Ch01 Coordinate Geometry

1
1A Sketch graphs of y = axm + bx n + c

where m = 1 or 2 and n = 1 or 2
1B Reciprocal graphs
1C Graphs of circles and ellipses
1D Graphs of hyperbolas
1E Partial fractions
1F Sketch graphs using partial fractions
Coordinate
geometry
areaS oF STudy
Sketch graphs of functions defined by:

f ( x ) = ax m + bx n for m, n = 1, 2 and
1
, their asymptotic behaviour,
f ( x) = 2
ax + bx + c
and nature and location of stationary points
Sketch graphs of ellipses from the general
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
+
=1
Cartesian relation:
a2
b2
Sketch graphs of hyperbolas (including

asymptotic behaviour) from the general
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
Cartesian relation:
= 1.
a2
b2
These do not involve consideration of focusdirectrix properties.
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10 Quick Questions
1a
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Interactivities
int-0834
Graphs of power
functions 1:
m = 1 and n = 1
int-0835
Graphs of power
functions 2:
m = 1 and n = 2.
int-0836
Graphs of power
functions 3:
m = 2 and n = 1.
int-0837
Graphs of power
functions 4:
m = 2 and n = 2.
Sketch graphs of y = ax m + bxn + c

In this section we shall be sketching graphs of functions of the form y = ax m + bxn + c
where m = 1 or 2 and n = 1 or 2.
Examples of such functions are:
1. y = 3x + 2 x 2, x 0, a = 3, b = 1, c = 0, m = 1, n = 2
2. y = 2 x2 + x 1 + 3, x 0, a = 2, b = 1, c = 3, m = 2, n = 1
2
3. y = 5x 3x 2 3, x 0, a = 5, b = 3, c = 3, m = 2, n = 2
4. y = 4x 1, x 1, 6, a = 4, c = 1, m = 1
5. y = x2 + 7x 1 + 6, x 0, a = 1, b = 7, c = 6, m = 2, n = 1
Vertical asymptote
The vertical asymptote occurs for the x-value that makes the denominator of the fractional part
of the function 0. When the denominator of a fraction is 0, the fraction, and hence the whole
function, will be undefined.
Chapter 1
Coordinate geometry
General algebraic reasoning
b
b
1. For graphs of the form y = ax m + x n + c, as | x | 0, | x n | 0, and hence n .
x
Therefore, | y | and thus the equation of the vertical asymptote is x = 0 the value that
makes the denominator 0.
2. For graphs of the type y = ax m + bxn + c, the vertical asymptote will always be x = 0 or the
y-axis, as the denominator of the fractional part is always x.
horizontal, oblique (sloping) or curved asymptote

To determine the non-vertical asymptote, cover up only the fractional part with your hand; the
part of the function you can still see is the equation of this asymptote.
When finding horizontal, oblique or curved asymptotes we consider very large values
of x. The reciprocal of very large values is very small, so the fractional part is close to 0 and
contributes very little to the value of y.
The value of y will become very close to the value of the function without the fractional
part hence the method for finding the asymptote.
Note: An oblique line is any line that is neither horizontal nor vertical.
General algebraic reasoning
b
For graphs of the form y = ax m + bn + c, as | x | , | x n | , and hence n 0 and so
x
x
becomes insignificant in size. Thus y ax m + c, making y = ax m + c an asymptote.
Note: If a = 0 then the asymptote will be horizontal; otherwise, it will be oblique or curved.
Worked exaMPle 1
Find the asymptotes for the function with the equation y = 3x

Think
1
2
.
x2
WriTe
Find the vertical asymptote by considering values

of x that make the denominator 0.
y = 3x
2
x2
2
, and hence | y | .
x2
Vertical asymptote: x = 0
2
As | x | , 2 0, and hence y 3x.
x
As | x | 0,
Find the horizontal or oblique asymptote by

considering large values of x or covering the
fractional part of the equation.
Oblique asymptote: y = 3x
Sketching the graphs of rational functions

This process involves several steps.
Step 1. Break the given function into two separate, simpler functions.
Step 2. Sketch the graph of each of the separate functions on the one set of axes. Do this in
pencil and use either colour or some distinguishing feature (for example dotted and
dashed lines) for each graph.
Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics for the Casio ClassPad
Step 3. Determine the asymptotes of the original function and pencil in how the graph of the
function approaches these asymptotes.
You should remember to consider:
1. large positive values for x
2. large negative values for x
3. values very close to and either side of the vertical asymptote.
Step 4. Work out the x-intercept(s), y-intercept and turning points for the given function to give
greater accuracy.
Worked exaMPle 2
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1
Sketch the graph of the function y = 4 x 2 + , x 0 (do not include the
x
turning points).
Think
1
1
into two functions:
x
1
y1 = 4x2 and y2 = .
x
Divide y = 4 x 2 +
Consider y1 = 4x2.
(a) This is an upright parabola. We need to state the
vertex and find several points either side of the
vertex to give an idea of the shape.
(b) Sketch y1 = 4x2.
Tutorial
int-0354
Worked example 2
WriTe
1
Let y1 = 4x2 and y2 = .
x
The graph y1 = 4x2 is an upright parabola

with vertex at (0, 0).
Let x = 1, y1 = 4(1)2
=4
The points (1, 4) and by symmetry (1, 4),
are on the parabola.
y
4
y1 4x 2
1
Consider y2 = .
x
(a) This graph is a hyperbola. We need to state the
asymptotes and points on the curve either side of
the vertical asymptote.
0 1
1
For y2 = :
x
Vertical asymptote is x = 0.
Horizontal asymptote is y2 = 0.
1
Let x = 1, y2 = 1 = 1,
so (1, 1) is on the hyperbola.
Let x = 1, y2 =
1
1
= 1,
so (1, 1) is on the hyperbola.
Chapter 1
Coordinate geometry
(b) Sketch y2 =
1
on the same axes as y1 = 4x2.
x
4
y1 4x 2
y2
1
1
0 1
1
Consider the graph of y = 4 x 2 + .
x
(a) Let y = 0 to calculate the x-intercepts.
1
For y = 4 x 2 + :
x
At x-intercept, y = 0.
(b) Multiply both sides by x.
1
=0
x
1
x 4x2 + x = 0 x
x
4 x3 + 1 = 0
1
x
4x2 +
(c) Solve for x3.
x3 =
(d) Take the cube root of both sides to obtain x.
Write down the equations of the asymptotes.
Consider behaviour near asymptotes.

(a)For x > 0, both y1 and y2 are positive and as x ,
y1 and y2 0.
(b) Therefore, y y1 from above the graph of y1.
(c)For x < 0, y1 > 0 and y2 < 0 and as x , y1
and y2 0.
(d) Therefore, y y1 from below the graph of y1.
(e)Consider values of x either side of the vertical
asymptote.
x=3
x=
(e) Let x = 0 to determine the y-intercept.
1
1
4
0.63
No y-intercept as the y-axis is a vertical
asymptote.
Asymptotes are x = 0 and
y = 4x2.
As x , y1 and y2 0+.
So y y1 from above the graph
of y1.
As x , y1 and y2 0.
So y y1 from below the graph of y1 (as
y2 is negative).
As x 0+, y1 0 and is positive and
y2 .
So y y2 from above the graph.
As x 0, y1 0 and is positive and
y2 .
So y y2 from above the graph
of y2.
1
Sketch the graph of y = 4 x 2 + on the same axes as
x
y1 and y2.
Approach
from above
Approach
from above
y
6
Approach
from below
y 4x 2 1x , x x 0
3
y 4x2
y 1x
y
0.63
0
2
Approach
from above
Stationary points (turning points)

When we are working with turning points, we need to remember the following.
dy
1. The derivative of functions of the form y = axn is
= nax n 1
dx
dy
2. To determine a local maximum or a local minimum we solve
= 0 for x.
dx
3. Distinguish between the maximum and minimum values by examining the sign of
dy
dx
around the x-value(s) found in the step above. The table below will help you.
dy
If
= 0 when x = a, the following applies.
dx
Local minimum
Local maximum
x<a
x=a
x>a
x<a
x=a
x>a
dy
<0
dx
dy
=0
dx
dy
>0
dx
dy
>0
dx
dy
=0
dx
dy
<0
dx
slope is
negative
slope is zero
slope is
positive
slope is
positive
slope is zero
slope is
negative
Worked Example 3
1
Find the local maximum and minimum values of y, for y = 4 x 2 + .
x
Think
Write
1
x
2
y = 4x + x 1
To find the derivative, express the rule in index form.
y = 4x2 +
Differentiate.
dy
= 8x x 2
dx
Chapter 1 Coordinate geometry
dy
= 0,
dx
8x x 2 = 0
8x (x2) x 2(x2) = 0(x2)

8x3 1 = 0
8x3 = 1
At local maximum and minimum points, dy = 0 .

dx
For
To solve, multiply both sides by x2.
Rearrange.
x3 =
x=
Take the cube root of both sides.
Find the corresponding y-value by substituting x =

1
into y = 4 x 2 + .
x
Evaluate.
State the turning point.
10
Determine if 1 , 3 is a maximum or minimum.

2
1
8
1
2
11
1 , 3 is the turning point.

2
x<
dy
.
dx
1
2
dy
<0
dx
(14)
dy
=0
dx
x>
x2 + 2
including all asymptotes and intercepts.
3x
Think
WriTe/diSPlay
On the Graph & Tab screen, complete the

entry line as:
x2 + 2
3x
Tick the y1 box and tap:
!
y1 =
1
2
dy
>0
dx
(7)
1 , 3
2 is a local minimum.
State the nature of the turning point.
Sketch the graph of y =
1
2
dy
.
dx
Worked exaMPle 4
x=
For x > 12 : pick a value greater than 12 , say x = 1,

and evaluate
13
1
1
y = 4 2 +

1
2
1
= 4 4 + 2

=1+2=3
For x < 2 : as x = 0 is a vertical asymptote we need

1
1
to pick a value of x between 0 and 2 , say x = 4 , and
evaluate
12
1
2
To determine the equation of the oblique

x2 + 2
asymptote, divide y =
into two
3x
functions.
To do this, tap:
Action
Transformation
propFrac
Complete the entry line as:
propFrac(f(x))
Then press E.
Write the equations of the asymptotes.
To determine the turning points, tap:

Action
Command
Define
x2 + 2
Define f ( x ) =
and press E. Then tap:
3x
Action
The equations of the asymptotes are:

1
x = 0 and y = x .
3
Advanced
solve
d
solve ( ( f ( x ) = 0, x ) and press E.
dx
5
To find the y-coordinates of the stationary

points by substitution, complete the entry
lines as:
f ( 2)
f ( 2 )
Press E after each entry.
Sketch the graph of y =
d x2 + 2
= 0 for x gives x = 2 or x = 2.
dx 3 x
The coordinates of the stationary points are:
2 2
Local minimum 2 ,
Solving
2 2
Local maximum 2 ,
3
y
10
x2 + 2.
3x
x 0 (Asymptote)
10
1
y x (Asymptote)
3
x
10
5
10
REMEMBER
To sketch graphs of functions of the form y = axm + bxn + c where m = 1 or 2 and

n = 1 or 2:
Step 1. Break the given function into two separate simpler functions.
Step 2. Sketch the graph of each of the separate functions created, on the one set of axes.
Step 3.Determine the asymptotes of the original function and pencil in how the graph of
the function approaches these asymptotes. Consider:
(a) large positive values for x
(b) large negative values for x
(c) values very close to, and either side of, the vertical asymptote.
Step 4.Work out the x-intercept(s), y-intercept and turning point for the given function to
give greater accuracy.
Exercise
1A
Sketch graphs of y = axm + bx n + c where

m = 1 or 2 and n = 1 or 2
1 WE1
a y=
Find the asymptotes for each of the following.

2
+ 2x
x
d y = 3 x2
g y=
4
+x2
x
1
e y 2 = x2
x
8
h y = + 2x + 1
x
b y=
2
x
1
4x2 + 3
x
4
+ 2x
x
4
f y= x+ 2 2
x
c y=
2 MC For each of the following equations, choose the alternative that gives the correct
asymptotes.
6
a y = + 5 x
x
A y = 6 and x = 5
B y = 5x and x = 0
C y = 5 and x = 0
D y = 5x and x = 0
E x = 0
4
b y = 2 x + 1
x
A y = 2x + 1 and x = 0 B y = 4 and x = 2
C y = 2x + 1 and x = 0
D y = 2x 1 and x = 0
E x = 0 and y = 1
6
c y = x 2 4 x +
x
A y = x2 4x and x = 0
B y = 4 and x = 6
C y = x2 4 and x = 6
D y = 4 and x = 0
E y = x 2, y = x + 2 and x = 0
7
d y = 9 + 2 4 x
x
A y = 9 and x = 0
B y = 9 4x and x = 7
C y = 9 + 4x and x = 0
D y = 4x and x = 0
E y = 9 4x and x = 0
3 WE2
Sketch the graph of each function given in Question 1. (Do not include the turning
points.)
4 WE3
For each of the functions given in Question 1, find the local maximum and/or
minimum values of y.
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For each of the following equations, choose the alternative that gives the correct graph.
6
a y = 3x
x
MC
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Spreadsheet 125
Single graph
plotter
3x
0
5
3 x
3 x
c y = x2
2
x2
y
8
3x
3x
0
5
3
3x
1 0
0 1
x
3 3
0 1
1 0
d y = 3x 1 +
y
0
1
5
x2
y
8
b y = 3
5
3
5
x
B
x
0
1
y
0 1
D
x
y
0 3
1
x
0
1
We4 Sketch the graphs of each of the following, showing stationary points (max. and min.),
intercepts and asymptotes.
16
9
4x2 + 1
x 2 3x + 2
d y=
a y = 2 + x2
b y= x
c y=
x
x
x
x
3
2
1
1
1
x + 3x 4
h y = 2 x
e y = + 8x 2
f y=
g y= 2 +x2
2
x
x
x
x
(Hint: When finding x-intercepts, use the factor theorem to find a factor.)
Chapter 1
Coordinate geometry
7 The volume of a solid cylinder is 128 cm3.

256
a Show that the total surface area, A cm2, is A = 2r2 + r where r > 0.
b Sketch the graph of A against r. State the equation of any asymptotes and the coordinates
of the stationary point.
c Hence, find the exact minimum total surface area.
8 A box with a volume of 400 cm3 has the shape of a
rectangular prism. It has a fixed height of 25 cm, a length
of y cm and a width of x cm.
If A cm2 is the total surface area:
a Express A in terms of x.
b Sketch the graph of A against x.
c Find the minimum total surface area of the box and
the dimensions in this case.
1B
eBook plus
Interactivity
int-0831
Reciprocal
graphs
reciprocal graphs
This technique involves sketching the graph of y =
25 cm
y cm
x cm
1 from the graph of y = f (x).

f ( x)
1
1
, the graph of y =
approaches the vertical asymptote(s).
f ( x)
f ( x)
1
2. Therefore, the graph of y =
will have vertical asymptotes at the x-intercepts of y = f (x).
f ( x)
1
1
3. When f (x) ,
0, the graph of y = f ( x ) approaches the horizontal asymptote
f ( x)
(the x-axis in this case).
4. These graphs also have common points:
1
(a) When f (x) = 1, f ( x ) = 1. The graphs are in the same quadrant.
1
(b) When f (x) < 0, f ( x ) < 0.
1. When f (x) 0, y =
1
(c) When f (x) > 0, f ( x ) > 0.
5. The x-intercepts of f (x) determine equations of the asymptotes for the reciprocal of the functions.
6. The minimum turning point of f (x) gives the maximum turning point of the reciprocal function.
7. The maximum turning point of f (x) gives the minimum turning point of the reciprocal function.
1
Note: If y =
then:
f ( x)
1. for f (x) = 1, y = 1 and for f (x) = 1, y = 1
2. and for f (x) < 0, y > 0 and for f (x) > 0, y < 0.
Worked exaMPle 5
1
Sketch the graph of the function y = 2
, x 3 from
x 9
the given graph of y1 = x2 9.
y
6
4
2
y1 x2 9
4 3 2 1 0 1
2
4
6
8
10
10
3 4x
Think
1
WRITE
Sketch the graph of the function y1 = x2 9 as given.
y
6
4
2
y1 x2 9
4 3 2 1 0 1
2
4
6
8
10
2
Work out the asymptotes for y =
For the y-intercept, x = 0.
Draw a diagram based on the

information gathered so far.
x2
1 .
9
The x-intercepts of y1 = x2 9 are x = 3.

1
are
The vertical asymptotes for y = 2
x 9
x = 3.
The horizontal asymptote is y = 0.
The y-intercept is (0,
As x , y approaches 0 from the positive direction

(y 0+)
As x approaches 3 from the negative direction
(x 3), y
).
0
19
0
19
0
19
3 4x
As x 3+, y
As x + 3, y
11
As x +3+, y
As x , y 0+
19
To determine the shape of the graph near the y-intercept,

evaluate the value of y when x is 1 and 2.
1 .
Sketch the graph of y = 2
x 9
5 4 3
2 1
x 3
y
6
4
2
0 1
(0,
19 )
2
4
6
8
10
3 4
1
y x
2 9
x3
The following examples show a different approach to sketching reciprocal functions.

Worked Example 6
Sketch the graphs of f(x) and g(x) on the same set of axes where f(x) = x2 - 2x - 3 and
g(x) =
1
, x 3, -1.
x2 2 x 3
Think
12
WRITE
The graph of f(x) is an upright

parabola, as a = 1.
Calculate the x-intercept.
x-intercepts:

x2 2x 3 = 0
so
(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
so x 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
and x = 3
or
x = 1
State the coordinates of the x-intercepts.
The x-intercepts are (3, 0) and (1, 0).
Calculate the y-intercept.
y-intercept:
f(0) = 3
The y-intercept is (0, 3).
The vertex or turning point x-coordinate

is halfway between the x-intercepts.
Turning point:
x=
1 + 3
=1
5 x
f (1) = (1)2 2(1) 3

=123
= 4
The turning point is (1, 4).
Substitute to find the y-value of the turning point.
Sketch the graph of f (x) = x2 2x 3. (See below.)
Use the above to determine important

1
.
features for g(x) = 2
x 2x 3
For g(x) =
Vertical asymptotes occur when f (x) has its

x-intercepts.
Vertical asymptotes:
x = 3 and x = 1
1
:
2 x 3)
1
=
( x 3) ( x + 1)
(x2
1
| x | , x 2 2 x 3 0+, and so g(x) 0+
10
Find the horizontal asymptotes.
The horizontal asymptote is g(x) = 0.
11
The reciprocal of the turning point for f (x) is a

turning point for g(x).
The reciprocal of the turning point (1, 4)

1
is (1, 4 ).
12
Wherever f (x) = 1 or 1, g(x) = 1 or 1.

1
As g(x) = f ( x ) , the graphs of f (x) and g(x) are in
the same quadrants.
13
14
y
3
2
g(x)
x2 2x 3
Sketch the graph of g(x) on the same axes as f (x).
0 1
5 4 3 2 1
2
3 4
(1, 14 )
5 x
2
f(x) x2 2x 3
(1, 4)
x 1
x3
Worked exaMPle 7
eBook plus
Sketch the graphs of f (x) and g(x) on the same set of axes where:
f (x) = (x + 3)2 and g(x) =
Think
1
Tutorial
int-0355
1 ,
x 3.
( x + 3) 2
Worked example 7
WriTe
Work out important features for

f (x) = (x + 3)2.
This is an inverted parabola, as a = 1.
Calculate the x-intercept(s).
x-intercepts:
State the coordinates of the x-intercepts.
The x-intercept is (3, 0).
(x
+ 3)2 = 0
(x + 3)2 = 0
x+3=0
x = 3
Chapter 1
Coordinate geometry
13
The y-intercept:
f(0) = (0 + 3)2
= (9)
= 9
As the graph touches the x-axis at (3, 0), it must also

turn at this point. Hence, (3, 0) is the turning point.
Sketch the graph of f(x). (See below.)
1
:
For g(x) =
(
x
+
3)2
1 .
features for g(x) =
( x + 3)2
Vertical asymptotes occur when f(x) has its x-intercepts. Vertical asymptote: x = 3
Find the horizontal asymptotes.

1
0, and so g(x) 0
|x| ,
( x + 3)2
We cannot take the reciprocal of the turning point
The horizontal asymptote is g(x) = 0.
for f(x) as the reciprocal of 0 is not defined it was
worked out in Step 7 above that this was the vertical
asymptote.
6
7
8
The y-intercept of g(x) is the reciprocal of the

y-intercept of f(x).
10
11
12
The y-intercept is (0,
1
9
).
1
then g(x) = 1 or 1
f ( x)
when f(x) = 1 or 1.
Since g(x) =
1
, the graphs of f(x) and g(x) are in
f ( x)
the same quadrants.
Sketch the graph of g(x) on the same axes as f(x).
As g(x) =
y
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1
g(x) 2
(x 3)
2
4
6
8
9
10
f(x) = (x 3)2
x 3
Worked Example 8
Sketch the graphs of f(x) and g(x) on the same set of axes where:
1
.
f(x) = x2 + 4x + 5 and g(x) = 2
x + 4x + 5
Think
Work out important features for f(x) = x2 + 4x + 5.
14
WRITE
12
14
0 1
(0, 19 )
This is an upright parabola, as a = 1.
Find the x-value of the turning point by

dy
solving
= 0 or f (x) = 0.
dx
f (x) = 2x + 4
For f (x) = 0,
2x + 4 = 0
2x = 4
x = 2
Evaluate f(x) when x = 2.
f(2) = (2)2 + 4(2) + 5

=48+5
=1
As the parabola is upright and turns at (2, 1) it is

completely above the x-axis and hence there is no
x-intercept.
There is no x-intercept.
y-intercept:
f(0) = 5
By symmetry (4, 5) is also on
the curve.
Sketch the graph of f(x). (See below.)

1
.
features for g(x) = 2
x + 4x + 5
7
Since there are no x-intercepts for f(x), g(x)

has no vertical asymptotes.
There are no vertical asymptotes.
Find the horizontal asymptote.
|x| ,
x2
1
0,
+ 4x + 5
and so g(x) 0.
The horizontal asymptote is
f(x) = 0.
9
The vertex of g(x) is the reciprocal of the vertex

of f(x).
10
The y-intercept for g(x) is the reciprocal of the

y-intercept of f(x).
11
Since g(x) =
12
Sketch the graph of g(x) on the same axes as f(x).
The vertex is (2, 1).

1
The y-intercept is (0, 5 ).
1
the graphs of f(x) and g(x) are in
f ( x)
the same quadrants.
y
6
f(x) x2 4x 5
1
g(x)
2
( 2, 1)
x 4x 5
(0, 15 )
1
15
REMEMBER
1. To sketch the graph of y = 1 from the graph of y = f(x):

f ( x)
(a) find the vertical asymptote at the x-intercepts of f(x)
(b) the horizontal asymptote is the x-axis
(c) find the common points when f(x) = 1.
2. The graphs are in the same quadrant, that is, f(x) < 0, 1 < 0 and f(x) > 0, 1 > 0.
f ( x)
f ( x)
Note: If y = 1 then:
f ( x)
1. f(x) = 1, y = 1 and f(x) = 1, y = 1
2. f(x) < 0, y > 0 and f(x) > 0, y < 0.
Exercise
1B
Reciprocal graphs
1 WE5
Sketch the graph of each of the following functions from the
given graph.
a y=
1
, x 2
x2 4
b y=
y
8
y
2
6 y x 4
4
2
3 2 1 0 1
2
4
6
c y=
x2
4
2
2x
5
2
1
, x 3, 1
x2 4x + 3
(0, 3)
2
1 0 1(2, 1)3 4 5 x
2
4
f y=
x2
1
, x 0, 2
+ 2x
y
4
2 (1, 1)
y 2x 5 y
30
1
(2 2 , 0)
(0, 5)
15 10 5 0 5 10 x
10
20
30
16
yx2
y
8
y x2 4x 3
6
,x
20
10
d y=
4
1
0 1
4 3 2
( 1, 1) 2
4
4
2
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 x
2
1
, x 0, 2
+ 2x
2x + 5
3x
y
y x2 2x 8
6
e y=
1
, x 2
x+2
2 1 0 1 2 3 4 x
2
4
y x2 2x
6
8
g y=
1
3
,x 2
2
4x 9
h y=
y
10
5
( 32 , 0)
y
y
4
4x2 9
( 32 , 0)
3 2 1 0 1 2
5
10 (0, 9)
15
2x2
3
,1
2
y 2x2 5x 3
( 54 , 18 )
1 0 1
2
3
4
6
8
3 x
1
,x
+ 5x 3
3
2
4 x
2 Sketch the graph of each of the following functions, f(x) and g(x), on the same set of axes.
Show all asymptotes with equations and turning points.
1 ,
a WE6
f(x) = x 4, g(x) =
x4
x4
1 ,
b f(x) = x2 4x, g(x) = 2
x 0, 4
x 4x
1 ,
c f(x) = 3 x, g(x) =
x3
3 x
d f(x) = x2 + 3x + 2, g(x) =
e f(x) = 3x + x2, g(x) =
1
, x 1, 2
x 2 + 3x + 2
1 ,
x 3, 0
3x + x 2
1
, x 1, 3
3
8x 3
1 ,
WE7 f(x) = (x 4)2, g(x) =
x4
( x 4) 2
1 ,
f(x) = (x + 3)2, g(x) = x
x 3
( + 3)2
1
,x2
f(x) = x2 + 4x 4, g(x) = 2
x + 4x 4
1
1
1
,
f(x) = x2 + x + 4 , g(x) = 2
1 x 2
x +x+4
f f(x) = 3x2 8x 3, g(x) =

g
h
i
j
3x 2
1
+2
1
2
l f(x) = x + 2x + 4, g(x) = 2
x + 2x + 4
1
.
3 MC Consider the function f(x) = 2
x + 4x + 3
a f(x) has asymptotes with equations:
A x = 1, x = 3 and y = 0 B x = 1, x = 3 and y = 0
C x = 1, x = 3 and y = 0 D x = 1, and x = 3 only
1
E x = 0, and y = 3
k WE8 f(x) = x2 + 2, g(x) =
x2
b The y-intercept and turning point are respectively:

A (0, 3) and (2, 1)
B (0, 3) and (2, 1)
1
C (0, 3 ) and (2, 1)
D (0, 3 ) and (2, 1)
E (0, 3 ) and (2, 1)
17
c The graph of f (x) is best represented by:

A
1
1
1 2 3
3 2 1
01
1
3 2 1 0
1
3 2 1 0
1
4 A box in the shape of a rectangular prism has a base of length x cm and width (4 x) cm.
a Express the area of the base, A cm2, in terms of x.
b If the volume of the box is fixed at 1 cm3, express the height, h cm, in terms of x.
c Determine the height of the box when the length of the base is 3.95 cm.
d Sketch the graph of h against x.
e Find the minimum height of the box and the dimensions in this case.
a
5 The graph shown has the form y = 2
.
x 3
x 5
x + bx + c
y
Find the values of a, b and c.
0
1
(4, 1)
1C
Graphs of circles and ellipses

Graphs of circles
Interactivity
All points P(x, y) which satisfy the relation x2 + y2 = r 2 lie on a circle with
centre (0, 0) and radius r.
y
r
0
18
eBook plus
P (x, y)
x
int-0338
Elliptical graph
If the points P(x, y) are translated (h, k) units then the relation becomes
(x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2
This relation represents a circle with centre (h, k) and radius r.
y
r
P (x h, y k)
(h, k)
P (x, y) Assumes h, k 0
x
Worked Example 9
Sketch the graph of the circle with centre (-4, 3) and radius 2.
Write the Cartesian equation of this circle.
Think
1
Write the equation in the form

(x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2
where h = 4, k = 3 and r = 2.
Sketch its graph.
WRITE
The equation is
(x + 4)2 + (y 3)2 = 4
y
5
4
3
2
1
4, 3)
Worked Example 10
Sketch the graph of x2 + y2 + 6x + 4y 3 = 0.

State the coordinates of the centre and the radius.
Think
WRITE
Complete the square in x and y.
x2 + 6x + y2 + 4y 3 = 0
(x + 3)2 9 + (y + 2)2 4 3 = 0
Express the equation in standard

circle form.
(x + 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 16
Recognise that this is a circle and state the centre

and the radius.
This represents a circle with centre (3, 2) and

radius 4.
19
Find the x- and y-intercepts.
x-intercepts:
y = 0 x2 + 6x 3 = 0
6
48
x=
x = 2 3 3
and
x = 2 33
y-intercepts:
x = 0 y2 + 4y - 3 = 0
4 28
2
y=
y= 72
and
y= 72
Sketch its graph.
( 23 3, 0)
y
2
1
(0, 7 2)
(3 3, 0)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 x
1
2
3, 2)
3
4
5 (0, 7 2)
6
Parametric equations of circles

The rule for a relation can sometimes be expressed in terms of a third variable called a
parameter.
For the Cartesian equation of a circle x2 + y2 = r2, the variables x and y can be expressed in
terms of a parameter t, so that the parametric equations are:
and
so

x = r cos (t)
y = r sin (t),
where t [0, 2]
x2 + y2 = r2 cos2 (t) + r2sin2 (t)

= r2 (cos2 (t) + sin2 (t))
(since cos2 (t) + sin2 (t) = 1)
= r2
Note: If t [0, 2] a full circle is obtained; if t [0, ], a semicircle is obtained.

For the Cartesian equation of a circle (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2, the parametric equations are:

and
x = h + r cos (t)
y = k + r sin (t),
These can also be written as x(t) = h + r cos (t) and y(t) = k + r sin (t).
20
The domain (x) and range (y) of the Cartesian equation can be determined from the range of
these respective parametric equations.
That is, the domain of the Cartesian equation is the range of x(t) and the range of the
Cartesian equation is the range of y(t).
Worked Example 11
Find the Cartesian equation of the circle with parametric equations x = 1 + 2 cos () and
y = 3 + 2 sin (), [0, 2]. State the domain and range of the circle.
Think
Write
Rewrite the parameters by isolating cos () and sin ().
x 1 = cos () and y 3 = sin ()

2
2
Square both sides of each equation then add them.
( x 1)2 ( y 3)2
= cos2 () + sin2 ()
+
4
4
Use the Pythagorean identity: sin2 () + cos2 () = 1.
Express the relation in standard circle form.
The domain is the range of the parametric

equation x = 1 + 2 cos ().
Domain is [1 2, 1 + 2] = [1, 3]
The range is the range of the parametric

equation y = 3 + 2 sin ().
Range is [3 2, 3 + 2] = [1, 5]
( x 1)2 ( y 3)2
+
=1
4
4
(x 1)2 + (y 3)2 = 4
Graphs of ellipses
If a circle with Cartesian equation x2 + y2 = 1 is dilated
by a factor a from the y-axis and by a factor b from the
x-axis then all points P(x, y) on the circle become the
points P(ax, by) as shown at right. The basic equation
of an ellipse is:
x2
a2
y2
b2
y
1 P(x, y)
0
y
b
a
Pa(ax, by)
ax
=1
Its graph is shaped like an elongated circle

see graph at right.
This ellipse:
1. is centred at (0, 0)
2. has vertices at (a, 0), (a, 0) (found by letting y = 0
and solving), and (0, b) and (0,b) (found by letting
x = 0 and solving).
If this curve were shifted h units to the right and
k units up, then the centre would move to (h, k) and its
equation would become:
y
b
ax
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
+
=1
a2
b2
Note: If a = b then the equation becomes
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
+
= 1 and can be rearranged
a2
a2
to (x h)2 + (y k)2 = a2 (by multiplying both sides by a2). This is the equation of a circle.
21
2
2
For an ellipse in the form ( x h) + ( y k ) = 1 we can deduce the following, which will
a2
b2
help us to sketch the ellipse:
1. (h, k) are the coordinates of the centre of the ellipse.
2. The vertices are (-a + h, k), (a + h, k), (h, -b + k), (h, b + k).
Notes
1. a is half the length of the major axis (axis of symmetry parallel to the x-axis if a > b),
(axis of symmetry parallel to the y-axis if a < b).
2. b is half the length of the minor axis (axis of symmetry parallel to the y-axis if a > b),
(axis of symmetry parallel to the x-axis if a < b).
3. a, b are lengths and so are positive values.
Worked Example 12
Sketch the graph of the function
( x 1)2 ( y 2 )2
+
= 1.
25
9
Think
WRITE/Display
( x 1)2 ( y 2)2
+
= 1 with
25
9
Compare
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
+
= 1.
a2
b2
The major axis is parallel to the x-axis as a > b.
h = 1, k = 2 and so the centre is (1, 2).

a2 = 25
b2 = 9
a = 5
b=3
The extreme points (vertices) parallel to the

x-axis for the ellipse are:
(a + h, k)
(a + h, k)
Vertices are:
(5 + 1, 2)
= (4, 2)
(5 + 1, 2)
= (6, 2)

y-axis for the ellipse are:
(h, b + k)
(h, b + k)
and
(1, 3 + 2)
= (1, 1)
(1, 3 + 2)
= (1, 5)

On the Main screen, complete the entry line as:
( x 1)2 ( y 2)2
solve
+
= 1, x | y = 0
25
9
( x 1)2 ( y 2)2
+
= 1, y | x = 0
solve
9
25
The x-intercepts are:

35 5
3+ 5 5
,x=
3
3
The y-intercepts are:
x=
y=
22
10 6 6
10 + 6 6
,y=
5
5
Sketch the graph of the ellipse.
y
6
66
0, 10
(x 1)2
25
( 4, 2)
(1, 2)
2
2
66
0, 10
(1, 5)
4
3 55 ,
(y 2)

1
9
(6, 2)
6 x
(1, 1)
3 55 ,
Worked Example 13
Sketch the graph of the function
( x 2 )2 ( y + 4 )2
+
= 1.
9
16
Think
( x 2)2 ( y + 4)2
+
= 1 with
9
16
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
+
= 1.
a2
b2
WRITE/Display
h = 2, k = 4
So the centre is (2, 4).
a2 = 9
b2 = 16
a = 3
b=4
Compare
The major axis is parallel to the y-axis as b > a.

(a + h, k)
(a + h, k)
Vertices are:
(3 + 2, 4)
= (1, 4)

(h, b + k)
(h, b + k)
and
(2, 4 4)
= (2, 8)
(3 + 2, 4)
= (5, 4)
(2, 4 4)
= (2, 0)

On the Main screen, complete the entry
line as:
( x 2)2 ( y + 4)2
+
= 1, x | y = 0
solve
16
9
( x 2)2 ( y + 4)2
solve
+
= 1, y | x = 0
16
9
The x-intercept is x = 2.
The y-intercepts are:
y=
12 4
y=
12 +
5.
23
y
2
1
2
12 45
0,
3
0 (2, 0)
123456 x
(1, 4)
(2, 4)
12 45
0,
3
8 (2, 8)
10
(5, 4)
(x 2)2
(y + 4)

1
16
Worked Example 14
Sketch the graph of the function 5x2 + 9 (y - 2)2 = 45.

Think
1
WRITE/display
5x2 + 9(y 2)2 = 45
Rearrange and simplify by dividing both sides

by 45 to make the RHS = 1.
Simplify by cancelling.
Compare
h = 0, k = 2 and so the centre is (0, 2).

a2 = 9
b2 = 5 as a, b > 0
a = 3
b= 5

(a + h, k)
(a + h, k)
Vertices are:
(3 + 0, 2)
= (3, 2)

(h, b + k)
(h, b + k)
and (0, 5 + 2)
(0, 5 + 2)
or (0, 2 5)
(0, 0.24)
(0, 2 + 5)
(0, 4.24)
4
5
x 2 ( y 2)2
+
= 1 with
9
5
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
+
= 1.
a2
b2
Major axis is parallel to the x-axis as a > b.
5 x 2 9( y 2)2 45
+
=
45
45
45
2
2
x
( y 2)
+
=1
9
5
Find the x-intercepts.

On the Main screen, complete the entry
line as:
solve(5x2 + 9(y - 2)2 = 45, x) | y = 0
Then press E.
x=
24
(3 + 0, 2)
= (3, 2)
x=
3 5
5
y
6
(0, 2 5 ) 5x2 9(y 2)2 45
4
2 (0, 2)
( 3, 2)
4 3 2
35
,
5
1
0
(3, 2)
2 (0, 2 5 )
4x
35
,
5
Worked Example 15
Sketch the graph of the relation described by the rule:

25x2 + 150x + 4y2 8y + 129 = 0.
Think
1
To find the centre and the value of a and

b using the CAS calculator, on the Conics
screen tap:
q
Select the form of the equation (the sixth from
the top).
OK
25x2 + 4y2 + 150x - 8y + 129
Tap:
w
Select the form you want the equation to be
transformed into (i.e. the seventh from the
top).
OK
WRITE/display
25
The equation is transformed into the desired

format, so the centre and a and b values can
be determined.
To draw a sketch of the ellipse, tap:

^
Adjust to the required window size if needed.
Express the relation in the standard form of an

ellipse.
( x + 3)2 ( y 1)2
+
=1
4
25
State the coordinate of the centre and the

values of a and b.
The ellipse has its centre at (3, 1), with a = 2

and b = 5.
State the coordinates of the vertices.
Vertices are (5, 1), (1, 1) and (3, 4), (3, 6).
Find the x-intercepts. On the calculator, tap:

Analysis
G-Solve
x Intercept
To find the other intercept, use the right arrow
to move the cursor.
Alternatively on the Main screen, complete
the entry line as:
solve(25x2 + 4y2 + 150x - 8y + 129 = 0, x) | y = 0
Then press E.
Write the x-intercepts.
x=
x=
26
15 4
5
15 + 4
10

( 3, 6)
( 5, 1)
15 46 ,
( 3, 1)
6
( 1, 1)
3 1 0
4
( 3, 4)
15 46 ,
x
0
Parametric equations of ellipses
x2 y2
The parametric equations of an ellipse with Cartesian equation 2 + 2 = 1 are x = a cos (t) and
a
b
y = b sin (t), where t [0, 2]:
2
2
cos (t) + sin (t) = 1
y
x
but
cos (t) = a and sin (t) =
b
x2 y2
+
=1
so
a2 b2
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
+
=1
The parametric equations of an ellipse with Cartesian equation
a2
b2
are x = h + a cos (t) and y = k + b sin (t).
Worked Example 16
Determine the Cartesian equation of the curve with parametric equations x = 2 + 3 sin (t) and
y = 1 2 cos (t) where t R. Describe the graph and state its domain and range.
Think
WRITE/display
Use a CAS calculator to sketch the graph on

the Graph & Tab screen, in parametric mode,
by tapping:
Type
Param Type
xt1 = 2 + 3 sin(t)
yt1 = 1 - 2 cos(t)
!
Rewrite the parameters by isolating cos (t)

and sin (t).
Square both sides of each equation then add.
( x 2)2 ( y 1)2
= sin2 (t) + cos2 (t)
+
9
4
=1
Describe the relation.
This represents an ellipse with centre (2, 1).
x2
y 1
= sin (t) and = cos (t)
3
2
27
The domain is the range of the parametric

equation x = 2 + 3 sin (t).
Domain is [2 3, 2 + 3] = [1, 5]
The range is the range of the parametric

equation y = 1 2 cos (t).
Range is [1 2, 1 + 2 ] = [1, 3]
reMeMBer
For a circle with equation (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2:

1. The centre is (h, k) and the radius is r.
2. The parametric equations are x = h + r cos (t ) and y = k + r sin (t ).
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
+
= 1:
a2
b2
1. The centre of the ellipse is (h, k).
2. The vertices are (a + h, k), (a + h, k), (h, b + k), (h, b + k).
3. The parametric equations are x = h + a cos (t ) and y = k + b sin (t ).
The domain (x) and range (y) of the Cartesian equation can be determined from the
ranges, respectively, of these parametric equations.
For an ellipse with equation
exerCiSe
1C

1 We9
Write the equation of the circle with the following centres and radii.
a Centre (3, 1) and radius 2
b Centre (4, 3) and radius 6
c Centre (2, 0) and radius 3
d Centre (0, 1) and radius 3
2 We10
Find the coordinates of the centre and the radii of the circles with the following
equations. Sketch the graph in each case.
a x2 + y2 + 6x 4y + 12 = 0
b x2 + y2 4x 2y + 1 = 0
2
2
c x + y 5x = 0
d x2 + y2 + 10x 4y + 25 = 0
2
2
e 2x + 2y + 8x 6y = 0
f 3x2 + 3y2 + 9x 12y = 12
3 We11
Find the Cartesian equations of the circles with the following parametric
equations. State the domain and range of each.

a x = 2 cos (t), y = 2 sin (t), t [0, 2]
b x = 3 cos (2t), y = 3 sin (2t), t [0, ]
c x = 2 4 cos (t), y = 1 + 4 sin (t), t [0, ]
d x = 2 sin (t) 3, y = 2 + 2 cos (t), t R
4 MC For each of the equations below, choose the
correct alternative for the values of a, b, h, and k. (This
question is like Worked example 12, but dont draw the
graph.)
eBook plus
Digital doc
Spreadsheet 028
( x 4)2 ( y + 9)2
a
+
=1
81
64
A a = 9, b = 8, h = 4, k = 9
C a = 8, b = 9, h = 4, k = 9
E a = 9, b = 8, h = 4, k = 9
28
B a = 81, b = 64, h = 4, k = 9
D a = 9, b = 8, h = 4, k = 9
Ellipses
b x 2 ( y 2)2
=1
+
36
144
A a = 36, b = 144, h = 0, k = 2
C a = 6, b = 12, h = 0, k = 2
E a = 12, b = 6, h = 0, k = 2
c
( x + 3)2 ( y + 2)2
+
=1
81
4
A a = 9, b = 2, h = 3, k = 2
C a = 9, b = 2, h = 3, k = 2
E a = 81, b = 4, h = 3, k = 2
( x 12)2 y 2
+
=1
16
4
A a = 4, b = 2, h = 12, k = 0
C a = 16, b = 4, h = 12, k = 1
E a = 4, b = 2, h = 12, k = 0
5 WE12
B a = 36, b = 144, h = 1, k = 2
D a = 6, b = 12, h = 1, k = 2
B a = 81, b = 4, h = 3, k = 2
D a = 81, b = 4, h = 3, k = 2
B a = 2, b = 4, h = 12, k = 0
D a = 16, b = 4, h = 12, k = 1
Sketch the graph of the following functions.
( x 2)2 ( y 3)2
+
=1
9
4
( x 2)2 ( y + 4)2
+
=1
9
4
( x + 1)2 y 2
+
=1
9
5
x 2 ( y 4) 2
+
=1
9
4
( x 3)2 ( y 3)2
+
=1
25
4
( x 2)2 ( y + 3)2
+
=1
9
4
( x + 1)2 ( y 2)2
+
=1
16
5
( x + 2)2 ( y + 1)2
+
=1
9
7
6 WE13
Sketch the graph of the following functions.
( x 2)2 ( y + 3)2
+
=1
4
9
x 2 ( y + 3)2
+
=1
9
16
x2 y2
+
=1
9 15
x 2 ( y 4) 2
+
=1
9
25
x2 y2
+
=1
25 36
( x 2)2 ( y + 1)2
+
=1
8
9
( x 3)2 ( y 2)2
+
=1
9
36
( x + 3)2 y 2
+
=1
4
12
7 MC Consider the ellipse with the equation
( x + 3)2 ( y 2)2
+
= 1.
25
16
a The centre of the ellipse is:

A (3, 2)
B (3, 2)
C (3, 2)
D (2, 3)
E (2, 3)
b The maximum and minimum points on the ellipse are respectively:
A (2, 3) and (2, 3)
B (3, 7) and (3, 3)
C (3, 6) and (3, 2)
E (3, 2) and (3, 6)
D (2, 2) and (2, 8)
8 WE14 Sketch the graphs of the following functions.
a 9(x 5)2 + 16(y + 1)2 = 144
b 16x2 + 25y2 = 400
2
2
c 16(x 2) + 25y = 400
d 4(x 1)2 + 16(y + 3)2 = 64
e 16(x 2)2 + 9(y + 5)2 = 144
f 25(x 3)2 + 9(y + 2)2 = 225
29
9 We15 Sketch the graphs of the following functions.

a 9x2 72x + y2 4y + 112 = 0
b 9x2 + 16y2 + 32y 128 = 0
c 9x2 + 54x + 7y2 + 18 = 0
d 4x2 32x + 9y2 54y + 109 = 0
10 We16 Determine the Cartesian equation of each of the curves with the following parametric
equations. Describe the graph and state its domain and range.
a x = 2 sin (t), y = 3 cos (t), t [0, 2].
b x = 1 + 3 cos (t), y = 2 4 sin (t), t [0, 2].
c x = cos (2t) 2, y = 3 + 2 sin (2t), t [0, 2 ].

11 Give a pair of parametric equations which correspond to the following Cartesian equations.
x2 y2
a x2 + y2 = 9
b
+
=1
4
9
( x + 3)2 ( y 1)2
+
=1
c (x 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 16
d
25
9
1d
eBook plus
Interactivities
int-0832
Conical
hyperbola 1
int-0833
Conical
hyperbola 2
(conjugate)
Graphs of hyperbolas
Hyperbolas have the following important
characteristics.
1. The basic equation of a hyperbola centred at
x2 y2
(0, 0) is 2 2 = 1.
a
b
2. If this curve were shifted h units to the
right and k units up, then the centre would
move to (h, k) and its equation would
y
y ba x
( a, 0)
y ba x
a
(0, 0)
(a, 0)
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
= 1.
a2
b2
3. The basic form of a hyperbola centred at (0, 0) is shown at right.
The vertices for this curve are at (a, 0) and (a, 0) and the two asymptotes are given
b
b
x and y = x .
by y =
a
a
When the hyperbola is not centred at (0, 0):
become
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
x 2 y2
= 1, the points on 2 2 = 1 are

2
2
a
b
a
b
moved h units to the right and k units up (or x has been replaced with (x h) and y
replaced with (y k)).
2.Therefore,theverticesare(a + h, k), (a + h, k) and the centre is at (h, k).
b
b
3.Theasymptotesareat y k = ( x h) and y k =
( x h) or
a
a
b
b
y = ( x h) + k and y =
( x h) + k .
a
a
1. For the curve of the function
To draw sketches of hyperbolic relations we simply:

1. Rearrange the equation into the appropriate general form and determine the values
of a and b.
2. Write down the coordinates of the centre.
3. State the coordinates of the vertices.
4. Write down the equations of the asymptotes.
5. Sketch a hyperbolic graph which fits the above information.
30
Worked Example 17
Sketch the graph of the hyperbola with equation
x 2 y2
= 1.
9 25
Think
WRITE
The equation is in the correct form, so read

off the values of a, b, h and k.
As h = 0, k = 0, there are no translations.

a2 = 9
b2 = 25
a = 3
b=5
Write the coordinates of the centre.
The centre is at (0, 0).
Write the coordinates of the vertices.
The vertices are (3, 0) and (3, 0).
The asymptotes are y =
Draw the asymptotes, plot the vertices and

centre, and then sketch the hyperbola.
y 53 x
5
5
x and y = x .
3
3
y 53 x
10
5 (0, 0)
( 3, 0)
(3, 0)
8 6 4 2 0 2
5
10
x2
8x
y2

1
25
Worked Example 18
Sketch the graph of the hyperbola with the equation

Think
( x 3)2 ( y 2)2
= 1.
16
9
WRITE
The equation is in the correct form, so read

off the values of a, b, h and k.
h = 3, k = 2
a2 = 16
a = 4
The centre is (3, 2).
The vertices are (4 + 3, 2) and (4 + 3, 2) or (-1, 2)

and (7, 2).
The asymptotes:
b2 = 9
b=3
3
( x 3)
4
4(y 2) = -3(x 3)
4y 8 = -3x + 9
4y + 3x = 17
y2=
For each asymptote find the x- and

y-intercepts.
For 4y + 3x = 17
x = 0, 4y = 17
y = 17

4
(0,
17
)
4
y = 0, 3x = 17
3
( x 3)
4
4(y 2) = 3(x 3)
4y 8 = 3x 9
4y 3x = -1
y2=
For 4y 3x = 1
x = 0, 4y = 1
y=
(0,
4
1
4
y = 0, 3x = 1
31
x = 173
x=
(173 , 0)
( 3 , 0)
Find the x-intercepts of the function.
y = 0:
( x 3)2 ( 2)2
=1
16
9
x=
1
3
The x- and y-intercepts for 4y 3x = 1 are

too close to each other so use one of these
points, say ( 13 , 0), and the centre to sketch this
line as both asymptotes intersect here.
9 4 13
3
Plot the vertices and centre and then sketch

the hyperbola.
y
4y 3x 1
10
9 413 ,
5
( 1, 2)
10
5
10
9 413 ,
(3, 2)
(7, 2)
15 x
10
4y 3x 17
(x 3)2
16
2)
(y
1
9
Worked exaMPle 19
eBook plus
Sketch the graph of the hyperbola with equation 6x2 9(y 2)2 = 54.
Think
1
Rearrange the equation by dividing both

sides by 54 to make the RHS = 1.
Tutorial
WriTe
int-0356
Worked example 19
9(y
= 54
2
9( y 2)
54
=
54
54
54
6x2
2)2
6x2
x 2 ( y 2)2
=1
9
6
h = 0, k = 2, translation of 2 units up
a2 = 9 b2 = 6
a=3
b = 6 as a, b > 0
Simplify by cancelling.
Read off the values of h and k

Work out values of a and b.
The centre is at (0, 2).
The vertices are:(3 + 0, 2) and (3 + 0, 2) or (3, 2) and

(3, 2)
The asymptotes are:

y2=
6
3
6
x
3
3( y 2) = 6 x
3y 6 = 6 x
3y + 6 x = 6
Write the x- and y-intercepts for the
asymptotes.
y2=
and
3y 6 = 6 x
( x 0)
3( y 2) = 6 x
32
3y 6 x = 6
Intercepts for 3y + 6 x = 6 are ( 6, 0) and (0, 2).
Intercepts for 3y 6x = 6 are ( 6 , 0) and (0, 2).
Draw the asymptotes, plot the vertices and

centre, and then sketch the hyperbola.
3y 6 x 6
10
(0, 2)
5
( 3, 2)
10
(3, 2)
5
10
10
3y 6x 6
6x2 9(y 2)2 54
Parametric equations of hyperbolas
x2 y2
The parametric equations of a hyperbola with Cartesian equation 2 2 = 1 are:
a
b
x = a sec (t)
and
y = b tan (t)
x
x = a sec (t)
The graph of the parametric equation x = a sec (t)
x a sec(t)
shows how it affects the domain of the hyperbola.

a
For t
, , x [a, ), which represents the
2 2
P2
right branch of a hyperbola.
0
a
3
P
3
For and t , , x (-, -a], which represents
2 2
the left branch of a hyperbola.
y
y = b tan (t)
The graph of the parametric equation y = b tan (t) shows
how it affects the range of the hyperbola.

3
, or t , , y R.
For t
2 2
2
2
Generally, the domain of the hyperbola with centre (0, 0)

is (, a] [a, ) and the range is R.
y b tan(t)
b
P2 P4
0
b
P
4
P
2
P
3P
Verifying the parametric equations of a hyperbola

x2 y2
We can verify the parametric equations of a hyperbola with equation 2 2 = 1 as follows.
a
b
Since:
2
2
1 + tan (t) = sec (t)

sec2 (t) tan2 (t) = 1
y
x
but
sec2 (t) = a and tan2 (t) = b
(from the parametric equations)

x2 y2
= 1
a2 b2
[the Cartesian equation of a

hyperbola with centre (0, 0)]
33
Similarly, the parametric equations of a hyperbola with Cartesian equation

( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
= 1 are:
a2
b2
x = h + a sec (t)
and
y = k + b tan (t).
Worked exaMPle 20
DeterminetheCartesianequationofthecurvewithparametricequationsx = 2 sec (t) and

y = 3 tan (t), where t
. Describethegraphandstateitsdomainandrange.
,
2 2
Think
WriTe
Rewrite the parameters by isolating sec (t)

and tan (t).
y
x
= sec (t), and = tan (t)
2
3
Square both sides of each equation then

subtract.
x2 y2
= sec2 (t) tan2 (t)
4
9 =1
Describe the relation.
This represents a hyperbola with centre (0, 0).
The domain is the right branch of the

hyperbola [a, ).
Domain is [2, )
The range is R.
Range is R.
reMeMBer
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
= 1:
a2
b2
The vertices are (a + h, k), (a + h, k).
The centre is at (h, k).
b
b
The asymptotes are at y k = ( x h) and y k =
( x h).
a
a
The parametric equations are x = h + a sec (t) and y = k + b tan (t).
For a hyperbola with equation

1.
2.
3.
4.
exerCiSe
1d
eBook plus
Digital doc
Spreadsheet 052
Graphs of
hyperbolas
1
MC For each of the equations below, choose the correct alternative for the equations of the
asymptotes and the coordinates of the vertices.
x2 y2
=1
a
81 64
8
8
A y = 9 x, y = 9 x, (9, 0), (9, 0)
B y = 89 x, y = 89 x, (9, 0), (9, 0)
C y=
E y=
b
34
8
9
8
9
x, y =
8
9
x, (8, 0), (8, 0)
x, y =
8
9
x, (9, 8), (9, 8)
x 2 ( y 3)2
=1
36
144
A 2y = x + 6, 2y = 6 x, (6, 3), (6, 3)
C y = 2x + 3, y = 3 2x (0, 3), (0, 3)
E y = 2x + 3, y = 3 2x (12, 3), (12, 3)
D y=
9
8
x, y = 89 x, (8, 0), (8, 0)
B y = 2x + 3, y = 3 2x (6, 3), (6, 3)

D 2y = x + 6, 2y = 6 x, (12, 3), (12, 3)
( x + 3)2 y 2
=1
9
4
A 2y = 3x 9, 2y = 9 3x, (6, 0), (0, 0)
B 3y + 2x 6 = 0, 3y 2x + 6 = 0, (5, 0), (1, 0)
C 2y = 3x 9, 2y = 9 3x, (5, 0), (1, 0)
D 2y = 3x 9, 2y = 9 3x, (3, 3), (3, 3)
E 3y + 2x + 6 = 0, 3y 2x - 6 = 0, (6, 0), (0, 0)
( x 2)2 ( y 1)2
=1
16
4
A 2y = x, 2y = 4 x, (0, 1), (4, 1)
C 2y = x, 2y = 4 x (2, 1), (6, 1)
E 2y = x, 2y = 4 x (2, 1), (2, 3)
B y = 2x 3, y = 5 2x (2, 1), (6, 1)

D y = 2x 3, y = 5 2x, (0, 1), (4, 1)
2 Sketch the graphs of the hyperbolas with the following equations.

x2 y2
=1
9
4
a WE17
x2 y2
=1
9
9
x2 y2
e
=1
4
4
c
d
f
( x 2)2 ( y 3)2
=1
9
4
( x 2)2 ( y 2)2
i
=1
9
25
( x 3)2 ( y 3)2
k
=1
25
4
g WE18
h
j
l
x2 y2
=1
4
9
x2 y2
=1
9 16
x2 y2
=1
16 4
( x 2)2 ( y 3)2
=1
25
4
x 2 ( y 1)2
=1
9
25
( x 1)2 ( y + 1)2
=1
25
9
3 MC The rule representing the graph shown

at right is:
A x 2 +
y2
=1
4
( x + 2)2
y2 = 1
C
4
E
y
3
x2
y2 = 1
2
2
1
x2
y2 = 1
D
4
2 1
x2
+ y2 = 1
4
0
1
2
3
4 MC The graph which best represents the relation

A
y
6
4
2
2
( x 5)2 ( y 3)2
= 1 is:
9
4
2
0
(5, 3)
10 8 6 4 2
(8, 3)
(2, 3)
0 2
10
( 8, 3)
x
( 5, 3)
2
4
x
( 2, 3)
6
8
35
y
8
6
(0, 5)
4
(3, 5)
2
0
2
(6, 5)
(3, 3)
2
6
10
(7, 3)
(5, 3)
10
y
6
4
2
( 3, 0)
0
6 4 2
2
(3, 0)
4
6
We 19 Sketch the graph of the hyperbola with the equation:
a
c
e
g
i
6
eBook plus
Digital doc
Worksheet 1.1
25x2 16y2 = 400

x2 y2 = 25
16(x 2)2 9(y + 5)2 = 144
36(x 4)2 4(y 2)2 = 144
9(x + 3)2 7y2 = 63
9x2 16y2 = 144

9x2 25y2 = 225
25(x 3)2 9(y + 2)2 = 225
9x2 16(y + 1)2 = 144
4(x 4)2 9(y 3)2 = 36.
We20 Determine the Cartesian equation of each of the curves with the following parametric
equations. Describe the graph and state its domain and range.
a x = 4 sec (t) and y = 3 tan (t), where t R.
b x = 2 sec (2t) and y = 3 tan (2t), where t R.
c x = 1 sec (t) and y = 2 + tan (t), where t ( 2 , 32 )
d x = 2 + 3 sec (2t) and y = 4 5 tan (2t), where t ( 4 , 4 )
7 Give a pair of parametric equations which correspond to the following Cartesian equations.
a
( x 2)2 ( y + 1)2
=1
4
9
8 Find the asymptotes for the hyperbola
1e
b
d
f
h
j
( x + 3)2 ( y 1)2
=1
25
16
2x2 y2
= 1.
3
2
Partial fractions
Adding fractions to obtain a single fraction is a familiar and basic process. For example,
1
3
4
+ 14 = 12
+ 123
= 127
or
1( x 1) + 2( x + 2)
1
2
+
=
( x + 2) ( x 1)
x + 2 x 1
x 1 + 2x + 4
x2 + x 2
3x + 3
= 2
x +x2
=
36
The reverse of this process is to split a fraction into the sum of simpler fractions. These
simpler fractions are referred to as partial fractions. For example, using the above examples:
7
12
1.
Fractions
2.
1
4
Partial fractions
3x + 3
1
2
+
=
x + 2 x 1
+x2
x2
Splitting a rational expression into partial fractions is useful when antidifferentiating rational
expressions, as we will see in Chapter 6. It is also useful for sketching graphs of some rational
expressions, as will be seen in the next section.
For now, we concentrate on the methods for splitting a fraction with a quadratic denominator
into partial fractions.
Equating polynomials
We regularly use the symbol , which means is identically equal to, to indicate that two
expressions are equal for all allowable values of x.
Two polynomials of degree n are equal if they coincide for more than n values of x.
For example, suppose a(x + 2) + b(x 3) 5x 5.
If values of a and b are found so that the polynomials (degree 1) on each side of this identity
are equal for two substituted values of x, then they must be equal for all values of x.
The most convenient values of x to substitute into the above identity are x = 2 and x = 3 as
they allow a and b to be solved by direct substitution.
This is demonstrated in the following worked example.
Worked Example 21
Determine the values of a and b in the following identities:

a a(x + 4) + b(x 3) x + 11 b a(3x 4) + b 12x 19.
Think
a
Write
Substitute x = 4 to eliminate a from the

identity.
Solve for b.
Substitute x = 3 to eliminate b from the

identity.
Solve for a.
State the solution.
Substitute x = 43 to eliminate a from the

identity.
Solve for b.
a a(x + 4) + b(x 3) x + 11
Let x = 4
7b = 4 + 11
7b = 7
b = 1
Let x = 3.
7a = 3 + 11
7a = 14
a=2
The solution is a = 2 and b = 1.
b a(3x 4) + b 12x 19
Let x = 43.
b = 12( 43) 19
= 16 19
b = 3
37
Substitute b = 3 and x = 0, say (or any value

of x other than 43), since b cannot be eliminated
from the identity.
4a
Solve for a.
4a
State the solution.
The solution is a = 4 and b = 3.
Let x = 0.
3 = 19
= 16
a=4
Creating partial fractions
P( x)
, where Q(x) is a quadratic
Q( x )
expression, into partial fractions is outlined in the following steps.
Step 1.If the degree of P(x) is greater than or equal to the degree of Q(x) then divide Q(x) into
P(x) and split the rational part into partial fractions using the following steps.
Step 2. Factorise the denominator Q(x).
The general procedure for splitting a rational expression
Step 3. Equate
P( x)
a
b
where R(x) and S(x) are factors of Q(x) and
+
Q ( x ) R( x ) S ( x )
are usually linear.
Step 4.Express the right-hand side of the identity in the same form as the left-hand side, with
the same denominators:
P( x ) aS ( x ) + bR( x )
Q( x )
Q( x )
Step 5. Equate the numerators: P(x) aS(x) + bR(x).
Step 6. Solve for a and b by substitution.
Step 7. Substitute a and b into the partial fractions.
Notes
1. If Q(x) is a perfect square then Steps 3 to 5 will be similar to but not exactly like those
prescribed above. This will be demonstrated later in Case 2.
2. The solution can be quite easily checked by adding the partial fractions which should equal
the original rational expression.
Case 1: Factorised denominator

If f(x), g(x) and h(x) are linear functions, then:
f ( x)
a
b
+
g( x )h( x ) g( x ) h( x )
Worked Example 22
Express
x5
as partial fractions.
( x + 3)( x 1)
Think
38
Write
a
b .
+
x + 3 x 1
Equate the rational expression to
Express the right-hand side of the identity into the same

form as the left-hand side.
x5
a
b
+
( x + 3)( x 1) x + 3 x 1
a( x 1) + b( x + 3)
( x + 3)( x 1)
x 5 a(x 1) + b(x + 3)
Equate the numerators.
Substitute x = 1 to eliminate a.
Solve for b.
Substitute x = 3 to eliminate b.
Solve for a.
Express the original rational expression as partial

fractions.
Let x = 1.
4
= 4b
b = 1
Let x = 3.
8 = 4a
a=2
x5
2
1
=
+
( x + 3)( x 1) x + 3 x 1
Case 2: Perfect square denominator

If f(x) and g(x) are linear, then:
f ( x)
a
b
+
2
g( x ) [ g( x )]2
[ g( x )]
Worked Example 23
Write the rational expression
2x 3
( 4 x 7 )2
Think
Write
a
b
+
.
(4 x 7) (4 x 7)2
2x 3
a
b
+
2
4 x 7 (4 x 7)2
(4 x 7)

form as the left-hand side.
2x 3 a(4x 7) + b
Let x = 47 .
a(4 x 7) + b
(4 x 7)2
7
2 4 - 3 = b

Solve for b.
Substitute another value for x, say x = 0, and b = 12 .
Solve for a.
b=
1
2
Let x = 0
-3
-7a
= -7a +
= 72
a=
1
2
1
Express the rational expression as partial fractions.
1
2
2x 3
2
= 2 +
(4 x 7)2 4 x 7 (4 x 7)2
1
1
=
+
or
2(4 x 7) 2(4 x 7)2
Case 3: Denominator is not factorised

If the denominator of a rational expression is not factorised, then factorise it first before splitting
it into partial fractions.
39
Worked exaMPle 24
Byfirstfactorisingthedenominator,express
x 15
x2 9
Think
1
WriTe
x
x 15
15
=
x 2 9 ( x + 3)( x 3)
The denominator factorises as a difference of perfect

squares.
a
b
.
+
x+3 x3

form as the left.
Solve for b.
Solve for a.
Express the rational expression as partial fractions.
a
b
+
x+3 x3
a( x 3) + b( x + 3)
x2 9
15 a(x 3)(x + 3)
Let x = 3.
3 15 = 6b
6b = 18
b = 3
Let x = 3.
3 15 = 6a
6a
= 12
a=2
x 15
x2
2
3
x+3 x3
Case 4: The degree of the numerator the degree of the

denominator
If the degree of the numerator of a rational expression is greater than or equal to the degree
of the denominator, then divide the denominator into the numerator first before splitting the
fractional part into partial fractions.
Worked exaMPle 25
eBook plus
Express each of the following as partial fractions.

+ 10 x 52
( x 2 )( x + 4 )
5 x2
Tutorial
+ 3x + 7
x2 x 2
c Use a calculator to determine the answers to parts a and b .
a
2 x3
5 x2
Think
a
40
int-0357
Worked example 25
WriTe/diSPlay
The degrees of the numerator and

denominator are both 2.
Expand the denominator so that it

can be divided into the numerator.
a Degrees are both 2.
5 x 2 + 10 x 52 5 x 2 + 10 x 52
=
( x 2)( x + 4)
x2 + 2x 8
x2 + 2x 8
Use long division to divide.
Express the original rational

expression in terms of the quotient
and remainder.
Equate the fractional part to

a
b
.
+
x2 x+4
Express the right-hand side of the

identity in the same form as the
left-hand side.
12
Let x = 4.
12 = 6b
Solve for b.
10
11
Solve for a.
12
Express the fraction as partial

fractions.
13
Rewrite the original expression as

partial fractions.
The degree of the numerator (3)

is greater than the degree of the
denominator (2).
Use long division to divide the
denominator into the numerator.
5
5 x 2 + 10 x 52
5 x 2 + 10 x 40
12
12
5 x 2 + 10 x 52
= 5+
( x 2)( x + 4)
( x 2)( x + 4)
12
( x 2)( x + 4)
a
b
+
x2 x+4
a( x + 4) + b( x 2)
( x 2)( x + 4)
a(x + 4) + b(x 2)
b=2
Let x = 2.
12 = 6a
a = 2
So
12
( x 2)( x + 4)
x2
2
x+4
5 x 2 + 10 x 52
2
2
= 5
+
( x 2)( x + 4)
x2 x+4
b
2x 3
x2
x2
2x3
5x 2
+ 3x + 7
2x3 2x 2 4 x
3x 2
+ 7x + 7
3x 2
+ 3 x + 6
4x + 1
3
Express the original rational

expression in terms of the quotient
and remainder.
Factorise the denominator of the

fraction part.
Equate the fractional part to

a
b
.
+
x +1 x 2
2 x3 5x 2 + 3x + 7
4x + 1
= 2x 3 + 2
x2 x 2
x x2
4x + 1
4x + 1
=
x 2 x 2 ( x + 1)( x 2)
a
b
+
x +1 x 2
41
Express the right-hand side of the

identity in the same form as the
left-hand side.
Solve for b.
a( x 2) + b( x + 1)
( x + 1)( x 2)
4x + 1 a(x 2) + b(x + 1)
Let x = 2.
8 + 1 = 3b
3b = 9
b=3
10
11
Solve for a.
12
Express the fraction as partial

fractions.
13
Rewrite the original expression as

partial fractions.
Let x = 1.
4 + 1 = 3a
3a
= 3
a=1
On the Main screen, tap:

Action
Transformation
expand
5 x 2 + 10 x 52
,x
expand
( x 2)( x + 4)
So
4x + 1
1
3
=
+
( x + 1)( x 2) x + 1 x 2
2 x3 5x 2 + 3x + 7
1
3
= 2x 3 +
+
2
x +1 x 2
x x2
c
2 x3 5x 2 + 3x + 7
, x
expand
x2 x 2
Write the answers.
5 x 2 + 10 x 52
2
2
=
+5
( x 2) ( x + 4) x + 4 x 2
1
3
2 x3 5x 2 + 3x + 7
=
+
+ 2x 3
x +1 x 2
x2 x 2
REMEMBER
1. If f(x), g(x) and h(x) are linear functions, then:

f ( x)
a
b
+
(a)
g( x )h( x ) g( x ) h( x )
(b)
42
f ( x)
a
b
+
2
g( x ) [ g( x )]2
[ g( x )]
2. If the denominator of a rational expression is not factorised, then factorise it first

before splitting it into partial fractions.
3. If the degree of the numerator of a rational expression is greater than or equal to the
degree of the denominator, then divide the denominator into the numerator first before
splitting the fractional part into partial fractions.
Exercise
1e
Partial fractions
1 WE21 Evaluate the values of a and b in the following identities.
a a(x - 2) + b(x + 1) 3x
b a(x + 3) + b(x 3) x + 9
c a(x + 2) + b 3x + 10
d a(x 4) + b(2x 1) 4x + 5
e a(3x + 5) + b(4x 3) 29
f a(2x + 3) + b(5 x) 4 6x
2 WE22
Express the following as partial fractions.
3x + 5
a ( x + 2)( x + 1)
7 x 14
d (2 x 1)( x 4)
7x + 3
b ( x 3)( x + 3)
2 x 14
e ( x + 1)( x 3)
5x + 4
c ( x 2)( x + 5)
x 22
f
( x 4)(2 x + 5)
3 MC The respective values of a and b in the identity ax + b(x 5) 3x + 10 are:

A 5, 2
B 5, 2
C 2, 5
D 3, 0
E 1, 2
4 MC The respective values of a and b in the identity
A 2, 1
B 2, 2
C 3, 1
x + 15
a
b
+
are:
( x + 3)( x 1) x + 3 x 1
D 4, 3
E 3, 4
5 WE23 Write each of the following rational expressions as partial fractions.

a
2x + 5
( x + 1)2
4x 9
( x 2)2
3x 7
( x + 3)2
10 x 9
d (2 x 1)2
2x 5
(4 x ) 2
6 WE24 By first factorising the denominator, express each of the following functions as partial
fractions.
3x 4
x 17
7 x 10
a 2
b 2
c 2
x x6
x + 6x 7
x 2x 8
x 25
3 x 19
40 x
d 2
e
f 8 + 2 x x 2
2
x 25
2 x 5x 3
7 WE25 Express each of the following functions as partial fractions.
2x2 + 6x 5
a ( x + 2) ( x 1)
d
4 x 2 + x 54
x 2 x 12
3 x 2 + 4 x 11
b ( x 3) ( x + 4)
e
4 x3
+ 28 x 2 37 x + 10
3 + 8x 4 x 2
x 3 x 2 17 x + 51
.
x 2 + 3 x 10
a After long division the expression simplifies to:
3x + 7
4x 5
B x 2 + 2
A x + 2 + 2
x + 3 x 10
x + 3 x 10
5 x + 11
6x + 7
D x 4 + 2
E x 3 + 2
x + 3 x 10
x + 3 x 10
4 x 3 + 4 x 2 18 x 30
( x 2) (2 x + 5)
36 x 3 + 39 x 2 5 x 17
12 x 2 + 5 x 3
8 MC Consider the rational expression
C x + 4 +
x2
2x + 9
+ 3 x 10
43
b When expressed as a partial fraction, the expression simplifies to:

2
3
3
5
A x 4 +
+
B x 3 +
+
x+5 x2
x5 x+2
6
1
1
4
C x + 4 +
D x 2 +
+
x+5 x2
x + 10 x 1
3
2
E x 4 +
+
x+5 x2
1f
Sketch graphs using partial fractions

In this section we investigate how partial fractions can be used to assist in the graphing of
rational functions. Emphasis is placed on locating asymptotes and the addition-of-ordinates
method of graphing.
Addition of ordinates
The graph of a function that involves the addition of two (or more) simpler, familiar functions
can be obtained by graphing the two simpler functions on the same set of axes and then adding
the ordinates (y-values).
1
For example, consider the graph of the function y = x + .
x
1
1. Sketch the graphs of y1 = x and y2 = ,
y
x
with broken lines, on the same set of axes.
3
y1 x
2. For several values of x add the y-values,
2
y1 and y2, to obtain y. Some examples are:
(1, 1)
(a)When x = 1, y1 = 1 and y2 = 1, so
1
y2 1x
y = 1 + 1 = 2, giving the point (1, 2).
3 2 1
x
0 1 2 3
(b)When x = 1, y1 = 1 and y2 = 1,
1
( 1,
1)
so y = 1 1 = 2, giving the point
(1, 2).
2
1
(c)When x = 2, y1 = 2 and y2 = 2 , so
3
y = 2 + 12 = 2 12 , giving the point

(2, 2 12 ).
3. Repeat until the shape of the function is deduced.
The graph of the function y = f(x) + g(x) can
be obtained by graphing y1 = f(x) and y2 = g(x)
on the same set of axes and then adding the
ordinates.
y
3
2
(1, 1)
1
3 2 1
( 1, 1)
y1 x
(1, 2)
0 1
1
y2 1x
x
2
( 1, 2)
y x
Graphs of the type y =
a + g (x )
bx + c
1
x
a
As we saw earlier in this chapter, graphs of the form y =
+ g( x ) have asymptotes x =
bx + c
and y = g(x).
44
c
b
a
+ g(x) can be obtained by:
bx + c
a
1. sketching the graphs of y1 =
and y2 = g(x) (an asymptote) on the same axes
bx + c
2. adding the two by the addition-of-ordinates method.
The graph of the function y =
Notes
1. If g(x) = d, a constant, then the graph of
a
y=
+ d can be sketched by recognising
bx + c
that it is a hyperbola. Assuming that a, b, c and d
are greater than 0, the sketch is:
2. Wherever possible, verify graphs using a graphics
calculator.
y
x
a, b, c, d 0
bc
y
d
yd
d
c
b
bx c
Worked Example 26
Sketch the graphs of each of the following, showing any asymptotes and axial intercepts.
12 x + 11
1
a y =
b y =
x+3
4x 3
Think
a
Write
The graph is a hyperbola with asymptotes

x = 3 and y = 0 (x-axis).
a Asymptotes:
x = 3
y=0
There is no x-intercept (y = 0 is an asymptote).
No x-intercept
Substitute x = 0 into the equation to find the

y-intercept.
When x = 0, y =
Sketch the graph.
1
3
y
y
1
x 3
1
(0,
)
3
Divide the denominator into the numerator.
Express the rational function as partial

fractions.
The graph is a hyperbola with asymptotes

3
x = 4 and y = 3.
b 4x 3
12 x
+ 11
12 x + 9
2
12 x + 11
2
y=
3 +
4x 3
4x 3
Asymptotes:
3
x=
4
y = 3
45
Subsitute y = 0 into the original equation and

solve for x to determine the x-intercept.
y = 0, 12x + 11 = 0
11
x=
12
Substitute x = 0 and solve for y to determine

the y-intercept.
x = 0, y =
11
3
y = 3 23
Sketch the graph.
y
x
3
4
11, 0
12
0
3
3
4
y 3
0, 3 2
3
Worked exaMPle 27
Sketch the graph of the function y =
eBook plus
x2
5x + 6
.
x4
Think
1
Tutorial
int-0358
Worked example 27
WriTe/diSPlay
Use a CAS calculator to express the rational

function as partial fractions by tapping:
Action
Transformation
propFrac
2
propFrac x 5 x + 6
x 4
Then press E.
Express the function as partial fractions.
Sketch the graphs of y1 = x 1

2
(asymptote) and y2 =
on the same axes.
x4
y=
2
+ x 1
x4
y
y1 x 1
2
y2 x
4
0
1
1 2 3 4
x4
46
Determine any x-intercepts.
y = 0, x2 5x + 6 = 0
(x 2)(x 3) = 0
x = 2 and x = 3
Determine the y-intercept.
x = 0, y =
y=
6
4
Add the two graphs by addition of ordinates

x 2 5x + 6
to obtain the graph of y =
.
x4
2
y
(3, 0)
(2, 0)
y1 x 1
2
y2 x
4
0
(0,
1 2 3 4
32 )
2
y x 1 x
4
x4
Graphs of the type y = a + b + c

f (x ) g (x )
a
b
+
+ c, where a, b and c R and f(x) and g(x) are linear
f ( x ) g( x )
expressions, have two vertical asymptotes and the line y = c behaves as a horizontal asymptote
a
b
everywhere except for the point where
+
= 0.
f ( x ) g( x )
a
b
The graph of y =
+
+ c is obtained by:
f ( x ) g( x )
a
b
+ c on the same axes
and y2 =
f ( x)
g( x )
a
b
2. solving
+
= 0 to find where y = c
f ( x ) g( x )
3. adding the two graphs by the addition-of-ordinates method.
Graphs of the form y =
Worked Example 28
x 11
by first expressing it as partial fractions. State the
x2 4 x 5
equations of all vertical asymptotes and determine any axial intercepts.
Think
1
Factorise the denominator of the rational expression.
Express the rational expression as partial fractions in

a
b
the form
.
+
x +1 x 5
Write
x 11
x 11
x 2 4 x 5 ( x + 1)( x 5)
a
b
+
x +1 x 5
a( x 5) + b( x + 1)
( x + 1)( x 5)
47
x 11 a(x 5) + b(x + 1)
Let x = 5.
6 = 6b
b = 1
Let x = 1.
12 = 6a
a=2
1
2
2
1
So y =
+
or
x +1 x 5
x +1 x 5
3
1
2
Sketch the graphs of y1 =
and y2 =
on the
x +1
x 5
same axis.
2
y2
x1
1 0
Determine the x- and y-intercepts.
y = 0, x 11 = 0
x = 11
11
x = 0, y =
5
11
y=
5
Solve the equation
2
1
= 0 to determine
x +1 x 5
where the horizontal asymptote, y = 0, is crossed.
When y = 0,
2
1
=0
x +1 x 5
2(x 5) 1(x + 1) = 0
2x 10 x 1 = 0
x 11 = 0
x = 11
So horizontal asymptote is crossed
at (11, 0).
Add the two graphs by the addition-of-ordinates

method to obtain the graph of the rational function.
y
0, 11
5
1 0
y
48
x
1
y1
x 5
State the equations of the vertical asymptotes.
x1
1

x 5
y2
5
x1
(11, 0)
1
y1
x 5
Vertical asymptotes are x = 1 and

x = 5.
Worked exaMPle 29
Sketch the graph of the function f ( x ) =

indicating all asymptotes.
eBook plus
3 x 2 + 2 x 26 ,
clearly
x2 + x 6
Think
Tutorial
int-0359
Worked example 29
WriTe
Divide the denominator of the rational expression

into the numerator.
3
x 2 + x 6 3 x 2 + 2 x 26
3 x 2 + 3 x 18
x 8
Express f (x) in terms of the quotient and remainder.
f ( x) = 3 +
Express the fraction as partial fractions.
Rewrite f (x) in partial fraction form.
State the equations of the vertical asymptotes.
2
1
Sketch the graphs y1 =
and y2 =
+ 3 on the
x+3
x2
same axis.
8
+ x6
x 8
= 3+
( x + 3)( x 2)
x
x2
x 8
a
b
+
x+3 x2
a( x 2) + b( x + 3)
( x + 3)( x 2)
x 8 a(x 2) + b(x + 3)
Let x = 2.
10 = 5b
b = 2
Let x = 3.
5 = 5a
a=1
1
2
So f ( x ) =
+3
x+3 x2
( x + 3)( x 2)
Vertical asymptotes are x = 3 and

x = 2.
y
2
y2
3
x2
3
3
y1
7
1
2
= 0 to find where the horizontal

x+3 x2
asymptote, y = 3, is crossed.
Solve
0 2
x3
When y = 3,
1
2
=0
x+3 x2
1(x 2) 2(x + 3) = 0
x 2 2x 6 = 0
x 8 = 0
x = 8
So horizontal asymptote is crossed
at (8, 3).
Chapter 1
Coordinate geometry
49
Add the two graphs by the addition-of-ordinates

method to obtain the graph of f (x).
y
2
y2
3
x2
( 8, 3)
8
1
2
y
x3 x 2 3
y1
x3
reMeMBer
a
+ g( x ) can be obtained by:
bx + c
a
(a) sketching the graphs of y1 =
bx + c
(b) adding the two by the addition-of-ordinates method.
a
b
+
+ c is obtained by:
2. The graph of y =
f ( x ) g( x )
1. The graph of y =
a
b
and y2 =
f ( x)
g( x )
(b) adding the two graphs by the addition-of-ordinates method.
3. Use your graphics calculator to check your graphs.
(a) sketching the graphs of y1 =
exerCiSe
1F

Use a graphics or CAS calculator wherever possible to verify the
graphs obtained in the following exercise.
eBook plus
Digital doc
Spreadsheet 041
Single function grapher
Sketch the graphs of each of the

1 We26a
following functions.
1
x2
3x 1
d y=
3x 2
3
x+4
4x + 5
e y=
2x + 1
a y=
f We26b y =
b y=
4 x + 14
x3
g y=
c y=
2
x 1
2x
7
x+3
2 We27 Sketch the graph of the functions.

x2 x + 1
x 1
2
d y = x 7 x + 11
x3
a y=
50
2x2 + 4 x + 3
x+2
2
e y = 3x 4 x 3
x2
b y=
c y=
x2 + 4x + 5
x +1
3 WE28 Sketch the graph of the following functions by first expressing them as partial
fractions. State the equations of all vertical asymptotes in each case.
a y=
d y=
2x + 2
( x 2) ( x + 4)
b y=
3x 5
2x 3
e y=
x2
c y=
( x + 2)( x 1)
5x 2
x2 4
x + 2
2x2 + 7x + 3
3x + 4
.
x 2 + 3x + 2
a As a partial fraction, f(x) is equal to:
4 MC Consider the function f ( x ) =

1
+
x+2
2
D
+
x2
A
2
x +1
1
x 1
4
x + 2 x +1
1
2
E
2 x x +1
B
b The graph that best represents f(x) is:

y
A
B
1 4 2
2
1
+
x + 2 x +1
2 1
43
2 1
43
2 1 0
0 1
2 x 3 2 x 2 11x + 7
has asymptotes with equations:
x 2 x 12
B x = 6, x = 2, y = 2x
C x = 3, x = 4, y = 2x
E x = 3, x = 2, y = x + 2
5 MC The graph of the function f ( x ) =

A x = 3, x = 4, y = 2x
D x = 2 and x = 3
x3 2 x 2 3x + 9
then its graph has asymptotes described by the equations:
x2 4
A x = 2, x = 2, y = x
B x = 4, x = 1
C x = 4, x = 1 and y = x 2
D x = 2, x = 2, y = x 2
E x = 2 and y = x + 2
6 MC If g( x ) =
7 WE29 Sketch the graph of each of the following, clearly indicating all asymptotes.
a f ( x ) =
2x2 + 2x 2
x2 1
b f ( x ) =
d g( x ) =
30 x 2 10
6x2 x 2
e f ( x ) =
x2 + 5
x2 x 2
c g( x ) =
3x 2
x2
+ 6 x + 14
x6
2x2
+ 7 x 11
x2 4 x + 3
51
8 Sketch the graph for each of the following. For questions a and b, find the turning points.
2x + 3
x 1
x 3 2 x 2 10 x 1
a y = 2
b y = 2
c y =
x + 2x + 1
x 8 x + 16
x 2 2 x 15
d y =
2 x 3 2 x 2 13 x + 8
x2 x 6
e y =
x3 + 6 x 2 + 8x 5
x 2 + 3x 4
f y =
2 x 3 + 19 x 2 + 41x 18
x 2 + 10 x + 25
A
, state the equations of all the asymptotes and
( + ) x +
find the turning point, stating the domain.
1
10 State the conditions on k such that the graph of y = 2
has:
x + k x + 16
a two vertical asymptotes
b only one vertical asymptote
c no vertical asymptotes.
9 Given the function f ( x ) =
x2
11 State the conditions on k such that the graph of y =
1
has:
kx 4 x 2 25
a two vertical asymptotes

b only one vertical asymptote
c no vertical asymptotes.
12 Find the equation of the graph shown.
y
3
2
x 9
x 5
1
20 15 10
0
1
10
15 x
2
3
A
+ B has a vertical asymptote at x = 4 and has a horizontal
x 2 + bx + c
asymptote at y = 2 and a turning point at (-3, 0) then find the values of A, B, b and c.
13 If the curve y =
52
Summary
Sketch graphs of y = axm + bx
+ c where m = 1 or 2 and n = 1 or 2
Step 1. Break the given function into 2 separate simpler functions.

Step 2. Sketch the graph of each of the separate functions created, on the one set of axes.
Step 3. Determine the asymptotes of the original function and pencil in how the graph of the function
approaches these asymptotes. Consider:
1. large positive values for x
2. large negative values for x
3. values very close to and either side of the vertical asymptote.
Step 4. Work out the x-intercept(s), y-intercept and turning point for the given function to give greater
accuracy.
Reciprocal graphs
1
from the graph of y = f(x):
f ( x)
1. find the vertical asymptote at the x-intercepts of f(x)
2. the horizontal asymptote is the x-axis
3. find the common points when f(x) = 1.
The graphs are in the same quadrant:
1
<0
1. f ( x ) < 0,
f ( x)
1
> 0.
2. f ( x ) > 0,
f ( x)
1
Note: If y =
, then:
f ( x)
1. f(x) = 1, y = 1 and f(x) = 1, y = 1
2. f(x) < 0, y > 0 and f(x) > 0, y < 0.
To sketch the graph of y =
Graphs of circles
For a circle with equation (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2:

1. the centre is (h, k) and radius r
2. the parametric equations are x = h + r cos (t) and y = k + r sin (t).
Graphs of ellipses
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
+
= 1:
a2
b2
1. the centre of the ellipse is (h, k)
2. the vertices are (a + h, k), (a + h, k), (h, b + k), (h, b + k)
3. the parametric equations are x = h + a cos (t) and y = k + b sin (t).
For
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
= 1:
a2
b2
1. vertices are (a + h, k), (a + h, k)
2. centre is at (h, k)
b
b
3. Asymptotes are at y k = ( x h) and y k =
( x h)
a
a
4. The parametric equations are x = h + a sec (t) and y = k + b tan (t).
For
53
Partial fractions
If f(x), g(x) and h(x) are linear functions, then:

f ( x)
a
b
1.
+
g( x )h( x ) g( x ) h( x )
f ( x)
a
b
2.
.
+
[ g( x )]2 g( x ) [ g( x )]2
If the denominator of a rational expression is not factorised, then factorise it first before splitting it into
partial fractions.
If the degree of the numerator of a rational expression is greater than or equal to the degree of the
denominator, then divide the denominator into the numerator first before splitting the fractional part into
partial fractions.
a
+ g( x ) can be obtained by:
bx + c
a
bx + c
a
b
The graph of y =
+
+ c is obtained by:
f ( x ) g( x )
b
a
and y2 =
g( x )
f ( x)
Use your graphics or CAS calculator to check graphs.
The graph of y =
54
chapter review
Short answer
1 Write down the equation of the asymptotes for

2
y = 3 2 + 2x.
x
6 aSketch the graph of the function y = x2 7x + 6,

showing the turning point and intercepts.
b Hence, on the same set of axes, sketch the
1
.
graph of the function y = 2
x 7x + 6
3
2 x is broken into the
x2
2 The function y =
3
and y2 = -2x, which appear on
x2
the graph shown. Describe the behaviour of the
3
function y 2 2 x near the asymptotes.
x
functions y1 =
Without any
further
calculations,
sketch the graph
of the function.
7 Sketch the graph of each of the following.

( x + 1)2 y 2
+
=1
36
25
( x 5)2 ( y + 6)2
b
+
=1
36
25
c 7(x - 1)2 + 4(y + 2)2 = 28
y
5
0
4
y 2x
3 aCalculate the exact value of the turning point for

2
the graph of the function y = x 2 .
x
b Calculate the x-intercept of the graph of the
2
function y = x 2 .
x
2
c Sketch the graph of the function y = x 2 ,
x
showing intercepts and the turning point.
4 Sketch the graph of the function y = x
4
,
x2
showing intercepts and the turning point.

5 The graph of the function f(x) = x2 5 is shown
below.
y
f(x) = x2 5
5
6
0
2
5 (0, 5)
x 2 ( y 1)2
=1
9
25
( x + 1)2 y 2
e
=1
9
16
y x32
6
1
.
f ( x)
f
g
h
i
j
4(x + 3)2 - 9y2 = 36

(x - 2)2 + (y - 3)2 = 4
x2 + y2 + 10x - 8y + 5 = 0
9x2 - 18x + 4y2 + 16y = 11
x2 + 4x - 4y2 + 16y = 16
8 Determine the Cartesian equation from the

following parametric equations.
a x = 1 + 3 cos (), y = 2 + 3 sin (), [0, 2]
b x = 4 + cos (2t), y = 3 2 sin (2t), t R
c x = 2 + 2 sec (t), y = 1 + 3 tan (t), t R
9 Express each of the following rational functions in
partial fraction form.
3x + 5
9 x 33

b y =
a y = 2
x 7 x + 12
2 x 2 + 5x 3
2x3 7x 2 + 4 x + 5
c y =
x2 4x + 4
10 Sketch the graph of each rational function in
question 9.
11 Consider the hyperbola with equation
( x c)2 ( y 3)2
= 1 where c is a real constant.

9
4
The equation of one of the asymptotes of this
2
hyperbola is y = x + 5.
3
a Show that c = -3.
55
b Sketch the hyperbola on the following set of

axes, clearly showing the asymptotes.
2 The graph that represents the function

f ( x) =
y
10
1
+ 2 x 1 is:
x2
6
4
2
10 8 6 4 2 0
2
0
2
10
1
2
4
6
8
10
Exam tip Some students had both asymptotes

correct, but one or both of their hyperbola branches
clearly did not exhibit asymptotic behaviour.
0
1
VCAA Assessment report 2005

[VCAA 2005]
2 x
12 Sketch the graph of y = 2 on the axes below.
2
x
Give the exact coordinates of any turning points
and intercepts, and state the equations of all
straight line asymptotes.
1
2
1
2
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
4 3 2 1
1
1 2 3 4x
[VCAA 2008]
Multiple choice
1 The graph at right could be described by the rule:

y
3
A y = + x
x
3
1
(1, 3)
B y = 2 + x
1 (1, 1)
x
C y =
+ 3x
( 1, 3)
1 0 1
56
D y = x2 + x
E y = 2 x
1
2
3
x
3 The graph representing the function y =

a
(0, 19 )
1
is:
x2 9
4 The graph of the rational function

1
has asymptotes:
y= 2
2 x + 11x 12
A y = 0 and x = 4 only
B y = 0, x =
C x =
3
2
3
2
and x = 4
and x = 4 only
D y = 0, x =
and x = 4
2
2
E y = 0, x = 3 and x = 4
b
Consider the ellipse with equation
(0, 19 )
( x + 1)2 ( y 2)2
+
= 1 for questions 5 and 6.
4
9
5 The maximum and minimum points are respectively:
A (1, 5) and (1, 1)
B (2, 4) and (2, 2)
C ( 1, 5) and ( 1, 1)
D (1, 5) and (1, 1)
E (1, 6) and (1, 4)

6 The graph representing this equation is:
a
y
y
1
0
3
0 1
1
3
(1, 2)
(0, 19 )
y
5
0
3
(0, 19 )
(1, 2)
1 0 1
1
y
5
(0, 19 )
3
(1, 2) 2
0
1
1
2 x
57
10 The rule that describes the hyperbola shown below is:
y
4
y
y 34 x
( 1, 2) 2
x
1 0 1 2
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1
( 5, 2) ( 1, 2)
(3, 2)
2
3
y
2
(0, 0)
x2
3 (0, 3)
+ ( y 3)2 = 1
( x 3)2
+ y 2 = 1
4
x2
x2
+ ( y + 3)2 = 1
16
( y 3)2
+
=1
4
x2
+ ( y 3)2 = 1
2
2
1
2 1
0 1
For questions 8 and 9, consider the

( x 4 )2 ( y + 1)2
= 1.
25
9
8 The hyperbola has vertices given by:
A (1, 1) and (9, 1)
B (1, 1) and (1, 7)
C (4, 4) and (4, 2)
D (4, 1) and (5, 3)
E (6, 1) and (4, 1)
hyperbola
9 The graph of the hyperbola has asymptotes with

equations:
5
A y = 3 ( x 4) 1
5
B y = 3 ( x + 4) + 1
5
C y = 3 ( x 4) + 1
3
D y = 5 ( x 4) 1
9
E y = 25 ( x 4) + 1
58
( x + 1)2 ( y + 2)2
+
=1
9
16
( x 1)2 ( y + 2)2
=1
16
9
( x + 1)2 ( y + 2)2
C
=1
16
9
7 The rule that describes the ellipse at right is:
y 34 x 11
4
3 x
5
4
( x + 1)2 ( y + 2)2
=1
4
3
( x + 1)2 ( y 2)2
=1
4
3
3 x + 13
11 When expressed as partial fractions, 2
x + 8 x + 16
is equal to:
1
3
+
A
x + 4 ( x + 4) 2
3
1
+
B
x + 4 ( x + 4) 2
2
1
+
C
x 4 ( x 4) 2
3
1
D
+
x+2 x+8
4
2
E
x8 x2
3 x 3 7 x 2 8 x + 16
12 The rational expression
is
x2 x 6
equal to:
1
3
A 3 x +
+
x3 x+2
2
4
B 3 x 2 +
+
x+3 x2
1
2
C x 3 +
x 6 x +1
3
2
D 3 x + 4 +
+
x + 6 x 1
2
4
E 3 x 4 +
+
x3 x+2
13 The graph of the rational function

y=
2x2
14 The rule describing the function graphed below is:

y
+ 3 x 10
is:
x2 4
(1, 1)
(0, 2 12 )
( 23 , 2)
2
2 0
1
1
1
2
+

B y = 2 +
x2
x
x x2
1
2
2
1
c y = +

d y = +
x x+2
x x+2
1
2
e y =
x x2
15 A pair of parametric equations which correspond to
the Cartesian equation x2 + y2 = 49 is:
A x = 7 sec (t) and y = 7 tan (t)
B x = 7 cos (t) and y = 7 sin (t)
C x = 7 cos (t) and y = 49 sin (t)
D x = 7 cos (t) and y = 7 sin (t)
E x = 7 sin (t) and y = 7 cos (t)
1
16 The graph of f ( x ) =
, where m and n
2
x + mx n
are real constants, has no vertical asymptotes if:
A m2 < 4n
B m2 > 4n
C m2 = -4n
D m2 < -4n
E m2 > -4n
A y =
2 0
2
0 2
1 0 1 2 3
1
( 1, 1)
2
4
2
2
(3, 2)
Exam tip This question was not answered

correctly by a majority of students. Each of the four
distractors was chosen by a significant proportion of
the students who gave an incorrect response. It is
unlikely that these responses were based on any
particular misconception; rather, it appears that many
of the students guessed the answer.
VCAA Assessment report 2005
(0, 14)
17
[VCAA 2005]
2
2 0
(0, 112 )
2
y x2
x
0
A possible equation for the graph of the curve

shown above is:
59
x2 + a
, a > 0
x
2x4 + a
, a > 0
c y =
x2
a y =
e y =
x2 + a
,a<0
x
x4 + a
,a>0
d y =
x2
b y =
x4 + a
,a<0
x2
[VCAA 2008]
18 The equation x2 + ax + y2 + 1 = 0, where a is a real

constant, will represent a circle if:
A a < -2 only
B a > -2 only
C a = 2 only
D -2 < a < 2
E a < 2 or a > 2

[VCAA 2008]
19 P is any point on the hyperbola with equation

y2
= 1. If m is the gradient of the hyperbola
4
at P, then m could be:
A any real number
B any real number in the interval (-2, 2)
C any real number in the interval [-2, 2]
D any real number in the interval R\(-2, 2)
R
E any real number in the interval
[ 2, 2]
x2
[VCAA 2008]
Extended response
1 A drinking trough with semicircular ends is to be made from pressed metal. The volume of the trough is to be
100 litres.
a If r is the radius (in cm) of the semicircular end, show that the surface area of the trough is
200 000
S (r ) =
+ r 2 , r > 0.
r
b Sketch the graph of surface area [S(r)] versus r. (Use a table of values.)
c Ignoring any extra metal required to make the joins, find the minimum surface area of the trough and the
corresponding value of r.
2 An open box is to be made from a roll of steel 2m wide (see the diagram
x
x
at right).
a Write down the expression for the length and width of the box.
y
b If the box is to enclose a volume of 8m3, write a rule linking y and x.
c Write an expression for the total surface area of the box and then use
x
substitution to make this a function of x only.
x
d Show that the minimum surface area occurs when the box is 0.5m
high and then find the minimum surface area that will enclose the given volume.
(Hint: Express the fractional part of the surface area as partial fractions before differentiating.)
e Calculate the length that needs to be cut off the roll of steel to make the box.
3 A family goes to the beach, and one of the boys takes a lilo and goes
Boy
paddling. He is 120m from the shore, measured at right angles to the
shore, and 150m from where the rest of the family are lying on the beach.
His father calls him to come back to shore, and he needs to get back in the
150 m
quickest possible time. He paddles at 2m/s and runs along the beach at
120 m
4m/s. A diagram of his trip is shown at right.
x
Family
a Find an expression for the distance paddled through the water as a
function of x.
b Using the equation
distance travelled
speed =
,
time taken
find the time he takes to paddle to the shore in terms of x.
c Write an expression for the distance travelled along the beach in terms of x and also the time taken
travelling along the beach.
d Write an expression for the total time he takes to get back to his family. Use this expression to find the
value of x that gives a minimum value for the time of travel.
e What is the minimum time of travel?
60
4
on the same set of axes.
x
4
b Hence, sketch the graph of y = x + 2 + on the same set of axes as in a. Find the coordinates of the
x
stationary points, the x- and y-intercepts and the equations of any asymptotes.
4 a Sketch the graphs of y = x + 2 and y =
x2 2x + 4
.
x2
d Explain algebraically how the graph in part c is obtained from the graph in
part b. Hence, describe the transformation required.
c On a separate set of axes sketch the graph of y =
eBook plus
Digital doc
e On the same set of axes as the graph in part c, sketch the graph
( x 2)
of y = 2
. (Use a graphics calculator to assist.)
x 2x + 4
Test Yourself
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Coordinate geometry
61
eBook plus
aCTiViTieS
Chapter opener
Digital doc
10 Quick Questions: Warm up with ten quick

questions on coordinate geometry. (page 1)
1A
Sketch graphs of y = ax m + bx n + c
Interactivities
Graphs of power functions 1 int-0834: Consolidate

your knowledge of graphs of the form
y = ax m + bxn + c, where m = 1 and n = 1. (page 1)
Graphs of power function 3 int-0836: Consolidate your
knowledge of graphs of the form y = ax m + bxn + c,
where m = 2 and n = 1. (page 1)
Tutorial
We2 int-0354: Watch how to sketch the graph of a

rational function using addition of ordinates.
(page 3)
We7 int-0355: Watch how to sketch the graphs of a
quadratic and its reciprocal. (page 13)
Digital docs
Spreadsheet 125: Investigate graphs using the single

graph plotter. (page 9)
1B
Reciprocal graphs
Interactivity
Reciprocal graphs int-0831: Consolidate your

understanding of reciprocal graphs. (page 10)
1C
Interactivity
Elliptical graph int-0338: Consolidate your

understanding of graphs of circles and ellipses.
(page 18)
Digital docs
Spreadsheet 028: Investigate graphs of ellipses.

(page 28)
1D
Digital docs
Spreadsheet 052: Investigate graphs of hyperbolas.

(page 34)
WorkSHEET 1.1: Sketch graphs of power functions,
hyperbolas and ellipses. (page 36)
1E
We25 int-0357: Watch how to rationalise expressions

as partial fractions. (page 40)
1F
Tutorial
We27 int-0358: Watch a tutorial on how to sketch the

graph of a rational function. (page 46)
We29 int-0359: Watch a tutorial on sketching the
graph of a rational function by using long division
and addition of ordinates. (page 49)
Digital doc
Spreadsheet 041: Investigate functions using a

single function grapher. (page 50)
Chapter review
Digital doc
Test Yourself: Take the end-of-chapter test to test

your progress. (page 61)
To access eBookPLUS activities, log on to
www.jacplus.com.au
Interactivities
Conical hyperbola 1 int-0832: Consolidate your

understanding of conical hyperbolas. (page 30)
Conical hyperbola 2 int-0833: Consolidate your
understanding of conjugate conical hyperbolas.
(page 30)
Tutorial
We19 int-0356: Watch how to sketch the graph of a

hyperbola. (page 32)
62
Partial fractions
Tutorial

Ch01 Coordinate Geometry

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1

1A Sketch graphs of y = axm + bx n + c

Sketch graphs of functions defined by:

Sketch graphs of hyperbolas (including

Sketch graphs of y = ax m + bxn + c

General algebraic reasoning

horizontal, oblique (sloping) or curved asymptote

General algebraic reasoning

Find the asymptotes for the function with the equation y = 3x

Find the vertical asymptote by considering values

Find the horizontal or oblique asymptote by

Sketching the graphs of rational functions

Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics for the Casio ClassPad

(b) Sketch y1 = 4x2.

The graph y1 = 4x2 is an upright parabola

so (1, 1) is on the hyperbola.

(b) Multiply both sides by x.

(c) Solve for x3.

Write down the equations of the asymptotes.

Consider behaviour near asymptotes.

Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics for the Casio ClassPad

(e) Let x = 0 to determine the y-intercept.

Stationary points (turning points)

To find the derivative, express the rule in index form.

Chapter 1 Coordinate geometry

8x (x2) x 2(x2) = 0(x2)

At local maximum and minimum points, dy = 0 .

To solve, multiply both sides by x2.

Take the cube root of both sides.

Find the corresponding y-value by substituting x =

State the turning point.

Determine if 1 , 3 is a maximum or minimum.

1 , 3 is the turning point.

On the Graph & Tab screen, complete the

Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics for the Casio ClassPad

State the nature of the turning point.

Sketch the graph of y =

For x > 12 : pick a value greater than 12 , say x = 1,

For x < 2 : as x = 0 is a vertical asymptote we need

To determine the equation of the oblique

Write the equations of the asymptotes.

To determine the turning points, tap:

The equations of the asymptotes are:

To find the y-coordinates of the stationary

Sketch the graph of y =

Chapter 1 Coordinate geometry

To sketch graphs of functions of the form y = axm + bxn + c where m = 1 or 2 and

Sketch graphs of y = axm + bx n + c where

Find the asymptotes for each of the following.

Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics for the Casio ClassPad

7 The volume of a solid cylinder is 128 cm3.

1 from the graph of y = f (x).

Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics for the Casio ClassPad

Sketch the graph of the function y1 = x2 9 as given.

Work out the asymptotes for y =

For the y-intercept, x = 0.

Draw a diagram based on the

The x-intercepts of y1 = x2 9 are x = 3.

As x , y approaches 0 from the positive direction

Chapter 1 Coordinate geometry

To determine the shape of the graph near the y-intercept,

The following examples show a different approach to sketching reciprocal functions.

The graph of f(x) is an upright

Calculate the x-intercept.