition / Ademas.
BROKE: Without money / Arruinado.
COMFORTABLE: To providing comfort,
sufficient to satisfy / Comodo, comfortable.
POOR: Having little or no means of support,
needy / Pobre.
POORLY: Worthy of pity, unfortunate the
poor / Pobremente.
PRETTY: Attractive in a dainty / Bonito.
PROUD: To arrogant, haughty / Orgulloso.

RICH: Owing much money or property,

wealthy / Rico.
SCARED: To fill with sudden tear / Asustar.
SOFT: Gently, quietly / Blando, Suave.
UNCOMFORTABLE: Feeling discomfort
at ease / Incomodo.
UNDERNEATH: Under, below, beneath /
Debajo de , Abajo de.
BIRTH: A being born / Nacimiento.
BIRTHDAY: The anniversary of the day of
a persons birth / Cumpleaos.
BLOWOUT: The bursting of tire / Reventar.
CANDLE: A cylinder of tallow or wax with
a wick through it, which gives light when
burned / Vela.
COUPLE: A pair of things or persons /
Pareja.
GIFT: Something given, present / Regalo.
MICROSCOPE: An instrument consisting
of a combination of lenses, for making very
small objects / Microscopio.
PRESENT: To give a gift to a person /
Regalo.
SONG: A piece of music for singing /
Cancion.
TURN: To rotate / Girar.
VOLUME: The loudness of sound /
Volumen.
TAKE TURNS: Tomar turnos.
FROM NOW ON: Of at that time; then / De
ahora en adelante.

GENERUS AS SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS

A gerund is the -ing form of a verb.

Examples: eating, playing, sleeping.
A gerund is used as a noun. The most common noun function of a
gerund is the object of a verb. The gerund plus the words that go with
it is called a gerund phrase.
He enjoys teaching English.
We finished working about an hour ago.

A gerund or gerund phrase can be also used as the subject of a

sentence.
Driving on wet roads can be dangerous.
Learning a second language is fun.
A gerund or gerund phrase can be used as the object of a preposition.
You can turn off the radio by pushing this button.
Are you interested in learning German?
He apologized for being late.

The following is a list of common preposition combinations with

verbs and adjectives that gerunds can follow:
Verb + preposition
apologize for
believe in
decide on
finish with

look forward to
plan on
thank someone for

adjective + preposition
afraid of
bored with
excited about
found of
frightened of
happy about
interested in

nervous about
proud of
scared of
talk about
think of
tired of
worried about

MUST AS PROBABILITY
Must is used with the simple present tense or the present
progressive to express probability.
Steve is smiling. He must be happy.
I smell smoke. Something must be burning.
Must not is used for the negative.
Johns lights are off. He must not be at home.
Betty isnt eating. She must not be hungry.
We use the modals must, may, might, and could to make
deductions and conclusions from the information that we receive.

Must is used when we are very sure or very certain about something.
May, might, and could are used when we are less sure or certain.
must
may
might
could

very sure

less sure

REVIEW OF MODALS
Must and have / has to both express necessity and obligation.
You must have money to buy a car.
I cant go. I have to study for a test.
Must not is used to express prohibition.
You must not smoke in the building.
(Dont smoke in the building.)
You must not drive through a red light.
(Dont drive through a red light.)
Not have / has to is used to express lack of necessity.
Tomorrow is Saturday. We dont have to go to class.
We have a lot of time. We dont have to study.
Will and be going to are both used to express future time.
Frank will finish packing tonight.
He is going to finish packing tonight.
Could and would are used to make request.
Would you close the window?.
Could you please hand me the sugar?

LESSONS 15 and 16
ATTEMPT (TO): To try to do, get /
Intentar.
BOARD: A long flat piece of sawed
wood / Tablero.
CANCEL: To mark over with lines /
Cancelar.
OUGHT TO: Obligation, duty or
desirability / Deber hacer.
PROMISE: An agreement to do or not
to do something / Prometer, promesa.
PUT ASIDE: To reserve for later use to
set / Apartar.
REPORT: To give an account of as for
publication / Informe, parte, denunciar.
SMELL: To be aware of trough the
nose, detect the odor of / Oler, olor.
TASTE: To taste the flavor or by
putting a little in ones mouth / Gusto,
probar.
TOUR: A long trip, as for sightseeing /
Viajar.
BY ACCIDENT: An unintended
happening by chance / Por accidente.
BY CHANCE: Accidentally an un
predictable event / Por suerte, por
casualidad.
ON AND ON: Time after time / Una y
otra vez.
TAKE A CHANCE: To get possession
of capture, seize / Tomar una
oportunidad.
ABROAD: Far and wide in circulation /
Ir al extranjero.
ACCIDENTAL: Happening by chance /
Imprevisto, fortuito.
PASSENGER: A person traveling in a
train, boat, car / Pasajero, viajero.
REFRESHMENT: A refreshing or
being refreshed / Refrigerio, comida
ligera.
AS SOON AS: Tan pronto como.
BY: Near, at, in or during / Cerca, al
lado, por.
FOREING: Situated outside ones own
country locality / Extranjero.

JUST AS: Right or fair, accurate exact /

Justo como.
LUCKY: Having good luck, resulting
fortunately / Afortunado, por suerte.
OFF: Combining form a contest of skill in a
activity or field / Desconectado.
ON: In contact with, supported by / En,
sobre, conectado.
ROUGH: Not smooth or lever, uneven /
Aspero, accidentado.
SMOOTH: Having an even surface, with
no roughness / Suave, llano, parejo.
CHANCE: The happening of events
without apparent cause luck / Suerte, azar,
casualidad.
FARE: To happen result, money paid for
transportation / Precio, tarifa.
GROUP: A numbers of persons of things
gathered or classified together / Grupo o
conjunto.
LOTTERY: A game of change in which
people buy numbered tickets on prices /
Lotera.
LUCK: The seemingly chance happening of
events which affect one, fortune lot / Suerte.
PROMISE: An agreement to do or not to
do something / Prometer.
TOURIST: one who tours, of for tourist /
turista.

OUGHT TO AS ADVICE
Should and ought to are both used to give advice.
You dont look good. You should see a doctor.
You dont look good. You ought to see a doctor.
The negative contraction of should is shouldnt.
Ought to is not usually used in the negative or in questions.
When a modal is used in indirect speech, it is frequently changed
in reported speech.
DIRECT SPEECH.
REPORTED SPEECH.
( present tense )
( past tense )
Will
Would.
Present- BE going to
Past.-Be going to.
Must ( necessity )
Had to *
Have / has to.
Had to*
Not have to
Must not ( prohibition ).
Didnt have to.
Must not.
*Notice that had to is used
instead of must in past tense
reported speech when must
means necessity.
IRREGULAR ADVERBS.
Some adverbs have irregular comparisons.
ADVERB
COMPARATIVE
Well.
Better than.
Badly
worse than

SUPERLATIVE
The best.
the worst.

The comparative form is used when referring to two people or

things.
The superlative form is used when referring to three or more
people or things.

LESSONS 17 and 18
ATTEND: To pay attention, to go with,
to stretch / Atender.
COMPLAIN: To express dislike,
displeasure / Quejarse.
CRAWL: To move slowly by dragging
the body along the ground / Arrastrarse.
DRILL: Systematic military or physical
training / Adiestramiento militar.
ENTER: To come or go into, to penetrate
/ Entrar, ingresar.
FALL IN: To line up in formation /
Formar filas.
GUARD: To watch over and protect,
defend, to act as a guard / Resguardar.
INSTRUCT: To teach, educate, to
inform / Instruir.
IRON: A metallic chemical element, the
most common of all metal / Hierro.
JOIN: To bring or come together (with),
connect, unite to become a part or
member of club, armed force etc. / Unir,
asociar, juntar.
MARCH: To walk with regular steps, as
in military formation / Marchar.
MOP: A bundle of rags, or yarns, a
sponge, etc. fastened to the end of a stick,
as for washing floors / Trapear.
POLISH: To smooth and brighten, as by
rubbing, refine / Lustrar, pulir.
SCRUB: A thick growth of stunted trees
or bushes, any person or thing smaller
than the usual, or inferior / Restregar.
SWEAT: Perspire / Sudar.
SWEEP: To clean a floor, etc. as by
brushing with a broom / Barrer.
YELL: To cry out loudly, scream /
Gritar.
AT ATTENTION: Firmes.
THIS IS KILLING ME: Esto me esta
matando.
EVERYTHING: Ever any matter / Todo

PHYSICAL: Of nature and all matter, of

the body examination / Fsico.
TOUGH: That will bend, without tearing
or breaking / Fuerte, duro, dificil.
AREA: Vacant place, a part of the earths
surface, region / Area.
BATTLE DRESS UNIFORM (BDU):
Uniform to any fight or conflict /
Uniforme de campaa.
BRIEFING: Preliminary explanation /
Reunin preparatoria.
BROOM: A bundle of fibers or straws
fastened to a long handle used for
sweeping / Escoba.
CADET: A student in training at an
armed forces academy / Cadete.
DORM: Barracks / Dormitorio.
DRILL: The method or practice of
teaching by repeated exercises /
Adiestramiento.
DRILL INSTRUCTOR: Systematic
military or physical training / Instructor
de adiestramiento.
FIRING RANGE: Shooting field /
Campo de tiro.
GUARD: To watch over and protect,
defend / Guardia.
INSTRUCTION: Something taught,
orders or directions / Instruccin.
SWEAT: to give forth or cause to give
forth a salty moisture through the pores of
the skin, perspire / Sudor.
TRAINEE: Person who receives training
/ Soldado en adiestramiento.
MOP: A bundle of rags fastened to the
end of a stick / Trapeador.
PHYSICAL
TRAINING
(PT):
Acondicionamiento fisico.
TRAINING
INSTRUCTOR
(TI):
Instructor
de
adiestramiento.

NEVER EVER SELDOM ALWAYS USUALLY

OFTEN FREQUENTLY OCCASIONALLY SOMETIMES

There are some adverbs that are called adverbs

of frequency.
Notice where they are in the sentences. The
most common position is before the verb, but
after BE. They can also come at the beginning
or end of the sentence.
She is
Seldom
on time
Is she
usually
on time?
She
never
comes here.
Does she
always
come here?

LT MORAN DOES HIS HOMEWORK MORE CORRECTLY

THAN LT GILLIS

More and most are used with adverbs of 2 or more syllables for
the comparative and superlative forms.

ADVERB
slowly
carefully
frequently

COMPARATIVE
more slowly than
more carefully than
more frequently than

SUPERLATIVE
the most slowly
the most carefully
the most frequently

These are some examples of adverbs formed by adding -ly to

adjectives. *Note the spelling changes.
correct
beautiful
beautifully
natural
soft
quiet

correctly

naturally
softly
quietly

careful
cautious
slow
nervous
quick

carefully
cautiously
slowly
nervously
quickly

*angry

angrily

*easy
easily
*reasonable reasonably

PROMOTE - PROMOTION

The suffix -ion may be added to some verbs to form nouns. Note
the spelling changes.

collect
educate
locate
operate

collection
education
location
operation

confuse
instruct
select
promote

confusion
instruction
selection
promotion

LESSONS 19 and 20
BARBECUE: A hog, steer, etc. roasted
whole over an open fire / Parrillada.
CELEBRATE: To commemorate an
anniversary, holyday, etc. / Celebrar.
HOLD: To keep in a certain position or
condition / Mantener, sujetar, sostener.
INVITE: To ask to come somewhere or do
something / Invitar, convidar.
MISS: Tittle used before the name of an
unmarried woman o girl / Seorita.
SLICE: A relatively thin, broad piece cut
from something / Rebanada.
WILL: Auxiliary verb used to indicate
simple future time / Auxiliar usado para
indicar tiempo futuro.
WOULD: Auxiliary past will, used to
express a supposition or condition / Usado
para expresar una condicion o suposicion.
AFRAID: Feeling frightened / Asustado,
atemorizado.
AFTERWARDS: Later, subsequently, also /
Despues, luego.
ANYWHERE: Any place / Donde quiera, en
cualquier sitio o parte.
AS: Equally /Asi de, tan, como.
BEFORE: Previously / Antes.
FRESH: Recently made / Fresco.
INSIDE: Inner side, surface, or part /
Interior, parte de adentro.
NOWHERE: Not in, at, or to any place / En
ninguna parte, a ninguna parte.
SOMEWHERE: At some place not known
specified / En, o a alguna parte.
STALE: No longer fresh, flat, etc. / Rancio,
duro, picado.
ANNIVERSARY: The yearly return of the
date of some event / Aniversario.
BEER: An alcoholic, fermented drink made
from malt and hops / Cerveza.
CATSUP: Kepchup / Salsa de tomate
CELEBRATION: To commemorate with
festivity / Celebracion.
CEREMONY: A set of formal acts proper to
a special occasion religious rite / Ceremonia.
CHEESE: A solid food made from milk
curds / Queso.
CHOCOLATE: A substance made from
roasted and ground cacao seeds / Chocolate.

CLUB: A group of people associated for a

common purpose / Club social.
COMPANY: A group of people gathered or
associated for some purpose / Compaa.
DRINK: To swallow liquid / Beber, tomar.
GUEST: A person entertained at the home /
Invitado, huesped.
INVITATION: A message used for inviting
/ Invitacion.
KETCHUP: Catsup / Salsa de tomate.
LUNCHEON: A informal lunch / Almuerzo.
MAYONNAISE: A creamy sauce of egg,
yolks, oil, vinegar, etc, beaten together /
Mayonesa.
MUSTARD: An herb with yellow flower and
round seeds in slender pods / Mostaza.
PICKLES: Any brine, vinegar, etc, used to
preserve or marinate food / Vinagre.
POTATO SALAD: Ensalada de papa.
RECEPTION: A receiving or being received
/ Recepcion.
ROLL: A piece of bread / Roll de pan.
SAUCE: A liquid or soft mixture served with
food to add flavor / Salsa.
STEAK: A slice of meat or of fish, for
broiling or frying / Bistec, filete.
STRAWBERRY: The small, red, fleshy fruit
of a vine like plant of the rose family / Fresa.
WEDDING: The marriage ceremony / Boda,
casamiento.
WINE: The fermented juice of grapes, used
as an alcoholic beverage / Vino.
DROP IN: To pay a casual visit / Visita
informal.
HAVE GOT: To have to / Tener que.
HAVE OVER: To pay a casual visit / Visita
informal.
HELP YOUR SELF: Sirvase usted mismo.

WOULD YOU LIKE TO COME TO THE PARTY?

We use will and would to say what we want or want to

do.
Can I help you please?
Yes, I'd like a cheese sandwich.
(= I want a cheese sandwich.)
we're having a party next weekend. Can you come?
Yes, I'd love to.
(= Yes, I want to come.)
That box looks heavy. I'll help you with it
(= I want to help you with it.)

REVIEW OF MODALS

Should, ought to, and be supposed to have the same

meaning. They are used to give advice.
You should study more.
You ought to do better
We're supposed to take off our hats inside
Used to is to used to express an activity, situation, or a habit
that existed in the past but which no longer exists.
I used to smoke ten years ago, but I don't any longer.

Would is used to express an action that was repeated regularly

in the past. Used to can also be used this way.
When I was a boy, my father would play baseball
with us.
When I was a boy, my father used to play baseball
with us.

Must is used to express deduction and probability.

John's not in class. He must be sick today.

WHAT CAN WE DO?

Can is used to say that something is

possible.
We can see the lake from the living
room.
You can walk to the pool. It's very
close.
Flying in an airplane can be
dangerous.

LET'S GO SOMEWHERE.

To express an indefinite place or location we use

the adverbs somewhere, anywhere, and nowhere.
This is how they are used:
Somewhere in affirmative questions / negative
statements.
Anywhere in affirmative question / negative
statements.
Nowhere in short answers, (nowhere means not
anywhere).

Are you going somewhere?

Are you going anywhere?

Yes,

I'm going

No,

I'm not going

somewhere.

anywhere.

Where are you going?

Nowhere

LESSONS 21 and 22
APPLY: To put to practical or specific use
your knowledge / Solicitar, aplicar.
DIE: To stop living / Morir.
EARN: To receive wages, etc. for ones work /
Ganar, percibir haberes.
LEAVE: To allow to remain leave it open /
Salir.
NOTICE: A sign giving some public
information, warning, etc. / Enterarse.
ORDER: Social position, a state of peace
orderly conduct / Orden.
PHOTOGRAPH: A picture made by
photography / Fotografa.
POSTPONE: To put off until later, delay /
Posponer.
REQUIRE: To insist upon, demand / Requerir.
WAS/WERE GOING TO: Be about to / iba a.
ALIVE: Having life, living, / Vivo.
AROUND: In a circle, in every direction / En
los alrededores.
DEAD: No longer living / Muerto.
ELSE: Different, other somebody else / Algo
mas.
IN ADDITION TO: Besides, furthermore /
Adems.
OVERSEAS: Over or beyond the sea foreign /
En el o al extranjero.
UNUSUALLY: Not usual or common /
Inusualmente.
UNUSUAL: Not usual or common / Inusual.
USUAL: Such as is most often seen used etc.,
common, customary / Fuera de lo comn.
AFRICA: Second largest continent / frica.
AIR: The invisible mixture of gases
surrounding the earth / Aire.
ANTARCTICA: Land area bout the south,
pole completely covered by an ice / Antarctica.
APPLICATION: An applying, anything
applied, as a remedy / Aplicacin, solicitud.
ASIA: Largest continent, in the eastern
Hemisphere / Asia.

AUSTRALIA:
Island continent between
the south pacific and Indian oceans / Australia.
CERTIFICATE: A document attesting to a
fact qualification etc. / Certificado.
CONTINENT: Any of the main large land
areas of the earth / Continente.
DEATH: The act of fact of dying, the state of
being dead / Muerte.
DOCUMENT: To provide which or support by
documents / Documento.
EUROPE: Continent between Asia and the
Atlantic / Europa.
HISTORY: An account of what has happened
esp. In the life of people country etc. / Historia.
HOLIDAY: A day of freedom from labor of
the one set a side by law to celebrate some
event / Da feriado.
HONEYMOON:
The
vacation
spent
together by a newly married couple / Luna de
miel.
ITO: Invitation travel orden/ Orden de viaje.
LIFE: The state of living / vida.
MUSEUM: An institution, building etc. For
preserving and exhibiting artistic or historical
objets / Museo.
NORTH AMERICA: Continent in the western
hemisphere / Amrica del Norte.
ORDER: A state of peace, orderly conduct /
Orden.
PHOTO: Of produced by light photograph of
photography / Foto.
REASON: An explanation of an act, idea, etc. /
Razn
RIDE: To be carried a long by a horse, in a
vehicle etc. / Montar
SOUTH AMERICA: Continent in the western
hemisphere / Amrica del Sur.
VISA: An endorsement on a passport, grating
entry into a country / Visa.
WHILE: A period of time / Rato, tiempo.

WAS / WERE GOING TO

Was / were going to is used to say what someone

intended to do in the past, but didnt.
John was going to fly to Paris, but he changed
his mind.
My sister was going to meet me for dinner, but
she forgot.

ELSE

The word else is used with adverb and pronoun

compounds of some-, any-, no-, and every-:
someone else / somebody else
anyone else/ anybody else
no one else / nobody else
everyone else / everybody else
something else
anything else
nothing else
somewhere else
anywhere else
nowhere else
everywhere else

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

some other person

any other person
no other person
every other person
some other thing
any other thing
every other thing
in/at/to some other place
in/at /to any other place
in/at/to no other place
in/at/to every other place

DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH

When a modal is used in direct speech, it is sometimes changed

in reported speech. Notice will / would.

DIRECT SPEECH
(present tense)

REPORTED SPEECH
(past tense)

ought to (advice)

ought to

should (advice)

should

used to / would (past routine)

used to / would

used to (discontinued past

habit)

used to
must

must (deduction)
must not
must not (deduction)
was /were going to
was / were going to
would like to
would like to (desire)
would *
will * / would (willingness)

LESSONS 23 and 24
APPEAR: To come into sight / Aparecer.
BLEED: To emit or lose blood / Sangrar.
CALM DOWN: Stillness, tranquility /
Tranquilizar
EXAMINE: To book at methodically /
Examinar.
INJURE: To do harm or damage / Herir.
LIE DOWN: To be in a specified condition
/ Recostarse.
OPERATE: The act or method of operating
/ Operar.
PRESCRIBE: To order or advise as a
medicine or treatment, said of physicians /
Recetar.
QUIET DOWN: not noisy, silent / Callar.
SEEM: To appear to be / Parecer.
SIGN IN / OUT: A register on arrive, or
departure / Registrarse (entrada o salida).
TREAT: To give medical care to / Tratar
WIPE: To clean or dry / Limpiar.
ALLERGIC: Of, caused by, or having an
allergy / Alergico.
DIZZY: Feeling giddy or unsteady /
Mareado.
ILL: Not well, sick / Enfermo.
PULLED: The act or force / Jalado.
SPRAINED: To wrench a ligament or
muscle / Luxado.
STILL: Stationary, not moving / Quieto.
SWOLLEN: Blown up / Inflamado.
TWISTED: Sprain / Torcido.
ALLERGY: Hypersensitivity to / Alergia.
ASPIRIN: A tablet of reducing fiber /
Aspirina.
BED REST: take a rest to bed / Descanso
absoluto.
BLOOD: The red fluid circulating in the
arteries and veins / Sangre.
BLOOD PRESSURE: The pressure of the
blood against the
blood-vessel walls /
Presion sanguinea.
CARE: Protection, close attention /
Cuidado.
CLINIC: A place where medical practice /
Clinica.

DRUG: Any substance used as or in a

medicine / Medicina, droga.
FLU: A respiratory infection / Gripe.
INJURY: Harm or damage / Herida.
LABORATORY: Room, building for
scientific work / Laboratorio.
MEDICATION: To treat with medicine /
Medicamento.
MIRROR: A glass coated with silver /
Espejo.
MUSCLE: Organ consisting of fibrous /
Musculo.
OPERATION: Having process / Operacin.
PENICILLIN: An antibiotic / Penicilina.
PHARMACY: Drugstore / Farmacia.
PILL: A small tablet of medicine / Pildora
PRESCRIPTION: A written direction for
treatment / Receta medica.
PULSE: Contractions of the heart / Pulso.
RECORD: To register / Registro.
SEAT: A place to sit / Asiento.
SHOT: A hypodermic injection / Inyeccion.
SICK CALL: Vista medica.
SOCIAL SECURITY CARD: Credencial
de Seguridad Social.
SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER (SSN):
Numero de Seguridad Social.
SULFA: Designating or of a family of drugs
used in combating certain bacterial
infections / Sulfato.
TABLET: Piece of medicine / Tableta.
TREATMENT: Medical or surgical care /
Tratamiento.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

The following words are Reflexive

pronouns:
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself

ourselves
yourselves
themselves

A reflexive pronouns is used as an

object and refers to the subject of the
sentence or clause.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS USED FOR EMPHASIS

I Know the door was
locked

I myself locked it.

I locked it myself.

LINKING VERBS

We use adjectives after certain verbs called linking

verbs. When an adjective is used after a linking verb,
the adjective modifies the subject of the sentence.
The most common linking verbs are:
Appear
Get
Smell
Be
Keep
Sound
Become
Remain
Stay
Feel
Seem
Taste

Examples:
Your friend is very nice
The coffee tastes strong
Tom appeared calm during the storm
The food will remain cold on the ice.
Bill seems nervous about his operation.

SUFFIX - LY

The suffix - ly can be added to nouns of time to make

adjectives and adverbs. The most common nouns are:
Day

+ - ly

Daily

Hour

+ - ly

Hourly

Month

+ - ly

Monthly

Night

+ - ly

Nightly

Week

+ - ly

Weekly

Year

+ - ly

Yearly

The ly words above can be used as both adjectives

and adverbs.

LESSONS 25 and 26
AVOID: To keep away from, evade /
Evitar.
CHECK OUT: To pay and leave a hotel,
etc., to prove to be accurate / Revisar,
examinar.
CUT DOWN ON: To reduce / Reducir.
CUT OUT: To stop doing what one is doing
/ Parar, dejar de consumir.
JOG: A slow, steady, jolting motion /
Trotar.
NAP: To sleep lightly for a short time, a
brief, light sleep / Siesta.
SKIP: To pass from one point to another,
omitting or ignoring / Saltarse algo, pasar
por alto.
TAKE UP: To become interested in an
occupation, study, etc. / Dedicarse a algo.
TRY OUT: A test to determine fitness,
qualifications / Intentar, tartar, probar.
ACTIVITY: A being active, a specific
action / Actividad.
EQUIPMENT: An equipping or being
equipped / Equipo.
ENERGY: Inherent power, capacity for
action / Energia.
FITNESS: The manner of fitting /
Condicion fisica.
HEALTH: Physical and mental well being /
Salud.
LAP: One complete circuit of a racetrack /
Vuelta.
RELAXATION: A relaxing or being
relaxed, recreation / Relajacion.
SLEEP: The natural, regularly recurring
rest for the body / Dormir.
SUGGESTION: A suggesting or being
suggested / Sugestion.

ACTIVE: Acting, working / Activo.

CLOSED: To close, to shut, to fill up or
stop, to finish / cerrado.
CONVENIENT: Easy to do, use, or get to,
handy / Conveniente.
DOUBFUL: Uncertain, causing doubt r
suspicion / Dudoso.
EVEN: However / Sin embargo.
FIT: To be the proper size, shape, etc. /
Tener condicion fisica.
GRADUAL: Developing little by little /
Gradual.
GRADUALLY: Developing little by little /
Gradualmente.
IMPOSSIBLE: Not capable of being, being
done, or happening / Imposible.
IT: The animal or thing previously
mantioned / El, ella, ello, lo, la, le, eso, esa,
esto, esta.
NECESSARY: Essential, indispensable,
inevitable, required / Necesario.
OPEN: Not closed, not covered / Abierto.
POSSIBLE: That can be or exist, that may
on may not happen / Posible.
POSSIBLY: By any possible means,
perhaps, maybe / Posiblemente.
PROPER: Propius, ones own / Propio.
PROPERLY: Ones own / Propiamente
REGULARLY: Conforming to a rule /
Regularmente.
UNNECESSARY: Not necessary, needless
/ Innecesario.
WEIGHTS: A quantity weighing a definite
amount / Pesas.
SWIMMING POOL: Place to swim /
Alberca.

ITS SAFER TO JOG DURING THE DAY.

a good plan
Its expensive
not healthy

to save
to take
to skip

money every month.

a taxi
meals.

YOUD BETTER PAY THE RENT.

Had better means should. Had better not means shouldnt.
pay the rent today.
had better
You

get to class on time.

d better
stop at the red light.

forget to pay the rent.

had better not
You

be late for class.

d better not
Run the red light.

WHY DONT YOU GET MORE REST? =

WHY NOT GET MORE REST?

Use the infinitive of the verb (without to) after why dont you
and why not
I
ask for a drink?
dont you
call him?
we
watch the news?
Why
start jogging?
open it now?
not

AFTER THEY HAD CLEANED THE APARTMENT,

THEY MOVED INTO IT.

The past perfect tense expresses an activity that was completed

before another activity occurred in the past.
He
started the car
after theyd fastened their seat
belts.
I
hadnt met him
before he came to our class.
She
had gone inside
by the time he thought to ask her.
The past perfect tense is formed by using had with the past
participle of the verb. It is used when you are talking about two
things that have already happened.

LESSONS 27 and 28
BEHAVE: To conduct one self in an
specified way / Comportarse.
HAVE GOT TO: Tener que.
HONOR: Distinction / Honor.
OBSERVE: To adhere to a law, custom, etc.
/ Obsevar leyes, obedeser.
RENDER: To give aid or do a service /
Retribuir, dar.
RESPECT: To feel or show honor or esteem
for / Respetar.
TAKE ADVENTAGE OF: Tomar ventaja
de.
AGAINST: In opposition to / Contra.
COMPULSORY: Obligatory, required /
Obligatorio.
HONORABLE:
Honest,
upright
/
Honorable.
JUNIOR: One who is younger, of lower rank
/ Subalterno, menor.
LOYAL: Showing such faithfulness / Leal
SENIOR: Of higher rank, longer service /
Antiguo, superior.
SUBORDINATE: Below another in rank or
importance / Subordinado.
ADMIRAL: A naval officer of the highest
rank / Almirante.
AUTHORITY: The power or right to
comand / Autoridad.
BEHAVIOR: Way of behaving, conduct,
action / Comportamiento, conducta.
BRIGADIER GENERAL: Military officer
ranking just above a colonel / General
brigadier.
CHAIN OF COMAND: A series of ranks in
the army / Cadena de mando.
COMMISSIONED: An officer in the armed
forces holding a task / Comisionado.
OFFICER: One holding a position of
authority esp. by commission in the armed
forces / Oficial.
COURTESY: Courteous behavior / Cortesia.

CUSTOM: A usual practice, tradition Made

to order / Costumbre.
GENERAL: Military officer ranking above a
colonel / General.
INSTALATION: To place an office with
formality / Instalacion.
LEUTENANT GENERAL: Military officer
ranking above a mayor general / Rango
General de brigada.
LOYALTY: Showing such faithfulness /
lealtad.
MAYOR GENERAL: Military officer
ranking above a colonel / Rango jerrquico
que no tiene equivalencia en nuestro pas.
PRIVILEGE: A special right granted to
some person / Privilegio.
REAR ADMIRAL: A naval officer ranking
above a captain / Contra almirante.
REGULATION: A rule of law regulating
conduct / Regulacion, regla.
RESPECT: To feel or show honor or esteem
for / Respeto.
RESPONSIBILITY: A being responsible,
obligation / Responsabilidad.
RIGHT: Power, privilege, etc. bellowing to
one by law, nature etc. / Derecho.
SALUTE: Raising the right hand to the head
in military and naval practice / Saludo militar.
SENIORITY: Status, priority achieved by
length of service in a given job / Antiguedad.
SENSE: Normal intelligence and judgement /
Sentido, juicio.
SUBORDINATE: Below another in rank
importance / Subordinado.
VICE ADMIRAL: A naval officer ranking
above a rear admiral / Vice almirante.

PASSIVE VOICE: BE PASSIVE

SUBJECT

VERB

OBJECT

The secretary

types

the letters.

The letters

AGENT
(by the secretary.)

are typed

To form the be-passive:

Add be + -ed (past participle) to the verb.
Move the object of the sentence to the subject position.
Add by to the original subject end move it to the agent
position. the agent my be omitted.

IVE GOT TO CASH A CHECK

must
have to
have got to

cash a check

DAN HAD BEEN DRIVING FOR 10 YEARS BEFORE HE

GOT A TICKET.
The soldiers
The tourists
Ted and bob

marching
had been
hadnt
been

napping
watching

for hours before

dinner.
during the rain storm.
TV while I was
shopping.

LESSONS 29 and 30
ACT: To perform in a play, movie, etc. /
Actuar.
DISLIKE: To have a feeling of not liking
/ Desagrado.
FIGHT: To appose physically or in battle
/ Pelear.
HATE: A strong feeling of dislike or ill
will / Odiar.
PERFORM: To render or enact (a piece
of music, dramatic roll, etc.) / Actuar.
PREFER: To like better / Preferir.
QUIT: To stop doing something / Parar.
STAND: To take or be in a position,
attitude, etc. / Tolerar, soportar.
WOULD RATHER: Expression for
showing a preference / Preferiria.
ANTIQUE: Any ancient relic /
Antigedad.
CLASSICAL: Typical of or derived
from the artistic standards of the ancient /
Clasico.
CLOSE TO: Near, next to / Cerca a.
EITHER: One or the other, each / Ya
seao.
FURTHERMORE: In addition, besides /
Ademas.
HUMOROUS: Funny, amusing, comical
/ Humoristico.
KIND: Sort, variety, class / Tipo.
LIKEWISE: In the same manner, also,
too / De igual modo, tambien.
MODERN: Of the present or recent
times / Moderno.
MUSICAL: A play or film with a
musical score featuring songs and dances
/ Musical.
NEITHER: Not one or the other / Ni uno
ni otro.
RATHER THAN: Instead of / En lugar
de, en vez de.
SCARY: Frightening / Asustado.
SERIOUS: Not joking, sincere / Serio.
ACTOR: One who acts in plays, movies,
etc. / Actor.

ACTRESS: One female who acts in

plays, movies, etc. / Actriz.
ADVENTURE: Hazardous undertaking /
Aventura.
BALLET: An artistic dance form of
graceful, precise gestures and movements
used to tell a story / Ballet.
COMEDY: A humorous play, etc. /
Comedia.
CONCERT: A performance of music /
Concierto.
DRAMA: The art of writing, acting, or
producing plays / Drama.
HUMOR: A comical quality / Humor.
MUSICIAN: One who skilled in music
/ Musico.
OPERA: A play having its text set to
music
and
sung
to
orchestral
accompaniment / Opera.
ORCHESTRA: The space in front of a
theater stage, where the musicians sit /
Orquestra.
PERFORMANCE:
The
act
of
performing, functional effectiveness /
Actuacion.
PLAY: To perform on a musical
instrument / Actuar.
ROCK MUSIC: A kind of music /
Musica rock.
ROW: Any of the lines of seats in a
theater / Fila.
SEAT: A place to seat / Asiento.
STAGE: An area or platform on which
plays, etc. / Ecenario.
SYMPHONY: An extended musical
composition in several movements, for
full orchestra / Sinfonia.
THEATER: A place or building where
plays, operas, films, etc., are presented /
Teatro.
TYPE: The characteristic form, plan,
style, etc., of a class or group / Tipo.

WHICH DO YOU PREFER?

meat to chicken.
I
You
He
She
We
They

boating to skiing.
prefer (s)
tea rather than coffee.
to ride rather than walk.

THE ROADS WERE DANGEROUS TO DRIVE ON

He was easy
Its

impossible

I am

difficult

to understand.
(for me)

to eat ice cream on cold

days.
to be with when Im mad!

LESSONS 31 and 32
ADJUST: To change so as to fit /
Ajustar.
ASSEMBLE: To gather into a group,
collect / Ensamblar.
BE UNABLE TO: Not able / Ser incapaz
de.
COPY: A thing made just like another /
Copiar.
FIGURE OUT: To solve / Resolver.
HANDLE: The part of a tool, etc., by
which it is held or lifted / Manija.
INSTALL: To fix in position for use /
Instalar.
KEY IN: To input data by means of a
keyboard / Capturar datos.
PRINT: A mark made on a surface by
pressing or stamping / Imprimir.
PUT TOGETHER: To assemble /
Ensamblar.
REPLACE: To take the place of /
Reemplasar.
SHUT OFF / DOWN: Stoppage of work
or activity / Apagar.
TAKE APART: To pull apart /
Desarmar.
CAPABLE: Having ability, skilled /
capaz.
DUMB: Silent, stupid / Tonto.
ENOUGH: As much or as many as
necessary / Suficiente.
INCAPABLE: Not capable / Incapaz.
INTELLIGENT: Having or showing
intelligence / Inteligente.
SMART: Having or showing intelligence
/ Inteligente.
ABILITY: Having skill / Habilidad.
AIR CONDITIONER: A devise to keep
the air temperature / Aire acondicionado.
BATTERY: A cell or group of cells
storing and electrical charge and able to
furnish a current / Bateria.
COMPUTER: An electrinic machine
that performs rapid, complex calculations

or compiles and correlates data /

Computadora.
COPY: A thing made just like another /
Copia.
DATA: Facts or figures from which
conclusions can be drawn / Informacion.
DRUMS: A percussion instrument
consisting of a hollow cylinder with a
membrane stretched over the end or ends
/ Tambor.
EXPERIENCE: Anything or everything
observed or lived through / Experiencia.
GLASSES: Eyeglasses / Lentes.
GUITAR: A musical instrument with
usually six strings / Guitarra.
INSTALLATION: To place, to establish
/ Instalacion.
INSTRUMENT: A thing by means of
which something is done / Instrumento.
KEYBOARD: The row of keys of a
piano, typewriter, computer, terminal, etc.
/ Tablero, teclado.
PIANO: A large stringed keyboard
instrument: Each strikes a corresponding
steel wire or wires / Piano.
PRINTER: A device to print / Impresora.
PUZZLE: Something difficult to solve /
Rompecabezas, acertijo.
RADIATOR: An apparatus for radiating
heat / Radiador.
SCREEN: A curtain or partition use to
separate, conceal, etc. / Pantalla, monitor.
TYPEWRITER: A machine used to
write / Maquina de escribir.
VIOLIN: A musical instrument / Violin.

WE WERE UNABLE TO FIX IT.

I
Sue
He
You
Bill and I
They

Sue

Frank

am
was
is
was
are
were

fix it.

unable to

isnt able to
is unable to
cant
wasnt able to
was unable to
couldnt

install the battery.

be here last night.

HES OLD ENOUGH TO DRIVE A CAR.

Im
Jim couldnt jog
Do you swim

dirty enough
fast enough
regularly enough

to take a shower.
to catch Bill.
to keep fit?

HE WATCHES TOO MANY MOVIES ON TV.

Count nouns are
things that can be
counted
lessons
showers
dollars
spoons
cups
glasses
minutes
people
Too many is used
to express more
than enough. Use
too many with
count nouns.

Noncount
nouns
are things that
cant be counted.
information
rain
money
sugar
coffee
water
time
news
Too much also
means more than
enough. Use too
much
with
noncount nouns.

I IMAGINE WRITERS HAVE GOOD IMAGINATIONS

apply
cancel
continue
examine
imagine
invite
prepare
recommend

+ ation

application
cancellation
continuation
examination
imagination
invitation
preparation
recommendation