AEIndex

C
Chapter 1. Introduction to Acoustic

Emission Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Part 1. Nondestructive Testing . . . . 2
Part 2. Management of Acoustic
Emission Testing . . . . . . . . 13
Part 3. History of Acoustic Emission
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Part 4. Measurement Units for
Acoustic Emission
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Chapter 2. Fundamentals of Acoustic
Emission Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part 1. Introduction to Acoustic
Emission Technology . . . .
Part 2. Acoustic Emission Noise . .
Part 3. Acoustic Emission Signal
Characterization . . . . . . . .
Part 4. Acoustic Emission
Transducers and Their
Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part 5. Macroscopic Origins of
Acoustic Emission . . . . . .
Part 6. Microscopic Origins of
Acoustic Emission . . . . . .
Part 7. Wave Propagation . . . . . . .
31
32
41
45
51
61
69
79
Chapter 3. Modeling of Acoustic

Emission in Plates . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Part 1. Wave Propagation in
Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Part 2. Formal Analytic
Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Chapter 4. Acoustic Emission Source
Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part 1. Fundamentals of Acoustic
Emission Source
Location . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part 2. Overdetermined Source
Location . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part 3. Waveform Based Source
Location . . . . . . . . . . . . .
121
O N TE N T S
Chapter 5. Acoustic Emission Signal

Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Part 1. Digital Signal
Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Part 2. Pattern Recognition and
Signal Classification . . . . 157
Part 3. Classification of Failure
Mechanism Data from
Fiberglass Epoxy Tensile
Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Part 4. Neural Network Prediction
of Burst Pressure in
Graphite Epoxy Pressure
Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Chapter 6. Acoustic Leak Testing . . . 181
Part 1. Principles of Sonic and
Ultrasonic Leak
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Part 2. Instrumentation for
Ultrasound Leak
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Part 3. Ultrasound Leak Testing
of Pressurized Industrial
and Transportation
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
of Evacuated Systems . . . 211
of Engines, Hydraulic
Systems, Machinery and
Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Part 6. Electrical Inspection . . . . 215
of Pressurized Telephone
Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Monitoring of Leakage
from Vessels, Tanks and
Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
122
131
135
Acoustic Emission Testing
Chapter 7. Acoustic Emission Testing

for Process and Condition
Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Part 1. Acoustic Emission Testing
in Milling . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
of Resistance Spot
Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Part 3. Acoustic Emission Weld
Monitoring of Aluminum
Lithium Alloy . . . . . . . . . 235
for Machinery Condition
Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . 243
during Grinding . . . . . . . 251
Part 6. Crack Detection during
Straightening of Axles
and Shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
of Pressure Vessels, Pipes and
Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
of Spheres and Other
Pressure Vessels . . . . . . . .
Testing of Composite
Overwrapped Pressure
Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
of Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . .
of Delayed Coke
Drums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
of Tank Floors . . . . . . . . .
of Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . .
of Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monitoring of Crack
Growth in Steel Bridge
Components . . . . . . . . . .
Part 3. Evaluation of Slope
Stability by Acoustic
Emission Testing . . . . . . .
271
272
281
284
290
296
305
306
Chapter 10. Electric Power

Applications of Acoustic
Emission Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Part 1. Acoustic Emission Location
of Incipient Faults in
Power Transformers . . . . 332
of High Energy Seam
Welded Piping . . . . . . . . 342
Monitoring of Loose
Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
of Steam Turbines . . . . . . 354
Chapter 11. Aerospace Applications
of Acoustic Emission Testing . . 359
of Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Part 2. Fatigue Crack Monitoring
of Aircraft Engine
Cowling in Flight . . . . . . 367
Monitoring of Rocket
Motor Case during
Hydrostatic Testing . . . . 377
Prediction of Burst Pressure
in Fiberglass Epoxy
Pressure Vessels . . . . . . . 383
Chapter 12. Special Applications of
Acoustic Emission Testing . . . . 391
Using Moment Tensor
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
for Structural Design of
Grand Prix Cars . . . . . . . 401
Monitoring of Sand in
Petroleum Wells . . . . . . . 408
Part 4. Active Corrosion
Detection Using Acoustic
Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
310
Chapter 13. Acoustic Emission
Testing Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
315
Index
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Figure Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

Movie Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
U LT I M E D I A
O N T E N T S
Chapter 1. Introduction to Acoustic

Emission Testing
Movie. Discontinuities in steel . . . . 6
Movie. Plastic deformation causes
cry of tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Chapter 2. Fundamentals of Acoustic
Emission Testing
Movie. Acoustic emission differs
from other methods . . . . . 32
Movie. Pencil break source . . . . . . 36
Movie. Guard transducers control
noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Chapter 5. Acoustic Emission Signal

Processing
Movie. System with one
channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Chapter 6. Acoustic Leak Testing
Movie. Vibration at ultrasonic
frequencies of gas molecules
escaping from orifice . . . 183
Sound. Audible analog of
ultrasonic signal . . . . . . . 194
Movie. Steam system leak test . . 202
Movie. Amplitude rise heard
through ultrasound
detector as rough and
raspy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
for Process and Condition
Monitoring
Movie. Discontinuities from
welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Testing Glossary
Movie. Pencil break source . . . . . 431
Figure Sources

Signal Processing
Figure 1 Vallen-Systeme GmbH, Munich, Germany.

Testing for Process and Condition
Monitoring
Figures 19-26 Holroyd Instruments, Bonsall Near
Matlock, Derbyshire, United Kingdom
Chapter 11. Aerospace

Applications for Acoustic Emission
Testing
Figures 1-11 ASTM International, West
Conshohocken, PA.
446
Movie Sources
Chapter 1. Introduction to
Movie. Discontinuities in steel Physical Acoustics
Corporation, Princeton, NJ; for the Federal Highway
Administration, United States Department of
Transportation, Washington, DC.
Movie. Plastic deformation causes cry of tin Physical
Acoustics Corporation, Princeton, NJ; for the
Federal Highway Administration, United States
Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.
Chapter 2. Fundamentals of
Movie. Acoustic emission differs from other methods
Physical Acoustics Corporation, Princeton, NJ; for
the Federal Highway Administration, United States
Movie. Pencil break source Physical Acoustics
Corporation, Princeton, NJ.
Movie. Guard transducers control noise Physical

Signal Processing
Movie. System with one channel Physical Acoustics

Movie. Ultrasonic vibration of gas molecules escaping
orifice UE Systems, Elmsford, NY.
Sound. Audible analog of ultrasonic signal UE Systems,
Elmsford, NY.
Movie. Steam system leak test UE Systems, Elmsford,
NY.
Movie. Amplitude rise heard through ultrasound detector
as rough and raspy UE Systems, Elmsford, NY.

Testing for Process and
Condition Monitoring
Movie. Discontinuities from welds Physical Acoustics

Testing Glossary
Index
447
Index
A
aboveground storage tanks, ultrasound leak testing, 221-222
absorbers, 270
accelerometers, 347
acceptance criteria, 15
acceptance testing, acoustic emission testing for, 13
accumulated energy, 46
acoustically active leakage, 183
acoustically passive leakage, 183
acoustic emission
defined, 32
detecting, 69
early observations of, 21-24
factors contributing to, 62
factors increasing or decreasing relative amplitude response, 33
macroscopic origins, 61-68
means of generating and detecting, 15
microscopic origins, 69-78
plastic deformation sources, 61-62
in plates, 109-119
recording, 21-24
signal characterization, 45-50
waveform parameters, 46-47
acoustic emission leak testing. See acoustic leak testing
acoustic emission monitoring. See also process and condition monitoring
airframe monitoring for crack growth, 360
applications, 33
bridge crack growth remote monitoring, 310-314
bridges, 307-309
delayed coke drums, 290-291
fatigue crack monitoring of engine cowling, 367-376
grand prix race car felicity ratio, 403-404, 405, 406
leak testing of vessels, tanks, and pipelines, 220-225
location of incipient faults in power transformers, 333-334
loose parts in nuclear reactors, 347-353
machinery condition monitoring, 243-250
noise compensation, 37
power transformers during solar storms, 340, 341
pressure vessels, 273-274
resistance spot welding, 232-234
rocket motor case monitoring during hydrostatic testing, 377-381
sand in petroleum wells, 408-414
slope stability evaluation, 315-325
suspension bridge floor beam, 7
tank floors, 297
acoustic emission noise, 41-44. See also background noise

compensation, 36-37
control, 42
and frequency range of transducers, 51
as limitation of acoustic emission testing, 13-14
sonic leak testing with, 189
steam flow lines, 345
acoustic emission sensors. See acoustic emission transducers
acoustic emission source location, 39, 121-145
cross correlation approach, 125-126
high energy seam welds in power plants, 346
human hearing for, 183
incipient faults in power transformers, 332-341
using lamb wave dispersion curves, 139-145
overdetermined, 131-134
pipelines, 284
signal amplitude measurement technique, 123-125
in three dimensions, 128-130
timing technique, 125
triangulation using multiple sources, 13, 14
in two dimensions, 127-128
waveform based, 135-138
zone location technique, 122-123, 127
acoustic emission spectrograms, 118-119
acoustic emission test equipment, 34-36
for structural design of race cars, 402-403
acoustic emission testing. See also aerospace applications; electric power
applications; infrastructure applications; pressure vessels; process and
condition monitoring; risk based investigation; signal processing;
ultrasound leak testing
active corrosion detection, 415-422
advantages, 13, 33
applications, 13, 33-34
corrosion detection, 415-422
defined, 32
frequency selection, 15-16, 35
history, 21-24
instrumentation, 13, 38-40, 61
interpretation, 16, 36-37, 45-46
limitations, 13-14
management of testing programs, 14-15
moment tensor analysis application, 392-400
other techniques compared, 32-33
personnel qualification and certification, 16, 18-20
reliability, 16
representative setup, 7
safety, 20
selection, 13-14
sensitivity, 36
special applications, 391-422
specification, 15-16
standards, 16, 17, 18
structural design of race cars, 401-407

system accessories, 36
system calibration, 40
system selection, 38-40
tank floors, 296-300
test procedures, 15
training, 19, 35-36
units, 25-27
acoustic emission transducers, 32, 34-35. See also
acoustic emission sensors; specific applications
for airborne ultrasound detection, 185, 191
calibration, 54-60
contact ultrasonic transducers for ultrasound leak
detection, 185, 186-187, 191
couplants and bonds, 52, 53-54
design, 52-53
for digital signal processing, 150
diffuse wave response, 99
directional ultrasonic transducers for ultrasound leak
testing, 183, 186
electromagnetic shielding, 44
frequency range, 51-52
master slave technique for noise control, 42
schematic diagram of typical, 52
selection and placement, 36
temperature effects, 54
types, 51-52
Acoustic Emission Working Group, 22
acoustic impedance, 80
acoustic leak testing, 11, 13. See also hydrostatic testing;
ultrasound leak testing
factors influencing, 184
high voltage electrical leak sources, 185-186
monitoring of vessels, tanks, and pipelines, 220-225
pipelines, 220-225, 284-289
principles, 182-190
tank floors, 296
acoustic probes, for ultrasound leak testing, 182, 183
acoustic shadowing, 182, 184
acoustics units, 26-27
acoustic waveguides, 53
for pipeline testing, 284
for slope stability evaluation, 317-319
acoustic wave propagation, 79-99. See also attenuation
concentrated force below surface of half space, 96
concentrated force normal to half space, 95-96
diffuse wave fields, 97-99
energy partition at free surface, 85-87
idealized wave sources, 93-96
infinite media, 79-82
plates, 96-97, 110-119
reflection and transmission at interface of two solids,
87-88
reflection at interfaces, 83-88
surface waves, 82-83
active ultrasound leak testing, 186
adaptive learning, 48
adhesive bonds, for acoustic emission transducers, 52,
53-54
aerospace applications, 24, 34, 359
aircraft testing, 360-366
burst pressure prediction in fiberglass epoxy pressure
vessels, 382-387
fatigue crack monitoring of aircraft engine cowling in
flight, 367-376
rocket motor case monitoring during hydrostatic
testing, 377-381
ultrasound leak testing, 203-206
airborne acoustic signals, for leak testing, 185
airborne ultrasound detection, 182
detection distances, 190
instrumentation, 191
interpretation, 196-197
personnel qualification, 196-197
scanning module for, 192
air conditioning
ultrasound leak testing of automotive, 208-209
ultrasound leak testing of ducts, 200
ultrasound leak testing of ship, 207
436
aircraft
acoustic emission testing, 360-366
fatigue crack monitoring of engine cowling in flight,
367-376
ultrasound leak testing applications, 204-206
aluminum. See also aluminum alloys under their UNS
designations
acoustic emission during plastic deformation, 62
acoustic emission variation with stress for fracture
specimens, 64
diffuse wave fields, 97
electron beam melting, 78
inclusions in, 72
intergranular microfracture, 70
noise from precipitation hardening, 43
test block for acoustic emission transducer, 55, 56
wave speed in four directions and acoustic
impedance, 80
aluminum copper alloy, acoustic emission during cold
working, 77
aluminum lithium alloy, acoustic emission monitoring of
welding, 235-242
American Gear Manufacturers Association, 17
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 18
American Petroleum Institute, 17
American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT),
17, 18
amplifiers, 34, 35
for ultrasound leak testing, 186, 191
amplitude, 45, 47, 152-153
factors increasing or decreasing relative amplitude
response, 33
and moment tensor analysis, 392
amplitude distribution, 46, 47, 172
analog-to-digital converter, 148-150, 151
analytical testing, 5
anchor, in power transmission pylon foundation, 397
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 16
ANSI/ASNT CP-189, Standard for Qualification and
Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel, 18
antisymmetric propagation modes, in plates, 114-115
aperture effect, 53
and transducer calibration, 56-57, 59
arch dam, construction cooling and grout injection, 397398
arcing
in power transformers, 332-333
ultrasound detection, 186, 215-217
ASME International, 17
ASNT Central Certification Program (ACCP), 19, 20
ASNT Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, 16, 18,
19-20
Association of American Railroads, 17
ASTM International, 16, 18
ASTM D 2585, 383, 384
ASTM E 569, 18
ASTM E 650, 18, 282, 332
ASTM E 749, 18
ASTM E 750, 18
ASTM E 751, 18
ASTM E 976, 18, 282
ASTM E 1002, 18, 196
ASTM E 1067, 18, 401
ASTM E 1106, 18
ASTM E 1118, 18
ASTM E 1139, 18
ASTM E 1211, 18
ASTM E 1316, 18
ASTM E 1419, 18
ASTM E 1495, 18
ASTM E 1736, 18
ASTM E 1781, 18
ASTM E 1888, 18
ASTM E 1930, 18
ASTM E 1932, 18
ASTM E 2075, 18
ASTM E 2076, 18
ASTM E 2191, 18, 282
ASTM E 2374, 18
ASTM F 914, 18
ASTM F 1430, 18
ASTM F 1797, 18
ASTM F 2174, 18
asymmetric wave mode over nondispersive frequency band, 138
attenuation, 14
in actual structures, 91-93
from dispersion, 89-90
by energy loss mechanisms, 90-91
geometric, 88-89
from scattering and diffraction, 90
spherical pressure vessels, 273
autoclave bonding vacuum bags, ultrasound leak testing, 205
automotive cooling systems, ultrasound leak testing, 208-209
automotive engine valves, ultrasound leak testing, 208
average frequency, 154
average signal level, 153
axles, crack detection during straightening of, 263-266
B
background noise
compensating for, 36-37
and data interpretation, 45
environmental natural phenomena sources of, 315-316
as limitation of acoustic emission testing, 13-14
sonic leak testing with, 189
and test sensitivity, 36
backpropagation neural networks, burst pressure prediction in graphite epoxy
pressure vessels, 173-176
barium titanate, temperature effect, 54
barkhausen effect, 32, 78
beam spreading, 14
bearing analysis, ultrasound leak testing application, 214
bel (B), 26-27
bending stresses, 34
bergmann formula, 82
beryllium, acoustic emission variation with stress for fracture specimens, 64
boiler tubes, identification of split with ultrasound leak testing, 203
boiling, acoustic emission caused by, 13
bolted joints, ultrasound leak testing, 182
bombers, acoustic emission testing, 360-362
bonds, for acoustic emission transducers, 52, 53-54
brakes
ultrasound leak testing of compressed air, 182
ultrasound leak testing of truck, 209
brass, wave speed in four directions and acoustic impedance, 80
bridge inspection, 306-307
bridges
acoustic emission monitoring of crack growth, 310-314
floor beam monitoring, 7
moment tensor analysis application, 392, 394-397
stress corrosion cracking on prestressed cables, 417
brittle fracture, 61
bullet tanks, 270
Burgers vector, 392
burst pressure
composite overwrapped pressure vessels, 282-283
prediction in fiberglass epoxy pressure vessels, 382-387
prediction in graphite epoxy pressure vessels, 173-176
burst type acoustic emission, 45
C
cadmium, acoustic emission from, 21, 22
calibration
of acoustic emission testing equipment, 40
ultrasound leak testing equipment, 196
capacitive transducers, 51
capacitors, ultrasonic monitoring while inspecting high voltage, 216
carbon fiber composites
cylinders, 281-283
grad prix race cars, 401-407
carbon steel. See also carbon steel alloys under their UNS designations
acoustic emission characteristics of low, 62
acoustic emission during cold working of high, 77
acoustic emission during continuous cooling of plain, 74
acoustic emission during cooling of high, 76
acoustic emission during cooling of low, 77
crack detection during straightening of axles and shafts, 263-266
waveform based source location in plate, 139-140
cast iron, wave speed in four directions and acoustic impedance, 80
cavern, evaluation of loosened area around excavated, 399
cavitation
acoustic emission caused by, 32
acoustic emission detection, 13
as noise source, 41
sonic and ultrasonic leak signals, 187
ultrasound leak detection, 182
center frequency, 154, 155
center of compression, 94-95
certification, of personnel, 16, 18-20
CGS units, 25
chemical feed supply line, ultrasound leak testing application, 224
chemical plant compressors, ultrasound leak testing, 201
chemical spot testing, 12
chemical testing, 4, 5
chromium molybdenum stainless steel, acoustic emission per unit area of
crack extension, 73
chromium molybdenum steel, acoustic emission per unit area of crack
extension, 73
chromium molybdenum vanadium steel, steam turbine blade
testing, 354-356
chromium nickel molybdenum stainless steel, titanium stabilized, active
corrosion detection, 419-420
civil infrastructure. See infrastructure applications
cleavage microfracture, 70
cloud particles, 315
cluster analysis, 164-166
cluster seeking algorithm, 165
coke drums, 290-295
cold working, 77
Coleman Bridge, Yorktown, Virginia, remote monitoring study, 310-314
complex wave number, 91
composite overwrapped pressure vessels, 281-283
composite pipelines, 289
composites. See also delamination; fiber breakage; matrix cracking
acoustic emission sources in, 32
acoustic emission testing for, 34
compressed air brakes, ultrasound leak testing, 182
compressed air tools, ultrasound leak testing, 182
Compressed Gas Association, 17
compressed gas cylinders
carbon fiber composite overwrapped, 281-283
overdetermined source location in gas, 132-133
compressors
ultrasound leak testing of aircraft, 206
ultrasound leak testing of chemical plant, 201
computer applications, 35. See also pattern recognition
digital signal processing, 148-156
four-channel acoustic emission test system, 34
Lambs problem, 96
source location, 39-40
transducer calibration, 59-60
concrete
detection of active corrosion in, 417-418
deterioration in bridges, 307-309
condition monitoring, 13
consultants, 14
contact detection, in grinding, 258-261
contact ultrasonic transducers, for ultrasound leak detection, 185, 186-187,
191, 192-194
copper, wave speed in four directions and acoustic impedance, 80
corona discharge, 186
pressure insulated flash x-ray equipment, 217
correlation graph, 148
correlation plot, 148
Index
437
corrosion
in bridge reinforced concrete, 307-309
detection of active, 415-422
detection of high temperature active, 418
kaiser effect can fail, 37
on-site detection of localized active, 419
pressurized telephone cables, 218
from sand in petroleum wells, 408
tank floors, 296
corrosion cracking, detection of active, 415
count rate, 46
count rate systems, 148
counts, 45, 46, 153
counts to peak, 153
couplants, for acoustic emission transducers, 52, 53-54
cowling, in-flight fatigue crack monitoring of aircraft
engine, 367-376
crack growth, 5
acoustic emission caused by, 13, 32, 63-64
acoustic emission monitoring of steel bridge
components, 310-314
amplification factors, 74
attenuation of acoustic waves, 90
ductile materials, 67-68
elastic wave production, 69
environmental factors, 73-74
in-flight detection in aircraft, 360, 364, 366
moment tensor analysis, 392-394
plates, 110
and signal correlation, 64
time dependence of detectability, 69
cracking, 5
as failure cause, 61
crack initiation, acoustic emission caused by, 13
cracks, 61. See also fatigue cracks
attenuation of acoustic waves by, 90
bridge corrosion, 306, 307-309
detection during straightening of axles and shafts,
263-266
crack tip, 63
crack tip yielding, acoustic emission caused by, 13
creep rupture, seam welded piping, 342, 344, 345
crevice corrosion, detection of active in stainless
steel, 416
critical angle, 84
cross correlation approach, for source location, 125-126
curie temperature, 54
cyclic noise, 41-42
cylinders
carbon fiber composite overwrapped, 281-283
overdetermined source location in gas, 132-133
three dimensional source location, 128-130
cylindrical composite overwrapped pressure vessels,
281-283
D
damping, 14
dams, construction cooling and grout injection, 397-398
data interpretation, 16, 36-37, 45-46
decibel (dB), 26-27
decision surfaces, 162
delamination, 5
in fiberglass epoxy aerospace pressure vessels, 382383
and intergranular microfracture, 70
race car carbon fiber composites, 402, 404
rocket motor cases, 377, 378, 381, 382, 387
tank floors, 296
delayed cokers, 290
diagnostics, 13
diesel engines, ultrasound leak testing of fuel
suction, 209
differential acoustic emission transducers, 53
diffraction, of acoustic waves, 90
diffused leak, 189
diffuse wave fields, 58, 97-99
438
digital feature extraction, 149

digital signal processing, 148-156
dilatational (P) waves, 79, 80
directional scanning microphones, 182
directional ultrasonic transducers, 183, 186
disbonding
acoustic emission caused by, 13, 32
discharge. See electrical discharge
discontinuities, 5
acoustic emission testing for, 13, 32, 33, 34, 61
acoustic wave reflection by, 84-85
aircraft, 360
bridges, 306, 307
and cleavage microfracture, 70
hydrofluoric acid spheres, 276
metal pipelines, 285
moment tensor analysis, 400
rocket motor cases, 377, 380
seam welded hot reheat piping, 344
signal classification by type, 47
spherical pressure vessels, 270
discrete acoustic emission, 45-46
dislocation motion
dispersion attenuation, 89-90
dispersion curves, 89, 136
acoustic emission source location using, 139-145
displacement
particles in propagating acoustic waves, 81-99
transducer test blocks, 55
displacement units, 26
displays, 34, 35
use in digital signal processing, 150, 151
dissimilar (patterns), 157
distillation column, detection of active corrosion, 420
distortional (S) waves, 79, 80
double force without moment, 94
dressing verification, in grinding, 261-262
drums, 270
ductile fracture, 61
Dunegan, Harold L., 22
dunegan corollary, 37-38
duration, 45, 153
E
eddy current testing, 9
EF-111 fighter bombers, 360
eigenvector projection, 160-161
elastic deformation, acoustic emission caused by, 61
elastic fracture, 64-65
elastic waves, 69
electrical arcing
in power transformers, 332-333
ultrasound detection, 186, 215-217
electrical discharge
corona discharge, 186, 217
partial, in power transformers, 332, 333, 335
electrical energy, 46-47
electrical inspection, ultrasound leak testing application,
215-217
electrical leak sources, ultrasound detection, 185-186,
215-217
electrical maintenance, ultrasound leak testing
applications, 216-217
electrical substation component maintenance, using
ultrasound leak testing, 216
electric power applications, 331
high energy seam weld piping, 342-346
incipient fault location in transformers, 332-341
inspection using ultrasound leak testing, 185-186,
215-217
loose part monitoring in nuclear reactors, 347-353
steam turbines, 354-356
electromagnetic interference, 44, 186
electromagnetic testing, 4, 5, 9
electronic testing, 5
empirical bayesian classifier, 50-51
energy count, 45, 46, 153
energy rate, 46
engines, ultrasound leak testing, 214
environmental noise, 13
equations of motion, 79-80
equivoluminal (S) waves, 79
erodable resistance probes, for sand production
measurement in oil wells, 409
erosion
from sand in petroleum wells, 408, 409, 414
steam turbine blades, 354-356
erosion corrosion, detection of active, 418
ethylene propylene rubber, Peacekeeper missile
application, 378
European Committee for Standardization, 17
evacuated systems, ultrasound leak testing, 182, 207208, 211-212
exhaust systems, ultrasound leak testing, 182
exotic gas supply systems, ultrasound leak detection,
198-199
external fluid leaks, 183
external protection material, Peacekeeper missiles, 377
F
F-111 fighter bombers, 360-362
fabrication testing, delayed coke drums, 295
failure, 61. See also fracture
fiberglass epoxy tensile test object failure mechanism,
167-170
and machinery condition, 243
fast fourier transform, 155
fatigue crack propagation rate, 46
fatigue cracks
bridge remote monitoring, 310-312
composite overwrapped pressure vessels, 281
monitoring of aircraft engine cowling in flight,
367-376
pressure vessels, 270
slow cracking in bridges, 313-314
fatigue failure, acoustic emission testing for, 34
feature extraction, 48, 149, 158
fiberglass epoxy tensile test object failure
mechanism, 167
types of features, 152-155
feature normalization, 160
feature vector, 158-160
felicity effect, 38
felicity ratio, 38
grand prix race cars, 403-404, 405, 406
fiber breakage
rocket motor cases, 377, 378, 380, 381, 382, 387
fiberglass epoxy
burst pressure prediction in pressure vessels, 382-387
failure classification of tensile test objects, 167-170
Peacekeeper missile application, 377, 378
fiber reinforced composites
attenuation and transducer frequency range, 51
fiber reinforced plastic pipe sections, 289
fighter bombers, acoustic emission testing, 360-362
filtering, 34, 35
noise compensation, 37
Firestone, Floyd A., 22
first hit, 126
first moment of inertia, 155
first motion detection, 137
flanges
ultrasound leak testing of large, 200
ultrasound leak testing of vacuum system, 211
flare valves, internal ultrasound leak testing, 221
flash X-ray pressure systems, ultrasound leak testing, 217

floating structure, during welding, 42
fluid leaks. See leaks
forging, acoustic emission during, 21
forgy clustering algorithm, 165
Frster, Friedrich, 21
fossil fuel power plants, high energy seam welded piping,
342-346
four-channel acoustic emission test system, 34
fracture
acoustic emission caused by, 32, 64-65
environmental factors, 73-74
microvoid coalescence, 72-73
in milling, 230
moment tensor analysis application, 392-394, 399
particle microfracture, 71-72
tank floors, 296
fracture criteria, 66-68
for rock slope stability, 319-320
Frederick, Julian R., 22, 24
frequency centroid, 154, 155
frequency counters, 40
frequency features, 48, 154-155
frequency range, of transducers, 51-52
frequency selection, 15-16, 35
frequency spectrum, 89
fretting, 41
and solid state bonding, 44
friction
acoustic emission caused by, 13, 22, 32
fuel injectors, ultrasound leak testing, 209-210
future usefulness, 2
G
gas leakage detection, 182
gas pipelines, 284
attenuation in steel, 123
leak detection in, 195
gas production, sand production in, 408-409
gate array technology, use in digital signal
processing, 149
Geber, 21
geometric acoustics, 98
geometric attenuation, 88-89
geotechnical materials, 317-318
glass, test block for acoustic emission transducer, 55, 56
glue line peel/break, race car carbon fiber
composites, 402
grain boundary sliding, acoustic emission caused by, 32
grand prix race cars, structural design, 401-407
graphite break source. See pencil break source
graphite epoxy, burst pressure prediction in pressure
vessels using neural networks, 171-176
Green, Allen T., 24
Greens function (dyadic), 111, 112, 116-117
in moment tensor analysis, 392
grinding
acoustic emission monitoring during, 251-262
spark-out detection during, 228
grinding wheels, 251
grounding, effect on welding noise, 42
grout injection, in arch dam, 397-398
H
half-wave resonant frequencies, 52
hanger noise, steam lines, 345
hazardous environment ultrasonic leak detector, 188
heat exchangers
ultrasound leak testing of chemical industry, 224-225
ultrasound leak testing of steam plant, 203
hertz (Hz), 15-16, 26
high carbon steel
acoustic emission during cold working, 77
acoustic emission during cooling of, 76
Index
439
high
high
high
high
high
high
high
high
energy piping, 342

energy seam welded piping, 342-346
fidelity transducers, 59
pressure leaks, ultrasound leak detection, 198-210
temperature acoustic emission transducers, 52, 53
voltage electrical leak sources, 185-186
voltage insulation breakdown, 186
voltage transformers and capacitors, ultrasonic
monitoring while inspecting, 216
hit based features, 148, 150, 152-153
hit count, 46
hit counters, 40
hit driven features, 152
hit rate, 46
hits, 45, 46, 148
from idealized wave sources, 93-96
holography, 12
hot reheat piping, 342-346
hsu nielsen source. See pencil break source
hydraulic noise, 41
hydraulic systems
ultrasound leak testing of aircraft, 206
hydrofluoric acid sphere testing program, 274-280
hydrogen cooled electric power generator, ultrasound
leak testing, 200-201
hydrogen embrittlement
detection of active in line pipe steel, 418
kaiser effect can fail, 37
hydrostatic testing
acoustic emission testing for, 13, 34
vessels, 382
metal pipelines, 284-286
rocket motor case monitoring during, 377-381
I
image analysis, 5
image generation, 5
immersion bubble tests, ultrasound leakage
detection, 187
impact, acoustic emission caused by, 13
imperial units, 25
inclusions, 5, 61
acoustic emission caused by fracture of, 32
attenuation of acoustic waves by incompletely
bonded, 90
and particle microfracture, 71-72
industrial and transportation systems, ultrasound leak
testing of pressurized, 198-210
infinite media
acoustic wave propagation in, 79-82
acoustic wave sources in, 93
in-flight acoustic emission testing, 365-366
fatigue crack monitoring of engine cowling, 367-376
infrared testing, 5, 11-12
infrastructure applications, 305
anchor in power transmission pylon foundation, 397
bridge moment tensor analysis application, 392,
394-397
bridge testing, 306-309
construction cooling and grout injection in arch
dams, 397-398
crack growth monitoring in steel bridge components,
310-314
evaluation of loosened area around rock cavern, 399
stress corrosion cracking of prestressed cables on
suspension bridges, 417
in-house programs, 14-15
initiation frequency, 154
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 17
440
instrumentation
acoustic emission testing, 13, 38-40, 61
airborne ultrasound detection, 191
machinery condition monitoring, 244
ultrasound leak testing, 186, 191-197
instrumentation air systems, ultrasound leak testing, 200
internal fluid leaks, 183
International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
17, 20
interpretation, 16, 36-37, 45-46
airborne ultrasound leak signals, 196-197
iron
acoustic emission during forging, 21
acoustic emission from alloys of, 21
cleavage microfracture, 70, 71
martensitic transformation, 75
impedance, 80
irreversibility, of acoustic emission, 13, 37
ISO 9712, 20
isodata clustering algorithm, 165
J
Japanese Institute for Standardization, 17
Japanese Society for Nondestructive Inspection, 17
K
Kaiser, Josef, 22, 37
kaiser effect, 22
and deformation, 62
detailed description, 37-38
as limitation in acoustic emission testing, 13
kaiser principle, 38
Kishinouye, Fuyuhiko, 21
k means clustering algorithm, 165, 166
Knauss, Paul L., 22
K nearest neighbor classifier, 49, 50, 162, 164
kohonen self-organizing map
failure mechanism of fiberglass epoxy tensile test
objects, 168
fatigue crack monitoring of engine cowling
application, 369-370
L
labyrinthine leak, 189
Lambs constants, 79
Lambs problem, 95, 96
lamb wave dispersion curves
for source location, 139-145
in steel plate, 114
laminar flow leakage, 183
equipment for detecting, 188-189
laser interferometers, as transducers, 51
lead break source. See pencil break source
lead, wave speed in four directions and acoustic
impedance, 80
lead zirconate titanate
first half-wave resonance, 52
transducer material, 51
temperature effect, 54
leak detection, 33
leak location, 33
leaks. See also acoustic leak testing; ultrasound leak
testing
acoustically active and passive, 183
acoustic emission sources in, 32
delayed coke drums, 290
viscosity dependent, 184
Le Systme International dUnits (SI system), 25
linear classifier, 162, 163
linear discriminant function classifier, 49, 50
linear elastic fracture model, 66-67
linear location, 126-127
liquefaction, acoustic emission caused by, 32
liquid leak amplification, 187, 188
liquid penetrant testing, 8
liquid-to-solid phase transformations, 78

lithium niobate, temperature effect, 54
Lockman, Charles S., 24
longitudinal waves, 80-81
energy partition at free surface, 86
incident on free surface, 85
reflection and transmission at interface between two
solids, 87-88
uniform motion under transducer, 52-53
loose parts
monitoring in nuclear reactors, 347-353
power transformers, 333
loudness, 26-27
low carbon steel
acoustic emission characteristics, 62
acoustic emission during cooling of, 77
lubrication
acoustic emission detection of loss, 13
M
machinery
condition monitoring, 243-250
sonic and ultrasonic leak signals, 187-188
machining, acoustic emission testing for, 13
magnesium, wave speed in four directions and acoustic
impedance, 80
magnetic effects, 77-78
magnetic particle testing, 8-9
magnetostrictive noise, 333
Malvern, Lawrence E., 22
manganese sulfide inclusions, 72
marine industry, ultrasound leak testing applications,
206-208
martensitic transformation
detectability, 74-78
noise from welding, 43
Mason, Warren P., 21, 24
master slave technique, for noise rejection, 42
matrix cracking
acoustic emission caused by, 13, 32
rocket motor cases, 377, 378, 382, 387
maximum distance clustering algorithm, 165
McSkimin, Herbert J., 21, 24
mechanical inspection, ultrasound leak testing
application, 214
mechanical noise, 41-42
mechanical signature analysis, 33
mechanical testing, 5
mechanical transfer admittance, 57
metal dusting, 418
metal pipeline hydrostatic testing, 284-286
methods, 2
classification, 4-7
objectives, 6
methyl methacrylate, test block for acoustic emission
transducer, 55, 56
microseism, 32
microseismic activity, 21, 32
mild steel, acoustic emission characteristics, 61-62
Millard, D. J., 22
milling, acoustic emission monitoring, 228-231
mill scale, noise from fracturing of, 43
minimum distance clustering algorithm, 165
moir imaging, 12
moment tensor analysis, 392-400
monitoring. See acoustic emission monitoring
multiple-class linear classifier, 162
multiple regression analysis, use in source location, 131
multipliers, for SI units, 25-26, 27
N
National Bridge Inventory, 306
National Electrical Safety Code, 20
National Electric Code, 20
Naviers equations of elasticity, 79

neural networks, 157
aluminum lithium alloy weld monitoring application,
239-241
burst pressure prediction in graphite epoxy pressure
vessels, 171-176
fatigue crack monitoring of engine cowling
application, 369-370
fiberglass epoxy tensile test object failure mechanism,
167-169
nickel, wave speed in four directions and acoustic
impedance, 80
nickel chromium alloy UNS N06600, detection of active
stress corrosion cracking, 416-417
nickel chromium steel, acoustic emission per unit area of
crack extension, 73
noise. See acoustic emission noise; background noise
nondestructive testing, 2
applications, 4
method classification, 4-7
purposes, 2-4
value of, 7
normal displacement, transducer test blocks, 54
Notre Dame du Raincy church, detection of active
concrete corrosion, 418-419
nuclear power plants
high energy seam welded piping, 342
loose parts monitoring, 347-353
ultrasound leak testing application, 223-224
O
Occupational Safety and Health Standards, 20
Occupational Safety and Health Standards for the
Construction Industry, 20
offshore crude oil pipelines, 287-289
oil-filled transformers, 332-341
oil production, sand production in, 408-409
online monitoring, 33
optical testing, 5, 12. See also visual testing
orifice, turbulent flow of fluid leak through, 183, 184
overdetermined source location, 131-134
overheated bus bar, in power transformers, 334-335
overheating, power transformers, 333
P
parabolic dish, 186, 192
parabolic microphone, 194, 219
parameter analysis, 392
parametrics, 153
partial discharge, power transformers, 332, 333, 335
partial power features, 155
particle microfracture, 71-72
passive corrosion protection, detection of active corrosion
under, 418-419
passive ultrasound leak testing, 186
pattern matrix, 158-160
pattern recognition, 47-50
eigenvector projection, 160-161
feature normalization and projection, 160-161
feature vector and pattern matrix, 158-160
knowledge representation, 48
and signal classification, 49, 157-166
supervised, 157, 161-164
training and testing, 48-49
training set, 157, 162, 163
unsupervised, 158, 164-166
Peacekeeper missiles, motor case monitoring during
hydrostatic proof testing, 377-381
peak frequency, 154, 155
pekeris solution, 95
pencil break source, 36
for calibration, 55
overdetermined source location using, 133
source identification using, 143-145
penetrating radiation testing, 4, 5
personnel qualification and certification, 16, 18-20
for airborne ultrasound testing, 196-197
petroleum refinery equipment, ultrasound leak
testing, 201
Index
441
petroleum wells, acoustic emission monitoring of sand in,

408-414
phase changes, acoustic emission caused by, 13, 32
phase velocity, 89
piezoelectric ceramic transducers, 51, 52
sensitivity variation with frequency, 69
temperature effects, 54
pipelines
acoustic leak testing, 220-225, 284-289
gas, 123, 182, 195, 284
ultrasound leak testing of pressurized, 202
piping
detection of active erosion corrosion in 316L stainless
steel, 420
erosion corrosion of sanitary water, 418
high energy seam welded in power plants, 342-346
ultrasound leak testing of pressurized, 199-201
pistons, ultrasound leak testing, 182
pitting, detection of active in stainless steel, 415, 416
plane longitudinal waves. See longitudinal waves
plane transverse waves. See transverse waves
plastic deformation
acoustic emission caused by, 32, 61-62
crack growth model, 63-64
fracture criteria, 66
and microvoid coalescence, 72
plastic pipeline pneumatic testing, 286-287
plates
acoustic emission modeling, 109-119
antisymmetric modes, 114-115
diffuse wave propagation in, 99
moment tensor analysis application, 400
noise from fracturing of mill scale, 43
slow cracking in bridges, 313-314
source location with UNS G43400 steel, 135-136
waveform based source location with carbon steel,
139-140
wave propagation in, 96-97, 110-113
PLB. See pencil break source
pneumatic systems, ultrasound leak testing, 213
pneumatic testing, plastic pipeline, 286-287
poisson coupling, 52
Poissons ratio, 79
diffuse field mode conversion power coefficients for
selected values of, 98
polyaramid epoxy, Peacekeeper missile application, 377,
378
polyethylene insulated conductor (PIC) ultrasonic probe,
215-216
polyvinyl chloride pipelines, pneumatic testing, 287
portable ultrasound leak detectors, 182, 195
power, of reflected waves, 88
power transformers. See transformers
preamplifiers, 34, 35
acoustic emission transducers with integral, 51-52, 53
for ultrasound leak testing, 186
use in digital signal processing, 150, 151
pressure insulated flash x-ray equipment, 217
pressure lines, ultrasound leak testing, 182
pressure testing, acoustic emission testing for, 13
pressure units, 26
pressure vessels
acoustic emission testing for, 34, 270-280
attenuation of frequencies as function of distance
traveled, 91
average attenuation per unit length, 92
burst pressure prediction in fiberglass epoxy for
rocket applications, 382-387
burst pressure prediction in graphite epoxy using
neural networks, 171-176
composite overwrapped, 281-283
detection of active corrosion in enamel coated, 421
hydrofluoric acid sphere testing program, 274-280
requalification, 33
spheres, 270-280
total acoustic emission count versus load for steel, 65
442
pressurized fermentation systems, ultrasound leak testing,

200
pressurized industrial and transportation systems,
pressurized telephone cables, ultrasound leak testing,
218-219
process and condition monitoring
aluminum lithium alloy welding, 235-242
crack detection during straightening of axles and
shafts, 263-266
grinding, 251-262
milling, 228-231
resistance spot welding, 232-234
proof testing, 13, 33. See also hydrostatic testing
grand prix race cars, 402-403
ultrasound leak testing application, 221-223
VC-10 transport aircraft pressurization, 362-364
pseudo emission sources, 32
pump noise, 36
Q
qualification, of personnel, 16, 18-20
for airborne ultrasound testing, 196-197
quantitative waveform analysis, 392
R
race cars, structural design, 401-407
radiographic testing, 9-10
use with acoustic emission monitoring of rocket
motor cases, 377, 380, 381
radio interference, 185-186
railroad tank car, detection of active corrosion in
vulcanized rubber coated, 421-422
rayleigh calibration, 57
rayleigh lamb dispersion, 115
rayleigh lamb waves, dispersion curve in steel plate, 114
rayleigh waves, 82-83
reactors, 270
reciprocating machinery condition monitoring, 247
reciprocity calibration, 58-59
reflection, of waves at interfaces, 83-88
reinforced concrete
corrosion in bridges, 307-309
detection of active corrosion, 417-418
moment tensor analysis applications, 392, 394-400
reinforced concrete rigid frame, 394-395
reliability, 16
remote directional sensing, by ultrasound leak detectors,
186
requalification testing in service, 33
residual stress, 5
resistance spot welding, acoustic emission monitoring,
232-234
reverberation frequency, 154
ringdown count, 45
rise time, 45, 153
and noise signals, 42
risk based investigation
active corrosion detection, 421
bridges, 308-309
rock cavern, evaluation of loosened area around, 399
rockets
acoustic emission testing first used during hydrostatic
testing, 23, 24
vessels, 382-387
motor case monitoring during hydrostatic testing,
377-381
rock noise, 32
rock slope stability evaluation, 315-325
root mean square, 148, 153
root mean square voltmeters, 40
rotating machinery condition monitoring, 244-247
rubbing, 41
rubbing contact detection, using ultrasound leak
testing, 182
S
SAE International, 17
safety
acoustic emission testing, 20
and grand prix race cars, 401-402
public demands for greater, 4
of ultrasound leakage detection, 188
safety factor, 3
sampling, 2
sand, acoustic emission monitoring in petroleum wells,
408-414
scale
erosion of steam turbine blades by oxide scale, 354
noise from fracturing of mill scale, 43
scattering, of acoustic waves, 90
Scheil, Erich, 21
Schofield, Bradford H., 22, 24
seam welded hot reheat piping, 342-346
seam welded piping, high energy, 342-346
secondary calibration, 59-60
secondary emission, 44
secondary emission sources, 32
segregation, 5
sensitivity, of acoustic emission testing, 36
sensors. See acoustic emission transducers
separations, 5
serrated wedge grips, as noise source, 42
service companies, 14
severe environment acoustic emission transducers, 53
shafts, crack detection during straightening of, 263-266
shearography, 12
ship air conditioning systems, ultrasound leak
testing, 207
ship compartment ultrasound leak testing, 208
ship hull, ultrasound leak testing, 207-208
Shockley, William, 21-22, 24
SI (International System of Units)
SI base units, 25
SI derived units, 25
SI multipliers, 25-26, 27
SI prefixes, 27
SI units, 25-27
signal amplitude measurement technique, for source
location, 123-125
signal classification, and pattern recognition, 49, 157-166
signal difference technique, for source location, 123-125
signal image analysis, 5
signal intensity, 153
signal processing. See also pattern recognition
aircraft testing, 364-366
digital, 148-156
equipment for, 35
failure classification of fiberglass epoxy tensile test
objects, 167-170
neural network prediction of burst pressure in
graphite epoxy pressure vessels, 171-176
waveform based, 46-47, 48, 148, 151, 155-156
wave propagation in plates, 118-119
signature recognition, 158
similar (patterns), 157
simple harmonic waves, 81-82
slip, acoustic emission caused by, 32
Snells law, 83
Society of the Plastics Industry, 17
solar storms, acoustic emission monitoring of power
transformers, 340, 341
solidification, acoustic emission caused by, 32
solid state bonding, noise from, 44
solid state phase transformations, 32, 74
sonic leak signals, 187-188
sonic leak testing, 188, 189. See also ultrasound leak
testing
sonic testing, 5
source location. See acoustic emission source location
Spanner, Jack C., 22
spark testing, 12
Spth, Wilhem, 22
spatial filtering. See acoustic emission source location
special process, 16
specification, 15-16
spectrograms, 118-119
spectroscopy, 12
spherical pressure vessels, 270-280
split boiler tubes, identification with ultrasound leak
testing, 203
sprinkler systems, ultrasound leak testing, 182
stainless steel
acoustic emission per unit area of crack extension, 73
detection of active pitting corrosion, 419-420
detection of active stress corrosion cracking, 415,
416-417
hydrogen assisted cracking of overlay, 400
stainless steel 316L, detection of active corrosion, 420
standards, 16, 17, 18
Standards Australia, 17
static electrification, 333
detection in power transformers, 338-340
steam condensate lines, 289
steam flow noise, 345
steam lines
hot reheat seam welded lines, 342-346
loose part monitoring in nuclear reactors, 347
ultrasound leak testing, 182, 202-203
steam plant heat exchangers, ultrasound leak
testing, 203
steam traps, ultrasound leak testing, 203
steam turbine blades, 354-356
steam turbine exhausts, ultrasound leak testing, 208
steel. See also carbon steel; stainless steel; steel alloys
under their UNS designations
acoustic emission during plastic deformation, 61-62
acoustic emission monitoring of crack growth in
bridge components, 310-314
acoustic emission per unit area of crack extension for
selected ferritic, 73
attenuation in gas pipelines, 123
corrosion of concrete reinforcement in bridges,
307-309
deformation twinning, 75
detection of active hydrogen embrittlement in line
pipe, 418
diffuse wave fields, 97, 99
dispersion curve for rayleigh lamb waves in plate,
114
fracture criteria, 66-67
inclusions in, 72
noise from martensitic transformation during
welding, 43
noise from mill scale during welding, 43
out-of-plane displacement prediction for cracklike
source, 117
resistance spot welding of chromium and zinc
coated, 233, 234
slow cracking in bridge, 313-314
steam turbine blade testing, 354-356
test block for acoustic emission transducer, 55-60
total acoustic emission count versus load for pressure
vessel, 65
impedance, 80
Steele, Richard K., 24
step function force calibration, 57
stethoscope, 183
stethoscope probe, for ultrasound structure borne
leakage detection, 191, 193-194
sticker, 44
straightening, of axles and shafts, crack detection during,
263-266
strain gaging, 12
stress corrosion cracking
detection of active in stainless steel, 415, 416-417
stress intensity factor, 46
stress wave emission, 32
stress waves, 32
Index
443
sulfide stress cracking

line pipe steel, 417
supervised pattern recognition, 157, 161-164
surface calibration, 57
surface waves, 82-83
symmetric propagation modes, in plates, 115-116
T
tangential displacement, transducer test blocks, 54
tanks. See also pressure vessels
acoustic emission testing of floors, 296-300
ultrasound leak testing of aboveground storage,
221-222
tapping, 12
Tatro, Clement A., 22, 24
techniques, 2
telephone cables, ultrasound leak testing of pressurized,
218-219
television interference, 185-186
temperature effects, on transducers, 54
tensor, 392
test blocks, for transducers, 54-60
thermal stresses, 34
thermal testing, 4, 5, 11-12
thermogravimetry, combination with acoustic emission
for detection of high temperature corrosion, 418
threshold, 153
threshold crossing counts, 46, 153
through-pulse calibration, 57-58
time driven data rate, 153
time driven features, 48, 150, 153-154
time of hit, 152
timing technique, for source location, 125
tin cry, 21
tires
ultrasound leak testing of truck, 209
titanium aluminum copper alloy, electron beam melting,
78
torsional stresses, 34
total hits, 46
training, of operators in acoustic emission testing, 19,
35-36
training set, 48-49, 157, 162, 163
transducers. See acoustic emission transducers
transfer function, 57
transformers
incipient fault location with acoustic emission
monitoring, 333-334
ultrasonic monitoring while inspecting high
voltage, 216
transmission, of waves at interface of two solids, 87-88
transport aircraft (VC-10), pressurization proof testing,
362-364
transverse waves, 81
energy partition at free surface, 86-87
incident on free surface, 83-85
reflection and transmission at interface between two
solids, 88
triangulation techniques, 13
triple point filtering, 136-137
truck brake ultrasound leak testing, 209
truck tire ultrasound leak testing, 209
true energy, 46, 153
tungsten, use in transducers, 52
turbulent flow
noise source, 41
of oil in power transformers, 333
sonic and ultrasonic leak signals, 188
ultrasound leak detection, 182, 183
twinning
and yield stress, 62
two-channel digital signal processing, 151
444
U
ultimate strength, and fiberglass epoxy tensile test object
failure mechanism, 167, 170
ultrasonic leak signals, 187-188
ultrasonic scanning probe, for ultrasound leak testing,
182, 191-192
ultrasonic testing, 5, 10
ultrasonic tone generator, 183, 194-195
ultrasound leakage detection kit, 182
ultrasound leak testing. See also airborne ultrasound
detection
advantages and limitations, 188-189
calibration, 196
electrical inspection, 215-217
engines, hydraulic systems, machinery, and vehicles,
213-214
evacuated systems, 211-212
factors influencing, 184
high voltage electrical leak sources, 185-186
instrumentation, 186, 191-197
pressurized industrial and transportation systems,
198-210
pressurized telephone cables, 218-219
principles, 182-190
sensitivity, 188, 189
underground pipelines, ultrasound leak testing, 202
underwater crude oil pipelines, 287-289
Unified Numbering System metals and alloys. See UNS
United States Department of Defense (DOE), 17
UNS A91100 aluminum alloy, electron beam melting, 78
UNS A92024 temper 3 (2024-T3), wrought aluminum
alloy, aircraft in-flight engine cowling monitoring
application, 374
UNS A92195 aluminum lithium alloy, acoustic emission
weld monitoring, 235-242
UNS A92219 wrought aluminum alloy
attenuation due to surface coating on panel, 93
fracture criteria, 68
UNS A97075 temper 6 (7075-T6), wrought aluminum
alloy
aircraft in-flight engine cowling monitoring
application, 371
aircraft in-flight monitoring application, 365
UNS A97075 temper 651, wrought aluminum alloy
acoustic emission at yield stress, 62
acoustic emission variation with stress for fracture
specimens, 64
fracture criteria, 67, 68
pattern recognition application, 50
UNS G10180 carbon steel, acoustic emission from
milling, 229, 230
UNS G43400 alloy steel
acoustic emission from milling, 229-231
out-of-plane displacement prediction for cracklike
source, 117
waveform based source location, 135-136
UNS K02700 carbon steel, fracture criteria, 66
UNS K11430 alloy steel, acoustic emission remote
monitoring of bridge components, 310-312
UNS K11856 boron chromium alloy steel, slow cracking
in bridges, 313-314
UNS K22925 alloy steel, monitoring in F-111 fighter
bombers, 360
UNS K24728 alloy steel, fracture criteria, 66
UNS N06600 nickel chromium alloy, detection of active
stress corrosion cracking, 416-417
UNS S31635 titanium stabilized austenitic chromium
nickel molybdenum stainless steel, active corrosion
detection, 419-420
unsupervised pattern recognition, 158, 164-166
V
vacuum systems, ultrasound leak testing, 182, 207-208,
211-212
valves
ultrasound leak testing of aircraft compressor
valves, 206
ultrasound leak testing of automotive, 208
ultrasound leak testing of flare valve, 221
VC-10 transport aircraft, pressurization proof testing,
362-364
vessels. See also pressure vessels
moment tensor analysis application, 400
vibration, 5
from loose parts impact in nuclear reactors, 347
as noise source, 36
vibration analysis, 4, 12, 244
viscoelasticity, and attenuation of acoustic waves, 90
viscosity dependent leaks, 184
visual testing, 5, 7-8
of bridges, compared to acoustic emission testing,
306-307
voids, 61
vulcanized rubber coated railroad tank car, detection of
active corrosion in, 421-422
W
water droplets, 315
waveform based signal processing, 46-47, 48, 148, 151,
155-156
waveform based source location, 135-138
waveguides. See acoustic waveguides
wave propagation. See acoustic wave propagation
wear, 5
weights, in pattern recognition, 162
weld cracks
aluminum lithium alloy, 235
bridges, 306
resistance spot welding, 232
welded hot reheat piping, 342-346
welding
acoustic emission monitoring of resistance spot,
232-234
marine applications of ultrasound leak testing, 207
monitoring of aluminum lithium alloy, 235-242
noise during, 42-43
weld monitoring, 33
welds, pipeline leak at, 285
wet chlorine gas system, ultrasound leak testing, 212
wheel contact, 253
windmills, 358
wish clustering algorithm, 165
X
X-ray computed tomography, 10
Y
yield stress
acoustic emission at, 61-62
ductile materials, 65
Youngs modulus, 79
Z
zinc, acoustic emission from, 21
zone location, 122-123, 127
Index
445
Figure Sources

Signal Processing
Figure 1 Vallen-Systeme GmbH, Munich, Germany.

Testing for Process and Condition
Monitoring
Figures 19-26 Holroyd Instruments, Bonsall Near
Matlock, Derbyshire, United Kingdom
Chapter 11. Aerospace

Applications for Acoustic Emission
Testing
Figures 1-11 ASTM International, West
Conshohocken, PA.
446
Movie Sources
Chapter 1. Introduction to
Movie. Discontinuities in steel Physical Acoustics
Movie. Plastic deformation causes cry of tin Physical
Chapter 2. Fundamentals of
Movie. Acoustic emission differs from other methods
Physical Acoustics Corporation, Princeton, NJ; for
the Federal Highway Administration, United States
Corporation, Princeton, NJ.
Movie. Guard transducers control noise Physical

Signal Processing
Movie. System with one channel Physical Acoustics

Movie. Ultrasonic vibration of gas molecules escaping
orifice UE Systems, Elmsford, NY.
Sound. Audible analog of ultrasonic signal UE Systems,
Elmsford, NY.
Movie. Steam system leak test UE Systems, Elmsford,
NY.
Movie. Amplitude rise heard through ultrasound detector
as rough and raspy UE Systems, Elmsford, NY.

Testing for Process and
Condition Monitoring
Movie. Discontinuities from welds Physical Acoustics

Testing Glossary
Index
447

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C

Chapter 1. Introduction to Acoustic

Chapter 3. Modeling of Acoustic

Chapter 5. Acoustic Emission Signal

Acoustic Emission Testing

Chapter 7. Acoustic Emission Testing

Chapter 10. Electric Power

Figure Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

Acoustic Emission Testing

Chapter 1. Introduction to Acoustic

Chapter 5. Acoustic Emission Signal

Acoustic Emission Testing

Chapter 5. Acoustic Emission

Chapter 7. Acoustic Emission

Chapter 11. Aerospace

Acoustic Emission Testing

Chapter 5. Acoustic Emission

Chapter 6. Acoustic Leak Testing

Chapter 7. Acoustic Emission

Chapter 13. Acoustic Emission

acoustic emission noise, 41-44. See also background noise

structural design of race cars, 401-407

Acoustic Emission Testing

Acoustic Emission Testing

digital feature extraction, 149

flash X-ray pressure systems, ultrasound leak testing, 217

energy piping, 342

Acoustic Emission Testing

liquid-to-solid phase transformations, 78

Naviers equations of elasticity, 79

petroleum wells, acoustic emission monitoring of sand in,

Acoustic Emission Testing

pressurized fermentation systems, ultrasound leak testing,

sulfide stress cracking

Acoustic Emission Testing

Chapter 5. Acoustic Emission

Chapter 7. Acoustic Emission

Chapter 11. Aerospace

Acoustic Emission Testing

Chapter 5. Acoustic Emission

Chapter 6. Acoustic Leak Testing

Chapter 7. Acoustic Emission

Chapter 13. Acoustic Emission

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