Help Me Pass Nursing School..... Ask Me Anything - Information For Nursing Student and New Nurses From The Dean of A Nursing Program in Texas With 30

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Information for nursing student and new nurses from the Dean of a nursing program
in Texas with 30 years of nursing experience
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Mneumonics for student nurses

AIDS/HIV
AIDS and HIV Acronyms and Mnemonics
HIV Prevention: Wrap, Glove and Dont Shoot
Wrap it up (condom use in patients engaging in risky sexual practices)
Glove it up, and (health care workers need to wear gloves when exposure to blood,
semen, or other bodily fluids is possible)
Dont shoot up (intravenous drug users must not share needles)
HIV Transmission: Vertical Versus Horizontal
Vertical: From mother to infant during birth; a baby comes out vertically from the
pelvis
Horizontal: Through body fluids; sexual intercourse occurs in a horizontal position
HIV and AIDS Risk Assessment: AIDS
A | Afraid that you have been exposed
I | Intravenous drug use
D | Diagnostic features of HIV infections; e.g.: reoccurring thrush infections)
S | Sexual behaviors of high risk; example: Multiple partners and unprotected sex, sex
industry worker
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HIV Body Fluid Transmission: BBB 3-Point Mantra

B | Blood
B | Bodily sex fluids
B | Breast milk
HIV Drugs: ZZLSD
Z | Zidovudine
Z | Zalcitabine
L | Lamivudine
S | Stavudine
D | Didanosine
HIV Drugs: The 3 DEN ladies of NNRT
Dela: Delavirdine
Efa: Efavirenz
Nevira: Nevirapine
HIV Drugs: We dont want our patients to RIP
RALFSINA are Inhibitors of Protease (Protease Inhibitors)
RALFSINA: Ritonavir, Amprenavir, Lopinavir, Fosamprinavir, Saquinavir, Indinavir,
Nelfinavir, Azatanavir
Assessment
Nursing Assessment Acronyms and Mnemonics
Pain Assessment | OLD CART
O | Onset
L | Location
D | Duration
C | Characteristics
A | Aggravating factors
R | Radiation
T | Treatment (what the patient has already tried in the past and if it helped)
Pain Assessment | PQRST
P | Pre-evolution (what brought it on; eg: Unknown, injury, strain, other event)
Q | Quality (stabbing, radiating, dull, tingling, sharp)
R | Region
S | Severity, using a numerical scale of 0/10
T | Timing: When it started, how long, if its new onset
Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular System Acronyms and Mnemonics
Angina | Precipitating Factors: 4 Es
E1 | Exertion: physical activity and exercise
E2 | Eating
E3 | Emotional distress
E4 | Extreme temperatures: hot or cold weather
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Arterial Occlusion: 4 Ps
P1 | Pain
P2 | Pulselessness or absent pulse
P3 | Pallor
P4 | Paresthesia
Blood Pressure Formula: BP = CO x SVR
Blood Pressure
Cardiac Output
Systemic Vascular Resistance
Congestive Heart Failure Treatment: MADD DOG
M | Morphine
A | Aminophylline
D | Digoxin
D | Dopamine
D | Diuretics
O | Oxygen
G | Gasses (Arterial blood gasses [ABGs] monitoring)
Cor Pulmonale Signs and Symptoms: Please Read His Text
P | Peripheral edema
R | Raised JVP
H | Hepatomegaly
T | Tricuspid incompetence
Coronary Arteries Location: Right CAMP Left ARC (I have a Right to CAMP if you Left
an ARC)
Right = Right
Coronary
Artery
Marginal Artery
Posterior Interventricular Artery
Left = Left
Anterior Interventricular Artery
Circumflex Artery
Endocarditis: FAME
Fever
Anemia
Murmur = think Endocarditis
Heart Murmur Causes: SPAMS
S | Stenosis of a valve
P | Partial obstruction
A | Aneurysms
M | Mitral regurgitation
S | Septal defect
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Heart Sounds: All People Enjoy the Mall

A | Aortic: 2nd right intercostal space
P | Pulmonic: 2nd left intercostal space
E | Erbs Point: 3rd left intercostal space
T | Tricuspid: 4th left intercostal space
M | Mitral or Apex: 5th left intercostal space
Hypertension Care: DIURETIC
D | Daily weight
I | I/Os
U | Urine output*
R | Response of blood pressure
E | Electrolytes
T | Take pulse (tachycardia may occur in response to hypotension)
I | Ischemic episodes or TIAs
C | Complications: CVA, CAD, CHR, CRF
*Note: Excessive urination may indicate that diuretics dose are too high and lead to
dehydration. Decreased urine output may be associated with impaired renal function.
Declined renal function is often the first non-cardiac sign of a cardiac issue.
Myocardial Infarction Nursing Management: BOOMAR
B | Bed rest
O | Oxygen therapy
O | Opioids: morphine
M | Monitoring: vitals, arterial blood gases, cardiac enzymes, and other blood work
A | Anticoagulation therapy
R | Reduce clot size
Myocardial Infarction Treatment: MONA (or ON AM for the correct order)*
M | Morphine
O | Oxygen
N | Nitroglycerin
A | Aspirin
*The correct order of MONA interventions is oxygen, nitroglycerin, aspirin, and then
morphine. This can be remembered by the mnemonic: ON AM (I am ON fire in the AM
as I am a morning person)
Shortness of Breath (SOB) Causes: AAAAPPPP
A | Airway obstruction
A | Angina
A | Anxiety
A | Asthma
P | Pneumonia
P | Pneumothorax
P | Pulmonary Edema
P | Pulmonary Embolus
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Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) Probability: The 4 Ts*

1.T | Thrombocytopenia present (low platelet count): >50% fall in platelet levels =
Higher probability of it being HIT
2.T | Timing of platelet count fall: Drop occurs during the 5-10 days after heparin use
(most common time period for reaction to occur) or drop occurs rapidly (less than 1
day) and heparin exposure occurred within past 30days = Higher probability of it being
HIT
3.T | Thrombosis or other sequelae. Proven thrombosis or presence of skin necrosis, or
an acute systemic reaction following administration of a heparin bolus = Higher
probability of it being HIT
4.T | Thrombocytopenia, other causes. No other evident = Higher probability of it being
HIT
*Thrombocytopenia is a low platelet level. There are various etiologies that may be
responsible, but one cause is heparin-induced (AKA: HIT), which is an immune
mediated reaction following drug exposure. The 4 Ts is used to predict the probability
that the thrombocytopenia is associated with heparin use.
Tetralogy of Fallot: PROVe
P: Pulmonary stenosis (narrowed pulmonary artery)
R: Right ventricular hypertrophy (enlarged right ventricle)
O: Overriding aorta (malposition of the aorta over both ventricles)
V: Ventricular septal defect
e*
*The lowercase e is intentionally left blank as its purpose it to serve as a filler for the
mnemonic
Ventricular Arrhythmias Drugs: AL
A | Amiodorone
L | Lidocaine
Critical Care
Critical Care Acronyms and Mnemonics
Advanced Life Support Drugs: LEAN
L | Lidocaine
E | Epinephrine
A | Atropine
N | Narcan
Compartment Syndrome Signs and Symptoms: 5 Ps
1.P | Pain
2.P | Pallor
3.P | Pulse declined or absent
4.P | Pressure increased
5.P | Paresthesia
Emergent Syncope: CRAPS (Like the Vegas Gambling Game)
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C | Cardiac
R | Ruptured AAA (abdominal aortic aneurysm, AKA: Triple A)
A | Aortic stenosis
P | Pulmonary embolism (PE)
S | Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Shock Characteristics: HYPO-TACHY-TACHY
Hypotension
Tachycardia (elevated heart rate of 100 bpm or > at rest* in adults)
Tachypnea (elevated respiration rate)
* #NurseHack: The Significance of Tachycardia | Tachycardia is an anticipated finding in
an individual who is exerting his or herself; for example, the heart rate can easily reach
160 while working out on cardio equipment at the gym. In a clinical setting, tachycardia
is typically used to reference an individual with an elevated pulse while at rest, or not
exerting his or herself physically.
Shock Signs and Symptoms: CHORD ITEM
C | Cold, clammy skin
H | Hypotension
O | Oliguria
R | Rapid, shallow breathing
D | Drowsiness, confusion
I | Irritability
T | Tachycardia
E | Elevated or reduced central venous pressure
M | Multi-organ damage
Shock Differential: CHORD
C | Cardiac
H | Hypovolemia
O | Obstructive (tension pneumothorax, tamponade, PE)
R | Respiratory/medical (hypoxia, acidosis, hypothermia, hyperkalemia, OD)
D | Distributive (spinal shock, anaphylaxis, sepsis)
Shock Types: SHRIMP CAN
S | Septic
H | Hemorrhagic
R | Respiratory
I | Insulin- hypoglycemia from insulin overdose or extreme hyperglycemia diabetic
ketoacidosis (DKA)
M | Metabolic
P | Psychogenic
C | Cardiogenic
A | Anaphylactic
N | Neurogenic
Shock Types: RN CHAMPS
R | Respiratory
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N | Neurogenic
C | Cardiogenic
H | Hemorrhagic
A | Anaphylactic
M | Metabolic
P | Psychogenic
S | Septic
Trauma Complications: TRAUMATIC
T | Tissue perfusion issues
R | Respiratory problems
A | Anxiety
U | Unstable clotting factors (eg: Disseminated intravascular clotting or DIC)
M | Malnutrition
A | Altered body image (especially if a body part is amputated or facial deformations
are involved)
T | Thromboembolism
I | Infection
C | Crush syndrome and coping problems
Trauma Survey: AMPLE (following initial assessment)
A | Allergies
M | Medications
P | Previous medical history
L | Last meal
E | Events surrounding the injury or what happened
Diabetes
Diabetes Acronyms and Mnemonics
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Treatment: KING UFC
K | K+ (potassium)
I | Insulin
N | Nasogastric tube: if the patient is comatose
G | Glucose: once serum levels drop
U | Urea: monitoring
F | Fluids: crystalloids
C | Creatinine: monitor and catheterize
Exercise Regimen for Patients with Diabetes: FIT
F | Frequency: 3 times a week
I | Intervals: 30 minutes a day
T | Time
Hyperglycemia Versus Hypoglycemia
HYPER | Hot N dry: Sugar high
HYPO | Cold N clammy: Need some candy
Hypoglycemia Causes and Characteristics: RE-EXPLAIN
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RE | REnal failure
EX | EXogenous
P | Pituitary
L | Liver failure
A | Alcohol
I | Infection
N | Neoplasm
Hypoglycemia Signs: TIRED
T | Tachycardia
I | Irritability
R | Restlessness
E | Excessive hunger
D | Depression and diaphoresis
Mixing 2 Types of Insulin in 1 Syringe: Clear, Cloudy, Cloudy, Clear
Clear before cloudy
Cloudy before clear
Diagnostics/Labs
Diagnostic and Lab Value Acronyms and Mnemonics
Acid Base: ROME
R | Respiratory (acidosis and alkalosis)
O | Opposite: pH & CO2 = Acidosis; pH CO2 = Alkalosis
M | Metabolic (acidosis and alkalosis)
E | Equal: pH & HCO3 = Acidosis; pH & HCO3 = Alkalosis
Calcium: 8.5-10
Childrens bones grow strong between ages 8 -10
This is a way to remember the range of normal calcium values in the blood serum
CBC (Complete Blood Count) Components: HELPR
H | H/H (Hemoglobin/Hematocrit)
E | Erythrocytes (RBCs)
L | Leukocytes (WBCs)
P | Platelets
R | R/R* (reticulocytes/RBC indices)#
*Unlike H/H (which stands for hemoglobin/hematocrit), R/R is NOT a term typically
used to describe reticulocytes/RBC indicesits just used for the purpose of this
mnemonic. #RBC indices involve components that are used to describe the shape, size,
and other characteristics of the RBCsTheyre important for differentiating the type of
anemia.
Potassium: 3.5 -5 POTS
Children age 3 -5 like to play with POTS (example: making mud pies)
This is a way to remember the normal range of potassium values
Lab Values from Lowest to Highest: Miss Piggy & Kermit Came Home on Cloud Nine
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Miss: Magnesium = 1.5-2.5

Piggy: Phosphate = 2.5-4.5
&
Kermit: (K) Potassium = 3.5-5.5
Came: Calcium = 8.5-10.5
Home: HCO2 = 22-26
On: Oxygen Saturation = 95-100%
Cloud: Chloride = 95-104
Nine: (Na) Sodium = 135-145
Order of the Draw: My Purse Gets Big*
M | Marble
P | Purple
G | Green
B | Blue
* Theres a male version of this mnemonicUse your imagination guys!
White Blood Cells (WBC) Values: Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
N | Neutrophil: 50-70%
L | Lymphocytes: 25-35%
M | Monocytes:4-6%
E | Eosinophils:1-3%
B | Basophils: 0.4-1%
White Blood Cells (WBC) Values: Never Let Mom Eat Beans
N | Neutrophil: 50-70%
L | Lymphocytes: 25-35%
M | Monocytes:4-6%
E | Eosinophils:1-3%
B | Basophils: 0.4-1%
Medical Diagnosis: MIDNIT*
M | Metabolic
I | Inflammatory
D | Degenerative
N | Neoplastic
I | Infectious
T | Trauma
*For Medical Doctors, Doctors of Osteopathy (DO), and mid-level providers (Nurse
Practitioners and Physician Assistants). RNs do NOT make medical diagnoses! (We
make nursing diagnoses.)
Electrolytes
Electrolytes Acronyms and Mnemonics
Hypernatremia Signs and Symptoms: FRIED SALT
F | Flush skin and fever (low-grade)
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R | Restless, irritable, anxious, confused

I | Increased blood pressure and fluid retention
E | Edema: peripheral and pitting
D | Decreased urine output and dry mouth
S | Skin flushed
A | Agitation
L | Low-grade fever
T | Thirst
Hypernatremia Causes: MODEL
M | Meals (high intake) and medications
O | Osmotic diuresis
D | Diabetes Insipidus
E | Excessive loss of water
L | Low intake of water
Hypocalcaemia Signs and Symptoms: CATS
C | Convulsions
A | Arrhythmias
T | Tetany
A | Stridor and spasms
Hyperkalemia (High K+) Causes: MACHINE
M | Meds: ACE inhibitors, NSAIDS, Diuretics (potassium sparing)
A | Acidosis: Metabolic and respiratory
C | Cellular destruction: Burns, traumatic injury
H | Hypoaldosteronism and hemolysis
I | Intake: Excessive dietary consumption (eg: Salt replacements products that contain
potassium)
N | Nephrons: Renal failure
E | Excretion: Impaired (unable to excrete K+ normally)
Hyperkalemia Signs and Symptoms: MURDER
M | Muscle cramps that progress to weakness or even paralysis
U | Urine abnormalities: Oliguria or anuria (output less than 30 mL/hour or no output)
R | Respiratory distress
D | Decreased cardiac contractility
E | EKG changes
R | Reflexes: Hyperreflexia or areflexia (flaccidity)
Hyperkalemia Treatment: C BIG K DROP
C | Calcium
B | Bicarbonate
I | Insulin
G | Glucose
K | Kayexalate
D | Diuretics and dialysis
Hypokalemia Signs and Symptoms: A SIC WALT
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A | Alkalosis
S | Shallow Respirations
I | Irritability
C | Confusion and drowsiness
W | Weakness and fatigue
A | Arrhythmias: tachycardia or bradycardia, irregular rhythm
L | Lethargy
T | Thready Pulse
(Other signs: decreased intestinal mobility, vomiting, and ileus)
Hypokalemia Causes and Characteristics: SUCTION
S | Skeletal muscle weakness
U | U-wave on EKG
C | Constipation
T | Toxicity to digoxin
I | Irregular and weak pulse
O | Otostasis
N | Numbness paresthesia
Hypokalemia Signs and Symptoms: 6 Ls
L | Lethargy
L | Leg cramps
L | Limp muscles
L | Low, shallow respirations
L | Lethal cardiac dysrhythmias
L | Lots of urine (polyuria)
Endocrine
Endocrine System Acronyms and Mnemonics
Adrenal Hormones: SSS | Salt, Sugar, Sex
S | Sugar: Glucocorticoids = Glucose control, stress and immunity (Memory Trick:
When youre stressed, you eat too much sugar and you get sick)
S | Salt: Mineralocorticoids = Fluid/electrolyte balance and blood pressure regulation
(Memory Trick: You drink mineral water in order to stay hydrated and keep your
electrolytes and blood pressure balanced)
S | Sex: Androgens (testosterone and estrogen) = Sex drive/development (Memory
Trick: Androgen + Estrogen = Drives sex, which is how humans are developed)
Acute Pancreatitis Etiology: GET SMASHD
G | Gallstones
E | Ethanol
T | Trauma
S | Steroids
M | Mumps
A | Autoimmune (PAN)
A | Scorpion bites
H | Hyperlipidemia
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D | Drugs such as azathioprine and diuretics

Cushings Disease (Symptoms/Etiology/Patho): CUSHING
C: Central obesity and moon face
U: Urinary levels of free cortisol and glucose increased
S: Suppressed immunity, skin changes (skin thin, striae)
H: Hypercortisolism, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypernatremia,
hypertension, hirsutism
I: Infections. Iatrogenic cause = Excessive use of corticosteroids
N: Non-iatrogenic cause = Neoplasms (benign pituitary or adrenal tumor that secretes
cortisol)
G: Gynecomastia, glucose intolerance, growth delay, growth of hair
Cushings Disease Signs/Symptoms: CUSHING
C: Central obesity/moon face
U: Urine high in cortisol and glucose
S: Skin changes
H: Hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, hypertension, hirsutism
I: Infections
N: Neoplasm observed in MRI (on the adrenal or pituitary gland)
G: Gynecomastia
Fundamentals
Nursing Fundamentals Acronyms and Mnemonics
Activities of Daily Living (ADLs): BATTED
B | Bathing
A | Ambulation
T | Toileting (+ Urinary/Fecal Continence)
T | Transfers
E | Eating
D | Dressing
Activities of Daily Living (ADLs): TED BUG
T | Transferring
E | Eating/feeding
D | Dressing
B | Bathing
U | Urinary/fecal continence
G | Grooming
Bleeding Precautions: RANDI*
R | Razor blades and electric blades
A | Anticoagulants/Aspirin (dont give them-contraindicated)
N | Needles: Particularly smaller gauges (which are larger in diameter)
D | Decrease number of needle sticks (Example: Mix 2 insulin types in one syringe, if
compatible, for only one stick)
I | Injury risk prevention (use of assistive ambulatory devices, remove floor rugs from
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home, reduce clutter, clear hallways)

Bleeding Precautions: HACH (Reasons for Need)
H | Heparin
A | Anemic (severe)
C | Coumadin (generic name: Warfarin)
H | Hemophilia or other clotting disorder
Cane Ambulation: COAL
C | Cane
O | Opposite
A | Affected
L | Leg
Care Planning- Determining Interventions: The 3 Cs
1.C | Collaboration: Between interdisciplinary team (IDT) members
2.C | Cooperation: Patient must agree
3.C | Compromise: Between RN and MD, patient and IDT
Hypertension Complications: The 4 Cs
1.C | Coronary artery disease (CAD)
2.C | Congestive heart failure (CHF)
3.C | Chronic renal failure (CRF)
4.C | Cardiovascular accident (CVA): brain attack or stroke
Hypertension Nursing Interventions: I TIRED!*
I: Intake and output (I/Os of urine)
T: Take blood pressure
I: Ischemia attack, transient (TIAs)-monitors for signs
R: Respiration/pulse monitoring
E: Electrolytes (obtain orders for blood work and monitor values) and edema (sign of
fluid overload)
D: Daily weights (preferably at same time each morning, on same scale, in clothes of
similar weight)
*Or mix it up for I TRIED.
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs): SCUUMM
S | Shopping
C | Cooking
U | Using the telephone
U | Using transportation (driving, public, or ability to independently arrange
transportation services)
M | Money management
M | Medication management
Pain Assessment: PQRST
P | Provokes: What Provokes the pain
Q | Quality: What is the Quality of the pain?
R | Radiate: Does the pain Radiate?
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S | Severity: What is the Severity of the pain? (Use a numerical scale)

T | Timing: What is the Timing (onset/duration) of the pain?
Pain Management: ABCDE
A | Assess for pain and ask about the pain
B | Believe the patients account of pain description (subjective data)*
C | Choices: Inform patients of their options for pain relief
D | Deliver therapeutic interventions when you said you would (timing/integrity to
word)
E | Empower and enable the patient to have pain control
*Pain is an exception in the nursing assessment as subjective data (the patients own
report) is the most reliable and important factor (in most other cases, objective data is
considered to be the best quality)
Stool Assessment: FACT
F | Frequency
A | Amount
C | Color and consistency
T | Timing
Walker Ambulation: Wandering Wilmas Always Late
W | Walk
W | With
A | Affected
L | Leg
Gastrointestinal
Gastrointestinal System Acronyms and Mnemonics
IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome): ABCS
A | Abdominal distension
B | Bloating
C | Constipation and diarrhea (alternating cycles)
S | Stools with mucus
RLQ Pain: APPENDICITIS
A | Appendicitis or abscess
P | Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or period
P |Pancreatitis
E | Ectopic pregnancy or endometriosis
N | Neoplasia
D | Diverticulitis
I | Intussusception
C | Crohns disease or cyst (ovarian)
I | Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
T | Torsion (ovary)
I | Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
S | Stones, kidney (renal calculi)
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Hepatobiliary (Liver/Gallbladder)
Hepatic System Acronyms and Mnemonics
Cholestasis/Cholelithiasis Risk Factors: The Five Fs
1.F | Fat: BMI > 30
2.F | Female: Gender prevalent
3.F | Forties: > age of 40*
4.F | Fertile: OB/GYN history of one or more children
5.F | Fair: More frequent in Caucasians
*If the patient is diagnosed at a young age and cholestasis/cholelithiasis runs in the
family, swap out Forty for Familial, as in family history
Pneumobilia Versus Portal Venous Gas (Appearance Upon Diagnostic Imaging): PP and
CC
PP | Portal venous gas: Peripheral
CC | Common bile duct gas: Central
Portal Hypertension Symptoms: ABCDE
A | Ascites
B | Bleeding (hematemesis, piles)
C | Caput medusa
D | Diminished liver
E | Enlarged spleen
Home Health/Hospice
Home Health and Hospice Acronyms and Mnemonics
BREAKS: 6-Step Protocol for Breaking Bad News
Step 1 | B: Background
Step 2 | R: Rapport
Step 3 | E: Explore
Step 4 | A: Announce
Step 5 | K: Kindling
Step 6 | S: Summarize
Home Health Nursing Manager: CAME (Role)
C | Clinician: Provides for patient assessment and problem solving via nursing
interventions
A | Advocate: Works to protect the rights of the patient and deals with issues such as
insurance negotiation
M | Manager: Manages home health care cases, including distribution of staff support,
resources (supplies, equipment), and paperwork for reimbursement of services (OASIS
forms and more)
E | Educator: Educating patients in the home setting is crucial the hospital environment
may not permit adequate time for thorough teaching
SPIKES Protocol for Delivering Bad News :-(
Step 1 | S: Set up the interview
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Step 2 | P: Perception assessment

Step 3 | I: Invitation
Step 4 | K: Knowledge and information
Step 5 | E: Emotions and empathy
Step 6 | S: Strategize and summarize
Immunology
Immune System Acronyms and Mnemonics
Hypersensitivity Reactions Types: ACID
Type 1 | A: Anaphylaxis
Type 2 | C: Cytotoxic mediated
Type 3 | I: Immune complex mediated
Type 4 | D: Delayed hypersensitivity
Postoperative Fever Etiologies: 5 Ws
W | Wind: Pneumonia and atelectasis
W | Wound: Wound and surgical incision site infections
W | Water: Urinary tract infection
W | Walking: Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolus
W | Wonder-drugs: Especially anesthetics
Musculoskeletal
Musculoskeletal System Acronyms and Mnemonics
Fracture Treatment: PRICE
P | Pressure
R | Rest
I | Ice
C | Compression
E | Elevation
Musculoskeletal Injury Assessment: 5 Ps
1.P | Pain
2.P | Pulse
3.P | Paresthesia
4.P | Paralysis
5.P | Pallor
Traction Patient Care: TRACTION
T | Temperature of extremity is assessed for signs of infection
R | Ropes hang freely
A | Alignment of body and injured area
C | Circulation check (5 Ps)
T | Type and location of fracture
I | Increase fluid intake
O | Overhead trapeze
N | No weights on bed or floor
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Neurological
Neurological System Acronyms and Mnemonics
Autonomic Nervous System Response: Stress Versus Peace
Stress = Sympathetic: fight or flight
Peace = Parasympathetic: rest and digest
Cholinergic Crisis: SLUD
S | Salivation
L | Lacrimation
U | Urination
D | Defecation
Cushings Triad- Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP): HYPER-BRADY-BRADY
Hypertension
Bradycardia
Bradypnea
Dementia and Delirium Causes: DEMENTIA
D | Diabetes
E | Ethanol
M | Medication
E | Environmental (example: lead poisoning)
N | Nutritional
T | Trauma
I | Infection and sepsis
A | Alzheimers disease
Remember: Delirium is has a rapid onset and is temporary while dementia is progressive
and often secondary to chronic neurological disorders such as Alzheimers disease.
Huntingtons Disease Pathophysiology and Etiology: HUNT 4 DATE
HUNTingtons on chromosome 4
With cauDATE nucleus involvement
Meningeal Spaces: Eat Some Darn Sunflower Seeds (ESS)
Epidural space: located between the dura mater and the skull
SubDural space: located between the arachnoid membrane and dura mater
Subarachnoid Space: located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater
Meninges: PAD (an Inner to Outer PAD Covers the Brain)

P | Pia matter: innermost brain cover; comes into direct contact with the brain
A | Arachnoid membrane: middle cover; cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) lies underneath
D | Dura matter: outermost brain cover; protects the meningeal arteries and veins
Meningococcal Meningitis Complications: SAD REP
S | Sepsis, shock, and subdural effusion
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A | Ataxia and abscess of the brain

D | DIC and deafness
R | Retardation*
E | Epilepsy
P | Paralysis
*Please dont use this term.
Miosis Causes: CPR ON SLIME
C | Clonidine
P | Phenothiazines
R | Resting (deep sleep)
O | Opiates
N | Narcotics
S | Stroke (pontine hemorrhage)
L | Lomotil (diphenoxylate)
I | Insecticides
M | Mushrooms/ Muscarinic (inocybe, clitocybe)
Parkinsons Disease Cardinal Signs: TRAP
T | Tremor
R | Rigidity
A | Ataxia/akinesia and bradykinesia
P | Postural Instability
Sensory- the 5 Senses in Medical Terms: GOOTA (like the Cheese*)
Gustatory (taste)
Occipital (vision)
Olfactory (smell; aka: nosmia)
Tactile (touch; aka: kinesthetic)
Auditory (hearing; aka: aural)
*The actual cheese is spelled gouda
Vertigo Causes: VOMITS

V | Vestibulitis
O | Ototoxic drug
M | Menieres disease
I | Injury
T | Tumor
S | Spinning (benign positional vertigo)
Obstetrics (OB)
Obstetrics/Labor and Delivery Acronyms and Mnemonics
Postpartum Assessment: BUBBLE-HE
B | Breasts
U | Uterus
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B | Bladder
B | Bowels
L | Lochia
E | Emotional status
H | Hemorrhoids, hematoma, and anal fissures
E | Episiotomy
Fetal Heart Monitoring: VEAL CHOP
V | Variability = C | Compression
E | Early Decelerations = H | Head
A | Accelerations = O | Oxygenation
L | Late Decelerations = P | Placental insufficiency
Gestational Diabetes, Newborn Assessments Findings: HARM
H | Hypoglycemic: The infant has lost the intrauterine sugar IV
A | Alert: Some neonates will appear very alert at delivery
R | Reddish skin tone
M | Macrosomic: Large for the gestational age (over 4,000 grams or 8.8 pounds at
birth)
HELLP Syndrome | Hemolysis, Hepatic Enzymes, Low Platelets: HELLP
H | Hemolysis
E | Elevated
L | Liver Enzymes
L | Low
P | Platelets
Magnesium Sulphate Toxicity Signs: BURP
B | Blood pressure decrease
U | Urine output decrease
R | Respiratory rate decrease
P | Patellar reflex absent
Postpartum Perineal Assessment: REEDA
R | Redness
E | Edema
E | Ecchymosis
D | Discharge
A | Approximation
Shaken Baby Syndrome Risks: PURPLE
P | Peak of crying/Post-partum depression
U | Unexpected pregnancy (unplanned/unprepared)
R | Resist soothing
P | Pain like crying, even in absence of painful stimuli
L | Long-lasting
E | Evening (colic most prevalent)
Tocolytic Drugs* or Uterine Relaxants: Its Not My Time
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I | Indomethacin (NSAID)
N | Nifedipine (calcium channel blocker)
M | Magnesium Sulphate
T | Terbutaline (adrenergic agonist)
*Drugs for tocolysis, or to delay premature delivery.
Viral Prenatal Testing: TORCH
T | Toxoplasmosis
O | Other viruses
R | Rubella
C | Cytomegalovirus
H | Hepatitis A and B
Oncology
Oncology Acronyms and Mnemonics
Cancer: Early Warning Signs | CAUTION UP
C | Change in bowel or bladder
A | A lesion that does not heal
U | Unusual bleeding or discharge
T | Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
I | Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O | Obvious appearance changes in mole or wart
N | Nagging cough or persistent hoarseness
U | Unexplained weight loss
P | Pernicious anemia
Leukemia Signs and Symptoms: ANT
A | Anemia and decreased hemoglobin
N | Neutropenia and increased risk of infection
T | Thrombocytopenia and increased risk of bleeding
Pediatric (Peds)
Pediatric Acronyms and Mnemonics
Diarrhea: Causes of Chronic Cases in Peds | 5 Cs
1.C | Cows milk intolerance (lactose intolerance)
2.C | Celiac disease
3.C | Colitis (ulcerative)
4.C | Cystic fibrosis
5.C | Crohns disease
Downs Syndrome Characteristics (Etiology/Pathophysiology): DOWN
D | Decreased alphafetoprotein and unconjugated estriol
O | One extra chromosome (21)
W | Women over 40
N | Nondisjunction during maternal meiosis
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Downs Syndrome Characteristics: CHILD HAS A PROBLEM

C | Congenital heart disease and cataracts
H | Hypotonia and hypothyroidism
I | Increased gap between 1st and 2nd toe
L | Lung issues and leukemia risks x 2
D | Delayed development and duodenal atresia
H | Hirschsprungs disease and hearing loss
A | Alzheimers disease
S | Slanted eyes, short limbs, and short neck
P | Protruding tongue and palmar crease
R | Round face and rolling eye or nystagmus
O | Occiput flat and oblique eye fissure
B | Brushfield spot and brachycephaly
L | Low nasal bridge and language problem
E | Epicanthic fold and ear folded
M | Mental retardation and myoclonus
Hypoxia Signs in Neonates and Infants: FINES
F | Feeding difficulty
I | Inspiratory stridor
N | Nares flaring
E | Expiratory grunting
S | Sternal retractions
Scarlet Fever: 6 Ss
1.S | Streptococci causal organism
2.S | Sore throat
3.S | Swollen tonsils
4.S | Strawberry tongue
5.S | Sandpaper rash
6.S | Sudamina (military) vesicles: Over hands, feet, abdomen
Sickle Cell Anemia Crisis Treatment: HOPS
H | Hydration via IV normal saline (NS) solution
O | Oxygen supplementation
P | Pain management
S | Soothe (stay calm)
Pharmacology (Pharm)
Pharmacology Acronyms and Mnemonics
6 Rights of Drug Administration- Patients Do Drugs Round The Day: PPDRTD
Right Patient
Right Medication
Right Dose
Right Route
Right Time
Right Documentation
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6 Rights of Drug Administration: DR. TIMED

Right Dose
Right Route
Right Time
Right Individual
Right Medication
Right Expiration date*
Right Documentation
*Some students are taught to include right effect as well: the expected outcomes of
treatment
Antihypertensives: ABC
A | ACE Inhibitors
B | Beta Blocker (LOLs)
C | Calcium Channel Blockers
Bradycardia Drugs: IDEA*
I | Isoproterenol
D | Dopamine
E | Epinephrine
A | Atropine
Think of Idea = Light bulb = Energy = Increasing speed of heart to treat bradycardia
Bronchodilators: TO A SIS
T | Terbutaline
O | Orciprenaline
A | Adrenaline
S | Salbutamol
I | Isoprenaline
S | Salmeterol
IM Gluteal Injection: Shut UP and BUTT OUT (or ouch!)
Location | The UPper OUTer quadrant of the BUTTock (gluteus muscle)
Rationale | Or ouch! = This technique avoids hitting the sciatic nerve
Interactions: These Drugs Can Interact
T: Theophyline
D: Dilantin
C: Coumadin
I: Ionone (Erythromycin)
Lidocaine Toxicity: SAMS
S | Seizures
A | Altered central nervous system
M | Muscle twitching
S | Slurred speech
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Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: NSAIDS

N | Naproxen
S | Salicylates (Aspirin)
A | Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and Allopurinol (for gouty arthritis)
I | Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)
D | Diclofenac
S | Sulinclac
Tuberculosis Drugs: PERIS*
P | Pyrazinamide (Rolab-Pyrazinamide, Pyrazide, Rozide, Isopas)
E | Ethambutol (Purderal, Rolab-Ethambutol)
R | Rifampin (Rifacap 150, Rifacap 450, Rimactane 600, Rifinah 300)
I | Isoniazid (Lennon-Isoniazid, Be-tabs Isoniazid, Norstan-Isoniazid)
S | Streptomycin (Aminoglycoside: streptomycine, streptomycin sulfate or
streptomycin nitrate)
*Americans: Think of someone saying Paris with a French accent
Tuberculosis Drugs (and Major Side Effects): RIPES
R | Rifampicin: Red-orange secretions and urine
I | Isoniazid: Peripheral neuritis
P | Pyrazinamide: Increased uric acid
E | Ethambutol: Visual problems
S | Streptomycin: Ototoxic
Psych/Mental Health
Psychiatric/Mental Health Acronyms and Mnemonics
Alcohol Use Screening: CAGE
C | Cut back: Has anyone ever suggested that you cut back on drinking?
A | Annoyed: Has anyone ever expressed being annoyed at your drinking habits?
G | Guilt: Do you ever feel guilty about your drinking?
E | Eye opener: Do you ever feel the urge to have a morning drink (referred to as an
eye opener)?
S | Shakes: Do you ever experience The Shakes when you dont have a drink?
(More common in the morning)
Altered Mental Status: DIM TOP (as in his head aint right!)
D | Drugs: Prescription, illicit, accidental overdose, and toxicity of unknown origin
I | Infections: Meningitis, encephalitis, sepsis, urinary tract infections, and others
M | Metabolic: Hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, and other imbalances
T | Trauma: Head, c-spine, and blood loss
O | Oxygen deficit: CNS hypoxia, metabolic
P | Psychological: Diagnosis of exclusion
Bipolar Disorder Manic Episode Signs: DIG FAST
D | Distractibility
I | Indiscretion, impatience, and irritability
G | Grandiosity
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F | Flight of ideas and energy

A | Activity increase
S | Sleep deficit/Sexually hypoactive
T | Talkative- excessively
Depression Assessment Signs: CAPS
C | Concentration impaired or decreased
A | Appetite changes
P | Psychomotor function decreased
S | Suicidal ideations and sleep disturbances
Depression: Assessment Findings | SIGN
S | Sleep disturbances
I | Interest decreased
G | Guilty feelings
N | No energy
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Worry WARTS
W: Wound up
W: Worn-out
A: Absentmindedness
R: Restless
T: Touchy (as in increased emotional sensitivity)
S: Sleepless
Major Depressive Disorder: SIG E CAPS
S | Suicidal thoughts
I | Interests decreased
G | Guilt
E | Energy decreased
C | Concentration decreased
A | Appetite disturbance
P | Psychomotor changes
S | Sleep disturbances
OARS: Motivational Interviewing
O | Open-ended questions
A | Affirmations
R | Reflections
S | Summaries
Psych Assessment: Always Send Mail Through Post Office
A | Appearance
S | Speech
M | Mood and Memory
T | Thoughts
P | Perception
O | Orientation
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Schizophrenia: Primary Symptoms | 4 As

1.A | Affect
2.A | Ambivalence
3.A | Associative looseness
4.A | Autism (autistic-like behavior; including limited affection/difficulty making
interpersonal connections with others)
Suicide Attempt Warning Signs: IS PATH WARM?
I: Ideation
S: Substance abuse
P: Purposelessness
A: Anxiety
T: Trapped
H: Hopelessness
W: Withdrawal
A: Anger
R: Recklessness
M: Mood Changes
Public/Community Health
Public and Community Health Acronyms and Mnemonics
The 3 Epidemiological Health Models: WEB
W | Web of Causation Epidemiological Health Model
E | Epidemiological Triangle Health Model
B | BEINGS Epidemiological Health Model
Epidemiological Health Model: BEINGS
B | Biological and behavioral factors
E | Environmental factors
I | Immunological factors
N | Nutritional factors
G | Genetic factors
S | Services, social factors, and spiritual factors
Renal (Kidney)
Renal (Kidney) Acronyms and Mnemonics
Patients Who Require Dialysis: AEIOU (The Vowels)
A | Acid base imbalance
E | Electrolyte imbalances
I | Intoxication
O | Overload of fluids
U | Uremic symptoms (Uremia = Toxins in the blood)
Reproductive
Reproductive Health Acronyms and Mnemonics
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Intrauterine Device (IUD) Complications: PAINS

P | Period irregularities: Too much/little/sporadic (late, spotting, heavy bleeding)
A | Abdominal pain/dyspareunia (painful intercourse)
I | Infection: Pelvic- abnormal vaginal discharge
N | Not feeling well: Fever or chills
S | String missing (inspected for once/month by patient)
Oral Birth Control Pills Complications: ACHES
A | Abdominal pain
C | Chest pain
H | Headache
E | Eye problems
S | Severe leg pain (DVT)
P | Pulmonary embolism
Hormonal Birth Control Complications: CHEAT
C | Chest pain
H | Headaches
E | Eye problems
A | Acne/Abdominal pain
T | Thrombi: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)
Respiratory
Respiratory System Acronyms and Mnemonics
Asthma Management: ASTHMA
A | Adrenergics: Albuterol and other bronchodilators
S | Steroids
T | Theophylline
H | Hydration: Intravenous fluids
M | Mask: Oxygen therapy
A | Antibiotics (for associated respiratory infections)
Dyspnea: The 6 Ps
P1 | Pump failure
P2 | Pulmonary embolus
P3 | Pulmonary bronchial constriction
P4 | Possible obstruction from a foreign body
P5 | Pneumonia
P6 | Pneumothorax
Epiglottitis: AIR RAID
A | Airway Closed
I | Increased Pulse
R | Restlessness
R | Retractions
A | Anxiety Increased
I | Inspiratory Stridor
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D | Drooling
Hypoxia: RAT (signs of early) BED (signs of late)
R | Restlessness
A | Anxiety
T | Tachycardia and tachypnea
B | Bradycardia
E | Extreme restlessness/passed out
D | Dyspnea
Pneumothorax Signs: P-THORAX
Pleuretic pain (pain in the actual lungs- not cardiac chest pain)
Trachea deviation
Hyperresonance
Onset sudden
Reduced breath sounds (& dyspnea)
Absent fremitus
X-ray shows collapsed lung
Respiratory Depression Inducing Drugs: STOP
S | Sedatives and hypnotics
T | Trimethoprim
O | Opiates: Examples- Oxycodone, hydrocodone, morphine
P | Polymyxins
Urinary
Urinary System Acronyms and Mnemonics
Urinary Catheter (Foley) Documentation: DASP
D | Description of urine: color, clarity, sediments, odor
A | Amount of urine: measured in milliliters (mLs)
S | Size of catheter: the diameter of the tubing
P | Procedure performed: example- placement of a new foley, foley care, or foley
removal
Transient Incontinence Causes: DIAPERS
D | Delirium
I | Infection
A | Atrophic urethra
P | Pharmaceuticals and psychological
E | Excess urine output
R | Restricted mobility
S | Stool impaction
Stroke
Stroke Acronyms and Mnemonics
Stroke Signs: FAST
F | Face
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A | Arms
S | Speech
T | Time
Stroke Etiology and Management: The 10 Ps
1.P | Pump (structural, functional, or rhythm of heart can cause/complicate stroke.
Telemetry and echocardiography used for workup)
2.P | Pressure (hypertension is #1 stroke risk. Brain receives systolic pressure)
3.P | Perfusate (blood in the brain must have enough volume, oxygen, and glucose +
good consistency. Prone to clotting if too viscous)
4.P | Pipes (arteries carry blood to brain; if blocked by plagues or clots, its an ischemic
stroke; if busted, its hemorrhagic)
5.P | Plumbing (how the arteries communicate in the brain- impacts extent of damage
from loss of affected artery)
6.P | Perfusion (movement/flow of blood through brain is detected via diagnostic
imaging)
7.P | Parenchyma (imaging used to view brain tissue and determine type/source of
injury)
8.P | Penumbra (the part of the brain with insufficient flow but is not dead yet)
9.P | Physical rehabilitation and recovery
10.P | Prevention
Urinary
Urinary System Acronyms and Mnemonics
BPH Symptoms: WISE (Obstructive) FUN (Irritative)
W | Weak urinary stream
I | Intermittent flow
S | Straining to urinate
E | Emptying incomplete
F | Frequency (>8 times in 24 hrs)
U | Urgency (the strong need to urinate immediately)
N | Nocturia (frequency of urination at night)
BPH, Factors that Increase Risk: FAE SIGN
F | Family History
A | Androgens
E | Estrogens
S | Stromal-epithelial interactions
I | Inflammation
G | Growth factors
N | Neurotransmitters
BPH, Indications for Surgical Management: SHITRR
S | Stones (recurrent)
H | Hematuria (recurrent)
I | Infections (reoccurring)
T | Therapeutic failure of meds
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R | Retention (failed TOV)

R | Renal insufficiency
Prostatitis, Possible Causes: MIMIC Dick PAIN
M | Multi-factorial
I | Intraductal reflux
M | Microbiologic cause
I | Immunologic alteration
C | Chemical-induced inflammation
Dick | Dysfunctional voiding
P | Psychological cause
A | Altered prostatic host defenses (CATPUBES)
I | IC-like cause
N | Neural dysregulation
Prostatitis, Altered Prostatic Host Defenses: CAT PUBES
C | Catheter
A | Anal sex (unprotected)
T | TURP
P | Phimosis
U | UTIs
B | Blood groups
E | Epididymitis (acute)
S | Secretory dysfunction
About NurseMonics
Mnemonics and Acronyms
A mnemonic is a concise phrase in which each letter stands for a word. An example of a
mnemonic is MONA (morphine, oxygen, nitroglycerin, and aspirin). The word
mnemonic originates from the Greek term memory aid. Mnemonics can be used as a
valuable resource to assist nursing students in the studying process. An acronym is an
word or term in which each letter of the phrase is combined into an abbreviation. An
example of an acronym is HELLP for HELLP Syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver
enzymes, and low platelets).
Learning Styles that Benefit
Mnemonic and acronym memory tricks can be helpful to many people, especially
students with visual and aural (auditory) learning styles. While taking an exam, visual
learners may utilize these techniques by closing their eyes and picturing the image or by
visualizing the term in front of them. Aural learners can use memory tricks by
verbalizing them out loud to themselves (or by listening to another person speak them),
then mentally recalling the experience during an exam. Although theyre traditionally
associated with visual and auditory learning, they can also provide value to individuals
with other learning styles.
Reading/writing learners can capitalize upon mnemonics and acronyms bywell,
reading and writing them. Creating flashcards or composing and regularly reviewing a
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digital list (eg: Word document) are great ways implementation techniques. Students
with a tactile learning style can benefit from mnemonics and acronyms by creating a
project such as a scrapbook or another hands-on activity that associates each concept
with a kinesthetic element (note: Its the process of hands-on creation that best serves
this type of learner).
Resources for Nursing Students
VARK. Learning Style Assessment & Study Strategy Help Sheets. Retrieved from
http://www.vark-learn.com/english/page.asp?p=helpsheets
Wordsmith. Anagram Index. Retrieved from http://wordsmith.org/anagram/index.html
reblogged from istudentnurse
29 October 2015
133 notes
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Fluid and electrolyte mneumonics
29 October 2015
2 notes
Pharmacology Mneumonics
Aminoglycoside Toxicity
The main concerns with the use of aminoglycoside antibiotics are nephrotoxicity and
ototoxicity.
Aminoglycoside Toxicity
Nephrotoxicity is one of the most important side effects and therapeutical limitations of
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aminoglycoside antibiotics, especially gentamicin.
Aminoglycosides
Nephrotoxicity induced by aminoglycosides manifests clinically as nonoliguric renal
failure, with a slow rise in serum creatinine and a hypoosmolar urinary output
developing after several days of treatment.
Aminoglycosides
Nephrotoxicity: A wide variation in the incidence. Usually reversible. Increase in serum
creatinine and BUN. Ototoxicity: Cochlear and vestibular. Bilateral and permanent.
Aminoglycosides Serum Peak and Trough

In view of reduced renal excretion, aminoglycosides require dosage modification in
patients with renal failure.
Aminoglycosides - Serum Peak and Trough
Regular monitoring of serum level and adjustment of doses accordingly is necessary,
and this is particularly relevant in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement
therapy to maintain optimum bactericidal efficacy.
Amoxicillin (Amoxil)
Amoxil (amoxicillin) is a penicillin antibiotic. It fights bacteria in your body. It is used to
treat many different types of infections caused by bacteria, such as ear infections,
bladder infections, pneumonia, gonorrhea, and E. coli or salmonella infection.
Amoxicillin
Amoxil is also sometimes used together with another antibiotic called clarithromycin
(Biaxin) to treat stomach ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. This
combination is sometimes used with a stomach acid reducer called lansoprazole
(Prevacid).
Ancef and Kefzol (Cefazolin)

Cefazolin is a cephalosporin (SEF a low spor in) antibiotic. It works by fighting bacteria
in your body. Cefazolin is used to treat many kinds of bacterial infections, including
severe or life-threatening forms.
Ancef and Kefzol
Cefazolin is a cephalosporin (SEF a low spor in) antibiotic. It works by fighting bacteria
in your body. Cefazolin is used to treat many kinds of bacterial infections, including
severe or life-threatening forms.
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
Metronidazole is an antibiotic. It fights bacteria in your body. Metronidazole is used to
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treat bacterial infections of the vagina, stomach, skin, joints, and respiratory tract. This
medication will not treat a vaginal yeast infection.
Flagyl
This antibiotic only treats bacterial and protozoal infections. It will not work for viral
infections (e.g. common cold, flu). Unnecessary use or overuse of any antibiotic can
lead to its decreased effectiveness.
Ciprooxacin (Cipro)
Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic in a group of drugs called fluoroquinolones (floro-KWIN-o-lones). It fights bacteria in the body. It is also used to treat different types of
bacterial infections.
Cipro
Cipro is also used to treat people who have been exposed to anthrax.
Cephalosporins
Cephalosporins are a group of broad spectrum, semi-synthetic beta-lactam antibiotics
derived from the mould Cephalosporium. They are divided into three groups:
Cephalosporin N and C are chemically related to penicillins and Cephalosporin P a
steroid antibiotic resembles fusidic acid.
Cephalosporins
The mechanism of action of cephalosporins is the same as penicillins. They interfere
with bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Antiretrovirals
This is the main type of treatment for HIV or AIDS. It is not a cure, but it can stop
people from becoming ill for many years. The treatment consists of drugs that have to be
taken every day for the rest of someones life.
Antiretrovirals
Antiretroviral drugs are medications for the treatment of infection by retroviruses,
primarily HIV.
Antibiotic Tree
Antibiotics are powerful medicines that fight bacterial infections. Used properly,
antibiotics can save lives. They either kill bacteria or keep them from reproducing. Your
bodys natural defenses can usually take it from there.
Antibiotic Tree
If a virus is making you sick, taking antibiotics may do more harm than good. Each time
you take antibiotics, you increase the chances that bacteria in your body will be able to
resist them.
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Isoniazid (INH)
Isoniazid is an antibiotic. It prevents tuberculous bacteria from multiplying in the
body. Isoniazidis used to treat and to prevent tuberculosis (TB).
Isoniazid
The mechanism of action of Isoniazid is not known, but it is thought to work through its
effects on lipids (fats) and DNA within the tuberculosis bacterium.
Clotrimazole (Lotrimin)
Clotrimazole topical is an antifungal antibiotic that fights infections caused by fungus.
It is used to treat skin infections such as athletes foot, jock itch, ringworm, and yeast
infections.
Lotrimin
Lotrimin is used topically on the skin, inserted vaginally or allowed to dissolve in the
mouth for local fungal infections.
Peak and Trough

Ideally, peak and trough levels are drawn after the patient has received at least three
scheduled maintenance doses. Exceptions may be made by the practitioner.
Peak and Trough (Antibiotics)
Peak and trough levels are drawn after the patient has received at least three scheduled
maintenance doses. Exceptions may be made by the practitioner or pharmacist.
Penicillin (PCN)
Penicillin V is an antibiotic in the penicillin group of drugs. It fights bacteria in your
body.Penicillin V is used to treat many different types of infections caused by bacteria,
such as ear infections.
Penicillin (PCN)
Today, many derivatives of penicillin have been developed which inhibit more types of
bacteria than the original, life-saving drug.
2 QTS Say No to OBs

Tetracyclines cause fetal tooth discoloration and inhibition of bone growth if used in the
second and third trimesters. Quinolones may cause arthropathies in children, and so are
currently not recommended for use in pregnancy.
QTs - Quinolones and Tetracyclines
The only antibiotics which may be of concern in nursing infants are sulfonamides and
quinolones, and possibly metronidazole.
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Respigam
Respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin (RSV IG) is a sterilized solution obtained
from pooled human blood. It contains the immunoglobulins (or antibodies) to protect
against infection from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a virus that can cause serious
illness in children.
Respigam
RSV IG is used to help prevent or reduce the severity of lower respiratory tract (lung)
disease caused by respiratory syncytial virus in children who are at increased risk.
Rocephin
Rocephin (ceftriaxone) is a cephalosporin (SEF a low spor in) antibiotic. It works by
fighting bacteria in your body. Rocephin is used to treat many kinds of bacterial
infections, including severe or life-threatening forms such as meningitis.
Rocephin
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of
Rocephin (ceftriaxone) and other antibacterial drugs, Rocephin (ceftriaxone) should be
used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be
caused by bacteria.
Tequin (Gatioxacin)
Tequin is an antibiotic in a group of drugs called fluoroquinolones. It fights bacteria in
the body.Tequin is used to treat bacterial infections of the lungs, sinuses, skin, and
urinary tract. It is also used to treat certain sexually transmitted diseases.
Tequin
Do not give this drug to Diabetic patients.
Tetracycline Uses
Tetracycline, is used to treat bacterial infections, including pneumonia and other
respiratory tract infections; acne; infections of skin, genital and urinary systems; and the
infection that causes stomach ulcers (Helicobacter pylori). It also may be used as an
alternative to other medications for the treatment of Lyme disease and for the treatment
and prevention of anthrax (after inhalational exposure).
Tetracycline
Tetracycline is in a class of medications called tetracycline antibiotics. It works by
preventing the growth and spread of bacteria. Antibiotics will not work for colds, flu, or
other viral infections.
Azithromycin (Zithromax)
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Azithromycin is used to treat certain bacterial infections, such as bronchitis; pneumonia;

sexually transmitted diseases (STD); and infections of the ears, lungs, sinuses, skin,
throat, and reproductive organs. Azithromycin also is used to treat or prevent
disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection [a type of lung infection
that often affects people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)].
Zithromax
Azithromycin is in a class of medications called macrolide antibiotics. It works by
stopping the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics will not kill viruses that can cause colds, flu,
or other infections.
Antibrinolytics
Antifibrinolytics are used in menorrhagia and bleeding tendency due to various causes.
Their application may be beneficial in patients with hyperfibrinolysis because they arrest
bleeding rapidly if the other components of the haemostatic system are not severely
affected. This may help to avoid the use of blood products such as fresh frozen
plasma (FFP) with its associated risks of infections or anaphylactic reactions.
Antifibrinolytics
These drugs block the binding sites of the enzymes or plasminogen respectively and thus
stop plasmin formation.
Warfarin Sodium (Coumadin)

Coumadin is a prescription medicine used to treat blood clots and to lower the chance of
blood clots forming in your body. Blood clots can cause a stroke, heart attack, or other
serious conditions if they form in the legs or lungs.
Coumadin
To help warfarin (Coumadin) work effectively, it is important to keep your vitamin K
intake as consistent as possible. Sudden increases in vitamin K intake may decrease the
effect of warfarin (Coumadin). On the other hand, greatly lowering your vitamin K
intake could increase the effect of warfarin (Coumadin).
Heparin
Heparin is an anticoagulant (blood thinner) that prevents the formation of blood
clots. Heparin is used to treat and prevent blood clots in the veins, arteries, or lung.
Heparin
Heparin is also used before surgery to reduce the risk of blood clots.
Heparin Coumadin (Responding Lab

Tests)
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are
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used to test for the same functions; however, in aPTT, an activator is added that speeds
up the clotting time and results in a narrower reference range. The aPTT is considered a
more sensitive version of the PTT and is used to monitor the patients response to
heparin therapy.
Heparin - Coumadin (Corresponding Lab Test)
The reference range of the aPTT is 30-40 seconds. The reference range of the PTT is
60-70 seconds. Critical values that should prompt a clinical alert are as follows: aPTT:
More than 70 seconds (signifies spontaneous bleeding) PTT: More than 100 seconds
(signifies spontaneous bleeding)
Albumin
Albumin helps move many small molecules through the blood, including bilirubin,
calcium, progesterone, and medications. It plays an important role in keeping the fluid
from the blood from leaking out into the tissues.
Albumin
Albumin is used in the treatment of shock, burns or low blood protein to temporarily
correct or prevent a blood volume deficiency.
Iron Supplements
Iron supplements are dietary supplements containing iron that can be prescribed by a
doctor for a medical reason, or purchased from a vitamin shop, drug store etc. They are
primarily used to treat anemia or other iron deficiencies.
Iron Supplements
The patient may notice that his/her stools become black. This is completely harmless, but
patients must be warned about this to avoid unnecessary concern. When iron
supplements are given in a liquid form, teeth may reversibly discolor (this can be
avoided through the use of a straw). Intramuscular injection can be painful, and brown
discoloration may be noticed.
Clopidogrel (Plavix)
Clopidogrel is used to prevent heart attacks and strokes in persons with heart disease
(recent heart attack), recent stroke, or blood circulation disease (peripheral vascular
disease). It is also used with aspirin to treat new/worsening chest pain (new heart attack,
unstable angina) and to keep blood vessels open and prevent blood clots after certain
procedures (such as cardiac stent). It works by blocking certain blood cells called
platelets and prevents them from forming harmful blood clots. This anti-platelet effect
helps keep blood flowing smoothly in your body.
Plavix
It might take longer than normal to stop bleeding if you cut yourself while taking
clopidogrel.
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Epoetin Alfa (Procrit)

Epoetin alfa injection is used to treat anemia (a lower than normal number of red blood
cells) in people with chronic kidney failure (condition in which the kidneys slowly and
permanently stop working over a period of time). Epoetin alfa injection is also used to
treat anemia caused by chemotherapy in people with certain types of cancer or caused by
zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir, in Trizivir, in Combivir), a medication used to treat human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Epoetin alfa injection is also used before and after
certain types of surgery to decrease the chance that blood transfusions (transfer of one
persons blood to another persons body) will be needed because of blood loss during
surgery.
Procrit
Epoetin alfa is in a class of medications called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs).
It works by causing the bone marrow (soft tissue inside the bones where blood is made)
to make more red blood cells.
Thrombolytics
Thrombolytic medications are approved for the immediate treatment of stroke and heart
attack. The most commonly used drug for thrombolytic therapy is tissue plasminogen
activator (tPA), but other drugs can do the same thing.
Thrombolytics - Streptokinase and Urokinase
Thrombolytics work by dissolving a major clot quickly. This helps restart blood flow to
the heart and helps prevent damage to the heart muscle. Thrombolytics can stop a heart
attack that would otherwise be deadly.
Anticancer Drugs
The available anticancer drugs have distinct mechanisms of action which may vary in
their effects on different types of normal and cancer cells. A single cure for cancer has
proved elusive since there is not a single type of cancer but as many as 100 different
types of cancer. In addition, there are very few demonstrable biochemical differences
between cancerous cells and normal cells. For this reason the effectiveness of many
anticancer drugs is limited by their toxicity to normal rapidly growing cells in the
intestinal and bone marrow areas. A final problem is that cancerous cells which are
initially suppressed by a specific drug may develop a resistance to that drug. For this
reason cancer chemotherapy may consist of using several drugs in combination for
varying lengths of time.
Anti-Cancer Drugs - Adverse Reactions and Precautions
Chemotherapy drugs, are sometimes feared because of a patients concern about toxic
effects. Their role is to slow and hopefully halt the growth and spread of a cancer.
Leukeran (Chlorambucil)
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Chlorambucil is a chemotherapy drug that has been mainly used in the treatment
of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent and can be
given orally. current use is mainly in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, as it is well
tolerated by most patients, though chlorambucil has been largely replaced
by fludarabine as first-line treatment in younger patients.
Leukran
Bone marrow suppression (anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia) is the most
commonly occurring side effect of chlorambucil. Withdrawn from the drug, this side
effect is typically reversible. Like many alkylating agents, chlorambucil has been
associated with the development of other forms of cancer.
ACE Inhibitors
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors help relax blood vessels. ACE
inhibitors prevent an enzyme in your body from producing angiotensin II, a substance in
your body that affects your cardiovascular system by narrowing your blood vessels and
releasing hormones that can raise your blood pressure. This narrowing can cause high
blood pressure and force your heart to work harder.
ACE Inhibitors
ACE inhibitors are used for controlling high blood pressure, treating heart failure,
preventing strokes, and preventing kidney damage in people with hypertension or
diabetes. They also improve survival after heart attacks.
ACE Inhibitors 2
ACE inhibitors are used to treat heart disease. These medicines make your heart work
less hard by lowering your blood pressure. This keeps some kinds of heart disease from
getting worse. Most people who have heart failure take these medicines.
ACE Inhibitors2
They also are used to treat diabetes and kidney problems. This can help keep your
kidneys from getting worse.
Adrenergic Antagonists (Alpha-Blockers)

Alpha-blockers are medicines that are mainly used to treat hypertension (high blood
pressure), and problems with passing urine in men who have enlargement of the
prostate gland. If you have hypertension alpha-blockers are usually prescribed after
most other medicines have been tried. If you have problems passing urine (because of
an enlarged prostate), the decision to start alpha-blockers depends on how much you are
bothered by the symptoms. Side-effects are uncommon (slight drowsiness, headaches,
and dizziness). They are more likely to occur in the first two weeks of treatment, and
usually go away on their own.
Adrenergic Antagonists (Alpha Blockers)
Although side-effects are uncommon, they occur in some people. Side-effects are more
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likely to occur in the first two weeks of treatment, and usually go away on their own.
The most common side-effects are slight drowsiness, headaches and dizziness. If you are
prescribed an alpha-blocker, read the leaflet that comes with the medicine packet for a
full list of possible side-effects and cautions.
Adrenergic Antagonists (Beta-Blockers)

Beta-blockers are medicines that are used to treat various conditions including angina,
high blood pressure, some abnormal heart rhythms, heart failure, myocardial infarction
(heart attack), anxiety, overactive thyroid symptoms, glaucoma and migraine.
Adrenergic Antagonists (Beta Blockers)
Most people who take beta-blockers have no side-effects, or only minor ones. However,
because of their action in various parts of the body, some people have unwanted
side-effects such as the heart rate can go too slowly, Tiredness, depression, impotence.
Antiarrhythmics
Antiarrhythmic agents are pharmaceuticals used to combat cardiac arrhythmias. An
arrhythmia is an abnormality of the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat, such as atrial
fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia.
Antiarrhythmics
These drugs only control abnormal heart rhythms, not cure them.
Antihypertensives
Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure,
such as stroke and myocardial infarction.
Antihypertensives
Although beta blockers lower blood pressure, they do not have a positive benefit on
endpoints as some other antihypertensives.
Antihypertensives 2
There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different
means; among the most important and most widely used are the thiazide diuretics,
the ACE inhibitors, the calcium channel blockers, the beta blockers, and the angiotensin
II receptor antagonists or ARBs.
Antihypertensives2
Among the most important and most widely used antihypertensive drugs are the thiazide
diuretics, the ACE inhibitors, the calcium channel blockers, the beta blockers, and the
angiotensin II receptor antagonists or ARBs.
Beta-1 and Beta-2 Blockers

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When referring to beta 1 and beta 2 blockers, It is not the blockers that are 1 and 2, but
the receptors they are blocking. There are actually three types of beta receptors. Beta 1
receptors are found in the heart and brain. Beta 2 receptors are found in the
gastrointestinal tract, uterus, vascular smooth muscles, lungs, and skeletal muscles. Beta
3 receptors are found in fat cells.
Beta-1 and Beta-2 Blockers
Cardioselective beta blockers (beta1- selective blockers) have a clinical advantage in that
they mainly affect the heart, which predominantly has beta1 receptors. The effect of
broncho-constriction is less with beta1 selective blockers, as the bronchial muscle has
more beta2 receptors, however the danger of broncho-constriction cannot be totally
ignored, as they are not totally selective.
Beta Blockers
Beta blockers, also known as beta-adrenergic blocking agents, are a class of drugs that
works by blocking the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine from binding
to receptors. There are three known types of beta receptors, known as beta1 (1),
beta2 (2) and beta3 (3).
Beta-Blockers
When the neurotransmitters are prevented from binding to the receptors, it in turn causes
the effects of adrenaline (epinephrine) to be blocked. This action allows the heart to
relax and beat more slowly thereby reducing the amount of blood that the heart must
pump. Over time, this action improves the pumping mechanism of the heart.
Calcium Antagonists
Calcium antagonist-based regimen is superior to other regimens in preventing stroke,
equivalent in preventing ischemic heart disease, and inferior in preventing congestive
heart failure. Calcium antagonists are also safe and effective as first-line or add-on
therapy in diabetic hypertensive patients. Heart rate-lowering calcium antagonists
(verapamil, diltiazem) may have an edge over the dihydropyridines in post-myocardial
infarction patients and in diabetic nephropathy. Thus, calcium antagonists may be safely
used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.
Calcium Antagonists
In several comparative studies in hypertensive patients, treatment with calcium
antagonists was equally effective as treatment with diuretics, beta-blockers, or
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
Cordarone (Amiodarone)
Amiodarone belongs to the family of medications known as antiarrhythmics. It is used
to treat certain types of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias). It works by changing
how electrical impulses affect the heart muscle and by making the heart beat more
regularly.
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Cordarone
The effects of this medication may be noted as early as 3 days after starting treatment,
but it is usually 1 to 3 weeks before beneficial effects are seen.
Digitalis
Digitalis medication works directly on the heart muscle to strengthen and regulate the
heartbeat. It is used to treat certain heart conditions.
Digitalis
Diarrhea, loss of appetite, drowsiness, headache, muscle weakness, and fatigue may
occur as the body adjusts to the medication.
Drugs for Bradycardia and Low Blood

Pressure
Use IDEA to treat bradycardia and hypotension.
Drugs for Bradycardia and Low Blood Pressure
I Isoproterenol, D Dopamine, E Epinephrine, A Atropine
Emergency Drugs
Remember LEAN for emergency drugs.
Emergency Drugs
L Lidocaine, E Epinephrine, A Atropine, N Narcan
Lidocaine Toxicity
Overdosage with lidocaine can be a result of excessive administration via topical or
parenteral routes, accidental oral ingestion of topical preparations by children, accidental
intravenous (rather than subcutaneous, intrathecal or paracervical) injection or
prolonged use of subcutaneous infiltration anesthesia during cosmetic surgical
procedures. These occurrences have often led to severe toxicity or death in both children
and adults.
Lidocaine Toxicity
Lidocaine easily crosses from the blood to the brain, so, if an overdose has occurred, the
following symptoms will probably show up first: headache, tinnitus (ringing in the ears),
facial twitches, lightheadedness, a metallic taste, and numbness of the lips and tongue. In
higher doses, there may also be seizures, unconsciousness, apnea, and CV collapse. At
the highest doses, heart failure occurs.
Focinopril (Monopril)
Fosinopril is an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used for the treatment
of hypertension and some types of chronic heart failure. Fosinopril is the only
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phosphinate-containing ACE inhibitor marketed. It is marketed by Bristol-Myers

Squibb under the trade name Monopril.
Monopril
Monopril works by decreasing certain chemicals that tighten the blood vessels, so blood
flows more smoothly and the heart can pump blood more efficiently.
Nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin spray and tablets are used to treat episodes of angina (chest pain) in people
who have coronary artery disease (narrowing of the blood vessels that supply blood to
the heart). The spray and tablets may also be taken just before activities that may cause
episodes of angina in order to prevent the angina from occurring. Nitroglycerin
extended-release (long-acting) capsules are used to prevent episodes of angina in people
who have coronary artery disease. The extended-release capsules can only be used to
prevent angina attacks; they cannot be used to treat an attack once it has begun.
Nitroglycerin is in a class of medications called vasodilators.
Nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin works by relaxing the blood vessels so the heart does not need to work as
hard and therefore does not need as much oxygen.
Spironolactone (Aldactone)
Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic (water pill) that prevents your body from
absorbing too much salt and keeps your potassium levels from getting too low.
Aldactone
Spironolactone also treats fluid retention (edema) in people with congestive heart
failure, cirrhosis of the liver, or a kidney disorder called nephrotic syndrome. This
medication is also used to treat or prevent hypokalemia (low potassium levels in the
blood).
Bumetanide Bumex
Bumetanide is a potent diuretic (water pill) that causes a profound increase in urine
output (diuresis) by preventing the kidney from retaining fluid. Specifically, it blocks the
reabsorption of sodium and fluid from the kidneys tubules. It is in a class of diuretics
called loop diuretics which also includes furosemide (Lasix) and torsemide
(Demadex).
Bumex
Bumetanide is a very potent medication. Using too much of this drug can lead to serious
water and salt/mineral loss.
13 September 2014
3 notes
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