Types of Microscopes Optical

images to be obtained by using the more effect of a neutralizing antibodies appear, recovery is probs not
by antibodies stay for life, local neutralizing
Microscoapes: These microscopes use visible light grid or other patterned illumination (structured
antibodies remain only for 2 hours, Enterovirus
(or UV light in the case of fluorescence microscopy) illumination) to capture diffracted light, which is
Rhinovirus A, B, C, at least 100 serotypes, acidto make an image. The light is refracted with optical impossible with conventional optical microscopes.
Features
Provides
much
higher
resolution
than
labile, high buoyant density in caesium chloride, best
lenses. The first microscopes that were invented
conventional optical microscopes, approximately
at 33 to 35 degrees C, early attempts for vaccines
belong to this category. The price of optical
twofold, both in the horizontal and vertical directions. not successful varying serotypes, lack of cross
microscopes varies from very cheap to nearly
unfordable (for the private person, at least). Optical Ability to process multiple captured images at high protection, so focused on antiviral mc(ie interferon) or
synthetic antiviral compounds, interferons not good
microscopes can be further subdivided into several speed makes live imaging of cells possible.
Structured illumination microscopes do not have b/c local cytotoxicity reactions antiviral agent best,
categories: Compound Microscope: These are
composed of two lens systems, an objective and an a new structure but use a new way to capture light. rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, symptoms-sneezing,
More specifically, this type of microscope is based on sore throat and cough(little fever and systemic
ocular (eye piece). The maximum useful
moire fringes, which are caused by interference of
reactions), sometimes asthmatic attacks illness in
magnification of a compound microscope is about
light, and is designed to emit a specific pattern of
atopic peeps, very rarely cough, chest pain,
1000x. Stereo Microscope The stereo or
bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia, can last a week or
stereoscopic or dissecting microscope is an optical light (structured illumination) to generate moire
effects.
Because
images
captured
through
this
more, Otitis media and sinusitis certain
microscope variant designed for low magnification
complications in <1% of patients usu w/ bacterial
observation of a sample, typically using light reflected technology contain detailed information about the
object,
high-resolution
images
can
be
composed
infections, diagnosis- usu doesnt require lab test, if
from the surface of an object rather than transmitted
through it. The instrument uses two separate optical through computerized analysis of multiple images. X- done, isolation of virus in sensitive cell culture, nasal
washings early in disease w/ max titres, virus
paths with two objectives and eyepieces to provide ray Microscope: As the name suggests, these
isolation, direct detection ELISA, serology- virus
slightly different viewing angles to the left and right microscopes use a beam of x-rays to create an
image. Due to the small wavelength, the image
neutralization tests, incubation period- 8-10 hours,
eyes. This arrangement produces a threeresolution is higher than in optical microscopes. The transmission- aerosol droplets, fomites, persondimensional visualization of the sample being
maximum useful magnification is therefore also
person contact, Environment- basic pH and lower
examined. Stereomicroscopy overlaps
macrophotography for recording and examining solid higher and is between the optical microscopes and temp
samples with complex surface topography, where a electron microscopes. One advantage of x-ray
microscopes over electron microscopes is, that it is
three-dimensional view is needed for analyzing the
detail. The stereo microscope is often used to study possible to observe living cells. Scanning acoustic Coronaviruses-coronaviruses responsible for 10%
microscope
(SAM): These devices use focused
the surfaces of solid specimens or to carry out close
common colds, first isolated in mid 1965 from
sound waves to generate an image. They are used in of
work such as dissection, microsurgery, watchat Common Cold Unit, monogeneric,
materials
science
to detect small cracks or tensions volunteers
making, circuit board manufacture or inspection, and
assoc
w/ respiratory diseases, 10 recognized
in materials. SAMs can also be used in biology where species,
fracture surfaces as in fractography and forensic
groups alpha, beta, gamma, delta,
they help to uncover tensions, stress and elasticity symptomsengineering. They are thus widely used in
runny nose, cough, sore throat, fever,
manufacturing industry for manufacture, inspection inside biological structure. Scanning Helium Ion
may cause lower-respiratory disease mostly in peeps
and quality control. Stereo microscopes are essential Microscope (SHIM or HeIM): As the name
w/
cardiopulmonary
disease, compromised immune
suggests,
these
devices
use
a
beam
of
Helium
ions
tools in entomology. The stereo microscope should
elderly, diagnosis- not attempted in many
to generate an image. There are several advantages systems,
not be confused with a compound microscope
routine
labs,
cell
culture
and serology, virus
to
electron
microscopes,
one
being
that
the
sample
is
equipped with double eyepieces and a binoviewer. In
isolation 229E and related strains isolated in
such a microscope, both eyes see the same image, left mostly intact (due to the low energy
embryonic
human
lung
cells
like W138 or
requirements)
and
that
it
provides
a
high
resolution.
It
with the two eyepieces serving to provide greater
MRC5(virus CPE (round, small, granular cells)causes
is a relatively new technology and the first
viewing comfort. However, the image in such a
changes
in
structure),
has
to
be performed on organ
commercial
systems
were
released
in
2007.
Neutron
microscope is no different from that obtained with a
cultures of human embryonic cells, Direct detection
Microscope: These microscopes are still in an
single monocular eyepiece. Confocal Laser
of
virusindirect
immunofluorescence
and ELISAs,
experimental
stage.
They
have
a
high
resolution
and
scanning microscope: This type of microscope is
no treatment, but vaccines(prevention) against
may offer better contrast than other forms of
characterized by using laser beams as the light
certain animal coronaviruses, incubation period 2
microscopy. Electron Microscopes: Modern
source. Laser scanning allows high-resolution
to 4 days, usu 5, transmission airborne via
electron microscopes can magnify up to 2 million
observation as well as accurate 3D measurement.
coughing or sneezing/ close personal contact,
times. This is possible, because the wavelength of
Principle These systems scan the surface of an
Structure- ssRNA, enveloped, pleomorphic
high
energy
electrons
is
very
small.
At
the
same
time,
object with a laser(s), record the spatial distribution of
morphology, 60 to 220 nm in diameter, positivefluorescence and reflected light from the focal plane, the high energy electrons are pretty tough on the
stranded RNA, helical symmetry, club-shaped
sample
being
observed.
It
may
take
a
long
time
to
and then visualize the resulting data with a computer
projection of 20 nm involved in neutralization fusion,
to allow observation of high-resolution images. As the completely dehydrate and prepare the specimen.
some, haemagglutination, Three antigenic molecules
Some
biological
specimens
also
need
to
be
coated
name implies, this microscope uses a confocal
found in virions(nucleocapsid, surface projection,
with a very thin layer of a metal before they can be are
optical system. Features - By scanning the laser
and transmembrane proteins. NP antigens common
observed.
Transmission
electron
microscopy
across the surface of an object in the X, Y, and Z
to
all
coronaviruses, main antigenic determinants of
planes, a high-resolution image with corresponding (TEM): In this case, the electron beam is passed
viruses, reside on the surface
through the sample. The result is a two dimensional individual
height data can be captured. With a biological
projections(used
for serologic groupings), One avian
sample, for example, this allows users to understand image. Scanning electron microscopy
two mammalian serologic groups, Human
(SEM): Here the electron beam is projected on the and
its 3D structure as well as to obtain clear
coronavirus
fall
into
both groups, OC43 and 229E,
sample. The electrons do not go through the sample
fluorescence images. - While general optical
all age groups, antibodies only effective for 4
microscopes use an image-forming optical system, but bounce off. This way it is possible to visualize the affect
months
SARSBetacoronavirus
SARS Coronavirus
laser microscopes use the confocal optical system. surface structure of the specimen. The image
is a respiratory illness. It can cause fever, dry cough,
The former illuminates a specific area entirely while appears 3 dimensional. VIRAL diseasesScanning
muscle
aches,
headache,
and/or
difficulty breathing.
Probe
5
Hepatitis
E:
Caused
by
virus
called
the latter focuses light on a single point with a point
It is spread through droplets. The incubation period is
source light. Furthermore, a pinhole is provided at the Hepatitis E virus. It is commonly found in mammal
around
6
days(highest
risk
of
transmission
10
reservoirs
and
is
transmitted
mainly
through
the
image position to receive only the focused light. This
days, when most likely in a hospital. Usually, clinical
faecal-oral route due to faecal contamination of
results in better contrast with no unnecessary
diagnosis,
RT-PCR
and
Virus
Isolation
used,
80
- 90
drinking
water.
The
inc.
period
is
3
to
8
weeks
with
an
scattered light entering from the surrounding areas.
nm, SARS-CoV, four main structural points:
Structure Laser beams emitted from the laser light average of 40 days. The main symptoms include
nucleocapsid,
spike,
membrane
and
envelope,
large
jaundice,
abdominal
pain,
inflamed
liver,
dark
urine,
source go through the objective lens to scan a
spherical particles w/ bulbous surface
sample. The fluorescence of the sample excited by nausea, vomiting, and pale stool. Diagnosis is made pleomorphic
corona around virus), Serology
by diagnosis of hepatitis as a whole and is narrowed projections(form
the laser beams is returned to the objective lens,
IFT
and
ELISAs
Hepatitis C- Hepacivirus affects the
processed as an image, filtered by the pinhole, and down by local environments an. Definitive diagnosis liver. It can cause
fever, fatigue, loss of appetite,
made by IgM antibody test. It is allowed to naturally nausea, vomiting, abdominal
displayed on the monitor. Phase contrast
pain, dark urine, clayrun its course in people with an healthy immune
microscopes: makes it possible to observe
colored bowel movements, joint pain, and jaundice
system but antivirals such as ribavirin are used in
colorless, transparent cells while they are alive by
(yellow
color
in
skin
or
eyes).
It can be acute(which
cases
in
which
the
infected
have
a
weakened
utilizing two characteristics of light, diffraction and
clears on its own in 25% of peeps. It is spread
immune system. Rhinoviruses- to of human
interference, to visualize specimens based on
through
blood-to-blood
contact
or bodily fluids
acute
respiratory
infections
and
sig
morbidity
and
$
brightness differences (contrast). Principle With
contact. It should be cleaned w/ 1 to 10 bleach to
losses(lost work days), responsible for 30% of all
regard to periodic movements, such as sinusoidal
water
ratio.
Incubation
period
is 2 weeks to 6
common
colds.
Adenoviruses,
enteroviruses,
RSV,
waves, the phase represents the portion of the wave
months, most commonly 6 to 7 weeks. Treatment
that has elapsed relative to the origin. Light is also an influenza, parainfluenza can also cause common
involves
combination
of
antiviral
cold
symptoms
similar
to
rhinoviruses
and
oscillation and the phase changes, when passing
and ribavirin combos
through an object, between the light that has passed coronaviruses, Only 14 days after infection do serum-medicines(peginterferon
Peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin(Peginterferon),
through (diffracted light) and the
Peginterferon
alfa-2b
and
ribavirin(Pegintron/Rebetol
remaining light (direct light). Even if the
Combo Pack), Protease(enzyme which breaks down
object is colorless and transparent,
proteins
and
peptides)
inhibitors
there is still a change in phase when
boceprevir(Victrelis), simeprevir(Olysio),
light pass through it. This phase
telaprevir(Incivek), Nucleotide analog inhibitors
contrast is converted into brightness
sofosbuvir(sovaldi), Combo of NS5A inhibitors and
differences to observe specimens.
nucleotide analog inhibitors ledipasvirFeatures Transparent cells can be
sofosbuvir(Harvoni), blood test called Hepatitis C
observed without staining them
Antibody Test, aka Anti-HCV test, RNA test or a PCR
because the phase contrast can be
test. HIV/AIDS: Human Immunodeficiency Virus,
converted into brightness differences
belongs to a group of viruses called lentiviruses. It it
because it is not necessary to stain
found only in human bodily fluids and is transmitted
cells, cell division and other processes
by sexual contact, blood and blood products, or from
can be observed in a living state.
the mother to the newborn infant. The inc. period is
Structure Generally, a fluorescence
8-10 years. Pre-AIDS symptoms may include slight
microscope is a combination of a
immunological, dermatological, haematological and
biological microscope and fluorescent
neurological signs. Generalized lymphadenopathy
incident illumination equipment. The
may be seen. Nothing necessarily linked to HIV.
structure includes a focusing knob, an
AIDS established with the appearance of
XY stage handle for positioning
opportunistic infections, certain neoplasms, and
specimens, and a revolver for
primary lymphoma of the brain and other areas. In
switching objective lenses. For lighting,
the US, the diagnosis of AIDS is made by finding a
it is also equipped with a cube turret
CD4 count of less than 200 cells for every cubic
that adjusts the wavelength of the
millimeter. Treatment works by stopping replication
excitation light, a shutter that prevents
using HIV protease inhibitors in a combination
photobleaching of samples, and an ND
(HAART) method. Chickenpox: Caused by
(neutral density) filter that adjusts the
varicella-zoster, which belongs to the herpesvirus
strength of the excitation light.
family. This also causes shingles.It is found only in
Structured illumination microscope
human hosts and is transmitted by touching or
A type of high-resolution microscope
breathing in the virus particles that come from
based on technology that has
chickenpox blisters, and possibly through tiny
overcome the limited resolution of
droplets from infected people that get into the air. The
optical microscopes caused by the
inc. period is 14 to 16 days. Main symptom is rash
diffraction limit of light Principle
that has raised bumps (papules), blisters/vesicles,
Conventionally, the resolution of optical
and scabs. Diagnosis is normally made when the
microscopes was limited to 200 nm or
doctor observes the rash. Normally it is allowed to
larger due to the diffraction limit of
run its course but in dangerous circumstances is
light. This limit has been overcome by
treated using antiviral drugs. There is a vaccine.
a high-resolution microscope
Measles/Rubella: Measles or Morbillivirus measles
developed in the United States that is
virus is highly contagious, it is an infection of
based on structured illumination. This
respiratory system. Symptoms: appear 7-14 days
microscopy enables high-resolution

after person is infected, include high fever (more than flawed because it is not useful as a diagnostic tool in Flaviviridae. It belongs to the Japanese encephalitis
104F), cough, sore throat, runny nose (coryza), red, the acute setting due to the variable onset of
virus complex or serogroup. The two most common
blotchy, skin rash, conjunctivitis (red, watery, inflamedantibody responses during acute illness. West Nile genetic lineages of WNV are lineage 1, which
eyes). Koplik Spots (tiny white spots on inside of
Disease:Also can be referred of neuroinvasive
contains 3 clades (1a, 1b and 1c), and lineage 2.
mouth) may appear after 3-5 days. Treatments: No disease, West Nile Encephalitis, West Nile
Both lineages contain virulent viruses, as well as
treatment to get rid of established measles infection, Meningitis, West Nile poliomyelitis.West Nile Virus
strains that usually cause asymptomatic infections or
fever reducer and vitamin A helps get rid of
can be either asymptomatic, 80% infected show no mild disease. The West Nile Virus is an enveloped
symptoms. Preventative: MMR vaccine.
symptoms. 20% had flu-like signs, and a small but
virion that contains a positive single stranded
Tests/Diagnostics: Doctors can look for the easily
significant percentage (<1%) developed neurological genome. It is in Group IV ((+)ssRNA). The genome is
distinguishable rash, Koplik spots, or use a blood test disease. West Nile disease includes symptoms such about 11 kb of a single open reading frame. Through
to confirm whether the rash is measles. Kuru: Kuru as fever, headache, tiredness, body aches, nausea, the use of cryo electron microscopy it has been
is a prion disease that primarily affects the
vomiting, skin rash, swollen lymph glands, high fever, discovered that the virus has icosahedral symmetry
cerebellum and the central nervous system.
neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, and is 500 in diameter. The virus has no surface
Symptoms: Symptoms may include arm and leg pain, convulsions, muscle weakness, paralysis.
projections or spikes. The virus has multi-layer
coordination problems, difficulty walking, headache, Monoclonal antibodies that target WNV particles to organization where the outermost layer corresponds
tremors and muscle jerks, and difficulty swallowing. inhibit spread of infection.Monoclonal antibodies to to the E and M transmembrane proteins with a very
Treatments: There is no treatment for kuru.
target and destroy WNV-infected cells. Broadhigh density. Methods of detecting for West Nile
Preventative: discourage cannibalism
spectrum therapeutics for flaviviruses, including
Disease include methods using ELISA and RT-PCR,
Tests/Diagnostics: Doctors can perform a
WNV. Therapeutics that are able to cross the blood- specific examples include, IgG antibody
neurological and electrodiagnostic exams. Brain
brain barrier. Identification of drug targets for viruses seroconversion (or significant increase in antibody
scans may be taken but they might not help.
that infect the nervous system.Vaccine- Currently
titers) in two serial specimen collected at a one week
Tetanus: Caused by Clostridium Tetani bacteria.
there is no licensed West Nile Virus vaccine for
interval by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Found in warm damp areas such as manure treated people. The US Department of Agriculture licensed a (ELISA). IgM antibody capture enzyme-linked
soil along with the intestines and feces of many
DNA vaccine to prevent WNV in horses, at least 4
immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Neutralization
animals. Transmitted by spores entering an open
other types have now been released that have
assays. Viral detection by reverse transcription
wound. Incubation period of 7 to 10 days. Main
approved use in horses. Most West Nile virus
polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Virus
symptoms are muscle spasms and lockjaw.
infections occur during warm weather, when
isolation by cell culture. Rabies: Rabies first
Diagnosis is made through physical evaluation of
mosquitos are active. The incubation period the symptoms may be very similar to those of the flu:
symptoms. Treated with antitoxins, antibiotics, and a period between when you're bitten by an infected
weakness or discomfort, fever or a headache. As it
vaccine but the toxin cant be reversed after it goes mosquito and the appearance of signs and
starts to develop common symptoms include, fever,
through neuronal binding. Scrapie:One or more of symptoms of the illness ranges from two to 14
pain/inexplicable tingling, pricking/burning sensation
the following clinical signs may be present in scrapie- days.The incubation 2-14 days.Transovarial
(paraesthesia), fatal inflammation of the brain, spinal
affected animals, though not all animals will show all transmission has been demonstrated in some
cord develops. Some of the infected will start to feel
of the signs, and some symptoms may be very
species of mosquitoes, and is likely to important in symptoms of hyperactivity, excited behavior,
subtle. There is no treatment or cure for scrapie; and overwintering. Dormant mosquitoes that survive the hydrophobia, aerophobia, this may indicate furious
currently there is no vaccine for scrapie. Some
winter may also harbor WNV Virus may also be
rabies. Hydrophobia,
breeds of sheep have been found to be more likely to transmitted through contact with other infected
Photophobia,Insomnia,Anxiety,Agitation.Postcome down with scrapie, these being the Cheviot andanimals, their blood, or their tissue.Organ transplant, exposure prophylaxis (PEP) (Cat. I, II, III) should be
Suffolk. Until recently tests for this condition could
blood transfusions, and breast milk. No human-tostarted immediately after exposure to prevent rabies
only be done on the tissues of dead animals, but
human transmission through casual contact. Vertical from entering CNS. Flushing and washing of wound
currently tests can sample tissue taken from the
transmission. When the West Nile virus is initially
for minimum of 15 minutes with soap, detergent,
animal's third eyelid. The incubation period is usually transmitted from a mosquito to another animal the
povidone iodine. The incubation period of rabies in
2 to 5 years in sheep; cases are rare in sheep less virus initially infects the keratinocytes and
humans is generally 2060 days. However, fulminant
than a year old. Cases of scrapie have been reported Langerhans cells. These cells then migrate to the
disease can become symptomatic within 56 days;
in 2 to 8 year old goats. The incubation period in
lymph nodes and initial replication begins. From the more worrisome, in 1%3% of cases the incubation
experimentally infected goats is less than three
lymph nodes the virus is then spread to visceral
period is >6 months. 1-3 months but could be less
years, with a range of 30 to 146 weeks. It has been organs and a second replication occurs. Serious
than a week to greater than a year depending on
suggested that scrapie spreads via the urine and can illness can occur in people of any age, however
factors such as, location of entry and viral load.
remain in the environment for several years. Other people over the age of 50 and some
Usually infected following a deep bite or scratch by
indications are that it is spread in the fetal fluid and immunocompromised people are at the highest risk an infected animal. (Dogs are main host and
afterbirth from lambing, as such it is passed from ewe for getting severely ill when infected. West Nile virus transmitter.) Infectious material (Saliva) comes into
to lamb, but other sheep who come in contact with is an arbovirus in the Flavivirus genus of the family direct contact with human mucosa or fresh skin
bedding used at birthing, may ingest the prions at
Flaviviridae. It belongs to the Japanese encephalitis wounds. Although strictly a contact disease cases
that time and become infected. It is believed the
virus complex or serogroup. The two most common have been reported when a human got affected by
prions cannot be spread in the air. Causative Agent: genetic lineages of WNV are lineage 1, which
rabid just by inhaling the air in a rabid bat
Scrapie is caused by a transmissible agent, probably contains 3 clades (1a, 1b and 1c), and lineage 2.
cave.Human-to-human transmission is theoretically
an abnormal form of the prion protein called PrPsc. Both lineages contain virulent viruses, as well as
possible. The scientific name of the virus is
The good news is that there is a test available today strains that usually cause asymptomatic infections or Neurotropic Lyssavirus. The causative agent of
that guarantees that a sheep does not have scrapie mild disease. The West Nile Virus is an enveloped
rabies is rabies virus (RV), a negative-stranded RNA
and will not acquire scrapie, even if exposed. That
virion that contains a positive single stranded
virus of the rhabdovirus family. Rabies is a zoonotic
test is the codon 171 test. Ringworm: Caused by
genome. It is in Group IV ((+)ssRNA). The genome is disease that remains an important public health
various types of dermatophytes, a group of fungi that about 11 kb of a single open reading frame. Through problem worldwide and causes more than 70,000
cause many different diseases. Transmitted through the use of cryo electron microscopy it has been
human deaths each year. Although RV pathogenicity
direct contact with surfaces with the fungus on them. discovered that the virus has icosahedral symmetry is a multigenic trait involving several elements of the
This can be objects, animals, humans, or soil.
and is 500 in diameter. The virus has no surface RV genome, the RV glycoprotein plays a major role
Incubation period of 10-14 days (scalp) and 4-10
projections or spikes. The virus has multi-layer
in RV pathogenesis by controlling the rate of virus
days (body). Main symptom is circular scaly patches organization where the outermost layer corresponds uptake and trans-synaptic virus spread, and by
with blisters. Diagnosis is confirmed by skin biopsy or to the E and M transmembrane proteins with a very regulating the rate of virus replication. The rabies
KOH exam. Treated with over the counter
high density. Methods of detecting for West Nile
virus has a cylindrical morphology and is the type
medications or prescribed antifungals depending on Disease include methods using ELISA and RT-PCR, species of the Lyssavirus genus of the
the case. Mononucleosis- Epstein-Barr Virus
specific examples include, IgG antibody
Rhabdoviridae family. These viruses are enveloped
primarily affects the liver. It is aka human herpesvirus seroconversion (or significant increase in antibody
and have a single stranded RNA genome with
4, and is a gamma herpes virus.Some symptoms are titers) in two serial specimen collected at a one week negative-sense. The genetic information is packaged
fatigue, fever, inflamed throat, swollen lymph nodes interval by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
as a ribonucleoprotein complex in which RNA is
in the neck, enlarged spleen, swollen liver, and rash. (ELISA). IgM antibody capture enzyme-linked
tightly bound by the viral nucleoprotein. The mass of
It spreads contact of bodily fluids. It can also however immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Neutralization
a single virion has been estimated to be
spread through sexual contact of blood and semen assays. Viral detection by reverse transcription
approximately 221 thousand kilodaltons. Can only
and blood transfusions & organ transplants. It can be polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Virus
function inside a mammals body. Studies done
spread through fomites if contact surface remains
isolation by cell culture. West Nile Disease:Also can testing the survival of the rabies virus at different
relatively moist. No vaccine or specific treatment.
be referred of neuroinvasive disease, West Nile
environmental conditions express that when the virus
Incubation period is 4 to 6 weeks. Peeps can test for Encephalitis, West Nile Meningitis, West Nile
was spread in a thin layer onto surfaces like glass,
the following antigens: Viral Capsid Antigen(VCA)- poliomyelitis.West Nile Virus can be either
metal, or leaves, the longest survival was 144 hours
IgM onset and gone 4 to 6 weeks, IgG appears in
asymptomatic, 80% infected show no symptoms.
at 5C. At 20C the virus was infective for 24h on
acute phase of infection, peaks at 2 - 4 weeks
20% had flu-like signs, and a small but significant
glass and leaves, and 48h on metal. At 30C, the
declines slightly and then stays for rest of life, Early percentage (<1%) developed neurological disease. virus was inactivated within 20 hours w/o exposure to
Antigen(EA), and EBV Nuclear Antigen(EBNA).
West Nile disease includes symptoms such as fever, sunlight, and 1.5 with exposure to sunlight. Furious
Usually mononucleosis is diagnosed through
headache, tiredness, body aches, nausea, vomiting, Rabies- quicker effects that are aggressive and
symptoms which may include a higher number of
skin rash, swollen lymph glands, high fever, neck
haphazard, causes behavioral changes in the animal
lymphocytes, atypical lymphocytes, fewer than
stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors,
such an aggressive animal may become friendly, or a
normal neutrophils(type of granulocyte(granules in convulsions, muscle weakness, paralysis.
bat may come out at day. By altering the animals
cell cytoplasm)), and/or abnormal liver function.
Monoclonal antibodies that target WNV particles to brain tissue, it makes the host abnormal. Paralytic
Ebola:The symptoms of Ebola include fever, fatigue, inhibit spread of infection.Monoclonal antibodies to Rabies- late entry but ends up paralyzing the host to
muscle pain, headache, sore throat, vomiting,
target and destroy WNV-infected cells. Broadthe max. Furious Rabies- quicker effects that are
diarrhea, symptoms also may include the feeling of spectrum therapeutics for flaviviruses, including
aggressive and haphazard, causes behavioral
an impaired kidney and liver function. Other
WNV. Therapeutics that are able to cross the blood- changes in the animal such an aggressive animal
symptoms include internal and external bleeding. If a brain barrier. Identification of drug targets for viruses may become friendly, or a bat may come out at day.
host decides to be lab tested they may find low white that infect the nervous system.Vaccine- Currently
By altering the animals brain tissue, it makes the
blood cell and platelet counts, and elevated liver
there is no licensed West Nile Virus vaccine for
host abnormal. Paralytic Rabies- late entry but ends
enzymes. By providing intravenous fluids and
people. The US Department of Agriculture licensed a up paralyzing the host to the max. Influenza balancing electrolytes, maintaining oxygen status andDNA vaccine to prevent WNV in horses, at least 4
Influenza (also known as the flu - Haemophilus
blood pressure, these basic interventions if used
other types have now been released that have
influenzae { H. influenzae } ) is a contagious
early, can significantly improve chances of survival. approved use in horses. Most West Nile virus
respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. It can
Other treatment options that can lengthen survival
infections occur during warm weather, when
cause mild to severe illness, and at times can lead to
include kidney dialysis, blood transfusions, and
mosquitos are active. The incubation period the death. The best way to prevent the flu is by getting a
plasma replacement therapy. It is introduced into the period between when you're bitten by an infected
flu vaccination each year. The flu is caused by
human population through close contact with blood, mosquito and the appearance of signs and
influenza virus types A, B, and C. Both type A and
secretion, organs or other bodily fluids of infected
symptoms of the illness ranges from two to 14
type B flu viruses are responsible for the seasonal
animals. Sexual transmission of ebola is a strong
days.The incubation 2-14 days.Transovarial
outbreaks of flu. Symptoms of the flu include fever,
possibility, but has yet to be proven. Theory is female transmission has been demonstrated in some
headache, fatigue, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy
to male transmission. The Ebola virus is a member of species of mosquitoes, and is likely to important in nose, body aches, diarrhea and vomiting (more
the family filoviridae and the order mononegavirales. overwintering. Dormant mosquitoes that survive the common among children than adults). Avoid close
Four strains of Ebola have since been identified:
winter may also harbor WNV Virus may also be
contact with people who are sick, stay home when
Ebola-Zaire, Ebola-Sudan, Ebola-Ivory Coast, and transmitted through contact with other infected
you are sick, cover your mouth and nose when you
Ebola-Reston. Ebola is categorized as a filovirus.
animals, their blood, or their tissue.Organ transplant, cough or sneeze, wash your hands, avoid touching
This means that it looks like a piece of thread, or
blood transfusions, and breast milk. No human-toyour eyes, nose or mouth, get plenty of sleep, and
filament, that's been curled up a bit. Ebola is an
human transmission through casual contact. Vertical drink plenty of fluids. Using aspirin or ibuprofen can
enveloped virus, meaning it takes part of the host
transmission. When the West Nile virus is initially
also help to treat the fever, headaches and muscle
cell's membrane with it when it leaves the cell. Ebola transmitted from a mosquito to another animal the
aches associated with the flu. The incubation period
stores its genetic information as a single strand of
virus initially infects the keratinocytes and
for influenza is around 18-72 hours before the typical
RNA, termed a negative strand. Ebola most
Langerhans cells. These cells then migrate to the
symptoms appear. Rapid influenza diagnostic test
commonly occurs in Africa. It first appeared in 1976 lymph nodes and initial replication begins. From the (RIDT) used to detect the virus in nasal secretions
South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo lymph nodes the virus is then spread to visceral
and one of the most common methods used to
in a village near the Ebola river which is where the organs and a second replication occurs. Serious
diagnose this infection. Hep.B - Hepatitis B is an
disease took its name. Three primary ways of
illness can occur in people of any age, however
infection of your liver. It can cause scarring of the
detection fall into serologic test that detect host
people over the age of 50 and some
organ, liver failure, and cancer. It can be fatal if it isn't
antibodies generated against the virus. Antigen tests immunocompromised people are at the highest risk treated. Yellowing of the eyes, abdominal pain, and
that detect viral proteins, and molecular test that
for getting severely ill when infected. West Nile virus dark urine are all symptoms of Hep. B. Hepatitis B is
detect viral RNA sequences. Serological testing is
is an arbovirus in the Flavivirus genus of the family spread when blood, semen, or other body fluid

infected with the Hepatitis B virus enters the body of due to activities of bacteria.[1] The cavities may [2]
be a caused by eating bivalve shellfish and other
a person who is not infected. There is an incubation number of different colors from yellow to black.
molluscan shellfish that have been contaminated by
period lasting 1.5 to 6 months (average 4 months)
Symptoms may include pain and difficulty with eating. toxins produced by certain species of microscopic
[2][3]
until illness begins.The etiological agent of hepatitis B
Complications may include inflammation of the
marine algae found in coastal waters Peptic Ulcer
infection is formerly known as serum hepatitis. The tissue around the tooth,
tooth loss, and infection or Disease: Usually presents as chronic, upper
virus primarily infects the liver. If your doctor suspects abscess formation.[2][4] The cause of caries is
abdominal pain related to eating a meal (dyspepsia).
you have hepatitis B, he or she will examine you and bacterial breakdown of the hard tissues of the teeth Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
likely order blood tests. Blood tests can determine if (enamel, dentin and cementum). This occurs due to (NSAIDs) and Helicobacter pylori infection are the
you have the virus in your system and whether it's
acid made from food debris or sugar on the tooth
most common causes.There may be some epigastric
acute or chronic. Anthrax: Caused by Bacillus
surface. Simple sugars in food are these bacteria's tenderness, but often there are no other signs on
anthracis bacterium. Cant be spread person to
primary energy source and thus a diet high in simple physical examination. Endoscopy is diagnostic and
person and is normally transmitted by contact with
sugar is a risk factor. If mineral breakdown is greater may show an ulcer in the stomach or proximal
spores of the bacteria either through inhalation or
than build up from sources such as saliva, caries
duodenum. H pylori infection should be sought. In the
direct contact. Incubation period of 2-5 days
results. Risk factors include conditions that result in absence of "alarm" (red flag) symptoms or signs,
(inhalation), 2-3 days (cutaneous). Symptoms vary less saliva such as: diabetes mellitus, Sjogren's
testing for and treating H pylori and/or empiric acid
widely based on the type of anthrax, but blisters
syndrome and some medications. Legionnaires
inhibition therapy is appropriate. Most common
(cutaneous and injection) and respiratory problems Disease: Legionnaires' disease is a type of
complications are gastroduodenal bleeding and
(inhalation) are common. Diagnosis made by skin
pneumonia caused by bacteria. You usually get it by perforation, either of which may be the presenting
testing (cutaneous), blood tests, CT scan (inhalation), breathing in mist from water that contains the
symptom, particularly in patients taking NSAIDs.
stool tests (gastrointestinal), and spinal tap (anthrax bacteria. ... The bacteria don't spread from person to Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis, often called TB for
meningitis). Treated with antibiotics and antitoxins. person. Symptoms of Legionnaires' disease include short, is a bacterial disease that can attack any part
Found in soil normally. Bioterror
high fever, chills, a cough, and sometimes muscle
of the body, most frequently the lungs. The bacteria,
uses.Chlamydia:Many who have chlamydia don't
aches and headaches. Lyme Disease: Lyme
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is an airborne
develop symptoms, but they can still infect others
disease, the most common vector-borne disease in bacteria, meaning that it is passed from person to
through sexual contact. Symptoms may include
the United States, poses a serious health crisis both person through the air, i.e. via coughing, sneezing,
genital pain and discharge from the vagina or
nationally and internationally. Transmitted by the bite laughing or even just talking. Ringworm: Ringworm
penis.Antibiotic therapy for the affected patient and of a tick, Lyme disease is a bacterial infection
of the body is a fungal infection that develops on the
the patient's sexual partners is recommended.
caused by the spirochete (spiral shaped bacteria)
top layer of your skin. ... Also called tinea corporis,
Screening for other common sexually transmitted
Borrelia burgdorferi. MRSA: Methicillin-resistant
ringworm of the body is closely related to athlete's
infections should also be performed. Infectious
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a type of
foot (tinea pedis), jock itch (tinea cruris) and
disease doctor, Primary care provider (PCP),
staphylococcus or "staph" bacterium that is resistant ringworm of the scalp (tinea capitis). Estuary
Urologist, and OBGYN doctor. azithromycin given to many antibiotics. ... MRSA infections are more
Associated Syndrome: Pfiesteria piscicida (Pp) is
as two or four tablets at once. doxycycline given as difficult to treat than ordinary staph infections.
an estuarine dinoflagellate that has been associated
two capsules a day for a week.Once inside the host, Pertussis: Pertussis (also known as whooping
with fish kill events in estuaries along the eastern
chlamydia bind sialic acid receptors, which are
cough or 100-day[1][2]
cough) is a highly contagious
seaboard and possibly with human health effects (1,2).
usually found in mucous-rich environments. C.
bacterial disease.
Initially, symptoms are usually CDC, in collaboration with other federal, state, and local
trachomatis infections have long been effectively
similar to those of the common cold with a runny
government agencies and academic institutions, is conducting
treated with tetracycline, doxycycline, or
nose, fever, and mild cough. This is then followed by multistate surveillance, epidemiologic studies, and laboratory
erythromycin. Chlamydia affects people of all ages weeks of severe coughing fits. Following a fit of
research for possible estuary-associated syndrome (PEAS),
but is most common in young women. Many who
coughing, a high-pitched whoop [2]
sound or gasp may including possible Pp-related human illness.The surveillance
have chlamydia don't develop symptoms, but they
occur as the person breathes in. The coughing may system tracks PEAS rather than Pp-related illness because a Pp
can still infect others through sexual contact.
last for 10 or more weeks, hence the phrase "100toxin(s) has not been identified and therefore a biomarker of
Symptoms may include genital pain and discharge day cough".[3] A person may cough so hard that they exposure has not been developed. Detection of Pp or fish with
from the vagina or penis. Therefore, they do not
vomit,[2][4]
break ribs, or become very tired from the
lesions in water has been used as evidence of suspected Pp
know they have the disease. The incubation period effort.
Children less than one year old may have toxin(s) (3). However, Pp has been found in waters where there
for chlamydia is quite variable and may range from little or no cough and[2]instead have periods where
were no reports of harm to fish or persons. In addition, lesions on
days to months after the initial exposure. The
they do not breathe. The time between infection andfish can result from various biologic, physical, and environmental
average time from exposure to the development of the onset of symptoms is usually seven to ten days.[5] factors. Therefore, detecting Pp or observing fish with lesions
symptoms is usually about one to three weeks after Disease may occur in those who have been
may not be indicative of the presence of putative Pp toxin(s).
sexual contact with an infected person.NAAT is a
vaccinated, but symptoms are typically milder. Rock Giardiasis : Giardiasis is sometimes known as beaver fever
molecular test that detects the genetic material
Mountain Spotted Fever: Summary. Rocky
because beavers (as well as dogs, cats, horses and cows) are
(DNA) of Chlamydia Trachomatis. It is generally more Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a life-threatening major reservoirs for the parasite that causes the infection. The
sensitive and specific than other chlamydia tests and disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, an obligately parasite lives in the intestines of infected humans and animals
can be performed on a vaginal swab on women, or intracellular bacterium that is spread to human
and when expelled through the feces can contaminate water and
urine from both men and women, which eliminates beings by ticks. Strep Throat: Strep throat is a
ground surfaces. Cryptosporidiosis: Cryptosporidiosis is an
the need for a pelvic exam in women. Chlamydia
bacterial infection that can make your throat feel
infection most frequently associated with contaminated water. ...
trachomatis was first discovered in 1907 by
sore and scratchy. ... If untreated, strep throat can The disease is caused by a parasite which lives in the intestines
Stanislaus von Prowazek in Berlin. The genus part of cause complications, such as kidney inflammation or of animals and infected humans. Feces containing the parasite
the name, Chlamydia, comes from the Greek word rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever can lead to painful may contaminate the ground or water sources. Hookworm:
chlamys, which means cloak and the species part of and inflamed joints, a specific type of rash or heart Human hookworm disease is a common helminth infection that
the name, trachomatis is also Greek and means
valve damage. Syphillis: Syphilis is caused by the is predominantly caused by the nematode parasites Necator
rough or harsh. Hepatitis A Hepatitis A is a liver
organism Treponema pallidum, a spirochete
americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale; organisms that play a
disease caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV). HAV is bacterium. Syphilis has four distinct stages. These lesser role include Ancylostoma ceylonicum, Ancylostoma
spread from person to person by putting something inare primary, secondary, latent and tertiary, with each braziliense, and Ancylostoma caninum. Pinworm: Pinworm
the mouth that has been contaminated with the stool stage producing distinctive symptoms and effects
infection is caused by Enterobius vermicularis. ... Pinworm
of a person with hepatitis A. Poor hand washing by throughout the body. Athletes foot: Athlete's foot is infection is primarily a pediatric condition, and parents are
infected persons increases the risk of transmission. caused by a fungus that grows on or in the top layer typically infected via transmission through their children.
Dengue Fever: In some cases, it can lead to
of skin. Fungi (plural of fungus) grow best in warm, Pinworm is prevalent throughout the temperate regions of the
circulatory failure, shock, coma and death. Dengue wet places, such as the area between the toes.
world and is the most common helminthic infection in the United
fever is caused by one of four related, but distinct, Athlete's foot spreads easily. You can get it by
States. Schistosomiasis: Schistosomiasis is a disease caused
virus serotypes (DEN 1-4), which are transmitted to touching the toes or feet of a person who has it.
by parasitic worms. Although the worms that cause
humans by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Mumps:
Dutch Elm Disease: Dutch elm disease (DED) is schistosomiasis are not found in the United States, more than
Hallmark of infection is swelling and inflammation of caused by a member of the sac fungi (Ascomycota) 200 million people are infected worldwide. Infection occurs
one or both of the parotid glands (parotitis). More
affecting elm trees, and is spread by the elm bark
through contact with contaminated water. The parasite in its
serious complications of mumps, such as meningitis, beetle. Although believed to be originally native to
infective stages is called a cercaria. Tapeworm: Several of the
encephalitis, and orchitis, can occur in the absence Asia, the disease has been accidentally introduced adult tapeworms that infect humans are named after their
of parotitis, potentially delaying the accurate
into America and Europe, where it has devastated
intermediate host: The fish tapeworm ( Diphyllobothrium latum)
diagnosis of the disease. Kuru: Infectious, abnormal native populations of elms that did not have
The beef tapeworm ( Taenia saginata) The pork tapeworm (
proteins known as prions cause kuru. ... Creutzfeldt- resistance to the disease. It has also reached New Taenia solium). Trichinosis: Trichinosis (trik-ih-NO-sis),
Jakob, Gerstmann-Strussler-Scheinker disease,
Zealand. The name "Dutch elm disease" refers to its sometimes called trichinellosis (trik-ih-nuh-LOW-sis), is a type of
and fatal familial insomnia are other degenerative
identification in 1921 and later in the Netherlands by roundworm infection. Roundworm parasites use a host body to
diseases caused by prions. These spongiform
Dutch phytopathologists Bea Schwarz and Christine live and reproduce. Occurring primarily among meat-eating
diseases, as well as kuru, create sponge-like holes Buisman who
both worked with Professor Johanna animals (carnivores) especially bears, foxes and walruses
in your brain and are fatal. Tetanus: The bacteria
Westerdijk.[1][2] The disease is not specific to the
the infection is acquired by eating roundworm larvae in raw or
that cause tetanus are called Clostridium tetani.
Dutch elm hybrid. Ergotism: is the effect of longundercooked meat. Wolbachia: Wolbachia pipientis is a
They are usually found in dirt and soil, most often in term ergot poisoning, traditionally due to the
maternally inherited intracellular bacterium that is found in a wide
areas with animal waste such as farms and ranches. ingestion of the alkaloids produced by the Claviceps range of arthropod species and filarial nematodes, with
These bacteria typically enter the body through a
purpurea fungus that infects rye and other cereals, approximately 40% of insect species infected [1]. ... In insects,
wound, cut, or splinter. Scrapie: Scrapie is a fatal, and more recently by the action of a number of
the most common manipulation is cytoplasmic incompatibility
degenerative disease that affects the nervous
ergoline-based drugs. It is also known as
Batrchochytrium: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, (b-traysystems of sheep and goats. It is one of several
ergotoxicosis, ergot poisoning and Saint
koh-kit-ri-um den-droh-b-teye-dis) also known as Bd or the
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), Anthony's Fire. Ergot poisoning is a proposed
amphibian chytrid fungus, that causes the disease
which are related to bovine spongiform
explanation of bewitchment. Histoplasmosis:
chytridiomycosis in amphibians. In the decade after it was first
encephalopathy (BSE or "mad cow disease") and Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that discovered in 1998,[1] the disease devastated amphibian
chronic wasting disease of deer. Ringworm:
remains in a mycelial form at ambient temperatures populations around the world, in a global decline towards
Ringworm of the body is a fungal infection that
and grows as yeast at body temperature in
multiple extinctions, part of the Holocene extinction. A recently
develops on the top layer of your skin. ... Also called mammals. Infection causes histoplasmosis. Although described second species, B. salamandrivorans, also cause
tinea corporis, ringworm of the body is closely
the fungus that causes histoplasmosis can be found chytridiomycosis and death in salamanders. Some amphibian
related to athlete's foot (tinea pedis), jock itch (tinea in temperate climates throughout the world, it is
species appear to have an innate capacity to withstand
cruris) and ringworm of the scalp (tinea capitis).
endemic to the Ohio, Missouri, and Mississippi River chytridiomycosis infection due to symbiosis with
Polio: Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a crippling and
valleys in the United States. Internationally, the
Janthinobacterium lividum. Even within species that generally
potentially deadly infectious disease. It is caused by fungus is predominantly found in river valleys in
succumb, some populations survive, possibly demonstrating that
the poliovirus. The virus spreads from person to
North and Central America, eastern and southern
these traits or alleles of species are being subjected to
person and can invade an infected person's brain
Europe, and parts of Africa, eastern Asia, and
evolutionary selection. The Endosymbiotic Theory : Was first
and spinal cord, causing paralysis (can't move parts Australia. Potato Blight: Phytophthora infestans is proposed by former Boston University Biologist Lynn Margulis in
of the body). Botulism: Botulism is a rare but
an oomycete that causes the serious potato disease the 1960's and officially in her 1981 book "Symbiosis in Cell
serious illness. The cause is a toxin (poison) made known as late blight or potato blight. (Early blight, Evolution". Although now accepted as a well-supported theory,
by a bacterium called Clostridium botulinum. ...
caused by Alternaria solani, is also often called
both she and the theory were ridiculed by mainstream biologists
Foodborne botulism comes from eating foods
"potato blight".) Late blight was a major culprit in the for a number of years. Thanks to her persistance, and the large
contaminated with the toxin. Wound botulism
1840s European, the 1845 Irish and 1846 Highland volumes of data that support this hypothesis gathered by her and
happens when a wound infected with the bacteria
potato famines. The organism can also infect
many other scientists over the last 30 years, biology can now
makes the toxin. Small Pox: The Disease.
tomatoes and some other members of the
offer a plausible explanation for the evolution of eukaryotes. Dr.
Smallpox is a serious, contagious, and sometimes Solanaceae.[1][2][3] At first, the spots are gray-green
Margulis was doing reserarch on the origin of eukaryotic cells.
fatal infectious disease. ... There are two clinical
and water-soaked, but they soon enlarge and turn
She looked at all the data about prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and
forms of smallpox. Variola major is the severe and dark brown and firm, with a rough surface. Thrush: organelles. She proposed that the similarities between
most common form of smallpox, with a more
Oral thrush also called oral candidiasis (kan-dih- prokaryotes and organelles, together with their appearance in the
extensive rash and higher fever. Yellow Fever:
DIE-uh-sis) is a condition in which the fungus
fossil record, could best be explained by "endo-symbiosis".
Yellow fever is an acute viral disease. ... The
Candida albicans accumulates on the lining of your [Endo = "within"] [Endocytosis = (cyto = cell) a process of
disease is caused by the yellow fever virus and is mouth. Candida is a normal organism in your mouth, 'cell eating' - cells are engulfed, but then usually digested as
spread by the bite of an infected female mosquito. It but sometimes it can overgrow and cause symptoms. food....] [Endosymbiosis = cells are engulfed, but not
infects only humans, other primates, and several
Malaria: Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite, digested...cells live together is a mutually benefitting relationship,
species of mosquitoes. In cities, it is spread primarily transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes.
or symbiosis] Her hypothesis originally proposed that:
by mosquitoes of the Aedes aegypti type. Cholera: Malaria produces recurrent attacks of chills and
mitochondria are the result of endocytosis of aerobic bacteria.
Cholera, a highly infectious, but treatable diarrheal fever. ... Malaria. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo
Chloroplasts are the result of endocytosis of photosynthetic
disease, is caused by the ingestion of food or water Foundation for Medical Education and Research;
bacteria in both cases by large anaerobic bacteria who would
contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
2014. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: Paralytic
not otherwise be able to exist in an aerobic environment. This
Dental Caries: Dental caries, also known as tooth Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) PSP is an illness that
arrangement became a mutually beneficial relationship for both
decay, cavities, or caries, is a breakdown of teeth may have serious and potentially fatal effects. It is
cells (symbiotic). Margulis' original hypothesis proposed that

aerobic bacteria (that require oxygen) were ingested by

system cells but also in other tissues of the body in mammals. production. Viruses Treatment and Prevention: New antiviral
anaerobic bacteria (poisoned by oxygen), and may each have The specific function of the normal prion protein (PrPC) is not
drugs are also in short supply. These medicines have been much
had a survival advantage as long as they continued their
clearly understood, but in experimental models it appears to play more difficult to develop than antibacterial drugs because
partnership. Eviedence: Anaerobic bacteria: Scientists have a role in protecting cells and helping them respond to oxygen
antivirals can damage host cells where the viruses reside. Today,
fossil evidence of bacterial life on Earth ~3.8 billion years ago. At deficiency. Structure-Prions are composed of PrP. Acelluar,
there are more antiviral drugs for HIV than for any other viral
this time, the atmosphere of the Earth did not contain oxygen, Prokaryotic Size-10nm Dieases Caused By It- Scrapie And
disease, transforming an infection that was once considered a
and all life (bacterial cells) was anaerobic. b. Photosynthetic KuruViruses: Forms Of Reproduction-the virus attaches itself death sentence into a manageable chronic condition. But novel
bacteria: About ~3.2 billion years ago, fossil evidence of
to a specific host cell (the cell in which it will reproduce) the virus drugs are needed to combat other epidemic viral infections, such
photosynthetic bacteria, or cyanobacteria, appears. These injects its genetic material into the host cell. the host cell uses as influenza and hepatitis B and C. Prion Infections Treatment
bacteria use the sun's energy to make sugar. Oxygen, released the genetic material to make new viruses. the host cell splits
and Preventions: Properly cleaning and sterilizing medical
as a byproduct, began to accumulate in the atmosphere.
open, releasing the viruses. Structure-Have capsid to protect equipment may prevent the spread of the disease. If you have or
However, oxygen is actually pretty toxic to cells, even our cells! nuculeic acids with spikes to infect organism. Acelluar,
may have CJD, do not donate organs or tissue, including corneal
As a result, anaerobic cells were now a disadvantage in an
Prokaryotic Size-20-400nm Dieases- AIDS, Shingles,
tissue. Newer regulations that govern the handling and feeding of
oxygen-containing atmosphere, and started to die out as oxygen Rabies,Polio, Mumps Bacteria: Forms of Reproductioncows may help prevent the spread of prion diseases. Prion
levels increased. [Image] c. Aerobic cells appear in the fossil Bacteria reproduce by binary fission. In this process the
diseases can't be cured, but certain medicines may help slow
record shortly after that (~2.5 Billion years ago). There cells were bacterium, which is a single cell, divides into two identical
their progress. Medical management focuses on keeping people
were able to use that 'toxic' oxygen and convert it into energy
daughter cells. Binary fission begins when the DNA of the
with these diseases as safe and comfortable as possible, despite
(ATP) and water. Organisms that could thrive in an oxygenbacterium divides into two (replicates). Structure-It is a gel-like progressive and debilitating symptoms.
containing atmosphere were now 'best suited to the
matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and
environment'. Microbes Role in Commercial Use: Algae
gases and contains cellstructures such as ribosomes, a
Algae can be used to make Biodiesel (see algaculture),
chromosome, and plasmids. The cell envelope encases the
Bioethanol and biobutanol and by some estimates can produce cytoplasm and all its components. Unlike the eukaryotic (true)
vastly superior amounts of vegetable oil, compared to terrestrial cells, bacteria do not have a membrane enclosed nucleus.
ppp
crops grown for the same purpose. Algae can be grown to
Celluar Prokaryotic Size- .2 um Dieseases: Anthrax, Cholera,
produce hydrogen. In 1939 a German researcher named Hans Tetanus, MRSA, Syphillis Fungi:Celluar, Eukaryotic, 2-50 um
Gaffron, while working at the University of Chicago, observed
Diesease:Thrush, Ring Worm, Dutch Elm Structure:The main
that the algae he was studying, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (a body of most fungi is made up of fine, branching, usually
green-algae), would sometimes switch from the production of
colourless threads called hyphae. Each fungus will have vast
oxygen to the production of hydrogen. Algae can be grown to
numbers of these hyphae, all intertwining to make up a tangled
produce biomass, which can be burned to produce heat and
web called the mycelium. Forms of Reproduction:Perfect fungi
electricity. Algae are used in Wastewater Treatment facilities,
reproduce both sexually and asexually, while imperfect fungi
reducing the need for greater amounts of toxic chemicals than reproduce only asexually (by mitosis). In both sexual and
are already used. Algae can be used to capture fertilizers in
asexualreproduction, fungi produce spores that disperse from the
runoff from farms. When subsequently harvested, the enriched parent organism by either floating on the wind or hitching a ride
algae itself can be used as fertilizer. Algae Bioreactors are used on an animal. Protist: Celluar, Eukaryotic, 1-25um Dieases:
by some power plants to reduce CO2 emissions. The CO2 can be Giardas and Malaria Structure: The kingdom Protista consists of
pumped into a pond, or some kind of tank, on which the algae unicellular, colonial
feed. Alternatively, the Bioreactor can be installed directly on top
of a smokestack. Algae are used by humans in many ways. They
are used as fertilizers, soil conditioners and are a source of
livestock feed. Because many species are aquatic and
microscopic, they are cultured in clear tanks or ponds and either
harvested or used to treat effluents pumped through the ponds.
Protozoans Helpful in Sanitation o Protozoan play an important
role in sanitary betterment & improvement in keeping water safe
for Drinking purpose. o Protozoan live in polluted water & feed
upon waste organic substances and thus purify it. o Some feed
on bacteria and purify the water indirectly. Commercial use of
Protozoan skeletons o Skeleton of dead Foraminifera and
Radiolaria sink in sea & form oceanic ooze. This solidify & covert
to rock strata. For example:- of Such rock strata are White chalk
cliffs of Dover and England, and stone beds of paris, Cairo &
north America. Control the population of soil bacteria by feeding
on them. By regulating bacterial populations, protozoans ensure d multicellular organisms that contain a nucleus enclosed in a
that they are maintained in the active growing phase. This
membrane. Another organelle found in protists, which are also
increases the rate at which soil bacteria break down dead
eukaryotes, is the mitochondria. The protists are subdivided into
organic matter. Protozoans also excrete phosphorus and
three categories: plant-like, animal-like and fungi-like protists. an
nitrogen in the form of ammonium and orthophosphate. This
Reproduction:Reproduction. Some protists reproduce sexually
metabolic excretion helps enrich soil and enhance plant growth. using gametes, while others reproduce asexually by binary
Biologists use protozoa as bioindicators. The presence or
fission. Some species, for example Plasmodium falciparum, have
absence of specific protozoans in an environment can either
extremely complex life cycles that involve multiple forms of the
indicate ecological disturbance or integrity. Since protozoans
organism, some of which reproduce sexually and others
absorb and accumulate environmental toxins, they can also be asexually. Parasitic Worms: Reproduction:The word helminth
collected and analyzed for the presence of specific toxic
is a general term meaning worm, but there are many different
substances. The skeletal deposits of dead marine protozoans types of worms. Prefixes are therefore used to designate types:
become fossilized and converted into important sedimentary
platy-helminths for flat-worms and nemat-helminths for roundrocks. These have been put in a range of commercial uses, such worms. All helminths are multicellular eukaryotic invertebrates
as building stones, filtering agents and abrasives. Bacteria can with tube-like or flattened bodies exhibiting bilateral symmetry.
also be used in the place of pesticides in the biological pest
They are triploblastic (with endo-, meso- and ecto-dermal
control. This commonly uses Bacillus thuringiensis (also called tissues) but the flatworms are acoelomate (do not have body
BT), a Gram-positive, soil dwelling bacterium. This bacteria is cavities) while the roundworms are pseudocoelomate (with body
used as a Lepidopteran-specific insecticide under trade names cavities not enclosed by mesoderm). In contrast, segmented
such as Dipel and Thuricide. Because of their specificity, these annelids (such as earthworms) are coelomate (with body cavities
pesticides are regarded as Environmentally friendly, with little or enclosed by mesoderm). Structure: Helminths are a group of
no effect on humans, wildlife, pollinators, and most other
evolutionary unrelated organisms which share a similar form.
beneficial insects. The Escherichia coli (E-coli) that lives in the Helminths include members of the following taxa: monogeneans,
human large intestine synthesizes vitamin B and releases it for cestodes (tapeworms), nematodes (roundworms), and
human use. Similarly, Clostridium butyclicum is used for
trematodes (flukes). The number of different helminth species is
commercial preparation of riboflavin, and vitamin B & vitamin k. vast: it is estimated to be around one million species. SizeGenetic engineering is the manipulation of genes. It is also called Unknown Celluar Eukaryotic Disease- Hookworm, Pinworm,
recombinant DNA technology. In genetic engineering, pieces of Schistosomiasis, Tapeworm, Trichionis. Algal: Eukaryotic,
DNA (genes) are introduced into a host by means of a carrier
Celluar, .5 um to over 50m Reproduction- Most green algae
(vector) system. The foreign DNA becomes a permanent feature reproduce both asexually (by mitosis) and sexually. The green
of the host, being replicated and passed onto daughter cells
algae also reproduce by vegetative method. Vegetative
along with the rest of its DNA. Bacterial cells are transformed
reproduction is by fragmentation. Asexual reproduction -In
and used in production of commercially important products. The asexualreproduction only one parent is involved. Structureexamples are production of human insulin (used against
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms, ranging
diabetes), human growth hormone (somatotropin used to treat from unicellular to multicellular eukaryotic organizations. Algae
pituitary dwarfism), and infections which can be used to help fight are classified into the kingdom protista, lacking cellular
viral diseases. Fermentation processes, such as brewing,
differentiation into tissues. All algae possess the green pigment
baking, cheese and butter manufacturing, Bacteria,
chlorophyll a, although other pigments can be present obscuring
often'''Lactobacillus Bulgaricus'' in combination with yeasts
the greenish color of chlorophyll a. Algae lack the distinct cells
and fungi, have been used for thousands of years in the
and organs that characterize land plants. Algae range in size
preparation of fermented foods such as cheese, pickles, vinegar, from microscopic organisms, such as plankton that drift passively
wine, and yogurt. Chemical manufacturing such as ethanol,
near the surfaces of oceans and freshwater bodies, to
acetone, organic acid, enzymes, perfumes etc. In the chemical macroscopic seaweeds several meters long. The structural body
industry, bacteria are most important in the production
of algae, either unicellular or multicellular, is called the thallus.
pharmaceuticals. Fungi: The use of yeast (e.g. Saccharomyces Archaea: Celluar,Prokaryotic, .1-15 um Forms of
cerevisiae) to make alcohol and carbon dioxide uses the
Reproduction :Archaea reproduce asexually by binary or
fermentation process to break down sugars. Up to 50% of the multiple fission, fragmentation, or budding; meiosis does not
sugar can be converted to alcohol, but rarely surpasses 15%
occur, so if a species of archaea exists in more than one form, all
because the fungi are sensitive to high concentrations of alcohol. have the same genetic material. Cell Membrane-Ether-linked
In the beer making industry, cereal grains are fermented to make lipids, pseudopeptidoglycan Circular chromosomes, similar
the final product. Wine is composed of fermented grapes while translation and transcription to Eukarya. Methanogenesis
hard cider is essentially fermented apples. Sake is produced by metabolism. Bacterial Infection Treatment and Prevention:
rice fermentation, using Aspergillus oryzae and then an
Antibiotics are powerful medicines that fight bacterial
additional fermentation step utilizing bacteria and yeasts. With infections. They either kill bacteria or stop them from
bread making, fermentation utilizes sugar to produce carbon
reproducing, allowing the bodys natural defenses to eliminate
dioxide and alcohol. The carbon dioxide produces the bubbles the pathogens. Used properly, antibiotics can save lives. But
and causes bread to rise, while the alcohol produced evaporates growing antibiotic resistance is curbing the effectiveness of these
off while baking. A variety of foods and drinks are fermented
drugs. Taking an antibiotic as directed, even after symptoms
before consumption. Some of the largest industries in the west disappear, is key to curing an infection and preventing the
are based around production of alcohol and bread. In the east, development of resistant bacteria. Protozoan and Algal
the production of soy sauce and other fermented soybean
Infection Prevention and Treatment: Current recommendations
products are likely among the largest industries. The peoples of to avoid sickness are to avoid harvesting mollusks and clams
Asia have developed a wide variety of interesting fermented
during a red tide. A ride tide is caused by a large concentration
foods, sauces and drinks, using fungi. Other examples and the of dinoflagellates in the water. Limited number of vaccines and
applicable fungi include koji (Aspergillus); miso, soybean paste avoid unhygienic behavior. Fungal Infection Prevention and
(Aspergillus); sufu, Chinese cheese (Rhizopus), yufu or fuyu,
Treatment: Avoid contact, keep susceptible skin areas dry. Try to
bean cake or bean cheese (Rhizopus); shoyu or soy sauce
remove shoes when possible to dry out feet. Avoid touching
(Aspergillus, Saccharomyces) and tempeh (Rhizopus).
places such as locker room floors or other public places with
Prions:Forms of Reproduction-Prions (the name is derived
bare feet. Never borrow other peoples shoes. Have pets
from proteinacious infectious particle) is the name used by many checked if areas of hair loss are seen. Topical antifungal agents
scientists to describe the pathogen that causes transmissible
are the first choice of treatment in mild infections. In moderate to
spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) which are
severe cases an oral antifungal is prescribed. Parasitic Worm
neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Prions are a disease- Infection Prevention and Treatment: Drug of Choice
causing
form
of
a
normal
protein
called
cellular
prion
protein
Praziquantel Some drugs used to treat helminth infections
(PrPC) that is located primarily on the surface of central nervous paralyze the infecting organism. Niclosamides inhibit ATP