Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Date:
FAMILIARISATION OF OP-AMP IC
AIM: To familiarize with C741C operational amplifier IC and its electrical characteristics.
741 op amp IC
Insert the ICs (carefully to avoid bending their leads) into the wider strips, as shown above:
Plug an op-amp into the breadboard so that it straddles the gap between the top and bottom sections of the socket strip.
If you have wired the power buses as suggested above, Pin 1 should be to the left.
Warning:
Do not try to unplug the op-amp with your thumb and forefinger. Use the IC puller or tip of a pen for unplugging.
PARAMETER
Voltage Gain , A
Output Impedance, Ro
Input Resistance, Rin
Offset Current, Iio
Offset Voltage, Vio
Bandwidth, BW
Slew rate, SR
IDEAL
0
0
Throughout this experiment use the external dual DC Power Supply Unit shown in figure below.
Use the dual trace oscilloscope to observe the shape and to measure the amplitude of the input
and output waveforms.
To use the Power Supply Unit:
Turn the Power Supply ON. Adjust the voltage of the Power Supply to 15V. This will set both positive and
negative power sources respectively to +15V and 15V.
Turn the Power Supply OFF before connecting to the circuits.
Connect the POS terminal of the Power Supply to the Vcc+ of your circuit. Connect the NEG terminal of the
Power Supply to the Vcc- of your circuit. Connect the COM terminal of the Power Supply to the ground of
your circuit.
Page 1
Page 2
Note:
To check whether an op-amp IC is good or not, apply a sine wave of very small amplitude to any input
terminal and observe the output. If the output is a square wave, the op-amp is a good one. If not, it is a bad IC.
RESULT:
Page 3
Exp No: 2
Specification / Range
Quantity
Resistors
Capacitors
Power Supply
Signal generator
Bread board
CRO
PROCEDURE:
I Input Offset Voltage
1.
2.
3.
4.
Page 4
IV Slew Rate
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2fVm
V/ s.
10 6
Slew rate can also be measured using a zero crossing detector. For that
7. Feed a square wave as input.
8. Increase the frequency until rising and trailing edges of the output square wave becomes slanting or
the output voltage from the square wave looks like a triangular wave.
Vo
9. Slew rate can be obtained from the slope of trailing or leading edge as SR=
.
t
V CMRR
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Result
Page 5
OBSERVATION:
Vio(mV)
Theoretical Value
Actual Value
IB1(nA)
IB2(nA)
I(nA)
Vo(V)
IB1(nA)
IB2(nA)
I(nA)
Theoretical Value
Actual Value
Theoretical Value
Actual Value
4. CMRR
Ac
Ad
CMRR
CMRR(dB)
Theoretical Value
Actual Value
5. Slew Rate
Vm(V)
Vo(V)
t(s)
SR(V/s)
Theoretical Value
Page 6
Actual Value
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Input Offset Voltage
Slew Rate
CMRR
Slew Rate
Page 7
Exp No: 3
Date:
Specification / Range
Quantity
Resistors
Power Supply
Signal generator
Bread board
CRO
DESIGN:
I Inverting Amplifier
A = 1+ Rf/R1
Take A = 2
Rf = R1
Choose Rf = 10k, R1=10k
Page 8
OBSERVATION:
1) Inverting Amplifier
Vi = 1V
f (Hz)
Vo(V)
Av(dB)
Vo(V)
Av(dB)
Page 9
PROCEDURE:
I Inverting Amplifier
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
II Non-Inverting Amplifier
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
RESULT:
Page 10
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Inverting Amplifier
Voltage follower
MODEL GRAPH:
Page 11
Exp No:
Date:
DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER
AIM: To design and set up the Difference Amplifier circuits
COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Equipments / Components
Op amp
Specification / Range
Quantity
Resistors
Power Supply
Signal generator
Bread board
CRO
DESIGN:
Assume R1 = R2 and R f = R
V0=
Rf
R1
V2 V1
Page 12
PROCEDURE:
DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER
1. Set up a difference amplifier circuit as shown in figure.
2. With Vi adjusted to produce a 1 V peak sine wave at 1 kHz, observe the output voltage V O (and Vi to note the phase
relationship) on an oscilloscope.
3. Sketch the output voltage waveform. Be sure to note the dc level in the output.
4. Interchange the 5 V dc power supply and the 1 V peak signal generator. Repeat procedure step 3.
5. Measure Vout for three or four different values of V1 and V2, and verify that Vo (V 1 V 2)
RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Page 13
DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER
MODEL GRAPH
Difference Output
Exp No:
Date:
Page 14
INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
AIM: To design and set up an instrumentation amplifier using three op-amps to obtain a overall gain of 900 given input
signal amplitude is 15mV and to measure the CMRR.
COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Equipments / Components
Op amp
Specification / Range
Quantity
Resistors
Power Supply
Signal generator
Bread board
CRO
DESIGN:
Let Av1= Av2=
Av = 30
I 2 100 I B max
= 50A
Vin
R5
= 300 use 500 variable
I2
But AVdiff
2 R 4 R5
R5
R 4 3.9k
Vo
= 270K
I5
Rf
R1
=9k
Av 2
Rf
R1 R 2 9k
Rf R3 270 K
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Page 15
OBSERVATION:
Vo(V)
Ac
Vi(V)
Vo(V)
Ad
CMRR =
PROCEDURE:
Page 16
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
RESULT:
Exp No:
Date:
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATORS
AIM: To design and set up an astable multivibrator circuit using op amp whose frequency of operation = 1 KHz.
COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Page 17
Equipments / Components
Op amp
Specification / Range
Quantity
Resistors
Capacitors
Power Supply
Signal generator
Bread board
CRO
DESIGN:
Use R 2 1.16 R1 for equation f o
Let R1 10k Then
1
to be used
2 RC
R2= 11.6k
Choose C=0.05F and find R
R=10k
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Page 18
MODEL GRAPH
OBSERVATION:
No: of Divisions
X axis
Y axis
Time/div
(ms)
Volt/div
(V)
Amp(V)
Time Period
(ms)
Output
Voltage
Voltage
across
capacitor
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Page 19
RESULT:
Exp No:
Date:
MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATORS
AIM: To design a monostable mutivibrator circuit for a pulse width of 1ms.
COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Equipments / Components
Specification / Range
Quantity
Page 20
Op amp
Resistors
Capacitors
Diode
Power Supply
Signal generator
Bread board
CRO
DESIGN:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MODEL GRAPH
Page 21
OBSERVATION:
No: of Divisions
X axis
Y axis
Time/div
(ms)
Volt/div
(V)
Amp(V)
Time Period
(ms)
Output
Voltage
Voltage
across
capacitor
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Page 22
RESULT:
Exp No:
Date:
SCHMITT TRIGGER
AIM: To design and set up a Schmitt Trigger using op-amp for an LTP = 2V and a UTP = 3V.
COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Equipments / Components
Op amp
Specification / Range
Quantity
Resistors
Power Supply
Signal generator
Bread board
Page 23
CRO
DESIGN:
Assume
UTP =
LTP=
Vo
= Vcc-1V = 14v
( Vo VF ) R 2
R1 R 2
( Vo VF ) R 2
R3 R 2
Here R 2
VR 2
I2
PROCEDURE:
1. Make connections according to the circuit diagram.
2. Manually trace the circuit to check the correctness of physical connection.
3. Calibrate the CRO.
4. Adjust the signal generator to produce a 5Vp-p, 1 KHz sine wave as the input.
5. Verify the input and output simultaneously on CRO.
6. Measure and record the output amplitude and frequency.
7. Observe the hysterisis curve on CRO by keeping the time/div knob of CRO in x-y mode and feed V in to the
x-channel and Vo to the y-channel.
Page 24
RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MODEL GRAPH
Hysterisis curve
Page 25
Exp No:
Date:
Specification / Range
Quantity
2
Resistors
Capacitors
Power Supply
Signal generator
Bread board
CRO
DESIGN:
Page 26
f0
R3
=500Hz
4 R1C R2
R2
Vsat =7V
R3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MODEL GRAPH:
Page 27
OBSERVATION:
No: of Divisions
X axis
Y axis
Time/div
(ms)
Volt/div
(V)
Amp(V)
Time Period
(ms)
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Make the circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
Manually trace the circuit to check the correctness of physical connection.
Calibrate the CRO.
Measure the output voltage and time period and plot the output waveform.
Observe the change in the frequency of the output waveform by varying the values of resistances R 1, R2 and R3.
RESULT:
Page 28
Exp No:
Date:
Specification / Range
Quantity
Resistors
Capacitors
Power Supply
Signal generator
Bread board
Page 29
CRO
DESIGN:
Assume C=0.1F
The frequency of oscillation is given by
1
fo
2 6 RC
Therefore R=650
To prevent the RC network from loading the amplifier it is selected such that R1 10 R
Thus we get R1 =6.5K
R f 29R1 =188K assume approximate value
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Page 30
MODEL GRAPH:
OBSERVATION:
No: of Divisions
X axis
Y axis
Time/division
Volt/division
Amp(V)
Time(ms)
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
RESULT:
Page 31
Exp No:
Date:
Specification / Range
Quantity
Page 32
Op amp
Resistors
Capacitors
Diode
JFET
Power Supply
Signal generator
Bread board
CRO
DESIGN:
I) Design of Wien Bridge oscillator without amplitude stabilization
The frequency of oscillation is given by
1
f
2CR
Assume C=0.05F
Therefore R=1.592K use approx value 1.8K
R f 2 R1 3.6k Use standard value 3.3 k
II) Design of Wien Bridge oscillator with amplitude stabilization using Diodes
Here Rf =R2+R3
RF
should be 3
R1
Assuming R1=1.8K we get RF =3.6K
2VF
R2
Assuming I1 =1mA, R2=1.4K.
I1
Thus R3=2.2k
For sustained oscillation AV 1
Page 33
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MODEL GRAPH:
OBSERVATION:
No: of Divisions
X axis
Y axis
Time/div
(ms)
Volt/div
(V)
Amp(V)
Time Period
(ms)
Page 34
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
RESULT:
Page 35
Exp No:
Date:
PRECISION RECTIFIERS
AIM: To design and set up precision half wave and full wave rectifier circuits.
COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Equipments / Components
Op amp
Specification / Range
Quantity
Resistors
Diode
Power Supply
Signal generator
Bread board
CRO
DESIGN:
I) For Half Wave Rectifier
To produce a 2V peak output from a sine wave input with a peak value of 0.5V and frequency of 1 KHz.
Let I1 = 500A
R1
Vo
Vi
0.5V
2V
= 500 A 1k and R2
= 500 A 4k (use 3.9k standard value)
I1
I1
R3 = R1
To produce a 2V peak output from a sine wave input with a peak value of 0.5V and frequency of 1 KHz.
Let I1 = 500A
R1
Vi
0.5V
= 500 A 1k and
I1
R3 = R1
R4 = R5 =R1 = 1K
For the output to be 2V when the input is 0.5V
R6
Vo
R5 = 2V 1K 4k (use 3.9k standard value)
VI
0.5V
R 7 = R4
R5
Page 36
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Half Wave Rectifier
MODEL GRAPH:
Page 37
OBSERVATION:
No: of Divisions
X axis
Y axis
Time/div
(ms)
Volt/div
(V)
Amp(V)
Time Period
(ms)
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Page 38
Exp No:
Date:
Specification / Range
Quantity
Resistors
Capacitors
Power Supply
Signal generator
Bread board
CRO
DESIGN:
Assume C 2 0.01 F, f 1K Hz
XC1 R2 .
1
R2 .
2 fC 2
R2
1
R2 . 11.6 K
2 fC 2
R3 R2 . 11.6 K 10 K 1K
C2 C3 0.01 F
for second order
RF
1 R1 1.586
Assume R1 10K
then RF 5.86K 5.6 K 270
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Page 39
MODEL GRAPH:
OBSERVATION:
Vin=1V
f(Hz)
Vo (V)
Av(dB)
PROCEDURE:
Page 40
1. Construct the second order low pass filter circuit shown in the figure.
2. Manually trace the circuit to check the correctness of physical connection.
3. Calibrate the CRO.
4. Apply a 1V, 100 Hz sinusoidal input signal and note down the output displayed on the oscilloscope.
5. Keeping the input amplitude constant increase the frequency of the input signal.
6. Record the output voltage and frequency on the tabular column.
7. Plot the frequency response characteristics and mark the filter cut off frequency.
RESULT:
Exp No:
Date:
Specification / Range
Quantity
Page 41
Op amp
Resistors
Capacitors
Power Supply
Signal generator
Bread board
CRO
DESIGN:
Assume C 2 0.01 F, f 1K Hz
XC1 R2 .
1
R2 .
2 fC 2
R2
1
R2 . 11.6 K
2 fC 2
R3 R2 . 11.6 K 10 K 1K
C2 C3 0.01 F
for second order
RF
1 R1 1.586
Assume R1 10K
then RF 5.86K 5.6 K 270
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MODEL GRAPH:
Page 42
OBSERVATION:
Vin=1V
f(Hz)
Vo (V)
Av(dB)
PROCEDURE:
1. Construct the second order high pass filter circuit shown in the figure.
2. Manually trace the circuit to check the correctness of physical connection.
3. Calibrate the CRO.
4. Apply a 1V, 100 Hz sinusoidal input signal and note down the output displayed on the oscilloscope.
5. Keeping the input amplitude constant increase the frequency.
6. Record the output voltage and frequency on the tabular column.
7. Plot the frequency response characteristics and mark the filter cut off frequency.
Page 43
RESULT:
Exp No:
Date:
Specification / Range
Quantity
Resistors
Capacitors
Power Supply
Signal generator
Bread board
CRO
Page 44
DESIGN:
R1
R2
2
R2 2QX C at f o
R4
R1
2Q 2 1
fo
= 15.2
B
Assume R3 R2 =120K
2Q
0.0403F
Thus C=
2f o R2
Choose the value of C1 = C2 = C
R2
= 60K
2
R1
R4
= 130.13 (use 150 standard value)
2Q 2 1
R1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MODEL GRAPH:
Page 45
OBSERVATION:
Vin=1V
f(Hz)
Vo (V)
Av(dB)
PROCEDURE:
1. Construct the second order band pass filter circuit shown in the figure.
2. Manually trace the circuit to check the correctness of physical connection.
3. Calibrate the CRO.
4. Apply a 1V, 100 Hz sinusoidal input signal and note down the output displayed on the oscilloscope.
5. Vary the input frequency keeping the input amplitude constant.
6. Record the output voltage and frequency on the tabular column.
7. Plot the frequency response characteristics and mark the filter cut off frequency.
RESULT:
Page 46
Exp No:
Date:
(i) To design and set up a second order band pass filter for a cut off frequency f N = 1 KHz
(ii) To tabulate output voltage for various input frequencies by keeping input voltage constant.
(iii) To plot the gainVs frequency and find the 3dB cutoff frequency.
Specification / Range
Quantity
Resistors
Capacitors
Power Supply
Signal generator
Bread board
CRO
DESIGN:
Assume C=0.01F
1
fN
2RC
The value of is calculated by
1
R
2f N C
For R/2 use two R resistors in parallel for 2C connect two resistors in parallel
Page 47
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MODEL GRAPH:
OBSERVATION:
Vin=1V
f(Hz)
Vo (V)
Av(dB)
Page 48
PROCEDURE:
1. Construct the second order notch filter circuit shown in the figure.
2. Manually trace the circuit to check the correctness of physical connection.
3. Calibrate the CRO.
4. Apply a 1V, 100 Hz sinusoidal input signal and note down the output displayed on the oscilloscope.
5. Vary the input frequency keeping the input amplitude constant.
6. Record the output voltage and frequency on the tabular column.
7. Plot the frequency response characteristics and mark the filter cut off frequency.
RESULT:
Page 49
Exp No:
Date:
IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS
AIM: To familiarize with the electrical characteristics of 723 general purpose voltage regulators.
PINOUT DIAGRAM
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Page 50
Exp No:
Date:
Specification / Range
Quantity
Resistors
Capacitors
Power Supply
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Bread board
DESIGN:
Page 51
OBSERVATION:
Low voltage regulator
Line Regulation
Vin(V)
Load Regulation
IL(mA)
Vo(V)
Vo(V)
Load Regulation
Vo(V)
IL(mA)
Vo(V)
Page 52
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Low Voltage Regulator
MODEL GRAPH:
Page 53
PROCEDURE:
1. Check the IC and set up the circuit on the bread board as shown.
2. Manually trace the circuit to check the correctness of physical connection.
3. Calibrate the CRO.
4. Apply Vin from an unregulated power supply.
5. Connect a milli-ammeter and a rheostat in series with the output and connect a voltmeter in parallel.
6. To obtain the load regulation, vary the input and note down the corresponding variation in the output voltage.
7. To obtain the line regulation, vary the rheostat from no load to full load and observe the corresponding current
and voltage.
8. The line and load regulation characteristics can be plotted from the readings.
9. The same procedure can be repeated for fold back regulator.
10. For fold back regulators load regulation, after a particular point the voltage and current decreases suddenly from
a point. Note this point correctly.
11. Calculate the % load regulation using the expression:
VNL VFL
x 100.
VNL
Page 54
RESULT:
Exp No:
Date:
Specification / Range
Quantity
Resistors
Capacitors
Power Supply
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Bread board
DESIGN:
Page 55
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MODEL GRAPH:
Line Regulation
Load Regulation
OBSERVATION:
Line Regulation
Vin(V)
Load Regulation
Vo(V)
IL(mA)
Vo(V)
Page 56
PROCEDURE:
1. Check the IC and set up the circuit on the bread board as shown.
2. Manually trace the circuit to check the correctness of physical connection.
3. Calibrate the CRO.
4. Apply Vin from an unregulated power supply.
5. To obtain the load regulation, vary the input and note down the corresponding variation in the output voltage.
6. To obtain the line regulation, vary the rheostat from no load to full load and observe the corresponding current
and voltage.
7. The line and load regulation characteristics can be plotted from the readings.
RESULT:
Page 57
Exp No:
Date:
Specification / Range
Quantity
Resistors
Capacitors
Power Supply
Signal generator
Bread board
CRO
Design:
Assume f 0 2 KHz and
Q = 25
Where
1 /
LC
Q R C/L
Page 58
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MODEL GRAPH:
OBSERVATION:
Vin=1mV
f (Hz)
Vo (V)
Av in dB
Page 59
PROCEDURE:
1. Check the IC and set up the circuit on the bread board as shown.
2. Manually trace the circuit to check the correctness of physical connection.
3. Calibrate the CRO.
4. Apply Vin from a signal generator.
5. Vary the input and note down the corresponding variation in the output voltage.
6. The frequency response characteristics can be plotted from the readings.
RESULT:
Page 60
Exp No:
Date:
Specification / Range
Quantity
NAND IC
Comparator IC
Counter IC
Resistors
Signal Generator
Power Supply
Bread board
CRO
Page 61
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MODEL GRAPH:
OBSERVATION
Vin (V)
S0
OUTPUT
S1
S2
S3
Page 62
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the circuit in the bread board as shown in figure.
2. Manually trace the circuit to check the correctness of physical connection.
3. Calibrate the CRO.
4. Vary the dc voltage from 0 to 5V in steps.
5. Note the digital output from CRO.
6. Tabulate the input and output and plot it.
RESULT:
Page 63
Exp No:
Date:
Specification / Range
Quantity
NAND IC
Resistors
LEDs
Power Supply
Bread board
PINOUT OF LM 324
Page 64
DESIGN:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Page 65
PROCEDURE:
1. Test the ICs and set up the circuit on the bread board as shown.
2. Manually trace the circuit to check the correctness of physical connection.
3. Calibrate the CRO.
4. Vary the analog input from 0 to 5V and observe the output bits by placing LEDs.
RESULT:
Page 66
Exp No:
Date:
Specification / Range
Quantity
Resistors
Capacitors
Power Supply
Signal generator
Bread board
CRO
DESIGN:
Page 67
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
OBSERVATION
23
Digital Input
22
21
20
Output
Page 68
PROCEDURE:
1. Assemble the circuit as illustrated in figure.
2. Manually trace the circuit to check the correctness of physical connection.
3. Calibrate the CRO.
4. Observe the corresponding output of the op amp for different digital inputs.
RESULT:
Page 69
Exp No:
Date:
WINDOW DETECTOR
AIM: To design and set up a window detector to detect the voltage level between 2V and 3V using op-amps.
COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Equipments / Components
Op amp
Specification / Range
Quantity
Resistors
Diodes
Power Supply
Signal generator
Bread board
CRO
Page 70
DESIGN:
PROCEDURE:
1. Assemble the circuit on the bread board illustrated in figure.
2. Manually trace the circuit to check the correctness of physical connection.
3. Calibrate the CRO.
4. Apply a low frequency sine wave of amplitude 10V as input.
5. Observe the output on CRO.
6. For detecting negative peak voltage, reverse the directions of both diodes.
RESULT:
Page 71
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Page 72
MODEL GRAPH:
Exp No:
Date:
Page 73
Exp No:
Date:
Page 74
MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
AIM: To design and set up a monostable multivibrator using 555 timer Ic to obtain.
Specification / Range
Quantity
Resistors
Power Supply
Signal generator
Bread board
Capacitor
CRO
1m
10 K
0.1 * 1.1
Page 75
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MODEL GRAPH:
Trigger input
Output at pin 3
Output at pin 6
Page 76
PROCEDURE:
1. Assemble the circuit as illustrated in figure.
2. Manually trace the circuit to check the correctness of physical connection.
3. Calibrate the CRO.
4. Observe the corresponding output of the op amp for different digital inputs.
RESULT:
Page 77
Exp No:
Date:
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
AIM: To design and set up a astable multivibrator using 555 timer Ic.
COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Equipments / Components
LM555
Specification / Range
Quantity
1
Resistors
Power Supply
Bread board
Capacitor
CRO
T = TON + TOFF
T = 0.69( R A +2 RB )*C
f = 1/T =
1.45
( R A 2 RB )C
TOFF
*100
T
RB
100
D=
( R A 2 RB )
Let TON =0.7 m sec and TOFF =0.3ms
Choose C = 0.1f
% Duty cycle D =
Page 78
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MODEL GRAPH:
Output at pin 3
Output at pin 6
Page 79
PROCEDURE:
1. Assemble the circuit as illustrated in figure.
2. Manually trace the circuit to check the correctness of physical connection.
3. Calibrate the CRO.
4. Observe the corresponding output of the op amp for different digital inputs.
RESULT:
Page 80