Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Zoonotic?
Dog
Yes
Ancylostoma
tubaeforme
(hookworm)
Uncinaria
stenocephala
(hookworm/nematode)
Cat
Dog, cat
Yes
Same as ancylostoma
Toxascaris leonina
(roundworm)
Cat, dog
No
-young puppies/kittens
-potbellied
-rough hair coat
-hepatitis (liver migration)
-jaundice
1. Fenbendazole
2. pyrantel pamoate
Toxocara canis
(roundworm)
*ruffled edge
Dog
Yes
ocular
&
visceral
larval
migrans
-young puppies/kittens
-potbellied
-rough hair coat
-hepatitis (liver migration)
-jaundice
1. Fenbendazole
2. pyrantel pamoate
3. Ivermectin, selamectin
4. mibemycin oxime
Parasite
Microscopic Identification
Diagnostics/ Clinical
Presentation
Eggs in Feces
Neonates: history and
presentation
Dogs/cats: eosinophilia
Anemia, hypoproteinemia
PPP
Treatment/ Control
14 d
-pyrantel pamoate
Prevention
-milbemycin oxime
-selemectin
-FBZ
Seen in vomit
No immunity in cats
<1yr immunity develops
dog
Toxocara cati
(roundworm)
Cat
Yes
ocular
&
visceral
larval
migrans
PPP: 8 wks
-embryonated eggs ingested from
environment
-adult worm lays eggs in large
intestines
-eggs are passed
-embryonated L1
*transmammary larva
*ingested eggs
Trichuris vulpis
(whipworm)
Dog,
(Cat,
ruminant
s)
No
-embryonated egg
ALL ages susceptible to whipworm
(not seen in young puppies)
FBZ x3days
Pyrantel
Capillaria sp.
Rumina
nts,
dogs,
cats
No
Dirofilaria immitis
(heartworm)
Dog,
cat,
human
No
A. reconditum
Dog
No
-tapered head
-thicker than RBC
1. Mosquito ingests microfilaria from
infected dog and larvae develop to
infectious L3 in mosquito
2. Mosquitoes deposit L3 during
blood meal
3. Larvae spend about 2 months in
subq tissue where they mature to L4
4. Larvae migrate to lungs/heart and
mature to adults w/in 5 months reproduce!
5. Microfilaria released into blood
-blunt head
-curved tail
-thinner than WBC
Host
Species
Cat, dog
Zoonotic
?
zoonotic
Dog, Cat
If eat
infected
flea or
adult
tapewor
m
(whipworm)
(microfilaria)
Parasite
Paragonimus kellicotti
Microscopic Identification
(lung fluke/trematode)
Dipylidium caninum
(tape worm/cestode)
Life cycle
Infectious Stage
Diagnostics
Treatment
-PZQ
-proglottids seen
-fecal exam
PZQ
-flea control
Echinococcus sp
(tape worm/cestode)
(taenia type egg)
Taenia sp.
(tape worm/cestode)
Giardia spp.
(Protozoa)
Cystoisospora ssp.
(coccidia)
Dog,
Cat,
Rumina
nts
Yes
-finding oncospheres in
fecal floats (doesnt effect
dog, but zoonotic!)
-PZQ
Dog,
cat,
ruminant
s
No
PZQ
Dog,
cat,
ruminant
Yes
-infective cyst
-FBZ/metronidazole
-bathing and cleaning environ
Cats,
dogs
Yes
-immediately infective
-ingestion of sporulated oocyst or
paratenic host
Transmmammary
-fecal exam
Dog,
cat,
ruminant
s
Yes
Cat,
dog,
ruminant
Zoonoti
c: fetal
malfor
mation,
abortio
n
Feline:
-clindamycin hydrochloride
-pyrimethamine plus sulfonam
-trimethoprim- sulphonamid
-fecal-oral
-difficult to detect
-culture using pouches and
PCR
(Protozoa)
Cryptosporidium
(Protozoa)
Toxoplasma gondii
(cat)/ Neospora (dog)
(Protozoa)
Tritrichomonas
(Protozoa)
Cat
Parasite
Parelaphostrongylus
tenuis
Eimeria
Microscopic Identification
Host Species
Ruminants
Zoonotic?
Life cycle
Infectious Stage
Diagnostics/How to ID
Treatment
Ruminants
No
Ingestion of
sporulated oocyst
-Amprolium
-Sulfamethazine
Ruminants
No
1. Oocyst
2. unsporulated oocyst
3. sporulated oocyst
4. sporocysts
5. trophozoite
6. schizont
7. Merozoites released from
schizont
1. Eggs are freed from proglottids in
feces.
2. Mites ingest the eggs, and
become infective cysticercoid
3. ingestion of these mites on
pasture and subsequent digestion
frees the cysticercoid
Ingestion of
infectious
cysticercoid from
mite
Fecal float
-niclosamide
(PZQ not approved in
ruminants in the US)
Small
Ruminants
No
L3
-ivermectin,
moxidectin,
albendazole
-FBZ
-pyrantel
(coccidiosis/protozoa)
Moniezia sp.
(tapeworm)
Haemonchus
(barberpole worm,
wireworm)
-anemia
-no blood in diarrhea
Ostertagia ostertagi
Ruminants
(nematode)
Trichostrongylus spp.
Ruminants
(nematode)
Cooperia spp.
(nematode)
Ruminants
-ingestion of L3
from environment
Strongyle type
-ingestion of L3
-ivermectin,
moxidectin,
albendazole
-FBZ
-ivermectin,
moxidectin,
albendazole
-FBZ
-pyrantel
Strongyloides
Ruminants, pig
(nematode)
Parasite
Strongyloides westeri
Microscopic Identification
Zoonotic?
Life cycle
Infectious Stage
Diagnostics
Treatment
Foals
ZOONOT
ICurticaria
-ingestion of
larvated L3
-fecal float
-expected in horses
<5mo.
Larvae causes urticaria.
Adult=diarrhea
-ivermectin
-levamisole
Horses
No
-ingestion of
Larvated eggs L3
-tape test
-perineal scraping
=ova
-FBZ
Horses
No
Horses
No
-ingestion of L3
larvae
-FBZ
-moxidectin
Horses
No
-infectious L2 in egg
ingested from
environment
-transmammary
-FBZ
-pyrantel
Horses
No
-ingestion of
oribatid mite that
ate egg packet
-fecal float
-PZQ
-ivermectin
(nematode/pinworm)
Strongylus vulgaris
(large strongyles
/nematode)
Cyathostomes
(small strongyles,
nematode)
Parascaris equorum
(roundworm)
Anoplocephala spp.
(tapeworm)
Larvated egg
Host Species
(nematode)
Oxyuris equi
-infection oral,
percutaneous,
prenatal, transmmary
-ingestion of L3
Sarcosystis
Intermediate
host: Horse,
deer, cow, goat,
sheep
(protozoa)
Dog
No
-ingestion of
sarcocyst in meat
-fecal oral larvated
egg
-transplacental
histopath
-Ponazuril
-dexamethasone
Ectoparasites
Common Name
Scientific Name
Picture
Striking Characteristics
Dermacentor variabilis
RMSF
Amblyomma
americanum
Ehrlichia, Tularemia,
Cytauxzoon felis
Rhicephalus sanguineus
Rhipicephalus
(Boophilus) annulatus
carries Babesia bovis
Blacklegged (Deer)
Tick
Ixodes scapularis
Borrelia burgdorferi
(Lyme disease)
Otobius megnini
Spiney
Unknown
Common Name
Scientific Name
Sarcoptic mange
mite, scabies
Sarcoptes scabiei
Identification
Characteristics
Host
Life Cycle
All domestic
animals and
humans
N/A
Feline scabies
Notoedres cati
N/A
Demodectic mange
mite
Demodex canis
Dogs
House fly
Musca domestica
Domestic
animals and
humans
Egg>Larvae>Pupa>Adult
Face fly
Musca autumnalis
Found by secretions on
animal face (induce ocular
and nasal discharges) and
wounds, mechanical vector
Animals
Stablefly
Stomoxys calcitrans
Most animals
and humans
Horn fly
Haematobia irritans
Cattle, cluster
around horns
when not
feeding
Screwworm
Cochliomyia
hominivorax
Livestock
Warble fly
Hypoderma
bovis/lineatum
Typical oestrid
Cattle
Oestrus ovis
Fleas
**Ctenocephalides
felis (cat flea)
Ctenocephalides
canis (dog flea)
Pulex irritans
Pulex simulans
Echidnophaga
gallineacea (poultry
flea)
Sucking Lice
N/A
Sheep, goats,
llamas, can
infest humans
Dogs, cats,
lots of other
animals
Chewing Lice
N/A
Jar Identification
Nematodes
Cestodes
Trematodes
Ectoparasites
Diagnostic Tests:
Additional Notes
Modified Stoll, Wisconsin, and Cornell-Wisconsin are procedures to count parasite ova floated after a cetrifugation step to
increase sensitivity
3 errors done while performing a centrifugation that can give false negative results: 1) Not mixing the initial sample
thoroughly enough; 2) Not mixing the pellet with the float solution; and 3) Making the bulging meniscus too big
Formula for making a sugar flotation solution: 454 grams of granulated sugar and 355mLs of warm tap water (specific gravity
of 1.27)
10X obective, object that is 10 ocular divisions = 100 microns in length
10X = X10
40X = X3
100X = X1
Endectocides = An antiparasitic drug that is active against both endoparasites and ectoparasites
Pyrantel is not well absorbed, effective against common adult GI nematodes and has no effect on ectoparasites
The FDA is responsible for regulating the manufacture, distribution of drugs, food additives, and medical devices used in
veterinary species. The EPA regulates insecticides, fungicides, and rodenticides.
AMDUCA extralabel use definition = The use of an approved drug in a manner that is not in accordance with the approved
label directions.
It is not legal to use an external pesticide product (with no systematic activity) off label
We use Baermann sedimentation as a tool used to recover the larvated (actively motile) stage of certain nematodes.
To use the Baermann, samples need to be refrigerated overnight for optimal parasite recovery and sensitivity (circle): Yes No
List 2 parasite genera for which this would NOT be an appropriate diagnostic technique: Cysts, oocysts, eggs
Resistant nematodes to one or more dewormers have now been reported and demonstrated in the following species (circle each
species where this statement is now applicable): Small ruminants, Horses, Cattle, Camelids, Dogs
Heating a HW sample causes destruction of immune complexes and the release of antigen for detection
It takes dogs 180 days to become positive for HW antigen and 6+ months to become positive for microfilaria
Not all infected dogs become microfilaria positive because there could be single sex infections, the immune system could be
destroyed, the adults may have died, or they are on a low dose preventative
Two tests that can be used to detect microfilaria: Carbonate filter and capillary tube
Stolls test and McMasters test are used for quantification (Strongyle-type!)
For young dogs think: roundworms, hookworms, and coccidia
Direct smears only look for motile protozoa!
All suitable float solutions are greater density than water, and need to be a minimum of 1.18 specific gravity, somewhat
better is 1.20, and 1.25 is a better target.
You can do a simple sedimentation to: 1) remove heavy debris that could hinder microscopy; 2) concentrate eggs, larvae, etc.,
from a large sample so that the diagnosis is somewhat more sensitive; 3) search for Fasciola hepatica eggs or others that
would be too heavy to float.
FECRT stands for a fecal egg count reduction test that measures pre- and post-treatment samples to determine drug efficacy.
You want 90-95% reduction to feel confident the drug is working properly, or, treatment was given properly.
Dictycocaulus arnfieldi: if donkeys housed with horses and horses get respiratory illness