Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2017

International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No: - 2456- 2165

A Literature Survey on Applications of Image

Processing for Video Surveillance
Ajay Khunteta
Computer Engineering
Poornima College Of Engineering
Sitapura , Jaipur
khuntetaajay@poornima.org

Preeti Agrawal
Computer Engineering
Poornima College Of Engineering
Sitapura, Jaipur
preetiag18@gmail.com

Abstract Object detection and tracking are important and

challenging tasks in lots of machine vision applications equivalent
to surveillance, auto navigation, and self-sustaining robot
navigation. Video surveillance in a dynamic atmosphere,
primarily for people and automobiles, is, without a doubt, one of
the popular rigorous study subjects matters in machine vision.
It's a fundamental science to combat in opposition to terrorism,
crime, public safeguard and for efficient management of visitors.
In this article we have surveyed
Keywords object detection, tracking, Kalman filter, occlusion,
image processing

I.

INTRODUCTION

Video surveillance is a full of life study topic in laptop

imaginative and prescient that tries to become aware of, admire
and screen objects over a series of photos. It additionally makes
an try and respect and describe object conduct by way of
making use of changing the aging, ancient typical approach of
monitoring cameras through human operators. Object detection
and monitoring are essential, and challenging duties in lots of
computer vision functions related to surveillance, auto
navigation, and self-reliant robotic navigation. There are three
key steps in video evaluation, detection fascinating relocating
objects, tracking of such objects from each and every frame to
frame, and analysis of object tracks to admire their conduct.
Accordingly, utilizing object monitoring is pertinent within the
duties of, motion founded recognition[1].
Video surveillance most normally makes use of electrooptical sensors (video cameras) to collect potential from the
surroundings. In an average surveillance method, the video
cameras are installed in fixed positions or on pan-tilt gadgets
and transmit video streams to a designated area, called
monitoring room[2]. Then, the received video streams are
monitored on suggests and traced by the use of human
operators. Surveillance methods have got to be computerized to
enhance the performance and get rid of such human operator
errors. Ideally, an automated surveillance approach need to
require handiest the objectives of software, the place actual
time interpretation and robustness is needed.
The phrase yield estimation or prediction means
estimation of the crop within the farm. Yield may also be
estimated after or before harvesting[5]. In after harvesting
floriculture product is estimated through counting of all of the
plants or calculating the load for all. This approach has the
disadvantage that it influences the preplanning of farmer for
e.G. Packaging material. If the yield is greater than packaging
fabric does not fulfill the farmer requirement. So the yield
estimation earlier than harvesting is used in practice. Numbers

IJISRT17JA01

of a computing device and laptop vision tactics are available

for this task. In computer imaginative and prescient
applications first step is taking pictures of a photo of the entire
subject[7]. Moreover, it is complex to seize an area in single
image so photos are captured within the ingredients of
discipline and processed for my part, and after that, their results
are combined. For extraction of flower, HSV color space is
used. HSV color area transformation of RGB snapshot
provides a greater segmentation, and it is a gadget based
mannequin[8].
Object surveillance systems are as a rule geared towards
surveillance application where it is desired to observe persons
or cars relocating to a subject. There are two district techniques
to the monitoring situation, prime-down and another one is
backside-up. Prime-down methods are intention oriented, and
the majority of tracking methods are designed in this manner.
These most likely contain some segmentation to search out the
neighborhood of curiosity, from which objects and facets may
also be extracted for the monitoring method. Bottom-up
respond to stimulus and have constant with discovered
changes. The highest-down method is essentially the most
common process for setting up surveillance process. The
approach has a long-established structure which includes a
segmentation step, a detection step, and a monitoring step[3].
In a usual inspection system, these video cameras are
hooked up in constant positions or on pan-tilt devices and
transmit video streams to a certain situation, called monitoring
room. Then, the bought video streams are monitored on show
displays and traced by using human operators. However, the
human operators would face many disorders, even as they are
monitoring these sensors. One difficulty is when you consider
that the operator has bought to navigate through the cameras in
view that the suspicious object strikes between the limited
disciplines of view of cameras and must no longer pass over
some other object while taking it. For this reason, monitoring
turns into more and more intricate, considering the fact that the
number of sensors in this style of surveillance community
raises. Accordingly, monitoring techniques have got to be
computerized to support the performance and get rid of such
operator errors. Ideally, an automated surveillance method
need to pleasant require the targets of utility, the place actualtime interpretation and robustness is required[11].
Three approaches are mostly used for any object detection
like color, form, and texture. In the case of floriculture product,
color detection (Sarkate et al., 2013) is more favorable for
detection method seeing that it is easy to implement. Graphics
are converted into HSV photo so that we can detect flower
neighborhood with the choice of distinctive hue vale. After

www.ijisrt.com

Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2017

International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No: - 2456- 2165

detection of plants in the given photograph, they are extracted

from the heritage using segmentation system. Otsu
thresholding method is probably the most used manner for
segmentation[9]. The segmented snapshot is known as the
binary snapshot in which flower neighborhood is white, and
heritage is black and vice versa. It is handy to count objects in
binary photograph utilizing a single Matlab command. In our
research work, we use circle fitting algorithm in which circle
suits into the flower area then the center of the circle is
equivalent to the flower. For yield estimation, we rely on the
center of the circles. The hardware procedure of the yield
estimation contains two primary components.

II.

VARIOUS ARTS IN LITERATURE

In 2003, Lipton et al. Proposed physique change that use of

the pixel-clever variations between two body pics to extract the
relocating areas developed[2].
In 1999, Stauffer & Grimson et al. Proposed a Gaussian
combination mannequin headquartered on historical past
mannequin to observe the article[3].
In 2001, Liu et al. Proposed history subtraction to realize
relocating areas in a graphic by way of taking the difference
between present and reference historical past graphic in a pixelby way of a pixel[4].
In 2002, Collins et al. Developed a hybrid procedure that
mixes three-body differencing with an adaptive historical past
subtraction mannequin for their VSAM (Video Surveillance
and Monitoring) mission[5].
In 2004, Desa & Salih et al. Proposed a combo of history
subtraction and body change that improved the earlier results of
old prior subtraction and body change[6].
In 2007, Sugandi et al. Proposed a new method for object
detection using body exchange on a low-decision
photograph[7].
In 2005, Julio Cezar et al. Has proposed a heritage model,
and incorporate a novel manner for shadow detection in greyscale video sequences[2].
In 2001, Satoh et al. Proposed a brand new procedure for
object tracking using block matching algorithm headquartered
on PISC photograph[11].
In 2011, Sugandi et al. Proposed monitoring method of
relocating individuals using digicam peripheral increment sign
correlation photo[5].
In 2001, Liu et al. Proposed heritage subtraction to fully
grasp relocating regions in an image using taking the change
between gift and reference historical past image in a pixel-viapixel. It is above all sensitive to differ in dynamic scenes
derived from lights and extraneous events and many others[8].
In 1997, Stauffer & Grimson proposed a Gaussian mixture
model established on history model to detect the thing. In
1998, Lipton et al. Proposed body difference that use of the
pixel-clever differences between two bodies snaps shots to
extract the moving regions. This system could be very adaptive
to dynamic environments, however, most commonly does a
negative job of extracting all of the predominant pixels, e.G.,
there is also holes left inside of relocating entities. So to

IJISRT17JA01

overcome a drawback of two-frames differencing, in some

cases, three-frames differencing is used[8].
In 2000, Collins et al. Developed a hybrid procedure that
combines three-physique differencing with an adaptive
historical past subtraction mannequin for their VSAM (Video
Surveillance and Monitoring) venture. The hybrid algorithm
quite simply segments relocating areas within the video
without the defects of temporal differencing and history
subtraction[9].
In 2004, Desa & Salih proposed a blend of background
subtraction and body change that expanded the prior outcome
of heritage subtraction and body difference. All of the gigantic
pixels, e.g., there would also be holes left within relocating
entities. As a way to overcome a disadvantage of two-frames
differencing, in some instances three-frames differencing is
used[10].
In 1997, Wren et al. Explored the use of small blob
elements to track a single human in indoor surroundings. Of
their work, a human physique is viewed as a combination of
some blobs respectively representing quite a lot of physique
parts equivalent to the top, torso, and the four limbs. The pixels
belonging to the human body are assigned to the targeted body
segments blobs. By way of tracking each small blob, the
moving human is effectually tracked[11].
In 2000, McKenna et al. Proposed an adaptive history
subtraction approach in which the color and gradient are
figuring out are mixed to manage with shadows and unreliable
color cues in action segmentation. Tracking is then applied at
three phases of abstraction: areas, men, and women, and
corporations. Each and every nearby has a bounding box and
areas can merge and break up. Human consists of some areas
grouped collectively under thereof geometric structure
constraints on the human body and a human employee includes
one or more persons grouped collectively[12].
In 2006, Cheng & Chen proposed a color and a spatial
characteristic of the item to establish the monitor object. The
spatial perform is extracted from the bounding field he objects.
Meanwhile, the color aspects extracted is implied and usual
worth of each object[6].
In 2007, Czyz et al. Proposed the color distribution of the
thing as declaration mannequin. The similarity of the objects
measurement is making use of Bhattacharya distance. The low
Bhattacharya distance corresponds to the immoderate
similarity[2].
In 2004, Kowalczyk and Vlas-sis Kowalczyk and Vlassis
proposed an associated gossip-established disbursed algorithm
known as Newscast EM for estimating the parameters of a
Gaussian combo. Random pairs of nodes exchange their
parameter estimates and mix them by way of utilizing weighted
averaging[4].
In 2004, Hu et al. Labeled motion detection into three
predominant classes of procedure as frame differencing, 1998 ,
heritage subtraction and Gaussian combinatio1998, Grad. Sch.
Of Eng. Et al. Have proposed body change procedure to realize
the relocating objects. On this case, alternate body procedure is
carried out on the three successive frames.

www.ijisrt.com

Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2017

International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No: - 2456- 2165

In 1998, Stauffer and Grimson et al. Have proposed, advise

a probabilistic process making use of a combo of Gaussian for
opting for the heritage and foreground objects[10].
III.

CONCLUSION

This survey has examined techniques to beef up the

efficiency of movement segmentation algorithms and Block
matching method for object monitoring functions and reviewed
methods for multi-modal fusion in an object tracking system.
Motion segmentation is a key step in tons of tracking
algorithms when anyone considers that it varieties the
foundation of object detection. Making upgrades to
segmentation result as well as being organized to extract
further understanding similar to border change, Gaussian of the
mixture model, heritage subtraction allows for expanded object
detection and therefore monitoring. Integrating a Kalman filter
inside of a standard monitoring system allows the Kalman filter
be to make use of steadily up to date features and aids in
behavior identification of the tracked object and provides
tracking method in a potent manner.
REFERENCES
J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and
Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892,
pp.68-73.
[2] Linda G. Shapiro and George C. Stockman, Computer
Vision, New Jersey, Prentice- Hall, vol 6, pp 279325, 2001.
[3] Gregory F. Welch, History: The Use of the Kalman
Filter for Human Motion Tracking in Virtual Reality,
Presence, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
vol.18,pp 7291, February 2009.
[4] G.L. Smith; S.F. Schmidt and L.A. McGee, Application
of statistical filter theory to the optimal estimation of
position and velocity on board a circumlunar vehicle,

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[1]

IJISRT17JA01

[12]

[13]

[14]

www.ijisrt.com

National Aeronautics and Space Administration., 1962.

vol. 4, pp. 2528, 1962.
C. Harris and M.J. Stephens, A combined corner and
edge detector, In Alvey Vision Conference, pages 147
152, 1988. vol. 1, pp. 58, 1988.
C. Schmid, R. Mohr and C. Bauckhage, Evaluation of
interest point detectors, International Journal of
Computer Vision, vol. 37, pp.151172, June 2000.
Frank Y. Shih, Shouxian Cheng, Automatic seeded
region growing for color image segmentation, Image and
Vision Computing, vol. 23, pp.877-886, 2005.
Li de-yi, Du yi, Uncertainty artificial intelligence,
National Defence Industrial Press, Beijing, 2005. ISBN:SN56785296357
Madhur Mehta, Chandni Goyal, Real Time Object
Detection and Tracking: Histogram Matching and Kalman
Filter Approach, IEEE Conference, vol.5, pp 796-801,
2010.
Carsten Rother, Vladimir Kolmogrov, Andrew Blake,
GrabCut-Interactive Foreground
Extraction using
Iterated Graph Cuts, In Proceedings SIGGRAPH 2004.
vol. 3, pp. 6567, 2004
Kar-Han Tan, Narendra Ahuja, Selecting Objects With
Freehand Sketches, In Proceedings IEEE Computer
Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition, 2001. vol. 3, pp. 125128, 2001
Weihong CuiZequn Guan, Zhiyi Zhang, An Improved
Region Growing Algorithm for Image Segmentation,
International Conference on Computer Science and
Software Engineering, vol.8. pp 93-96, 2008.
Faruq A. Al-Omari, and Nabeel I. Al-Fayoumi, IMDC:
An Image-Mapped Data Clustering Technique for Large
Datasets, World Academy of Science, Engineering and
Technology, vol.1, pp 112-115, 2005.
Paul Viola, Michael Jones, Robust Real-time Object
Detection, Second International Workshop On Statistical
And Computational Theories Of Vision Modeling,
Learning, Computing, And Sampling, Vancouver, Canada,
July 13, 2001. ISBN:- SN9576457896.